Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Eagle Zone

• You will have 3 minutes at the sound of the bell to get out the following items:– Lab book (notes section)– Crossword– Biochemistry vocabulary review sheet– Food label sheet

• Failure to have these items out on your desk when the 3 minutes is over will result in a 0 daily grade today.

Learning Objectives

• Bio.9A Compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids;

• Bio.9C Identify and investigate the role of enzymes ; and

• • Understand the structure/function and how it affects the reaction rate

• • Discuss how enzyme activity is influenced by temperature, pH, concentration and inhibitors

•• Bio.9D Analyze and evaluate the evidence

regarding formation of simple organic molecules and their organization into long complex molecules having information such as the DNA molecule for self-replicating life.

• • Discuss how the monomers make-up polymers •

Engage

• Make a list of all the things you like to eat at the State Fair.

Explore 1

• Food Label Investigation-– Students will look at food labels to

determine what types of biomolecules might be found in their foods

Molecular Organization (explain)

Atom: smallest unit

Element: made of one type of atom

CO2

NaClC6H12O6

Molecule: Bonding of 1 or more elements

Compound: Combination of 2 or more elements

Cell: Collection of compounds, smallest unit of living organism

OR

6 Essential ElementsH He

Li Be B C N O F N

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha

e

CC HH NN OO PP SS

These six elements makeup all living organisms.

Carbon is an element.

H He

Li Be B C N O F N

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac Rf Ha Ha

e

C

• Let’s talk about carbon.

Carbon is an element.

++

+

+++ C

6

carbon

S

12.11

How many protons?How many neutrons?How many energy levels?How many electrons?

6 atomic number6

=atomic mass

2

6

Chemical Bonding

• What is a bond?– Attraction that holds atoms together,

resulting in different forms of matter.

• Ex: NaCl-a.k.a Table Salt– Sodium (Na) is a metal

that explodes in water.– Chlorine (Cl) is a

poisonous gas.– When bonded

together, they become the compound salt.

Types of Bonds• Covalent Bonds – sharing of

electrons

• Ionic Bonds – gaining or losing electrons

• Hydrogen Bonds – how polar molecules “stick” together. (not a chemical bond)

Organic vs. Inorganic• Organic Compounds contain a

carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6, CH4)

• Inorganic Compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (CO2, H2O)

C6H12O

6

Water-Organic or Inorganic?

• Polarity– Cohesiv

e• Adhesion

• High Heat Capacity

• Universal Solvent

• Surface Tension

• Forms Hydrogen Bonds

Carbon• Remember the element carbon?• Carbon is the basis of all organic

compounds

++

++

++

Carbon can make 4 bonds

Hydrocarbon

• Backbone of all organic compounds• Composed of carbon chains

surrounded by hydrogens

H

H

H

H H

H

H HH

C CC C CC

HHHH

H

Remember that carbon can make 4 bonds

Functional Groups

• Functional groups bond to the carbon in place of an H to give the compound unique chemical and physical properties.

1.

CC C

H

H

OH

H

HO

HCarboxyl

Group

Found in Proteins and Lipids (fatty

acids)

Functional Groups

2.

3.

Hydroxyl GroupCC

H

H

OHH

H

H

Phosphate Group

Found in Carbohydrates and

Lipids (glycerol)

Found in Nucleic Acids

CC

H

H

O

H

H

H

O

O

O

P_

_

4.

Functional Groups

5.

CC

H

H

N

H

H

H

H

HAmine Group

CC

H

H

C

H

H

H

H

O Carbonyl Group

Found in Proteins

Found in Carbohydrates

Building Organic Compounds

• Monomers

• Polymer

How are monomers similar to links in a

chain?

Eagle Zone-12 minutes

1)How do you find the number of protons in an atom?2)How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?3)What is the difference between organic and inorganic?4)What are the names of the 4 biomolecules?

Mini Quiz #1• 1. Give the number of protons, neutrons,

and electrons in the following elements:– Carbon (atomic # 6, atomic mass=12g)– Sulfur (atomic #=16, atomic mass = 32)– Oxygen (atomic #=8, atomic mass=16)

• 2. Is the compound C6H12O6 organic or inorganic? Why or why not?

• 3. Is water an organic compound? Why or why not?

• 4. How are monomers similar to links in a chain?

