carbohydrates
DESCRIPTION
CARBOHYDRATES. Carbohydrates. Important energy source for cell Monosaccharides – monomers for sugars Disaccharides – 2 sugars linked by glycosidic covalent bond Polysaccharide – many sugars (100-1000’s) All sugars have a C 1 H 2 O 1 formula. Monomers: Monosaccharides. Glucose Fructose - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CARBOHYDRATES
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Carbohydrates• Important energy source for cell
• Monosaccharides – monomers for sugars
• Disaccharides – 2 sugars linked by glycosidic covalent bond
• Polysaccharide – many sugars (100-1000’s)
• All sugars have a C1H2O1 formula.
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Monomers: Monosaccharides
• Glucose
• Fructose
• Galactose
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Glucose(an aldose)
Fructose(a ketose)
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Glucose = Aldose
1
23
4
5
6
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1
2
34
5
6
=Ketose
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Structuralformula
Abbreviatedstructure
Simplifiedstructure
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GalactoseGlucose
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2 forms of glucose
Alpha-Glucose Beta-Glucose
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• When alpha-glucose molecules are joined chemically to form a polymer starch is formed.
• When beta-glucose molecules are joined to form a polymer cellulose is formed.
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Alpha-Glucose
Starch: Alpha-glucose is the monomer unit in starch.
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• As a result of the bond angles in the alpha acetal linkage, starch (amylose) actually forms a spiral structure.
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Beta-Glucose
• Cellulose: Beta glucose is the monomer unit in cellulose.
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• As a result of the bond angles in the beta acetal linkage, cellulose is mostly a linear chain.
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Disaccharides
• Lactose
• Maltose
• Sucrose
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Disaccharides
• Two monosaccharides (monomers) can bond to form a disaccharide in a dehydration reaction– An example is a glucose monomer bonding to a
fructose monomer to form sucrose, a common disaccharide
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Glucose Glucose
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Glucose Glucose
Maltose
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Fig. 5-5
(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
Glucose Fructose Sucrose
MaltoseGlucoseGlucose
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
1–4glycosidic
linkage
1–2glycosidic
linkage
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Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides (long chains of sugar)– They can function in the cell as a storage molecule
or as a structural compound
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Polysaccharide
• Starch – plant energy storage
• Glycogen- animal energy storage
• Cellulose- cell wall of plants
• Chitin – cell wall of fungi
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All composed of glucoses
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Starch granules inpotato tuber cells
Glycogengranulesin muscletissue
Cellulose fibrils ina plant cell wall
Cellulosemolecules
Glucosemonomer
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
Hydrogen bonds
STARCH
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Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides are hydrophilic (water-loving)– Cotton fibers, such as those in bath towels, are
water absorbent
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To get to the energy, you must break the bonds connecting the glucoses.
But those starch bonds are very hard to break…
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What’s in spit?