carbohydrate metabolism turning sugar into energy
TRANSCRIPT
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Carbohydrate Metabolism
Turning Sugar into Energy
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Outline
• What is Metabolism?
• Glycolysis
• TCA Cycle
• Electron Transport System
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What is Metabolism?
• Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
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What is Metabolism?
• Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
• Creates energy (ATP)
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Why do we need to make ATP?
• Power muscular contraction
• Active Transport
• Homeostasis
• Synthesis of macromolecules
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ATP is short-term energy storage
• ATP consumed < 1 minute from synthesis
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Types of Metabolic Reactions
• Anabolic reactions– Building macromolecules in the body
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Types of Metabolic Reactions
• Anabolic reactions– Building macromolecules in the body
• Catabolic reactions– Hydrolysis of foods in GI tract– Chemical breakdown releases energy
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Types of Metabolic Reactions
• Anabolic reactions– Building macromolecules in the body
• Catabolic reactions– Hydrolysis of foods in GI tract– Chemical breakdown releases energy
• Where does the energy come from?
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Fuel Up with Slyders!
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Our Fuel Sources
• Carbohydrates– Sugars and starches– First choice of metabolic fuel
• Fats
• Protein
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Glucose: Our Primary Fuel
C6H12O6
All carbohydrates we consume are eventually converted into glucose
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Catabolism of Glucose
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
• Transfer energy from glucose to ATP
• Most energy lost as heat
Glucose
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Catabolism of Glucose
• Occurs as a series of steps….
• Major Pathways
Glycolysis (does not require O2)- glucose split into 2 parts, generating 2 ATP
Aerobic Respiration (requires O2)
- catabolizes the products of glycolysis and generates more than 30 ATP
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Where is Glucose Broken Down?
TCA
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Glycolysis (Sugar Splitting)
• Occurs in presence and absence of O2
• Occurs in cytoplasm
• Provides energy during strenuous exerciseAll I need is
Glycolysis…And my Jenny.
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1. Glucose enters cell by facilitated diffusion
Key Steps in Glycolysis
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2. Glucose is Phosphorylated by ATP
Key Steps in Glycolysis
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3. Glucose split into two 3-carbon molecules
Key Steps in Glycolysis
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4. Coenzyme NAD+ collects hydrogen
Key Steps in Glycolysis
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Coenzymes in Metabolism
• Collect electrons (hydrogen atoms) during catabolism of glucose
– Transfer 2H+ and 2 e- at a time to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD
– NAD+ (made from niacin) NAD+ + 2H NADH + H+
– FAD (made from vitamin B2) FAD + 2H FADH2
• Temporary carriers of energy
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4. Coenzyme NAD+ collects hydrogen
Key Steps in Glycolysis
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5. Create 4 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
Key Steps in Glycolysis
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Substrate-level Phosphorylation
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6. Create 2 Pyruvate molecules
Key Steps in Glycolysis
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Final Products of Glycolysis
2 molecules of Pyruvate
2 molecules of NADH + H+
4 gross ATP molecules, but only 2 net ATP
Quick Energy….but, not very much ATP
Glycolysis Animation
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Some Cells Stop at Glycolysis
• Red Blood Cells
• Skeletal Muscle
(during exercise)
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Much Energy Remains in Pyruvate
2
TCA
ATP Produced
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• Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
• Kreb’s Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain
So What Happens to Pyruvate?
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Most ATP is Generated in Mitochondria
• Two principal steps:
Matrix Reactions (Krebs Cycle) • occurs in matrix of mitochondria• Pyruvate is oxidized and electrons are transferred to
NAD+ and FAD, forming NADH +H and FADH2
Membrane Reactions (Electron Transport Chain)• Occurs within the inner mitochondrial membrane• NADH & FADH2 are oxidized, transferring energy to ATP
and regenerating NAD+ and FAD
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Mitochondria: The Cell Powerhouse
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The Krebs Cycle
Also known as….Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
TCA CycleCitric Acid Cycle
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Major Steps of the TCA Cycle
1. CO2 removed from Pyruvate and several intermediate molecules
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
• CO2 is a metabolic waste product
Glucose
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2. Hydrogen removed from intermediate molecules
Picked up by NAD+ and FAD coenzymes
Major Steps of the TCA Cycle
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Summary of Krebs Cycle
2 pyruvate + 6 H2O 6 CO2
2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP
8 NAD+ + 8 H2 8 NADH + 8 H+
2 FAD + 2 H2 2 FADH2
• Carbon from Pyruvate converted to CO2 and exhaled
• Energy has been lost (as heat) or stored in 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
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Kreb’s Cycle Animation
Do not worry about the following: Names of Intermediate carbon molecules What GTP is (it is an ATP precursor)
Focus on the following: CO2 production Action of coenzymes NAD & FAD Creation of ATP
Animation
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To the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane!
2 2
TCA
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So what happens to all of the NADH and FADH?
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Most ATP is Generated in Mitochondria
• Two principal steps:
Matrix Reactions (Krebs Cycle) • occurs in matrix of mitochondria• Pyruvate is oxidized and electrons are transferred to
NAD+ and FAD, forming NADH +H and FADH2
Membrane Reactions (Electron Transport Chain)• Occurs within the inner mitochondrial membrane• NADH & FADH2 are oxidized, transferring energy to ATP
and regenerating NAD+ and FAD
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Electron Transport System (ETS)
• Occurs on Inner mitochondrial membrane
• Requires oxygen
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ETS Makes Lots of ATP
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Electron Transport System
1) NADH and FADH2 release hydrogen atoms
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Splitting of Hydrogen
2) Electrons passed along electron transport system
Protons (H+) pumped out of mitochondrial matrix
Flow of electrons powers active transport of H+
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ATP Synthase Creates ATP
3) H+ diffuse into matrix through ATP Synthase
Flow of H+ powers anabolism of ATP
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Electron Transport System Payoff
• Produce ~34 ATP
• Efficiency of 40%
• Rest is body heat
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Electron Transport System
Electron Transport Animation
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Summary of Glucose Catabolism
TCA