carbon capture: beyond 2020
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Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020. Paul Alivisatos Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Michelle Buchanan Oak Ridge National Laboratory Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting August 5, 2010. Stemming CO 2 Emissions is a Daunting Challenge . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Paul AlivisatosLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Michelle BuchananOak Ridge National Laboratory
Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee MeetingAugust 5, 2010
Stemming CO2 Emissions is a Daunting Challenge
Global energy use accounts for over 85% of the 37 Gt of CO2 released to the atmosphere annually
U.S. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2010; OECD = Organization Economic Cooperation and Development member countries
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Projected global electricity generation shows continued reliance on carbon-based fuels
U.S. Energy Information Administration / International Energy Outlook 2010
Carbon Capture - a necessary part of the solution
Source: IPCC
NuclearRenewables
Efficiency
Coal SubstitutionCCS
Cost of Carbon Capture today:
~$80/ton of CO2; ~8c/kWhParasitic energy of 25-30%
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Today’s technologies I – multiple separation approaches
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Today’s technology II – post combustion amine separations
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Typical 550 MW coal-fired electrical plant– 2 million ft3 of flue gas per minute– Contains CO2, H2O, N2, O2, NOx, SOx, and ash
Today’s technologies III – scope of the problem
Co- Chairs:Paul Alivisatos (LBNL)Michelle Buchanan (ORNL)
Goal - To identify the global challenges and fundamental science needed to provide transformative carbon capture technologies in the time frame beyond 2020.
Breakout Session Panel and Leaders:
Liquids‐Based AbsorptionBill Schneider, Notre Dame University Peter Cummings, Vanderbilt University
MembranesBenny Freeman, U. Texas-AustinSamuel Stupp, Northwestern University
Solid SorbentsOmar Yaghi, U. California-Los Angeles Chris Murray, U. Pennsylvania,
Crosscutting Theory, Modeling, & SimulationBerend Smit, U. California-Berkeley Paulette Clancy, Cornell University
Crosscutting Analysis and CharacterizationMurray Gibson, Argonne National LabMartin Zanni, U. Wisconsin-Madison
Sponsored Jointly by BES (Lead) and FE
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020 March 4‐5, 2010
Contents:IntroductionCarbon Capture Technologies
•Post Combustion CO2 Capture•Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture•Oxy-Combustion•Cyrogenic Separations•Status of CO2 Capture Technology Field Testing
Materials for Carbon Capture•Liquid Absorbents•Solid Adsorbents•Membranes
Alternative Gas Separation PathwaysSummary and Technical Challenges
Technology Perspectives-A Factual Document for the Workshop
Technology and Applied R&D Needs for Carbon Capture:Beyond 2020
Resource Document for the Workshop on Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020March 2010
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
• Few energy technologies are so far off from the achievable limits! There is a real opportunity here.
• The Carbon Capture problem provides inspiration for deep new basic science.
• Nanoscience opens up new opportunities to tailor materials for carbon capture - Liquids, membranes, and solids.
• A challenge to design complex new interactions utilizing architecture, shape, controlled binding, new triggers, and new approaches to cooperative binding.
Summary of this report
10
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Liquid Absorbents: Solubility and Pressure
CO2
CO2
A-CO2
A-CO2A
PCO2
cCO2
O2
N2
H2O
liquid
gas
WE NEED TO BE ABLE TO CONTROL
THESE ISOTHERMS
A + CO2 (g) ↔ A CO⋅ 2 Keq(T)
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Fundamental Challenges in Liquid Absorbents
• Can the non-ideal solution behavior in mixtures be predicted and exploited?
• Can chemically / thermally stable materials be designed with high and reversible reactivity and specificity? Ionic Liquids…
• How do we use both enthalpy AND entropy for separations? How do we vary these ‘independently’? ΔG = ΔH – T∆S
• Gas-liquid interface controls kinetics – studies of structure and dynamics
• Can complex fluids be employed?
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
• Intermolecular interactions of gases dissolved in liquids– Understand chemical and physical changes, dynamics,
effects of complex mixtures• New chemistries and systems
– Understand and independently control thermodynamic, kinetic, and transport characteristics of absorbents to cause controlled, reversible reactions with CO2
• Non-ideal absorption– Predict and use differences in shape and size (entropy) as
an alternative to differences in interaction energy (enthalpy) to achieve both high capacity and high selectivity
Novel Solvents and Chemistries
O
O
OO O
OO
OOO
O OCs+
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
• Understand the concentration and chemical state of targeted gases at liquid interfaces– New analytical and computational
tools to examine both static and dynamic processes
• Tailor surface chemistry to enhance reactivity and improve reversibility/switchability – Design new tailored systems for
faciitated transport mechanisms
Interfacial processes and kinetics
CO2 switches a solvent between non-ionic and ionic states
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Membrane Separations: Solubility and Diffusivity
• Separation based on selective permeation of targeted gas
• Selectivity based on relative solubility and diffusivity in membrane
• Selectivity is not 100%• Membranes often have multiple
layers with different functions• Trade-off on selectivity and
permeability—need to have both• Change in pressure needed to
drive separation
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
High temperature transport membranes – a possible model for CO2?
