carbohydrates. a few questions 1) what is the general term used for the simplest carbohydrates? 2)...
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A Few QuestionsA Few Questions
1) What is the general term used for the 1) What is the general term used for the simplest carbohydrates?simplest carbohydrates?
2) What structural difference is found in 2) What structural difference is found in the straight chain forms of D-Glucose the straight chain forms of D-Glucose and D-Fructose?and D-Fructose?
3) What causes lactose intolerance?3) What causes lactose intolerance?
4) What are three differences between 4) What are three differences between glycogen and cellulose?glycogen and cellulose?
5) What are lectins and what are some 5) What are lectins and what are some processes they mediate?processes they mediate?
What are Carbohydrates?What are Carbohydrates?
Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketonesPolyhydroxy aldehydes and ketonesusually have “ose” suffixusually have “ose” suffix
Simple sugarsSimple sugarsMonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesDisacccharidesDisacccharides
Complex carbohydratesComplex carbohydratesOligosaccharidesOligosaccharidesPolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Functions of CarbohydratesFunctions of Carbohydrates
Stored chemical energy (oxidized to release Stored chemical energy (oxidized to release energy)energy)
Component of nucleotides Component of nucleotides nucleic acids – DNA and RNAnucleic acids – DNA and RNAcoenzymes – NADH, coenzyme A…….coenzymes – NADH, coenzyme A…….
Structural role (ie cell walls)Structural role (ie cell walls)
Linked to proteins and lipidsLinked to proteins and lipidscell surface recognition pointscell surface recognition points
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
Foundational building block of Foundational building block of carbohydratescarbohydrates
(C-H(C-H22O)O)nn n = 3-9 typicallyn = 3-9 typically““carbon hydrate”carbon hydrate”
Typically D enantiomer Typically D enantiomer What causes this? Why is it important?What causes this? Why is it important?
Straight chain form or cyclic form Straight chain form or cyclic form
Pyranose vs FuranosePyranose vs Furanose
6 membered ring6 membered ring
5 membered ring5 membered ring
Sugar PhosphorylationSugar Phosphorylation
Traps them within the cell (anionic)Traps them within the cell (anionic) Makes them more reactiveMakes them more reactive
Lactose IntoleranceLactose Intolerance
What is it?What is it?
What causes it?What causes it?
How do we deal with it?How do we deal with it?
Polysaccharides - StarchPolysaccharides - Starch
Amylose (Amylose (-1,4)-1,4) Amylopectin (Amylopectin (-1,4 with -1,4 with -1,6 about every 30)-1,6 about every 30)
Polysaccharides - GlycogenPolysaccharides - Glycogen
((-1,4 with -1,4 with -1,6 about every 10)-1,6 about every 10)
Polysaccharides - CellulosePolysaccharides - Cellulose
((-1,4 linkages giving a very linear structure)-1,4 linkages giving a very linear structure) Dietary fiberDietary fiber
LectinsLectins
Mediate cell-cell interaction Mediate cell-cell interaction
(ie in development and wound healing)(ie in development and wound healing)
SelectinsSelectins
L – on lymphocytes and mediate binding to lymph L – on lymphocytes and mediate binding to lymph node vessels (also mediate embryonic implantation)node vessels (also mediate embryonic implantation)
E – on circulating cells binding to endotheliumE – on circulating cells binding to endothelium P – on activated blood plateletsP – on activated blood platelets