NNuummbbeerr 4466 VViirrggiinniiaa DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff HHiissttoorriicc RReessoouurrcceess FFaallll//WWiinntteerr 22000022

Capitol Square’sOld Finance Building

Number 46 Fall/Winter 2002

CCoonntteennttssNotes from the Director 3

69 New Listings on the Virginia Landmarks Register 5Ladies Behind Bars: Suffragists at the Occoquan Workhouse 29

Surprises Under the Pavement: Archaeology in Urban Places 33In the Shadow: Capitol Square’s Finance Building 37

Taking the Reins: APVA Operates State’s Preservation Fund 41A Tale of One City: Bristol, Virginia and Tennessee 47

64 Highway Markers Added This Year 4918 Historic Preservation Easements Received 51

Certified Historic Rehabilitation Projects in Virginia 58

Virginia Department of Historic Resources

22880011 KKeennssiinnggttoonn AAvveennuueeRRiicchhmmoonndd,, VViirrggiinniiaa 2233222211

KKAATTHHLLEEEENN SS.. KKIILLPPAATTRRIICCKK DDiirreeccttoorr

Notes on Virginia is published by the Department of Historic Resources.Editor: Deborah Woodward; Assistant Editor and Design: Sean P. Smith; Copyeditor: John Salmon.

All photographs are from the department archives, unless otherwise noted.

Our MissionThe Department of

Historic Resources’ mission is to foster, encourage, and

support the stewardship anduse of Virginia’s significantarchitectural, archaeological,

and cultural resources.

Notes on Virginia was financed in partwith federal funds from the U.S.Department of the Interior, through theDepartment of Historic Resources,Commonwealth of Virginia. Under TitleVI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 andSection 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of1973, the U.S. Department of theInterior prohibits discrimination on thebasis of race, color, national origin, or dis-ability in its federally assisted programs.If you believe that you have been discrim-inated against in any program or activitydescribed herein, or if you desire furtherinformation, please write to: Office ofEqual Opportunity, U.S. Department ofthe Interior, street address in disclaimer:MS 5221–1849 C Street, NW,Washington, D.C. 20240. The contentsand opinions of this journal do not neces-sarily reflect the views or policies of theDepartment of the Interior, nor does anymention of trade names or commercialproducts constitute endorsement or rec-ommendations by the Department of theInterior. The Virginia Department ofHistoric Resources, in accordance withthe Americans with Disabilities Act, willmake this publication available in braille,large print, or audiotape upon request.Please allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery.

VViirrggiinniiaa HHiissttoorriicc RReessoouurrcceess BBooaarrddMrs. Carter F. McNeely,Chairman, Charlottesville

Ulysses X. White,Vice Chairman, Manassas

M. Karen Berkness, Richmond Patrick Butler, AlexandriaMartin K. King, WarsawTrue F. Luck, CrozierAddison B. Thompson, Richmond

SSttaattee RReevviieeww BBooaarrddS. Allen Chambers, Chairman, Washington, D.C.

Dennis J. Pogue, Vice Chairman, Mount Vernon

Ann Field Alexander, RoanokeEvelyn D. Chandler, Carrollton Barbara Heath, Lynchburg Warren R. Hofstra, Winchester Carl R. Lounsbury, Williamsburg Wendy L. Price, FredericksburgR. Madison Spencer,Charlottesville

2

On the CoverThe old FinanceBuilding on CapitolSquare stands as aquiet, elegant book-end to ThomasJefferson’s Capitol.(See page 37.)

DHRDepartment of Historic Resources

Central Office:2801 Kensington Ave.Richmond, VA 23221(804) 367-2323(804) 367-2391 (fax)

Capital Region Office:19-B Bollingbrook St.Petersburg, VA 23803(804) 863-1620(804) 863-1627 (fax)

Portsmouth Region Office:612 Court St., 3rd FloorPortsmouth, VA 23704(757) 396-6707(757) 396-6712 (fax)

Roanoke Region Office:1030 Penmar Ave. SERoanoke, VA 24013(540) 857-7585(540) 857-7588 (fax)

Winchester Region Office:107 N. Kent St.Suite 203Winchester, VA 22601(540) 722-3427(540) 722-7535 (fax)

The Departmentof Historic

Resources is aproud partner of:

Throughout the year, I am asked to speak on the importance of historic preserva-tion and public stewardship. My message—to university students, neighborhoodassociations, local governments, sister state agencies, and federal partners–is that

there is a deepening appreciation in Virginia and all across the country of the value ofhistoric resources. It is a lesson brought home by this last uncertain year for our coun-try and the Commonwealth, and serves as a reminder that our historic landmarks playan important role in our future. For local and state economies, the public and privatebenefits of putting our historic resources to work are proving to make a difference inimproving economic vitality and supporting sustainable community development. Interms of social benefits, our historic landmarks act as tangible reminders of our sharedpast, engendering a sense of place and of citizenship without which strong community isnot possible. We cannot afford to squander our irreplaceable natural and historicresources. The care we give them is our legacy of good stewardship.

This year, we have seen the deepening appreciation in the value of historic resourcesin the sheer numbers, as well as the range, of historic properties brought to the depart-ment for registration and rehabilitation, and of subjects for the installation of historicalhighway markers. As a direct result of this statewide demand from citizens and localgovernments, Virginia is second in the nation for registering historic properties and his-toric districts.

This issue of Notes on Virginia is filled with recent acts, and results, of good stew-ardship in communities across the Commonwealth. On the Virginia and Tennessee line,the city of Bristol is preserving core landmarks with the recent designation of its com-mercial downtown historic district on the Virginia Landmarks Register. The effort,involving two sets of state and local government, moves Bristol to a new level of unityand cooperation (see page 47). Providing a sense of distinction and cohesion for thedowntown area, the act of registration, say community leaders, is an important step innurturing the aspects that make a town a good place to live, work, and visit. From thiscollaboration, Bristol is positioning its downtown as a center that can support increasedeconomic development, tourism, and educational efforts.

Just as we can make a strong argument for the economic benefits of historic preser-vation and the role historic resources play in community revitalization, it is equallyimportant to recognize the symbolic importance of history and historic places in unset-tled times. When put to use, historic sites can serve not only as places with importantstories to tell and cultural anchors within a community, but also as places of engagementto awaken and support a sense of personal responsibility and needed social change. Thiswas the message of Ruth Abram, director of New York’s Lower East Side TenementMuseum, who addressed attendees at the Virginia Preservation Conference in Septem-ber 2002.

Recounting the revelations the museum held for visitors whose ancestors had livedthere, Abram described how their experiences began to create a support system for dis-advantaged residents in the neighborhood. Her inspiring talk was followed by that ofStanley Lowe, vice president of the National Trust, who outlined his success in revital-

3

Notes from the DirectorKathleen S. Kilpatrick

4

izing the predominantly African American Manchester neighborhood in Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, and drew parallels with the potential for change in Richmond’s historicJackson Ward.

Like the Lower East Side Tenement Museum in New York, the Occoquan Workhousein Fairfax County tells a powerful story of courage and striving. The women suffragistswere imprisoned at Occoquan in 1917 for conducting the first demonstration ever heldat the White House. A testament to the brave women who chose prison over a quiet with-drawal from the suffrage scene, (see page 29), the Occoquan Workhouse was recentlysaved through an agreement between the federal government, the Department ofHistoric Resources, and several entities within Fairfax County. At this juncture, whatwill become of the site remains a question. But herein lies a possibility for creating amuseum, not far from the nation’s capital, that could tell the story of American women’sfight for equality and the right to vote.

Another powerful story and an example of the state’s renewed commitment to be goodstewards of the historic properties in its care lies in the Commonwealth’s seat of gov-ernment at Capitol Square. In the heart of Richmond sits a remarkable assemblage ofhistorically and architecturally significant buildings: the State Capitol, one of thenation’s most historic and influential works of architecture, the Executive Mansion, OldCity Hall, the Finance Building, the 1939 Art Deco State Library, the Bell Tower, andMorson’s Row among them. Several buildings, such as the Capitol, are in serious needof rehabilitation. In this issue of Notes, we focus on the old Finance Building (see page37), a handsome architectural complement to Thomas Jefferson’s Capitol that was orig-inally constructed to house the state library. Looking ahead, in particular to 2007, bothexecutive and legislative branches of government recognize the need to formulate a mas-ter plan for the future of Capitol Square.

Statewide, good stewardship is being actively encouraged by the Association for thePreservation of Virginia Antiquities, which has stepped up to the challenge of helping tosave significant historic landmarks for Virginia’s communities (see page 41). It hastaken over a program created and previously operated by the Commonwealth. UnderAPVA leadership, the Statewide Revolving Fund Program is saving threatened commer-cial and residential properties and putting them in the hands of caring stewards.Revitalized and reused, these historic sites are continuing to hold their place as signifi-cant community landmarks in the form of tourism offices, a county museum and park,and corporate headquarters. In saving buildings from the wrecking ball, the APVA isearning high praise from city and county development officials.

Good stewardship and public responsibility take other forms, too. “Surprises Underthe Pavement” (see page 33) attests to the outcomes of Alexandria’s robust archaeologyprogram, which has changed area residents’ understanding of their past and providedthe city with public parks anchored in a rich appreciation of local history. In downtownRichmond, archaeological discoveries at the DuVal pottery site, at the ExecutiveMansion, and at Main Street Station have yielded surprising finds that greatly con-tribute to the ongoing process of clarifying our shared past and shedding more light onthe adversities and achievements of those who came before.

The value of historic preservation is that it supports community life on many levels.In addition to the economic well being of a community, historic preservation supports acommunity's quality of life. The themes of diversity, empowerment, good stewardship,and public responsibility in the following articles in this year’s Notes on Virginia unmis-takably bear this out.

