carbohydrate 2ho
TRANSCRIPT
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The Structure andFunction of
Macromolecules
(Carbohydrates)
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Po
lym
ers
/M
onome
rs Many macromolecules consist of polymers
A polymer is a large molecule built up from
smaller building block molecules
Monomers (a.k.a., subunits) are the building
block molecules
The inherent differences between human
siblings reflect variations in polymers, particularly
DNA and proteins. Molecular differences
between unrelated individuals are more
extensive, and between species greater still . . .
The molecular logic of life is simple but elegant:
Small molecules common to all organisms areordered into unique macromolecules . . . For
each class (of compound) we will see that the
macromolecules have emergent properties not
found in their individual monomers.
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Polymers, Monomers, and Lipids
polymercategory of
biomolecules monomer
polysaccharide carbohydrates monosaccharides
polypeptides proteins amino acids
polynucleic acids RNA & DNA nucleotides
Lipid monomers are less persistent than the above monomers
Consequently, lipids are less-readily described using the same
polymeric terms
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D
ehydration(Poly
mer)Synthesis
Energy +
A.K.A., condensation reaction, dehydration reaction
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H
ydrolysis
Polym
erBreakdown
+ Energy
Enzymes are employed in biological systems to
effect most hydrolysis reactions
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Some
Monos
acc
har
ides
Note Basic Formula:
(CH2O)n
Hence: Carbo (C)
Hydrate (H2O)
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Some
Monos
acc
har
ides
T
he
twos
imp
les
tsugars 2|
1C3
|
4
2|
3C1
|
4
Note Numerous Chiral Carbons
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StableM
onosacc
hari
de
Rings
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Ring Forms (Glucose)
These are all Glucose
Memorize this structure
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StableM
onosac
chari
de
Rings
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Clo
singth
eRing
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Disaccharide Synthesis
The reactions, the names of the sugars, and whether
they are mono- or disaccharides is what you should
know (also, Glycosidic linkage)
Energy +
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mylose
/Malto
se/Glucose
A sugar polymer
Glucose is the most
common
monosaccharide
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Starches
more branching
carbon and energy(glucose) storage molecules
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Sta
rch/Glycogen
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Glu
coseA
nomers
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Ce
llul
ose
Know the
difference
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Ce
llul
ose
Cellulose is a
Structural
polysaccharide
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Ce
llul
ose
Most
organisms
cannot digest
(hydrolyze)
cellulose
Organisms that can digest cellulose include the
microorganisms living the gastrointestinal tract
of many organisms typified especially by cows
and termites and many fungi (i.e., the things
that eat the wood of fallen trees)
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Cotton
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/botany_map/articles/article_30.htmlhttp://www.cbs.umn.edu/class/bioc/5309/idl/lesson1/figures1.html -
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Chitin
Chitin is another example of a structural carbohydrate.
Chitin is found in the exoskeletons of insects, spiders,
and crustaceans. Chitin is also found in the cell walls of
fungi. Chitin is leathery in pure form but is hardened inmost uses via the deposition of calcium carbonate.
http://www.lifesci.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/1716a.jpghttp://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/terry/projects.htmlhttp://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/terry/projects.htmlhttp://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/terry/projects.htmlhttp://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/terry/projects.htmlhttp://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/glycob/terry/projects.htmlhttp://www.lifesci.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/1716a.jpghttp://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age4660/lect/lect_02/lect_02.htm