carbon-aware energy capacity planning for datacenters
DESCRIPTION
POWER. Carbon-Aware Energy Capacity Planning for Datacenters. Chuangang Ren, Di Wang , Bhuvan Urgaonkar , Anand Sivasubramaniam Computer Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University Aug. 9 th , 2012. Energy Consumption of Datacenters. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Carbon-Aware Energy Capacity Planning for Datacenters
Chuangang Ren, Di Wang, Bhuvan Urgaonkar, Anand Sivasubramaniam
Computer Science and EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State University
Aug. 9th, 2012
POWER
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Energy Consumption of Datacenters
• Increase in number/size of datacenters due to heavy reliance on Internet services
• Datacenters, if treated as a country, fifth in the world for electricity use
• Datacenter electricity usage expected to double in next 5 years and requires 12 new power plants
Environmental Cost
EconomicCost
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Electricity Cost of Datacenters
Sources: Koomey 2011 and IDC 2009
Series105
101520253035404550
2000 2005 2010
44
26
15
Year
Electricity Cost for Datacenters (billion US $)
3
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Monthly Costs of a 10MW Datacenter
4
$921,172
$1,137,615
$730,000
$249,720
Servers
Power Infrastructure
Utility BillOther
8%
30.5%
24%
37.5%
All cost are amortizedat a monthly granularity
Chart:Source: Book by Barroso et al.,
Assumption: 20,000 servers, 1.5 PUE, 15$/W Cap-ex, Duke Energy Op-ex,
4yr server & 12 yr infrastructure amortization (Tier-2)
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Monthly Costs of a 10 MW Datacenter
Servers
Power Infrastructure
Utility Bill
Other
5
8%
30.5%
24%
37.5%
All cost are amortizedat a monthly granularity
Chart:Source: Book by Barroso et al.,
Assumption: 20,000 servers, 1.5 PUE, 15$/W Cap-ex, Duke Energy Op-ex,
4yr server & 12 yr infrastructure amortization (Tier-2)
Pow
er d
raw
(W)
Energy consumption(area under this curve)
Month
Peak power draw
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Environmental Cost of Datacenters
Argentina
Netherlands
Malaysia
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
CO2 Emission by Country in 2007(megatons CO2 per year)
Datacenter
2007Datacenter
2020
142 146178
80
340
Sources: Mckinsey on Business Technology 2008
Trend: Cap the carbon footprint of large electricity consumers (including datacenters)
Regulations:• Emission Capping and Trading
Schemes (e.g. cap-and trade)• Carbon Tax• Penalties if one fails to comply
with the carbon regulations
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• Power demand reduction– Numerous endeavors on energy-proportional
computing technologies– Smart cooling system control
Ways to Reduce Datacenter CO2 Emissions
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• Power demand reduction– Numerous endeavors on energy-proportional computing
technologies– Smart cooling system control
• Renewable energy penetration– Oklahoma Wind to Power Google Data Center– Facebook’s solar-powered datacenter
Ways to Reduce Datacenter CO2 Emissions
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Poor Renewable Usage by Datacenters Today
Sources: Greenpeace International 2012
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• Power demand reduction– Numerous endeavors on energy-proportional computing
technologies– Smart cooling system control
• Renewable energy penetration– Oklahoma Wind to Power Google Data Center– On-site solar based renewable generation at Google’s
headquarter
Ways to Reduce Datacenter CO2 Emissions
Smarter electricity sourcing strategies
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Datacenter Power Sourcing
Datacenter
UtilityEnergy
On-site
Off-site
Grid
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Datacenter Power Sourcing
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
On-site
Off-site
Grid
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Datacenter Power Sourcing
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
On-site
Off-site
Grid
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On-site Renewable Generation
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
On-site
Off-site
On-site Renewable
Grid+ Negligible transmission and distribution loss
+ Power peak shaving
+ Tolerate grid outage
- Real-estate concerns may limit its efficacy
- Not necessarily the best location with the right renewable energy potential (low kWh/sq)
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Off-site Renewable Generation