5

Virginia Landmarks Registeradds 69 new listings

The Board of Historic Resources is pleased to note the additions made to theVirginia Landmarks Register since the fall of 2001. As the state’s official list of proper-ties worthy of preservation, the register includes buildings, structures, archaeologicalsites, and districts prominently identified with Virginia history and culture from prehis-toric times to the present. All of the properties listed here have been nominated to or list-ed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Since the General Assembly established the register in 1966, recognition of morethan 2,229 places has directed public attention to Virginia’s rich legacy of the past. Thisrecognition has greatly encouraged the stewardship efforts and careful decision makingof individuals, private organizations, and local governments. An increasing number ofowners of registered properties are taking advantage of the Virginia LandmarksRegister and the National Register of Historic Places as tools that trigger eligibilty forstate and federal rehabilitation tax credits. Many registered architectural and archaeo-logical resources have become cultural and social anchors in their communities andserve as key elements of the state’s tourism industry.

Properties recently named to the register are listed under their regional headingthat denotes the corresponding DHR field office. To find out more about the register pro-gram, please visit the department’s Web site at www.dhr.state.va.us, or call the regionaloffice nearest you.

Capital RegionAAbbeerrddeeeenn (Prince George County) isan imposing brick temple-form man-sion with a side-hall plan in whichthe hall runs across the front of thebuilding. The house is remarkablywell preserved and contains strikinglate Georgian interiors. It is the cen-terpiece of the rural estate of ThomasCocke, who was the ward, friend, andneighbor of Edmund Ruffin. Ruffinand Cocke both experimented withmarl to restore worn-out soils. Theirobservations at Aberdeen and othernearby sites became the basis forRuffin’s seminal writings on agricul-tural practices—practices that led tothe rejuvenation of agriculture inmuch of Virginia in the antebellumera. The flat fields of Aberdeen arestill farmed today.

AAppppoommaattttooxx HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt (Appo-mattox County) is a bustling countyseat established in the 1890s after a

Aberdeen, Prince George County

fire destroyed the original court-house a few miles away at the site ofGeneral Robert E. Lee’s surrenderand the end of the Civil War. Thetown began as a railroad siding inthe 1840s. The former train stationis now a visitors’ center. In addition

to its handsome church, school build-ings, and courthouse with an unusu-ally complete collection of court-related structures, the town includescommercial and residential buildingsin a wide range of architecturalstyles, including Queen Anne, GothicRevival, Classical Revival, Bungalow,Craftsman, and Colonial Revival.

CChheessttnnuutt HHiillll// PPllaatteeaauu HHiissttoorriiccDDiissttrriicctt (City of Richmond) is aneighborhood with residential andcommercial areas typical of a late-19th- and early-20th-century “street-car suburb.” Most of its buildingswere constructed between 1890 and1930. The district sits at the south-ern tip of the larger area known asHighland Park. Architectural stylesinclude Queen Anne, AmericanFoursquare, Bungalow, ColonialRevival, and Gothic Revival. Most ofthe residential buildings are two-story frame structures. Some multi-ple dwellings, commercial buildings,fraternal lodges, schools, and church-es are larger masonry structures.Original concrete sidewalks and tree-lined streets enhance the ambianceof the district.

CCllaarrkkssvviillllee HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt (Meck-lenburg County) constitutes the core

of the town founded in 1818 at theconfluence of the Dan and RoanokeRivers. The district contains animpressive main street, VirginiaAvenue, which has always been itsmajor thoroughfare. In addition tolarge commercial buildings, it alsocontains impressive houses in a vari-ety of styles. Beyond Virginia Ave-nue on rolling hills are tree-shadedstreets lined with houses and asprinkling of churches. These werebuilt over the last 175 years and in-clude the home of Clark Royster, thetown’s founder, intricate Victorianhouses, a few early cottages, and no-table examples of 20th-century sty-les. In winter the occupants of manybuildings enjoy views of Kerr Reser-voir, which was formed when the con-verging rivers were dammed in 1953.

DDoowwnnttoowwnn HHooppeewweellll HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt(City of Hopewell) contains the com-mercial heart of the city. It grewfrom a massive industrial develop-ment fueled by the Du Pont Corpo-ration prior to and during World WarI. As Hopewell coalesced as a viablecity, the downtown area also becamethe center of government. The con-struction of new brick buildings fol-lowing a 1915 fire announced thatHopewell was there to stay. The dis-

6

Clarksville Historic District, Mecklenburg County

7

trict contains modest commercialbuildings mainly located on Broad-way. Nearby are the handsome Class-ical Revival-style Municipal Build-ing, an elegant Colonial Revival postoffice, and other office and commer-cial structures. Within the district isthe Beacon Theatre, itself listed onthe state and national registers.

EE.. MM.. TToodddd CCoommppaannyy BBuuiillddiinngg (Cityof Richmond) was built in the 1890sto house a brewery and commercialice plant. In the 1920s, it became thenew home of the E. M. Todd Com-pany, one of Virginia’s most famousmeatpackers and the purveyor ofVirginia hams to generations of Vir-ginians. The history of Todd hamscan be traced back to CaptainMallory Todd, a Bermuda sea cap-tain, who settled in Smithfield in Isleof Wight County and shipped “Smith-field Hams” as early as 1779. TheTodd building is being renovated forhousing.

FFaaiirrffiieelldd (Henrico County) was origi-nally known as Rocky Mills when itstood in Hanover County from themiddle of the 18th century until itwas moved to Henrico County in the1920s. It is a mansion with greatpresence distinguished by bold clas-sical elements combined with a tradi-

tional Georgian plan, paneling, andbrickwork. Of particular note is theuse of stone embellishments on theexterior, the robust Doric order in thecenter hall, and the finely detailedlate-Georgian woodwork. As a part ofits removal to its present site, thebuilding underwent a major restora-tion in the Colonial Revival mode. Asa result, it is both an important colo-nial survival and a significant icon ofthe Colonial Revival movement, andranks among the most impressive ofthe prestigious suburban Richmonddwellings of the period. The varia-tions in its rooms and their levels offormality give it a timeless comfort-able air.

LLaauugghhttoonn (Fluvanna County) wasbegun about 1785 by David Shep-herd, a local planter who also servedas a county sheriff and magistrate.The house is a particularly good ex-ample of a small plantation housethat was enlarged to accommodateexpanding families, and exhibits thisevolution picturesquely. Especiallynoteworthy is its handsome Flemish-bond chimney, with paved weather-ings and diagonal lines of glazedheaders parallel to the weatheredslopes. The interior contains much ofits original woodwork. A double rowof boxwood nearly 20 feet high leads

E.M. Todd Company, City of Richmond

to the front door. The Shepherd fam-ily cemetery located on a rise justeast of the house is enclosed by arobust granite wall.

LLoonnggwwoooodd (Louisa County) is a largeplantation house built in 1859 bylawyer George Loyall Gordon. Thesimilarity of the house to the Ex-change Hotel in nearby Gordonsvillegives credence to its attribution toprominent local master builderBenjamin Faulconer. Gordon waskilled at the Battle of Malvern Hillin 1862. His family owned the houseuntil 1921. In form, Longwood is theclassic southern mansion with itsfull-width two-level front porch. Theporch was removed in the mid-20thcentury, but is being reconstructedfrom old photographs. The ownersare also returning the interior to itsoriginal form. The house sits at theend of a long lane in a large clearingsurrounded by deep woods.

LLoovviinnggssttoonn HHiigghh SScchhooooll BBuuiillddiinngg(Nelson County) was built in 1931 toserve grades one through eleven.The Virginia State Board ofEducation’s School Building Serviceprovided local school boards withplans and specifications for newbuildings. The Lovingston building,a handsome brick structure with

Classical Revival details, is similarto three others in the county builtfrom plans drawn by architect C. H.Hinnant of Lynchburg. It originallycontained 12 classrooms, toilets, amechanical room, and an auditoriumwith a stage. Additional classroomswere added in 1945, and a kitchen in1951. In 1955, the last class graduat-ed, and grades seven and eight wererelocated in 1968. The elementaryschool remained in the building until1995. It is being rehabilitated foruse as a community center, whichwill bring Nelson County Parks andRecreation programs together withother social services.

LLyynncchh’’ss BBrriicckkyyaarrdd HHoouussee (City ofLynchburg) located in the CollegeHill neighborhood, was constructedabout 1849 by Alexander Liggatt, aclose friend of Micajah Lynch. Theland was owned by John Lynch andused as a brickyard by ChristopherLynch until 1830. The house sur-vives as a rare example of a modestvernacular dwelling from the secondquarter of the 19th century. It restson an infilled stone pier foundationand has prominent exterior endchimneys. Evidence of the use of thesite as a brickyard can be seen on theproperty.

8

Longwood, Louisa County

9

MMaappllee RRooaaddss (Charlotte County) wasbuilt by Captain John D. Richardson,a hero in the War of 1812, who repre-sented Charlotte County in theGeneral Assembly from 1809 to 1837.The house was built on land Johnand his wife Elizabeth Spenserbought at auction following the deathof Elizabeth’s father. It was startedin 1813 and reached its present formby 1821. The two-story, five-bay brickhouse with molded brick cornices hasFederal interior woodwork includingfine mantels and the remarkable sur-vival of decorative graining and mar-bleizing. Two outbuildings survive,as well as a cemetery containingRichardson family graves and thoseof the Pettus family, who acquiredthe property in the 1870s.

