carbohydrates
TRANSCRIPT
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AP Biology
Carbohydrates
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AP Biology 2006-2007
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
H
H
H
OH
O
Carbohydratesenergy
molecules
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AP Biology
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
Function:
energy u energy storage
raw materials u structural materials
Monomer: sugars
ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
C6H12O6(CH2O)x
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AP Biology
Sugars
Most names for sugars end in -ose
Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose)
5C = pentose (ribose)
3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
H
H
H
OH
O
Glucose
H
OH
HO
O H
HHO
H
Ribose
CH2OH
Glyceraldehyde
H
H
H
H
OH
OH
O
C
C
C6 5 3
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AP Biology
Functional groups determine function
carbonyl
ketone
aldehyde
carbonyl
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AP Biology
Sugar structure
5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
Carbons are numbered
Where do you find solutions
in biology?In cells!
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AP Biology
Numbered carbons
C
CC
C
C
C
1'
2'3'
4'
5'
6'
O
energy stored in C-C bonds
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AP Biology
Simple & complex sugars
Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars
glucose
Disaccharides
2 monomers
sucrose
Polysaccharides
large polymers
starch
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
H
H
H
OH
O
Glucose
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AP Biology
Building sugars
Dehydration synthesis
|
glucose
|
glucose
monosaccharides disaccharide
|
maltose
H2O
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AP Biology
Building sugars
Dehydration synthesis
|
fructose
|
glucose
monosaccharides
|sucrose
(table sugar)
disaccharide
Anabolic reactions!
H2O
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AP Biology
Polysaccharides
Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build
easily reversible = release energy
Function:
1. energy storage starch (plants)
glycogen (animals) in liver & muscles
2. structure cellulose (plants)
chitin (arthropods & fungi)
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AP Biology
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
starch
(plant)
glycogen
(animal)
energy
storage
What doesbranching do?
slow release
fast release
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AP Biology
Polysaccharide diversity
Molecular structure determines function
isomers of glucose
structure determines function…
in starch in cellulose
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AP Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest enzyme
enzyme
cellulosehard todigest
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AP Biology
Cellulose
Most abundant organic compound on Earth
herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose
most carnivores have not
that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
cellulose = indigestible roughage
But it tasteslike hay!
Who can liveon this stuff?!
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Regents Biology
Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
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Regents Biology
Helpful bacteria
How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?
BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest
cellulose-rich (grass) meals
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Regents Biology 2006-2007
Let’s build some
Carbohydrates!
EAT
X