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
On-site
Off-site
On-site Renewable
Grid
Off-site Renewable
$ Wheeling Fee
$ Banking Fee
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Off-site Renewable Generation
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
On-site
Off-site
On-site Renewable
Grid
Off-site Renewable
$ Wheeling Fee
$ Banking Fee
+ Good renewable energy potential (higher kWh/sq)
+ Grid reduces intermittency of renewable energy
- Transmission losses
- Wheeling and banking charges
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Renewable Energy Products
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
On-site
Off-site
On-site Renewable
Grid
Off-site Renewable
RenewableEnergy Products
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Renewable Energy Products
• Power Purchase Agreement (PPA): – A long-term contract to buy electricity output from a
renewable energy provider, e.g., Google, Microsoft.– Giving renewable power project developers the access to
financing they need to build new projects that contribute to new green power to the grid
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Renewable Energy Products
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
On-site
Off-site
On-site Renewable
Grid
Off-site Renewable Renewable
Energy ProductsCarbon Offsetting
Market
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• A REC is a certificate that represents 1 MWh of electricity generated from renewable energy
• Two products: commodity electricity and REC– REC can be sold or traded separately from commodity
electricity
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)
+ REC
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Datacenter Power Sourcing
Grid
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
Carbon OffsettingMarket
On-site
Off-site
RenewableEnergy Products
Off-site Renewable
On-site Renewable
+ Eliminate the need of capex and opex investment
+ Immunity to the renewable intermittency
- Expensive
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Question
Given all renewable energy
options, how to achieve a target
carbon footprint at minimal cost?
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Talk Outline
1 Motivation
2 Renewable Power Sources
3 Framework for Provisioning
4 Evaluation
5 Conclusions
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Methodology
GridUtilityEnergy
Carbon OffsettingMarket
On-site
Off-site
RenewableEnergy Products
𝑷 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒈𝒓𝒊𝒅
Pow
er (W
)
Time
Power cap()
t=10min
Max. Demand()
𝑷 𝒕❑
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Peak Power Impact on Utility Bill
5 c/KWh
Pow
er d
raw
(W)
Energy consumption(area under this curve)
Month
Duke Utility Tariffs(12 $/KW, 5 c/KWh)
15-min
Average draw
Peak power draw
Peak toAverage
ratio
3:1
12 $/KW
$ Peak 50%
$ Energy 50%
Note: Tariff rates collected from Duke Energy Utility.
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Methodology
GridUtilityEnergy
Carbon OffsettingMarket
On-site
Off-site
RenewableEnergy Products
𝑷 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒈𝒓𝒊𝒅
Pow
er (W
)
Time
Power cap()
t=10min
Max. Demand()
𝑷 𝒕𝒅𝒈
𝒀 𝑫𝒕❑
𝑹𝒕❑𝑷 𝒕
❑
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Methodology
GridUtilityEnergy
Carbon OffsettingMarket
On-site
Off-site
RenewableEnergy Products
𝑷 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝑷 𝒕
𝒅𝒈
𝒀
𝒁 𝒊𝒐𝒏𝑷 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌
𝒈𝒓𝒊𝒅
𝑫𝒕❑
𝑹𝒕❑
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Pow
er (W
)
Time
Power cap()
t=10min
Max. Demand()
𝑪𝑭 𝒏 ,𝒕𝒐𝒏
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Methodology
GridUtilityEnergy
Carbon OffsettingMarket
On-site
Off-site
RenewableEnergy Products
𝑷 𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝑷 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝑷 𝒓 ,𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒕𝑷 𝒕
𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒍
𝑷 𝒕𝒅𝒈
𝒀
𝒁 𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒁 𝒊𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝑷 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒈𝒓𝒊𝒅
𝑫𝒕❑
𝑹𝒕❑
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Pow
er (W
)
Time
Power cap()
t=10min
Max. Demand()
𝑪𝑭𝒏 ,𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝑪𝑭𝒏 ,𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
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Minimize: UtilityBill + OnSiteCost + OffSiteCost + MarketCost + ESD Cost + DGOpEx