MMiirraaddoorr (Albemarle County, bound-ary increase) is a revision of a nomi-nation first listed in 1982. In addi-tion to the grand mansion and itsimmediate dependencies so loved bymembers of the Langhorne family,the new boundaries cover associatedfarm buildings, farm landscape, andother resources that were not part ofthe original nomination. The revi-sion details the evolution of the mainhouse and other buildings in muchgreater detail than any previousstudy of either the buildings or of theinvolvement of various owners in thecreation of the estate. The currentowners are undertaking careful con-servation and restoration work.

MMoonnttee VVeerrddee (Essex County) wasbegun in 1815 by Captain JosephJaney when he built a two-storyframe house with a center-hall plan.A remarkably high percentage of theoriginal architectural fabric of boththe interior and exterior survives,including early features in both theattic and the cellar. The Federalwoodwork on the interior includeshigh-style Adam mantels with colon-nettes, and there is a Cold War–erabomb shelter under the back porch.The house is situated on a high ridgefacing the Rappahannock River.

MMoouunnttaaiinn HHaallll (Nottoway County)was home of physician and states-

man Dr. James Jones (1772-1848), aleading Southside Virginian of hisgeneration. He served in the Virgin-ia militia as surgeon general duringthe War of 1812, and for two terms inthe U.S. Congress. He also served inthe Virginia General Assembly at dif-ferent times and supported theefforts of friend, Thomas Jefferson,to found the University of Virginia.His home is unusual in its squareplan, pyramidal roof supported by amassive kingpost, and exquisite frontdoorcase, carefully copied fromplates 15 and 17 of Owen Biddle’sThe Young Carpenter’s Assistant.

WWiilllliiaamm PPhhaauupp HHoouussee (City ofLynchburg) was constructed about1817 by Phaup, a local builder. It isan example of the dwellings built bylocal artisans, tradesmen, and othermiddle-class settlers. An unusualhybrid between a Federal mansionand a cottage, it features a four-bayform, and the original entry on theupper floor is located over a fullbasement. Though the porch thatserved that entrance has beenremoved, the house survives withonly minor alterations.

OOaakk GGrroovvee (Campbell County) wasbuilt in stages between the 1750sand 1833. Its varied elements cap-ture the gradual evolution ofVirginia architecture during thattime. It began as a two-story dog-trot log house built by tobacco farmerJohn Payne. His son, Philip, inherit-ed the property in 1784 and enlargedit. His son, Philip M. Payne, com-pleted it by 1833 with the addition ofa classic two-story, three-bay dwell-ing with a side-hall plan. The houseretains most of its interior trim,some of it with significant false-grained finishes. Extant outbuild-ings include a smokehouse, slavequarter, grain shed, and hay barn.

SSpprriinngg GGrreeeenn (Hanover County) hasan earlier core that was included inSamuel Earnest’s center-hall-planhouse of about 1800. This typicalcountry Federal house contains aremarkable amount of original wood-work as well as three brick chimneys,

two of which are joined by a pentcloset. The gable roof has threedormers on the back and two on thefront. Interior features include man-tels with fluted pilasters and otherornament, odd shallow cubbyholes inthe hall, and a simple winding stair.The names of the Bayliss childrenwho lived in the house from 1866 to1897 are carved in the plaster of thesecond floor. A venerable smoke-house survives with a verticallysheathed door with strap hinges anda wrought-iron hasp.

SStt.. CChhrriissttoopphheerr’’ss SScchhooooll (City ofRichmond) exemplifies the efforts bydedicated individuals and religiousinstitutions to broaden the availabil-ity of quality education and to fosterChristian principles in the youthentrusted to their care. It was found-ed in 1911 by noted educator Dr.Churchill Gibson Chamberlayne.The picturesque frame buildings thatremain from that era are camp-likefacilities typical of many such insti-tutions. The more urbane brickstructures from the second quarter ofthe 20th century show an affinitywith preparatory school and colle-giate architecture typically found inEast Coast states. The informal com-bination of architecture and pine-shaded campus has been carefullynurtured over the years.

TTaanngglleewwoooodd (Goochland County), apopular restaurant and meetingplace, ranks as one of the bestremaining examples of Rustic Stylevernacular architecture in Virginia.The earliest section, the front one-story projection, was built as a gasstation in 1929. The large two-and-a-half-story log section was added in1935. It houses a restaurant/dancehall on the first floor and livingquarters on the upper floors. Whilelog structures were common in cen-tral and western Virginia in theantebellum era, this type of log con-struction has its roots in the rusticarchitecture that developed in thelast quarter of the 19th century inthe Adirondack Mountain region ofNew York and appeared early in the

10

St. Christopher’s School, City of Richmond

Spring Green, Hanover County

11

Interior and exterior of Tanglewood Ordinary, Goochland County

20th century in the American West,especially in lodges and nationalparks. The rounded log look laterbecame a standard approach inCivilian Conservation Corps–builtpark architecture. Tanglewood wasclearly a part of this national andvery American architectural move-ment.

UUnniioonn HHiillll HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt (City ofRichmond) was a neighborhood some-what separated from the rest of thecity by a ravine and rugged terrain.This led to the development of asemi-independent community origi-nally laid out on a grid plan at a di-

agonal to the regular streetplan. When the main ravinewas filled and the citystreets were extended toUnion Hill, a number of tri-angular parcels and crossstreets resulted. Someretain original stone paving,which gives the neighbor-hood an ambiance unique inthe city. Along its streetsare picturesque cottagesand townhouses, from whichthe residents have a spec-tacular view of downtown.Commercial buildings andchurches are found along

Venable and 25th Streets.

WWeesstteerrnn VViieeww (Fluvanna County) is arare example of a dwelling thatevolved from a two-room cottage to atwo-part house whose final formmakes no attempt to present asophisticated ensemble. The earlierportion, built circa 1790 by theWilliam Henly family, still exempli-fies a simple, rural dwelling of theVirginia Piedmont. Its plasteredwalls, woodwork, and handsomechimney with the remnants of a pentcloset are more finely crafted thansimilar early Fluvanna County hous-es. The 1824 brick Greek Revival sec-

tion, added by Catherine Johnson, ismarked by the simple elegance of itsproportions and fine workmanship.The chimney of a kitchen buildingand a family cemetery are also on theproperty. Plans for restoration are inprogress.

WWiinntteerrhhaamm (Amelia County) is theonly known Virginia building byThomas Tabb Giles, an accomplishedamateur architect, and WilliamPercival, a significant professionalarchitect. Their collaboration is re-corded on the recently found designsfor the house, now in the collectionsof the Virginia Historical Society.The Italian Villa–style dwelling wasbuilt for John Garland Jefferson IIabout 1855, and some of its featuresare similar to designs found in booksby Asher Benjamin. It is a restrainedbut refined frame house with an inte-rior cross-hall plan. There are fouroriginal porches on the house, each ofa different design. Winterham wasused as a hospital for woundedConfederate soldiers after Lee’s re-treat from Richmond in April 1865.

Portsmouth RegionAAllmmsshhoouussee FFaarrmm aatt MMaacchhiippoonnggoo(Northampton County) is a complex

of five contributing buildings datingfrom 1725 to the early 20th century.The 17-acre site was used continu-ously as an almshouse farm between1803 and 1952. The oldest structure,a brick farmhouse built around 1725with a wood-frame section addedlater, predates the property’s use as apoorhouse. A simple vernacularGreek Revival two-story building wasconstructed about 1840 as thealmshouse with eight rooms on thefirst floor and 13 “guestrooms” on thesecond floor. In 1910, a single-storyframe building with 10 guestroomswas built to serve as a poorhouse forAfrican Americans. There are alsotwo contributing sheds on the proper-ty. While most almshouses wereclosed throughout the state by the1920s, Northampton County’s re-mained open until 1952.

JJaammeess BBrroowwnn’’ss DDrryy GGooooddss SSttoorree(Northampton County) was built byWilliam U. Nottingham to serve as ageneral merchandise outlet for theEastville community. A 10-foot-deepporch shelters the original woodenstorefront, with three bays and re-cessed double doors. Store spacedominates the first floor of the 1880building, which retains its originalrandom-width pine floors, tongue-

12

Winterham, Amelia County

13

James Brown’s Dry Goods Store, Northampton County

and-groove paneled walls, and oneoriginal service counter. The floorsafe rests in the same location as ithas for more than 100 years. JamesA. Brown acquired the store in fall1931 and is well remembered for hishuge, arched candy cabinet on theleft side of the store. Brown stocked awide variety of goods in his store,ranging from ready-made ladies’dresses and the materials to makethem, to bedsheets and dishes.

JJaammeess AA.. FFiieellddss HHoouussee (City ofNewport News) was acquired in 1897by Fields for his primary residenceand law office. Fields, born a slave,became a prominent African Amer-ican citizen in Newport News afterbeing among the first graduatingclass of Hampton University in 1871.Upon being nominated by DelegateRobert Norton, Fields served as ajustice of the peace in 1879, becom-ing Virginia’s first black judicial offi-cer. In 1881 he graduated fromHampton University’s law school andwent on to teach young black stu-dents for 14 years and tutor olderones in the theories and practice oflaw. Fields was elected to several

terms in the General Assembly andserved as the commonwealth’s attor-ney for Warwick County. FollowingFields’ death, his brick Italianatehome briefly housed the WhittakerMemorial Hospital that was estab-lished in 1908 as the first hospitalfor blacks in Newport News.

TThhee MMeeddiiccaall AArrttss BBuuiillddiinngg (City ofNewport News) was designed byCharles M. Robinson and constructedin 1928. This classically inspiredmedical building is one of only a fewhistoric office buildings remainingdowntown. Standing four stories talland built of red brick in a once-prominent neighborhood, the MedicalArts Building attracted tenants wholived within walking distance. In1931, the building housed a numberof doctors and dentists as well as adrugstore and White Optical. Accord-ing to the architectural plans, whichindicated Colored Waiting Rooms onat least two floors, there were sever-al doctors who saw African Americanpatients. In 1971, at least two origi-nal doctors were still using offices inthe building and White Optical wasstill located on the first floor. Ten-

ants changed in the later years toinclude insurance agencies, attor-neys, and the Seaman’s Union. Thebuilding has been empty for 10 years.