• 5. Provide the name and the elements present for the following functional groups:– Carbohydrates --Lipids

Explore 2- Building Polymers

• Students will explore how monomers are linked, chain-like, into polymers with a building blocks activity

Eagle Zone• If you did not finish your conclusion

questions for the enzyme lab, do so at this time. It will be due TODAY, no exceptions, by the end of Eagle Zone time

• You have 12 minutes to complete today’s assignment

• If you are done with the questions, answer this:– Name the 4 biomolecules and give an

example of each

Eagle Zone

• Name the four carbon compounds (biomolecules)

• What element are all biomolecules made of?

• Provide the name of the bond that is the weakest and that can be found in water molecules.

Eagle zone- Write the questions and answer them.

16 minutes1) Provide the name of the 4 organic compounds.2) Provide a simple definition for “functional group.”3) What element are all biomolecules made of?4) A monosaccharide is a type of--

a) Carbohydrate c) Nucleic acidb) Lipid d) Protein

5) The structure of a lipid contains one ___________ and three __________ _____________ tails.6)What were the 2 tests we did for carbohydrates?7) What was the test we did for lipids?

Eagle Zone-write the questions and answer them• 1) Which of the following correctly describes the parts

of a nucleotide? (use the book for this one)A) deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen baseB) ribose sugar, protein, lipid, nitrogen baseC) Nitrogen base, phosphate, ribose sugar

• 2) Saliva breaks down food that you have eaten and changes it into simple carbohydrates. If a potato was chewed for two minutes and then spit into a test tube, the organic substance that would give a positive test would be aA)LipidB)sugarC)starch

• 3)Which substance would store the most energy?A) one gram of fatB) one gram of carbohydrateC) one gram of protein

4) Copy the class calendar into your agenda for the days you are in this class. Homework is in red. Study for quiz on Friday over biomolecules. Quiz next week on enzymes

Carbohydrates

1. Elements: C, H, O2. Monomers: Monosaccharide3. Structure: C

H

O

H

H

C

CC

C

C

H

HHH

H

H

H H

H

O

O

O

O O

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates have 3 monomers:

-Glucose-Fructose-Galactose

“ose” indicates sugar

What would this tell you about the taste of monosaccharides?

• Many monosaccharides bonded together form polysaccharides.

Building Carbohydrates

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

Polysaccharide

• Polysaccharides are known as starches.

• Will the taste of starches be the same as sugars?

• How many water molecules would be removed by making the polysaccharide?

Functions of Carbohydrates

• To provide a quick source of energy (by breaking the C-H bonds)

Energ

yC6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

Functions of Carbohydrates

• To provide a quick source of energy (by breaking the C-H bonds)

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

C6H12O

6

Energ

y

• Animals store excess sugars as a starch known as glycogen.

• Plants store excess sugars as a starch known as cellulose.

Lipids1. Elements: C, H, O2. Monomer: Technically, none3. Structure:

C

C

C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

O

O

O

C CCC

O

O

H H H

H

H H

H

H

C C

O

O CCH

H H

H H H

H

H

H H

O

O CC C C

H

H

H H

HH

Glycerol

Fatty Acid Tails

Lipids• The different types of lipids are

determined by the number of C-H bonds in the fatty acid chain.

C CCC

O

O

H H H

H

H H

H

H

Saturated Fatty Acid: maximum number of C-H bonds.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid: contains one double C-C bond.

C C

O

O CCH

H H

H

H

H

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: many double C-C bonds.

O

O CC C C

HH

H H

H

H

C C

H H

Functions of Lipids• Lipids store energy, due to their

numerous C-H bonds.Energ

y

• Because they are insoluble in water (polar), lipids are found in animal cell membranes.

• Fats, oils, waxes and many hormones (steroids) are lipids

Proteins1. Elements: C, H, O, N, S2. Monomer: Amino Acids

(20)3. Structure:

“R” is the functional group that varies

N

H

H

H

O

R

C C

O

H

Functions of Proteins

• Proteins are a major structural component for living organisms (ex. muscle)

• Proteins function as enzymes to carry out chemical reactions in the body.

Functions of Proteins

• Some hormones are protein (peptide hormones).

• Proteins also function to transport or carry substances in and out of cells.