Optimization Problem: Objective
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Optimization Problem: Constraints
GridUtilityEnergy
Carbon OffsettingMarket
On-site
Off-site
RenewableEnergy Products
𝑷 𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝑷 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝑷 𝒓 ,𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒕𝑷 𝒕
𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒍
𝑷 𝒕𝒅𝒈
𝒀
𝒁 𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒁 𝒊𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝑷 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒈𝒓𝒊𝒅
𝑫𝒕❑
𝑹𝒕❑
Power sourcing:
𝑷 𝒕❑
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Optimization Problem: Constraints
On-site
Off-site
On-siteOff-site
𝑷 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒈𝒓𝒊𝒅
𝑷 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝑷 𝒕
𝒅𝒈
𝒀 𝑫𝒕❑𝑹𝒕
❑
(1) Peak power cap:
𝑷 𝒕❑
On-site Constraints
Pow
er (W
)
Time
Power cap()
t=10min
Max. Demand()
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Optimization Problem: Constraints
On-site
Off-site
On-siteOff-site
𝑷 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒈𝒓𝒊𝒅
𝑷 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝑷 𝒕
𝒅𝒈
𝒀 𝑫𝒕❑𝑹𝒕
❑
(1) Peak power cap:
𝑷 𝒕❑
(2) On-site renewable availability:
On-site Constraints
𝑪𝑭𝒏 ,𝒕𝒐𝒏
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Optimization Problem: Constraints
Grid
Carbon OffsettingMarket
On-site
Off-site
RenewableEnergy Products
𝑷 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
Off-site renewable availability:
𝒁 𝒊𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝑪𝑭𝒏 ,𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
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Optimization Problem: Constraints
Carbon Constraint
0% 50% 90%𝑪𝑹
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Talk Outline
1 Motivation
2 Renewable Power Sources
3 Framework for Provisioning
4 Evaluation
5 Conclusions
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Realistic Power Profiles
50 100 1500
1
2
3
Time (hour)
Pow
er (M
W)
(a) Facebook
50 100 1500
1
2
3
Time (hour)
Pow
er (M
W)
(b) MSN
50 100 1500
1
2
3
Time (hour)
Pow
er (M
W)
(c) Flash
50 100 1500
1
2
3
Time (hour)
Pow
er (M
W)
(d) TCS
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Realistic Power Profiles
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Renewable Trace Profiles
Source: NREL, Western Wind and Solar Integration Study
On-site
Off-site
On/Off-site
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Datacenter Configuration: Baseline
Datacenter
UtilityEnergy
On-site
Off-site
Grid
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Datacenter Configuration: Base-DG
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
On-site
Off-site
Grid
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Datacenter Configuration: Base-DG-ESD
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
On-site
Off-site
Grid
ESD
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Datacenter Configuration: All
Grid
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
Carbon OffsettingMarket
On-site
Off-site
On-site Renewable
RenewableEnergy Products
Off-site Renewable
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Datacenter Cost Optimization
Baseline Base-DGBase-DG-ESD All2700
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
3900
On-siteDGESDUtility Bill
3761 3700 3678 3669
Facebook Datacenter Power Cost (No Carbon Requirement)
Tota
l Cos
t per
Day
($)
• On-site renewables help reduce peak power drawn, hence lower cost• On-site renewables can supplement
ESD and DG in their role in peak reduction at a lower cost
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Impact of Carbon Target
Base-line
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 98%1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
BaselineMarketOff-siteOn-siteDGESDUtility Bill
3669
Facebook Datacenter Power Cost
Tota
l Cos
t per
Day
($)
Carbon Reduction Goal (%) add baseline here
3761 3669 3682 3700 3717 3841
$
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 98 1003600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
On-site Only
Off-site Only
Market Only
Impact of Carbon Target (cont.)
• On-site only: Base-DG-ESD + on-site renewable generation• Off-site only: Base-DG-ESD + off-site renewable generation• Market only: Base-DG-ESD + REC/PPA
1 2 3
Carbon Reduction Goal (%)
Tota
l Cos
t per
Day
($)
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Impact of Carbon Target (cont.)