RRooggeerrss’’ SSttoorree (Surry County) waspreceded on the site by Gwaltney’sStore, which was constructed in1827. This building was converted tostorage space when Rogers’ Store wasbuilt in 1894. Watt Rogers, an areaentrepreneur, used his store tolaunch several business endeavorsincluding a lumber company, chemi-cal company, and publishing compa-ny. While these ventures were notoverly fruitful, the store was success-ful as the location of the first tele-phone company, the Surry-SussexTelephone Company. This store com-plex has maintained its historicalintegrity with very few modificationsto the existing buildings over their130-year history. Serving as a hubfor the Carsley community for manyyears, the store closed in 1952.

SStt.. PPaauull’’ss CCaatthhoolliicc CChhuurrcchh (City ofPortsmouth) embodies the GothicRevival movement in its remarkablearchitectural design. Constructionbegan in 1898 and continued forseven years as specialists in eachbuilding trade constructed the build-ing designed by John Peebles. Thechurch was built with masonry wallsclad in quarry-faced granite andtopped by a steel-beam roof coveredby slate shingles. The exterior fea-tures beautiful Gothic double archesand buttressing as well as a largestained-glass window located on the

second story above the centralentrance. The bell, installed in 1901,still hangs in the bell tower. Withinthe church are the original carvingsof the Stations of the Cross betweenthe windows as well as the originalquartered-oak pews. Alongside thechurch is the rectory, which serves asthe residence and parish office andretains much of its historic integrity.

SShheeaa TTeerrrraaccee EElleemmeennttaarryy SScchhooooll(City of Portsmouth) was constructed

14

Rogers’ Store, Surry County

St. Paul’s Catholic Church, City ofPortsmouth, above; interior, below

15

in 1925 during a burst of school con-struction throughout the state. Thecity of Portsmouth’s populationgreatly increased during World War Iwith an influx of shipyard workerscreating the need for more schools.Designed by master architect CharlesM. Robinson, the elementary schoolwas located in the Shea Terrace resi-dential neighborhood. Originallycalled the Sixth Avenue School, itwas the second largest in the citywhen constructed and was a depar-ture from the styles of earlierschools. As a two-story brick struc-ture, Shea Terrace Elementary exhib-ited a more progressive and moderndesign. The building included 16classrooms, a manual training room,a domestic service room, a principal’soffice, a special room, a library, and alarge multi-purpose room. SheaTerrace closed in 2000, but in 2001 a

developer began rehabilita-tions, transforming the oldschool into a 21-unit, inde-pendent-living complex forseniors, slated to open inthe near future.

SSmmiitthh’’ss PPhhaarrmmaaccyy (City ofNewport News) was openedby Dr. Charles C. Smith in1946 as the first AfricanAmerican–owned pharmacyin Newport News. Smithwas a very influential mem-ber of the community as heallowed aspiring black stu-dents to experience thepharmaceutical careerthrough externships in hisstore. He also inspired andencouraged his patrons andemployees to continue theireducation and to register tovote. Smith’s Pharmacy be-came a community centeron Sundays where familieswould gather after churchto gossip and indulge insome ice cream. The archi-tectural integrity of thestructure remains as it didin its days of prominenceunder its original owner. Itis a virtual snapshot of1946; the original counters,

fixtures, and display cases remaininside. The Smith family has run thepharmacy since its beginning. It hasbeen closed since 1999 awaiting his-toric designation, when one of theSmiths will return to be the third-generation family pharmacist on site.

SSuuffffoollkk HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt SSeeccoonnddBBoouunnddaarryy IInnccrreeaassee (City of Suffolk)expands the district to the southernarea of downtown south of Marketand Bank Streets. This area, calledWashington Square, includes 114contributing resources and 28 non-contributing resources. The expan-sion incorporates several early-20th-century commercial buildings andsmall enclaves of dwellings, as wellas several warehouses, into the cur-rent downtown district. This areacontains a mix of styles ranging fromlate 19th-century Colonial Revival toItalianate and vernacular dwellings

Smith’s Pharmacy, City of Newport News, above, presentday; below, circa 1946

to 20th-century Modern Movementcommercial buildings. The peanutand railroad industries dominatedthis section of the district. Washing-ton Square’s residential populationwas divided by railroad tracks run-ning through the community. Whitesprimarily lived north of the tracksworking as merchants, lumber andbrick manufacturers, and bankcashiers; African Americans livedsouth of the tracks and labored forthe peanut and railroad companies,or were merchants and salesmen.

Roanoke RegionAA.. GG.. PPlleessss HHoouussee (City of Galax) is atwo-story wood-frame residence lo-cated on old U.S. Route 58 that em-bodies the characteristics of the Co-lonial Revival style of the early 20thcentury. Its style was clearly influ-enced by house precedents in Colon-ial Williamsburg, which was beingdeveloped when the Pless house wasbuilt in 1939. The house was careful-ly detailed by Winston-Salem archi-tect William Roy Wallace with boxcornices, beaded frieze boards,carved modillion blocks, simple rake-boards, beaded weatherboards, andcopper ogee built-in gutters. Wallacebecame known for his expertise in

designing residences in the colonialstyle during the first half of the 20thcentury.

AArrnnhheeiimm (City of Radford) was builtin 1840 on a cliff overlooking theNew River for Dr. John Blair Rad-ford, after whom the town is named,and his wife, Elizabeth CampbellTaylor. The two-story, three-bay,Flemish-bond brick house wasdesigned in the Federal style of thelate 18th and early 19th centuries,but also features Greek Revival ele-ments that were just coming intovogue in the region when the housewas completed. It is the oldest sur-viving brick building in Radford. Dr.Radford was a prominent physician,farmer, and businessman who en-gaged in various commercial andrailroad ventures from the 1830sthrough the 1870s. His activitiesanticipated the economic boom in the1880s and ’90s in the town oncecalled Central Depot.

BBooootthh-LLoovveellaaccee HHoouussee (FranklinCounty) is located amid rolling farm-lands at the foot of the Blue Ridge.This Greek Revival-Italianate resi-dence was built about 1859 forplanter Moses G. Booth by localbuilder Seth Richardson. It is amongthe finest historic dwellings in the

16

Booth-Lovelace House, Franklin County

17

county, with architectural and deco-rative features that include an L-shaped stair passage, detailed plas-terwork, and extensive faux grainingand marbling. Associated with thehouse are an overseer ’s office, an ashhouse, a granary, and a barn. Thehouse stands on property that be-longed to Jubal Early, the father ofConfederate general Jubal A. Early,in the early 19th century. In the late19th century the house was acquiredby the Lovelace family whose descen-dants today operate it as a bed-and-breakfast inn.

BBrriissttooll CCoommmmeerrcciiaall HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt(Bristol, Virginia, and Tennessee) islocated in the commercial center ofthe city, which is unique in that itstraddles the Virginia-Tennessee bor-der. State Street provides the maincorridor in downtown Bristol, and itscenter line serves as the boundarybetween the two states. Eighty per-cent of the district’s 105 buildingsare evaluated as contributing to thelate-19th- and early-20th -centuryarchitectural character of downtownBristol. The city grew with the con-struction of steel rail era railroads,and the downtown developed as animportant commercial, industrial,and entertainment center.

CCeeddaarr HHiillll CChhuurrcchh aanndd CCeemmeetteerriieess(Rockbridge County) was built in1874 on a prominence overlookingthe Buffalo Creek Valley, as a one-story, nave-form log building withweatherboard siding, stone founda-tion, and metal roof. The one-roominterior is sheathed with plain andbeaded boards. The church lot in-cludes the old cemetery that wasused during the late 19th century.The new cemetery, established about1890 and still in use, has grave andplot markers of fieldstone, concrete,marble, and granite. RockbridgeCounty’s African American communi-ty established the simple log church.It was improved on the interior andcovered with weatherboards in theearly 20th century and used by thecommunity as both a place of worshipand as a schoolhouse. As educationaland occupational opportunities luredblacks away from the countryside in

the 1920s, activity at the churchdwindled and ceased entirely in the1930s, but former members anddescendants maintain the church andproperty. It is opened once a year fora homecoming.

FFuullkkeerrssoonn-HHiillttoonn HHoouussee (ScottCounty) was built around 1800 ofoak, pine, and poplar hewn logs. Thetwo-story house rests on a limestonefoundation and faces the north forkof the Holston River. The dwellingwas the residence of frontier settlerAbraham Fulkerson, who fought inthe American Revolution, purchasedthe property in the 1780s, and oper-ated a mill there before becoming oneof the first Scott County commission-ers in 1814. The Rev. Samuel Hilton,who established two Baptist church-es in the area, bought the property in1816. Fulkersons and Hiltons haveintermarried over the years, and thehouse remains in the possession offamily heirs.

GGrraassssddaallee FFaarrmm (Henry County),located in the southwest HenryCounty community of Spencer, isnotable for its many surviving 19th-and early-20th-century structures.They include the stylish plantationhouse and numerous dependencies,especially a log slave dwelling andearly detached kitchen, as well asagricultural and commercial build-ings. The farm began as a tobaccoplantation owned by David HarrisonSpencer (1814-1896), and later be-came the center of a large-scale plugtobacco manufacturing operationfrom about 1860 through the end ofthe 19th century. Spencer, who alsoowned the local store, post office,mill, and blacksmith shop, built thetwo-story frame main house of GreekRevival and Italianate character dur-ing the late antebellum period. Laterimprovements to the house are alsoevident.