Permeability:Highly permeable nanopores
Durability: Nonporous filling matrix (mechanical strength, chemical resistance, temperature resistance)
Ultrathin selective layerHighly permeable support Selectivity:
Chemistry on CNT entrance to create a selective gate
10 nm
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
New classes of “polymeric” membranes
Polymer-peptide block co-polymers
Electro-spun block copolymers
Many other new configurations…
Separate problems of interaction energy tuning fromproblems of thin membrane integrity
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Bio-inspired approaches – especially new triggers
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Fundamental Challenges in Membranes
• How can chemical and physical properties be used to design new membrane materials for enhanced performance?
• Can new energy efficient driving forces be developed?
• Can the structures and driving forces used by nature provide inspiration for new membranes?
• What is the relationship between nano-scale structure and separation performance?
• Can new materials be designed with nanoscale structures to enhance transport and selectivity?
100
101
102
103
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104
Glassy PolymersRubbery Polymers
H /N2 2
H2 Permeability 1010 [cm3(STP)cm/(cm2 s cmHg)]
Upper Bound
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
A rapidly expanding library of porous materials
Continuous innovation in control of:
Pore structure/ connectivityDimensionality and symmetryAdsorbate site interactions
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
• Solid adsorption can occur via two mechanisms on particles or in porous solids– Physisorption via weak interactions– Chemisorption via covalent bonds
• Porous solid adsorbent material can be designed to be highly size- and shape-selective
• Requires selective removal of targeted gas and efficient recycling of material
• Requires high capacity for targeted gas
Solid Adsorbants: Tunable Structures
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
• New synthetic approaches for 3D nanoscale membrane and solid sorbent materials, including self-assembly
• Understanding of key structural, physical and chemical features that will allow fine-tuning of guest binding and release
• Understanding structural dynamics, transport dynamics at broad length scales in 3D structures
Hierarchical Environments for Carbon Capture
ZIF-69 has substantially greater uptake capacity for CO2 over CO (Yaghi)
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
• New materials that respond to gas binding
– Design new material that CO2 absorption/desorption would result in a structural or chemical change
– Resulting process is more thermo-neutral, alleviating energetic penalty
• Non-linear responses– Exploit local effects to absorb
multiple gas molecules– Nanoscale confinement to act as
mechanical sponges
Exploiting Cooperative Phenomena
Neutron studies at NIST revealed that structure of ZIF changes with sorption of CD4
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Fundamental Challenges in Solid Sorbents
• Can theory predict new materials based on structure/property relationships?
• Can physical and chemical phenomena be understood and controlled at the nanoscale to design materials with tuned composition and particle size?
• Can materials with novel architectures permit highly selectivity uptake and efficient release of target gases?
• How can huge energetic penalties associated with stripping be alleviated?
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Cross-Cutting Science for Carbon Capture
New Capture and Release Triggers• Materials and methods to realize new
mechanisms for binding and/or release of target gases
Advances in Characterization• New tools for in situ and multi-dimensional
analysis of structure and dynamics over broad spatial and temporal scales
Theory, Modeling and Simulation• New computational tools to understand and
predict structure, dynamics, and interactions of materials and target gases
Carbon Capture: Beyond 202026Carbon Capture: Beyond 202026
Technology Maturation & DeploymentApplied Research
Grand Challenges Discovery and Use-Inspired Basic Research Design and synthesis of
hierarchical materials tailored on multiple length scales, from atomic to macroscopic
Predict and control properties of materials and chemical processes far from equilibrium
Conceive new materials and processes inspired by nature
Understand, predict, and control structure and dynamics of systems to obtain desired function
BESAC & BES Basic Research Needs Workshops
BESAC Grand Challenges Report DOE Technology Office/Industry Roadmaps
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
Basic Energy Sciences Goal: new knowledge / understandingMandate: open-endedFocus: phenomenaMetric: knowledge generation
DOE Technology Offices: FE, EEREGoal: practical targetsMandate: restricted to targetFocus: performanceMetric: milestone achievement
Demonstrate efficiencies and kinetics of separation systems at bench scale
Assess systems with simulated gas streams
Evaluate and benchmark systems with respect to cost, recyclability, lifetimes
Develop advanced separation systems with modeling, testing and analysis
Demonstrate use of advanced systems at pilot scale
Optimize process design and integration with combustion systems
Validate performance in field demonstrations
Evaluate cost reduction and scale-up
Couple characterization and computational tools to guide the synthesis of revolutionary new materials
Discover new trigger mechanisms to provide efficient gas uptake and release
Understand CO2 and O2 chemistry and transport in solution, at interfaces, and in confined spaces
Understand and predict interactions in complex environments
Discover “smart” materials that respond to stimuli for capture / release of target gases
Design durable materials optimized for both high permeability and high selectivity
Enable multi-dimensional analysis of capture and release processes in situ
Characterize structure and dynamics of materials (solid, liquid, gas) and interfaces in situ across broad temporal and spatial scales
Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020
If you are looking for a new problem to work on…
Carbon Capture seems like a really great one