• On-site only: Base-DG-ESD + on-site renewable generation• Off-site only: Base-DG-ESD + off-site renewable generation• Market only: Base-DG-ESD + REC/PPA
1 2 3
• Hybrid solution as high carbon reduction increases• Renewable penetration goes beyond
carbon offsetting, even lower cost
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Concluding Remarks
• Framework for energy capacity planning to achieve carbon footprints target at minimal cost
• Key findings:– Renewable penetration lower carbon footprints and costs– On-site renewables helpful for peak power reduction– Hybrid solution depending on carbon footprint targets
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48Penn State University
Thank you!
http://csl.cse.psu.edu/
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Backup Slides
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Electricity Cost of Datacenters
Sources: Koomey 2011 and IDC 2009
Series12000 2005 2010
44
26
15
Year
Power and Cooling Cost forDatacenters (billion US $)
$921,172
$1,137,615
$730,000
$249,720
Servers
Power Infrastructure
Utility BillOther
8%
30.5%
24%
37.5%Chart:
Source: Book by Barroso et al., Assumption: 20,000 servers, 1.5 PUE,
15$/W Cap-ex, Duke Energy Op-ex,4yr server & 12 yr infrastructure
amortization (Tier-2)
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Renewable Energy
Renewable energy provides 16% of global energy consumptionWind energy grew by 11% per yearSolar energy grew by 28% between 2000 and 2010
Sources: REN21
Worldwide Renewable Power Capacity (%)
Wind: 61%Solar PV: 13%Biomass: 22%Geothermal: 3%Other: 1%
Renewable Energy in Data Center• Wind: Google, Microsoft …• Solar: Facebook, Apple …
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Datacenter Power Sourcing
Grid
Datacenter
Diesel Generator
UtilityEnergy
Carbon OffsettingMarket
On-site
Off-site
On-site Renewable
RenewableEnergy Products
Off-site Renewable
Typical Datacenter Power Sourcing
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On-site Renewable Energy
Power Plant UtilityPower Grid
$POWER POWER
POWERDatacenter
POW
ER
Off-site On-site
No transmission and distribution loss Helpful for power peak shaving
Power supply intermittency Not the right location for renewable energy Other constraints, e.g. real estate
No Wind
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54Off-site On-site
Good renewable energy potentials Wheeling and Banking effectively eliminate the
intermittency of renewable energy
Wheeling charge is sometimes expensive, depending on the location of off-site facility (e.g. avg. 15$/MWh for wind)
Off-site Renewable Energy
Power Plant UtilityPower Grid
$POWER POWER
POWERDatacenter
POW
ER
No Wind
Good WindBeautiful sunlight
POW
ER
$Wheeling Fee
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Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)
Third-partyRenewable
Energy Producer
Power Plant Utility
REC Supplier
Power Grid
GreenDatacenter
$
$
POWER POWERPO
WER POWER
REC
Datacenter
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Methodology
GridUtilityEnergy
Carbon OffsettingMarket
On-site
Off-site
RenewableEnergy Products
𝑷 𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝑷 𝒕𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝑷 𝒓 ,𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒕𝑷 𝒕
𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒍
𝑷 𝒕𝒅𝒈
𝒀
𝒁 𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒁 𝒊𝒐𝒇𝒇
𝑷 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌𝒈𝒓𝒊𝒅
𝑫𝒕❑
𝑹𝒕❑
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Impact of Carbon Target
Facebook Datacenter Power Cost
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 98 1003600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
On-site Only
Off-site Only
Market Only
Carbon Reduction Goal (%)
Tota
l Cos
t per
Day
($)
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58
Impact of Renewable Capacity Factor
• Capacity factor plays a crucial role in selecting renewable sources/locations• On-site becomes less cost-effective than
off-site when CF is less than 24%
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59
Impact of Renewable Energy Price
• Wheeling charge plays a crucial role in selecting renewable sources• Off-site wind penetration can go beyond
carbon reduction, even lower costs if CF and wheeling charge is friendly
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Wind and Solar Sources
• Most prominent sources of renewable energy today– Wind (google, microsoft, etc): 62%; Solar (Facebook, Apple, etc): 13%
• Highly time-varying power output– Wind speed, solar irradiance
• Lower Capacity factor than conventional power plants– Wind: 20-45%; Solar photovoltaic: 14-24%
• Much lower carbon emission– Occur during manufacturing, transportation, installation, recycling
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ESD for peak shaving
Time
Pow
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
(W)
Peak
Energy Storage Device (ESD)
Power Cap
Newdraw
Originaldraw