GGrreeyylleeddggee (Botetourt County) is agreat 19th-century estate seated inthe midst of spectacular mountainscenery in eastern Botetourt County.The original Greek Revival two-story,brick, three-bay house was builtshortly before the Civil War for the

Cartmill family. The second phase ofconstruction around 1900 was com-missioned by the Pechin family.Edmund Pechin became a notedauthority on mining and metallurgyand played a prominent role in thedevelopment of the western Virginiairon industry in the two decadesbefore World War I. His wife, MaryPechin, headed the Village Improve-ment Society in the nearby town ofBuchanan.

TThhee GGrroovvee (Washington County) wasbuilt around 1857 by Colonel JohnPreston when he retired after 32years as presiding judge of Wash-ington County. The two-story brickhouse featured a wood framed porchand was designed in the Greek Re-vival style. Though extensively van-dalized after its sale by Preston fam-ily heirs in 1972, the house has beencarefully and extensively rehabilitat-ed to house new offices of the Chil-dren’s Advocacy Center of Bristol/-Washington County.

HHiillllssvviillllee HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt (CarrollCounty) contains 16 historic build-ings that constitute the historicblock of the county seat of CarrollCounty. They include the 1857 Car-ter Building that was extensivelyremodeled in the 1920s, the 1875Carroll County Courthouse designedin the Classical Revival style, the1907 Carroll County Bank, and the1936 Hillsville Diner. Hillsville ty-coon George L. Carter worked in theCarter Building and Wilkinson’sStore before the Civil War, then mar-

ried Wilkinson’s daughter Mayettaand later headed the Clinchfield rail-road and several mining companies.In 1922, Carter sold all his holdingsto Consolidated Coal Company ofNew York and retired to the CarterBuilding, which he had expanded to36 rooms by his death in 1936.

HHootteell NNoorrttoonn (City of Roanoke) a45,000-square-foot, six-story brickand stone building at the center ofdowntown Norton, was built in 1921by noted Bristol architect ThomasSeabrook Brown. The design incorpo-rates the popular Colonial Revivalstyle of the time, with a tripartitescheme that differentiates the base,mid-section, and top of the building,to reflect the base, shaft, and capitalof a classical column. The classicalinspiration was part of a widespreadtrend in 1920s hotel design thatattempted to bring a cosmopolitanatmosphere to cities large and small.It also reflected the desire of theNorton citizen-investors to promotethe city’s status. The hotel is one ofthe few remaining historic buildingsin the civic and commercial center ofdowntown Norton.

MMaarrllbbrrooookk (Rockbridge County),originally known as Cherry Hill, islocated about three miles east ofNatural Bridge in rural RockbridgeCounty amid rolling pasturelands,with a late-18th-century, Georgian-styled, two-story brick house as itscenterpiece. A brick wing bears aninscribed 1804 date; the oppositewing was erected in the 1840s. The

18

Greyledge, Botetourt County

19

Hotel Norton, Wise County

house is one of the earliest brick edi-fices in western Virginia. The interi-or is based on a center-passage planwith a wide stairhall, finished withrandom-width pine flooring, paintedplaster walls and ceilings, varnishedwalnut tongue-and-groove partitionwalls, classical Georgian mantelsand paneled chimney facings, andpainted wood trim at the staircase,door and window openings, base-boards, and chair rails. Marlbrookwas originally the home of the DavidGreenlee family, including his moth-er, Mary McDowell Greenlee, anearly pioneer settler of the area.

DDrr.. WWiilllliiaamm HH.. PPiittttss HHoouussee (City ofAbingdon) is a two-story dwellingbuilt in 1854 in the popular GreekRevival style that figures prominent-ly in the historic Abingdon East Mainstreetscape. The house features asymmetrical five-bay façade with arecessed entrance and a single-pileplan with a central passage flankedby parlors on the first floor and bed-rooms on the second floor. The wallsare of stucco-covered masonry set ona limestone ashla foundation.Stepped parapets on each gable endwith cast-stone ornamentation along

the upper edges and a wide cornicewith sawnwork brackets adorn theroof. The house was constructed onspeculation by Adam Hickman, aprominent local builder of numerousstructures in Abingdon during themid-19th century. Hickman subse-quently sold the property to Dr.Pitts, a Civil War surgeon, in 1859.

RRooaannookkee CCiittyy MMaarrkkeett HHiissttoorriicc DDiiss-ttrriicctt (City of Roanoke, boundary in-crease) adds two buildings to theoriginal district of 60 commercialstructures. The Goria BrothersWholesale Grocers Building at 302Campbell Avenue, SE, is a largethree-story brick warehouse withmodest Italianate embellishmentbuilt in 1924. The two-story brick,three-bay building at 9 Church Ave-nue, SE, was built about 1920.

RRooaannookkee DDoowwnnttoowwnn HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt(City of Roanoke) is located in thesouthwest quadrant of downtownRoanoke. The city became the princi-pal center of commerce, transporta-tion, and industry following the loca-tion of the Norfolk & Western Rail-way headquarters there in the early1880s. Situated west of the Roanoke

City Market Historic District, northof the residential Southwest HistoricDistrict, and south of the RoanokeWarehouse Historic District, the Ro-anoke Downtown Historic Districtcontains the financial, commercial,and governmental center of the city.Seventy percent of the district’s 144primary buildings are identified ascontributing to the late-19th- to mid-20th-century architectural characterof the district.

SSuunnnnyyssiiddee (City of Lexington) is afine example of a Federal-periodfarmhouse that may have been builtin the late 18th century. The three-story, 10,000-square-foot houseincludes later additions and changesmade during the 19th and 20th cen-turies. The oldest part of the house isidentified by its Flemish bond brickwalls, coursed-rubble limestone foun-dation, and wood cornice with simplemodillions. A later addition is ofmixed-bond brick construction on anuncoursed limestone ashlar founda-tion, with a cornice designed tomatch the original section. Tall baywindows were added during theVictorian era, followed by two brickporches with wrought-iron railings inthe 1940s. The setting consists of aspacious lawn with gardens, walks,

and large trees, in addition to sever-al surviving dependencies. The houseis thought to have been built forJames Moore, a Rockbridge Countysheriff. The property passed to Alex-ander Barclay in the late 1820s.

TTaazzeewweellll HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt (TazewellCounty) contains residential, com-mercial, and government buildingsthat primarily date from about 1880to 1930. The district encompassesmost of the historic town boundariesof the Tazewell County seat of gov-ernment and includes 145 buildings,77 percent of which contribute to thehistoric character of the district.Houses and churches constructedbefore the arrival of the railroad in1889 characteristically feature GreekRevival detailing. More elaborateQueen Anne–style dwellings werebuilt in the 1890s. Commercial build-ings along Main Street include theRomanesque-style Bank of ClinchValley, circa 1900, as well as parapet-ed law offices and stores.

VViirrggiinniiaa HHiillll HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt (Cityof Bristol) is located five blocks northof the downtown commercial centerand the Virginia-Tennessee stateline. The Virginia Hill neighborhooddeveloped in the late 19th and early

20

Sunnyside, Rockbridge County

21

20th centuries and contains primari-ly one- and two-story frame and brickresidences constructed from 1868 tothe 1940s. Ninety-two percent of thedistrict’s 129 primary buildings con-tribute to the architectural characterof the residential district. Architec-tural styles include Queen Anne,Colonial Revival, and Bungalow de-signs, as well as vernacular and FolkVictorian house forms.

Winchester RegionCCaabbiinn BBrraanncchh PPyyrriittee MMiinnee HHiissttoorriiccDDiissttrriicctt (Prince William County),located along both sides of the NorthBranch of Quantico Creek in PrinceWilliam Forest Park, includes themajor producer of pyrite ore inVirginia from 1889 to 1920. Underthe management of the Cabin BranchMining Company, pyrite ore wasshipped to processing plants to yieldsulfuric acid, which was used in themanufacture of a wide range of prod-ucts such as glass, soap, bleach, tex-tiles, paper, fertilizers, and medi-cines. Since sulfuric acid is an impor-tant ingredient in the manufacture ofgunpowder, Cabin Branch Mine was

Two views of the Virginia Hill HistoricDistrict, City of Bristol

vital to the United States duringWorld War I. By 1917, Virginia wasproducing 37 percent of the nation’spyrite, more than any other state.Due to a decrease in the need forgunpowder during peacetime and thediscovery of larger deposits of pyriteworldwide, the mine closed in 1920.While no structures remain intact atthe site, extensive foundations giveclear evidence of eight mineshafts,12 buildings, conveyors, railroads,roads, and large piles of waste mate-rial removed from the mine. Theruins have been little disturbed sincethe mine ceased operations andclosed, making the site a valuablesource of archaeological data relatedto the pyrite mining industry.

GGrreeeenn PPaassttuurreess (Fauquier County) isa 236-acre hunt-country estate con-taining a Colonial Revival–stylemain house, stable, barns, cottages,and agricultural outbuildings. De-signed by New York architect PenroseV. Stout for industrialist Robert EarlMcConnell and built about 1931, thehouse displays bold ornamentation inits hand-carved entrance pilasters,cantilevered spiral staircase, andrare pecky cypress paneling and clas-sical columns on the interior. Mc-Connell amassed great wealth in theearly 20th century as a mining engi-neer and financier, but is best knownfor accumulating and developingvital materials for the nation’s wareffort during World War II. He servedas CEO of the former German sub-sidiary General Aniline and FilmCorporation for the Treasury Depart-ment, developed a logarithmic securi-ty chart to monitor industrial stocks,and financed groundbreaking com-munication inventions. Green Pas-tures represents McConnell’s inter-est in agricultural pursuits and foxhunting in the Virginia Piedmont.