Cell membrane channel protein

Nucleic Acids

1. Elements: C, H, O, N, P

2. Monomer: nucleotide3. Structure:

H

H2

H H

H3

HH H

H

H

O

O

O

C C

C

N

N

PO

O

O

C

C

C C

C

O

OO

C

C

1.

2.

3.

Adenine

Nucleic Acids

H

H2

H H

H3

HH H

H

H

O

O

O

C C

C

N

N

PO

O

O

C

C

C C

C

O

OO

C

C

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.1. Phosphate Group

2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose)

3. Nitrogen Base

Nucleotide

• Store genetic code (ATCG) - DNA

Function of Nucleic Acids

• Help make proteins (RNA)

Remember, all living organisms share a universal genetic code!

OverviewNow you should fill in the notes page that I have provided to you

(the 2 front/back pages)• The 4 biomolecules:

– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic acids

• Other terms for biomolecules:– Carbon compounds– Organic compounds– Organic molecules– macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Elements Present

Used by organisms

for ...

BuildingBlock

Related Terms & Info

carbon hydrogen

oxygen

C:H:O = 1:

2 : 1 always

energy

structure

Monosaccharides

(simple sugars)

ex: glucose

C6H12O6

dissaccharide = 2 connected

monosaccarides (ex: maltose)

polysaccharide 3 or more connected

monosaccarides

(ex: starch, glycogen,

chitin, cellulose)

 

Proteins

amino acids

Elements Present Used by organisms for ... Related Terms & Info

carbon hydrogen oxygen

NITROGEN

(always those 4)

phosphorus sulfur

(possibly)  

structure & movement (muscles)

enzymes

antibodies

hormones

pigments

peptide bond = the bond that holds amino

acids together in protein molecules

dipeptide = two connected amino

acids

polypeptide = 3 or more connected

amino acids  

Building Block of Proteins:

Lipids

fatty acid :

glycerol : 

Elements  Present

Used by Organisms for ... Related Terms & Info

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen ONLY !

There is no specific H:O

ratio.

Stored Energy

Structure  (important part

of cell membranes)

saturated fat = C-C bonds are all single bonds

unsaturated fat = contain at least one double or triple C-C

bond

Building Blocks of Lipids

Nucleic AcidsDNA RNA

FULL NAMEDeoxyribonucleic

acid Ribonucleic acid

 BASIC STRUCTURE

2 long twisting strands of

nucleotides in the form of a

"double helix"

1 single strand of nucleotides

NUCLEOTIDE SUGAR Deoxyribose Ribose

NITROGENOUS BASES

guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A) thymine (T)

guanine (G) cytosine (C) adenine (A)

uracil (U)

LOCATION IN A CELL

Nucleus(the chromosomes)

Nucleus, in the cytoplasm, & at the ribosomes

FUNCTION

the hereditary material

of a cell, directs & controls cell

activities

involved in protein synthesis

Explore Lab

• Students will test the presence or absence of the groups of biomolecules through a series of activities using compound indicators

Elaborate• Indicators:

– Determine what class of organic compound foods belong to when testing them using indicators (McMush Lab)

Evaluate

• The student will construct a flip chart that organizes the biomolecules, their building blocks, polymer, characteristics, and examples

• The student will keep a Nutrition Log for one week to organize the foods they ate and classify those foods into the biomolecule groups

Mini Quiz #21) Fructose is a compound found in many fruits which give them their sweet taste. The suffix “ose” lets us know that fructose can be classified as a-

a) Carbon b) starch c)sugar d)protein

2) Starch and sugar are two types of _________.

3) The biomolecule which has functional groups that contain elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is________.

Mini Quiz #3

1) Proteins are made up of molecules called _______ ________.

2) Lipids contain the following structures

1) Carbon chain and an “r” group2) A glycerol and 3 fatty acids3) A glycerol and an amine group

EvaluateI CANNOT HELP YOU

1. Create a data table in your journal similar to the one below

2. Obtain 3 test tubes and label them a, b,c3. Choose a sample and record the sample number in

your data table. Add 3 mL of the sample substance to each test tube

4. Add 8 drops of iodine to test tube “a”5. Add 10 drops of benedict’s to test tube “b”6. Add 1 mL of biuret’s to test tube “c”7. Record the color change and tell which type of

biomolecule is present based on the color8. Clean out your test tubes and repeat steps 3-7 using a

different sample #. Clean out test tubes when you are done.

Sample # Color change biomolecule