HHoommeessppuunn (Frederick County) islocated in central Frederick Countyon the outskirts of Winchester. Thetwo-story dwelling was built in twoparts: a log section dating from themid-1790s for local merchant God-frey Miller, and a stone and brickportion constructed about 1825 by

22

his son, John Miller. The house issignificant in local architecture as anexample of a dogtrot-plan structure,a building form more commonlyfound in the Appalachian UplandSouth but rarely seen in theShenandoah Valley. The 1790s sec-tion originally featured the dogtrotplan, which consisted of two inde-pendent log pens with an openbreezeway between them, all beneathone roof. By 1825, the breezeway hadbeen enclosed to create a central pas-sage, and the exterior of the originalbuilding was sheathed in weather-boards. This building is currentlyundergoing rehabiliation for commer-cial use.

LLeeeessbbuurrgg HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt (LoudounCounty, boundary increase) consistsof the original 60-acre portion of thetown of Leesburg, which was laid outin 1757. It was placed on the stateand national registers in 1970. Theseat of Loudoun County, Leesburgrepresents a well-preserved northernPiedmont town with a rich diversityof historic buildings. The districtcenters on an 1893 Colonial Revival-style courthouse surrounded by a finecollection of log, brick, and framedwellings and commercial buildingsmostly dating from the 18th and 19thcenturies. Incorporated in 1813, thetown prospered throughout the firsthalf of the 19th century, reaching itszenith as a crossroads communitywith access to major transportationroutes by road, ferry, and rail by themid-1800s. Increased boundaries ofthe town created additional buildinglots that were larger than the town’soriginal lots. They were soon filledwith grand freestanding Late Vic-torian dwellings to the west andnorth and generally smaller dwell-ings constructed to the south andeast. The expanded historic districttakes in areas containing more late-19th- and early-20th-century struc-tures and better illustrates thetown’s development history and vari-ety of architectural treasures.

LLooccuusstt HHiillll (Madison County), situat-ed amid the rolling farmland of east-ern Madison County, is a well-pre-

served Federal- and Greek Reviv-al–style residence associated with aschool, a store, and domestic andcommercial outbuildings that com-prise the hamlet of Locust Dale. Theoriginal section of the two-storyframe house was apparently built in1834 by Travis J. Twyman, who en-larged the house to its present formabout 1849. Notable architecturalfeatures include a two-level frontporch, fine mantels, and well-pre-served original grained woodwork.The house was later acquired by thescholarly Willis family. Larkin WillisII taught at the nearby Locust DaleAcademy, and his daughter, MaryLucy Willis, taught public school in aone-room schoolhouse built in 1897that still survives on the property.The Willises added a greenhouse, asummer kitchen, and a curious two-story hip-roofed bathroom tower tothe house. The property also con-tains the Locust Dale Store and PostOffice, a well-preserved 1880s framecommercial structure located acrossthe street.

LLyyoonn VViillllaaggee HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt (Ar-lington County) is an excellent exam-ple of the many residential subdivi-sions that were created in ArlingtonCounty during the second quarter ofthe 20th century. Developed in re-sponse to the burgeoning populationincrease in the Washington, D.C.,metropolitan area, the neighborhoodwas served by streetcars of theWashington-Virginia Railway Com-pany. Lyon Village was the secondsuburban community platted by spec-ulative developer Frank Lyon begin-ning in 1923. Dividing the communi-ty into nine sections, landscape ar-chitect William Sunderman incorpo-rated a series of landscaped trafficcircles, sloping lots, and a communi-ty park in his design, creating a pic-turesque neighborhood that appealedto middle-class residents. The com-munity’s 762 residential lots containdwellings exhibiting a wide varietyof architectural styles and formsincluding the Colonial Revival, TudorRevival, Craftsman, and SpanishMission styles as well as bungalowsand foursquares. Queen Anne–styledwellings that preceded the develop-

23

Monterey High School, Highland County

ment are also found in the district.By 1950, Lyon Village had becomefully developed. Today its tree-linedcurving streets, handsome dwellings,and proximity to Washington contin-ue to make it an attractive place inwhich to live.

MMoonntteerreeyy HHiigghh SScchhooooll (HighlandCounty), constructed in 1922 at thewestern edge of the town of Mon-terey, represents an era in education-al history in Virginia when the statecreated architectural plans and pro-vided financial assistance in guaran-teeing bonds for the construction ofnew schools. A one-story ClassicalRevival–style structure faced in localgarnet sandstone and resting on araised basement, the school retains aremarkable amount of its originalfabric. Its well-organized plan fos-tered a progressive educational pro-gram that was especially popularduring the early 20th century. Allclassrooms opened directly onto acentral auditorium and also providedaccess to the outside, and naturallight flooded the building throughclerestory windows over the auditori-um and sets of large windows in eachclassroom. In 1997, the buildingceased to be an educational facility,

and currently it serves as a multi-usecommunity building known as theHighland Center.

DDaanniieell MMuunncchh HHoouussee (ShenandoahCounty) is a handsome, two-story,brick, Federal-style farmhouse over-looking Passage Creek in Fort Valley,a narrow valley within the Massa-nutten Mountain range in easternShenandoah County. Built in 1834for Daniel Munch, a prosperous FortValley farmer and distiller, thedwelling contains exceptionally fineand intact examples of 19th-centurypolychrome painted decorative wood-work executed in the German tradi-tion. Its faux graining and marblingin bold shades of green, black, yel-low, and cream are remarkable fortheir survival. Munch’s parents wereimmigrants from the Rhine RiverValley who first settled inPhiladelphia and then proceeded tomove to Fort Valley by 1779. Theproperty stayed in the the Munchfamily until 1961. In its bucolic set-ting the farm also contains a framebank barn, built in 1929, and otherearly-20th-century agricultural out-buildings.

MMuussttooee HHoouussee (Bath County), locatedin Falling Spring Valley in southern

24

Bath County, represents a typicalrural dwelling of the early to mid-19th century in Bath County. It isone of only a few log buildings thatsurvives in the county today. Prob-ably built around 1820 for AnthonyMustoe II, son of pioneer settlerswho immigrated from England toFalling Spring Valley in 1792, thehouse consists of three distinct sec-tions. The original two-story, two-room-plan front section with V-notched corners is attached to a loghyphen connected to another logstructure with half-dovetail-notchedcorners. A large exterior limestonechimney projects from the northgable end of the main section. Muchof the original interior woodworksurvives. The property also containsa log springhouse with half-dovetailnotching to the rear ofthe house. The Mustoefamily owned the prop-erty until 1942.

TThhee OOaakkss (FauquierCounty) is an excep-tional example of aNeoclassical-style man-sion designed by Wash-ington, D.C., architectW.H. Irwin Flemingand built between 1931and 1933 for an Epis-copal minister, the Rev.Paul Delafield Bowden,and his wife Margaret.Located in a woodedsetting west of Warren-ton, the two-and-a-half-story house is built ofrubbed and glazed bricks laid in anunusual English cross-bond pattern.The façade is dominated by a two-story columned and pedimented por-tico sheltering an entrance sur-mounted by a graceful elliptical fan-light. Service wings flank the mainblock, and one wing is connected to agarage by an arcaded brick passage.The interior woodwork in the 22-room dwelling is also well executedin the Neoclassical tradition. Thir-teen historic outbuildings, includinga servants’ quarters, greenhouse, andsummerhouse, are part of the estate.In a wooded tract on the propertyprior to the construction of The Oaks,

the last duel fought in NorthernVirginia occurred on September 20,1881, between General Peyton Wiseand U.S. District Attorney LunsfordLomax Lewis. Ending without injury,the hostile engagement stemmedfrom their passionate political differ-ences over the heavily debated settle-ment of Virginia’s pre-Civil War debt.

OOppeeqquuoonn HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt (FrederickCounty) encompasses a 250-year-oldcrossroads village surrounded byfarm country in central FrederickCounty. Situated along a principalcolonial road known today as CedarCreek Grade, the village is one of the

Mustoe House, Bath County

Daniel Munch House, Shenandoah County

25

The Oaks, Fauquier County

first settlements in the Upper She-nandoah Valley and consists of 18th-century stone and log structures. Italso contains a variety of 19th- andearly-20th-century buildings such asa church, mill and barrel factory, arestaurant, and a store/post office.Since 1745, Cedar Creek Grade hascarried farm goods to Winchester andother Shenandoah Valley towns.During the Civil War, Confederateand Union troops used the turnpikebefore and after the battles of Win-chester and Fisher ’s Hill. Opequonretains its integrity as an early set-tlement and crossroads village, littlechanged since the early 1900s.

PPoorrtt RReeppuubblliicc RRooaadd HHiiss-ttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt (City ofWaynesboro) is Waynes-boro’s principal historicAfrican American neigh-borhood. The communityformed after the Civil Warwithin the framework ofan early-19th-centurysubdivision establishednear the industrial com-plex of mill owner Fred-erick Imboden. The neigh-borhood’s proximity toWaynesboro’s industrialsection and railroad de-pots was attractive to

black laborers after the war, and bythe early 1870s houses and churcheswere being built. The earliestdwellings were constructed of log,but the later houses are of frame con-struction and display simpleVictorian and Craftsman details.Significant buildings in the districtinclude Shiloh Baptist Church, builtin 1924, the Elks and Abrahamlodges, a Rosenwald school, andTarry’s Hotel, built in 1940 near therailroad tracks.

RReebbeell HHaallll (Orange County) wasbuilt about 1848 for Dr. James H.Minor, a prominent surgeon and

Port Republic Road Historic District, City of Waynesboro

26

Rock Spring Farm, Loudon County, above; Spring Hill Farm, Fairfax County, below

ers, a veteran of the War of 1812.Under the ownership of the promi-nent Harrison family after 1899, thedwelling was enlarged and high-styleornamentation of the popular Co-lonial Revival style was applied. Thefive-acre property includes a spring-house, dairy, silo, barn, smokehouse,and several other farm outbuildings.

SSpprriinngg HHiillll FFaarrmm (Fairfax County) isarchitecturally significant as one ofthe largest surviving examples of anearly-19th-century farmhouse inFairfax County. Situated on a size-able plot of land that conveys itsoriginal agricultural character, thetwo-and-a-half-story frame-and-weatherboard dwelling was builtabout 1822 for the William Swinkfamily and may have incorporated anearlier structure. A good example ofthe Federal style, the house retainsmuch of its original interior wood-work. Simply carved, the cornices,

farmer in Orange. The two-story brick house is one of ahandful of antebellum dwell-ings surviving in the town andthe only one executed in theGreek Revival style. Especiallynoted for its interior wood-work, which is exceptionallywell crafted and preserved,Rebel Hall is one of the bestexpressions of the Greek Re-vival style in all of OrangeCounty. Located on a spacioustree-shaded lot at the edge ofOrange’s downtown commercialarea, Rebel Hall has main-tained its architectural integrity dueto the care and maintenance of sever-al prominent families that haveowned the property over the last 150years. During the Civil War, the Bullfamily extended hospitality to Con-federate soldiers and generals alike,thereby earning the house a newname for which it has been knownever since.

RRoocckk SSpprriinngg FFaarrmm (Loudoun County)is located on the southwestern out-skirts of Leesburg. The original brickhouse at Rock Spring Farm was com-pleted around 1826 for John GillWatt. The property at one time wasknown as Rosemont, but was re-named Rock Spring Farm in the1840s in recognition of the springs onthe estate that supplied water to thetown of Leesburg for more than 200years. Throughout most of the 19thcentury, Rock Spring Farm wasowned and occupied by Henry Saund-

27

Tree Streets Historic District, City of Waynesboro

door surrounds, doors, stairs, andmantels are handsome examples oflocal craftsmanship. Two 19th-centu-ry barns, rare survivors in a heavilysuburbanized county, remain on theproperty. Henry E. Alvord, a collegepresident and nationally knowndairy scientist, transformed theproperty into a successful dairy farmduring the late 19th century. In 1895,when the U.S. Department of Agri-culture organized a dairy division,Alvord served as its first chief.

TTaayylloorr SSpprriinnggss (Rockingham County)house is a prime example of a mid-19th-century brick farmhouse and issituated in Rockingham County justeast of the city of Harrisonburg.Probably built about 1850 for EvanHenton, the simple I-house form andbrickwork reflect the continuing in-fluence of the Federal style on archi-tecture of the Shenandoah Valley.The interior woodwork, however, isexecuted in the popular Greek Reviv-al style of the period. The farm isassociated with a gristmill that oncestood on the property and had tieswith the nearby medicinal resortarea of Taylor Springs, later knownas Massanetta Springs.

TTrreeee SSttrreeeettss HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt (City ofWaynesboro) is a residential neigh-borhood south of Waynesboro’s down-

town commercial center. Named forthe streets—Maple, Walnut, Chest-nut, etc.—that were laid out by theWaynesboro Company as part of itsdevelopment plan for the area, theneighborhood was one of the moresuccessful speculative ventures inWaynesboro during the Virginia de-velopment boom of the 1880s andearly 1890s. Several impressiveQueen Anne–style houses were builtduring the first two years of develop-ment but most of the dwellings in thedistrict date from the early 20th cen-tury and represent such styles as theClassical Revival, Tudor Revival,Arts and Crafts, and Colonial Reviv-al, as well as the foursquare andbungalow forms. The coming of a DuPont Company cellulose acetateplant to Waynesboro also promptedthe construction of high-quality spec-ulative housing in the neighborhood.The quality of residential architec-ture and setting that made the TreeStreets neighborhood a desirableplace to live in the past remains apart of the community’s charm today.

WWaasshhiinnggttoonn AAvveennuuee HHiissttoorriicc DDiissttrriicctt(City of Fredericksburg) is Freder-icksburg’s only historic monumentalavenue and the site of an outstand-ing collection of high-style residencesbuilt for the city’s elite at the turn ofthe 20th century. Containing mostly

28

examples of QueenAnne– and ColonialRevival–style houses,the district also in-cludes Kenmore, homeof President GeorgeWashington’s sister,Betty, a singular exam-ple of Georgian archi-tecture in Virginia anda National HistoricLandmark. In addition,several monuments ofartistic and commemo-rative significancegrace the district, in-cluding a monumentover the grave of MaryBall Washington, moth-er of President Wash-ington. The formal landscaped designof the broad avenue, prominentlyplaced memorials, and architectural-ly sophisticated dwellings reflect theaspirations of a town attempting toredefine itself and its character afterthe devastating years of the CivilWar. Washington Avenue also repre-sents the trend toward improved ur-ban design and civic improvementsthat resulted in grand monumentalavenues and promenades in cities allacross the United States as part ofthe City Beautiful movement.

WWooooddggrroovvee (Loudoun County), locat-ed near the foothills of the BlueRidge Mountains, is an excellentexample of a late-18th-century ver-

nacular dwelling that evolved into aNeoclassical showplace over a periodof 125 years. The original section ofthe present stone dwelling house wasbuilt for Abner Osburn, a wealthylandowner. The house’s form and conmaterials reflect the wealth andbuilding customs of the second gener-ation of Loudoun County families ofGerman and Scots-Irish descent thatfirst settled the region. Subsequentowners made two major additions toWoodgrove, transforming it into anelegant stone house with a prominentportico. These changes were theresult of the farm’s conversion from awheat-producing operation to alarge, successful dairy farm at theturn of the 20th century.

Two views of Washington Avenue Historic District, City of Fredericksburg

29

LadiesBehindBars

Women suffragists were beaten and isolat-ed in the Occoquan Workhouse.

Former Workhousein Fairfax CountyOnce Imprisoned

Women Suffragists

The Occoquan Workhouse, part ofthe now dank and empty LortonCorrectional Complex in Fairfax

County, Virginia, played a pivotal if lit-tle-known role in the history of women’ssuffrage and American civil liberties. InJanuary 1917, the workhouse becameprison to suffragists arrested as part ofthe first citizen protest at the WhiteHouse. Frustrated by the Wilson admin-istration’s inaction, these women hadcome to demand the right to vote. Thedemonstration was in many ways theculmination of years of women’s frustrat-ed attempts to gain that right.

Every history of the women’s suffragemovement chronicles its official begin-ning at the 1848 Seneca Falls conven-tion. These histories identify the matu-ration of the suffrage movement and itscompeting efforts under the AmericanWoman Suffrage Association and themore radical National Woman SuffrageAssociation and continue with their rec-onciliation in 1890 in the NationalAmerican Woman Suffrage Associationunder the leadership of Elizabeth CadyStanton, Lucy Stone, and Susan B.

By LilyRichards,Ann Andrus,

and Irina Cortez

30

Anthony. The efforts of Virginia womenin the suffrage movement are less oftenpart of the story, due perhaps in part toReconstruction and its politics.

In post-Civil War Virginia, women’ssuffrage was linked with the politics ofRadical Reconstruction. Women wereencouraged to conform to traditionalways. But, in 1870, a Richmond woman,Anna Bodeker, organized a meeting ofmen and women sympathetic to thecause of women’s suffrage. From 1870 to1872, the Virginia State Woman SuffrageAssociation—the first such effort inVirginia—tried to win public support forwomen’s suffrage through articles in thepress and lectures by national suffrageleaders. The movement attracted fewfollowers and went out of existence. OrraGray Langhorne of Lynchburg, who wasNancy Langhorne Astor’s and IreneLanghorne Gibson’s aunt, attempted torevive the Virginia women’s suffrageissue in the 1890s, but the associationshe founded was also unsuccessful.

In Richmond in 1909, Lila MeadeValentine and others, including writerEllen Glasgow and artist Adele Clark,organized the Equal Suffrage League ofVirginia. Membership grew steadily andby 1916 there were 115 local chapters.The Equal Suffrage League focused its

efforts on winning support in the statelegislature for a voting rights amend-ment to the state constitution. SomeVirginia suffragists favored a more radi-cal approach and, joining the NationalWoman’s Party, fought for a federalamendment to give women the right tovote. In 1917, the National Woman’sParty took its fight to Washington, D.C.,protesting at the White House againstthe Wilson administration’s refusal tosupport an amendment granting women’ssuffrage.

According to Edith Mayo of theSmithsonian Institution and MarjorieSpruill-Wheeler, editor of the book OneWoman, One Vote, these women werethe first group of American citizens topicket the White House for a politicalcause. Their actions shocked much ofAmerica and they were denounced asunwomanly and vulgar by even their fel-low suffragists. The Equal SuffrageLeague of Virginia was quick to distanceitself saying that they “repudiate suchmethods and deeply regret that any citi-zen should seek to embarrass thePresident at such a crisis.”

The picketers remained unfazed,standing outside of the White House andenduring the insults of passersby andeven riots. The picketers’ efforts to force

Advisors warned President Woodrow Wilson that the women’s suffrage banners representeda threat to the nation’s image as World War I raged across Europe.

National Woman’s Party

of the party, was among those who spenttime at Occoquan. Two of her letterswritten from the workhouse, onescrawled on toilet paper and smuggledout of the prison, describe aspects of herarrest and imprisonment, which includedsolitary confinement.

While at the workhouse, the womenwere put to work alongside other prison-ers and endured many hardships. AsDoris Stevens wrote of her experience atOccoquan in her book Jailed for Freedom,“at the end of the first week of detentionthey became so weak from the shockinglybad food that they began to wonder ifthey could endure a diet of sour bread,half-cooked vegetables, and rancid soupwith worms in it.”

Her account includes stories of force-feedings in reaction to the hunger strikesthe women staged to protest their treat-ment and describes beatings from otherprisoners when “jail officers summonedblack girls to attack…the suffrage prison-ers who were protesting against the war-den’s forcibly taking a suffragist from theworkhouse.”

The prison officials treated the suffra-gists with contempt because of the na-ture of their “crimes.” They were separat-ed and not permitted visitors. The

women were allowed tosend one letter a monthand correspondence wasalways screened by thewarden. Despite their sit-uation, the women con-tinued their fight, refus-ing to allow circum-stances to interfere withtheir goals. While impris-oned at Occoquan, theycomposed a documentdemanding that they betreated as political pris-oners. They were the firstU.S. citizens to do so.

As word of the impris-onment and mistreat-ment at Occoquanspread, people across thecountry became outraged.Even those who did notsupport the picketing of

31

National Woman s Party

President Wilson and the country to rec-ognize women in the political arenabecame known as the “Silent SentinelWar.” While the women waged thissilent war, World War I raged acrossEurope, and many American women, lessconcerned with issues of political repre-sentation, threw themselves into sup-porting the war effort. President Wilson,initially polite to the suffragists, waswarned by advisors that the womengreeting visiting heads of state withsigns asking “Mr. President What WillYou Do for Woman Suffrage?” represent-ed a threat to the nation’s image.

In June 1917, after six months of pick-eting, a number of the women werearrested and charged with “obstructingtraffic.” The women were held in aWashington police station before beingreleased. The next day, more womenstood outside the White House and weresubsequently arrested. On June 26, thewomen were put on trial. Found guilty,they were asked to pay a small fine orspend three days in the district jail. Allchose jail. In July 1917, more womenwere tried and when they refused to paythe fine they received a term of 60 daysin the Occoquan Workhouse. PaulineAdams, president of the Norfolk branch

Detail from the cover of the official program of the women suf-frage procession, Washington, D.C. The push in the nation’scapital for suffrage was on for several years before the impris-onment of women suffragists in 1917.

32

the White House were appalled. Wilson’sadministration was bombarded with let-ters of protest. Dudley Field Malone,customs collector at New York, resignedhis post to show his support for thewomen.

Finally, public sentiment, the hungerstrikes staged by the women within theprison complex, and the question of thelegality of sending District law violatorsto Virginia forced the Wilson administra-tion to release the suffragists. Althoughsome of the women had already complet-ed their sentences and been released,many more were still serving time inOccoquan. They were released onNovember 27 and 28, 1918.

The next year, Congress passed the19th Amendment giving women the rightto vote. In Virginia, the Equal SuffrageLeague’s efforts to secure ratificationfailed, and it was 1920 before the 19thAmendment became law and gavewomen in Virginia the vote. Virginia’slegislature finally ratified the amend-ment in 1952.

The Occoquan Workhouse experiencewas soon lost in the annals of history.Fortunately, the workhouse still standsand, though closed and vacant, serves asa reminder of the significant events thattook place there. The federal govern-ment, the Department of HistoricResources, and Fairfax County are com-mitted to seeing that the OccoquanWorkhouse remains standing and havesigned an agreement to that effect.

How will it be preserved? As a testa-ment to the results of the brave womenwho chose prison over a quiet exit fromthe suffrage scene, the OccoquanWorkhouse has the potential to serve asa museum for educational purposes.Bringing to life the struggle of ordinarywomen who asked for the right to votecould serve as a compelling source ofinspiration for future generations ofVirginians, and indeed all Americans, topersist in the ongoing push for women’srights in this and other nations.

Note: Sources for the article include:the Equal Suffrage League of VirginiaCollection, Library of Virginia; FairfaxChronicles, by Linda Simmons; Hornbookof Virginia History, edited by Emily J.Salmon and Edward D.C. Campbell, Jr.;Jailed for Freedom, by Doris Stevens;files of the Norfolk Public Library;Richmond Times-Dispatch; and Women’sSuffrage in America: An EyewitnessHistory, by Elizabeth Frost and KathrynCullen-Dupont.

— This article was written by Depart-ment of Historic Resources staff mem-bers Lily Richards and Ann Andrus, andintern Irina Cortez, who served at thedepartment under the National ParkService’s Cultural Resources DiversityInitiative Program. Cortez prepared thisarticle, after researching women’s suf-frage in Virginia, as an aspect of thedepartment’s ongoing efforts to bringVirginia women’s history to the public.

A parade leading thewomen’s suffrage marchon Washington, D.C. wasre-staged on Broad Streetduring recent filming forthe upcoming HBO moviethat focuses on youngactivists Alice Paul(played by Hillary Swank)and Lucy Burns (playedby Francis O’Connor).Other historic sites usedin the film included theold State Library andMorson’s Row.

HBO Films “Iron-Jawed Women” in Richmond

Demmie Todd, HBO

33

SurprisesUnder thePavement

By Katharine E. Harbury

Archaeological

findings

surprise us

with new

knowledge of

our past.

Serendipitous

discoveries

help inspire

curiosity and

enthusiasm.

Such

discoveries

are found

under

Virginia s

urban

pavements

time and

time again.

Alexandria’s active archaeological program has brought the cityrich dividends in its parks and awareness of local history.

Alexandria Archaeology Museum

34

For 27 years, the city of Alexandriahas taken the lead in conveyingthe richness of Alexandria’s cultur-

al past to the public. Through AlexandriaArchaeology within the Office of HistoricAlexandria, both residents and touristsnow realize the importance of archaeolo-gy and have come to appreciate thearea's rich history. Today, hundreds ofvolunteers work with the city archaeolo-gists to excavate, process, and illustrateAlexandria’s archaeological resources, aswell as to conduct documentary and oralhistory research and to produce specialpublic events and hands-on programs.

Urban settings like the AlexandriaCanal Tide Lock Park are often notexpected to contain any large survivingtraces of the past. Through Dr. PamelaCressey’s and her staff's determination tofind what lay beneath the pavement, thisproject yielded many dividends. TheAlexandria Archaeological Commissionpioneered the concept of protectingarchaeological sites within a city andusing them as amenities to enhance thecontemporary landscape. When the TideLock was excavated, “a massive buriedstone structure was revealed with itswood gates and flooring in an excellentstate of preservation,” Cressey said.“This both surprised and excited arearesidents and led to incorporating theseelements into the park’s overall design.”A park, reconstructed lock, and publicart are key features of the “WaterfrontWalk” that now draws recreationalenthusiasts.

With the help of hundreds of volun-teers, another once-silent site in theearth on Lee Street yielded some of itssecrets. The entire block served as aU.S. military hospital complex duringthe Civil War and included a privy,ambulance stables, a mess house, andartifacts. The participants shared theirsurprises with thousands of onlookers, beit a cup, flask, bandage clip, or man’sring that had been cut along its shank.Another discovery led to a tavern thatonce stood there before the Civil War.

African Americans have formed a siz-able percentage, about 20 to 30 percent,of the population since the early years of

Alexandria. In 1995, the AlexandriaAfrican American Heritage Park wasdeveloped around an archaeological site,the Silver Leaf Baptist Society Cemetery.Visitors are touched by a tribute paid toblack leaders and by the commemorationof 22 other African Americans whosegraves were identified by archaeologists.The 8-acre site is a quiet park for medi-tation that includes a walkway throughwetlands and bronze sculptures tomemorialize African American accom-plishments and those buried there. Agrouping of three bronze trees, “TruthsThat Rise from the Roots Remembered,”includes engraved names of educatorsand other black leaders in Alexandria.To this day, many other surprises stillremain to be discovered underAlexandria’s pavements.

Like Alexandria, downtown Richmond,Virginia, has its own fascinating storiesto share. After establishing one of theearliest and most highly significantstoneware pottery-producing factories inthe South, Benjamin DuVal advertisedhis varied wares in newspapers in 1811.

His pottery came to light in 1978 with

Hands-on programs convey the richness ofAlexandria’s cultural past to the familieswho live there.

Alexandria Archaeology Museum

35

Dave Hazzard, Department of HistoricResources archaeologist, examines findingsfrom an excavation of DuVal’s pottery inRichmond, one of the most significantstoneware pottery factories in the South.Inset, one of the earliest marked examplesof Southern salt-glazed stoneware.

the discovery of one of the earliestmarked examples of Southern salt-glazedstoneware (Rauschenberg 1978, Museumof Early Southern Decorative Arts). InFebruary 2002, a greater awareness ofDuVal’s craft and wares surfaced. Nearlyan entire city block was cleared in prepa-ration for new construction. Remnantssalvaged from that construction providedan extensive look at DuVal’s industry,the first stoneware pottery in Richmond.

Portions of a kiln, kiln waster frag-ments, and a wide range of salt-glazedstoneware vessels were recovered at thattime under the guidance of archaeolo-gists Rob Hunter, editor of Ceramics inAmerica, and Dave Hazzard of theVirginia Department of HistoricResources (DHR). Supportive staff andvolunteers from DHR, ArcheologicalSociety of Virginia, Gray & Pape, LouisBerger Group, Archaeological & CulturalSolutions, Virginia Department ofTransportation, Lost Towns Project fromMaryland, and other individual partici-pants found not one, but three stunningsurprises.

The first was the discovery of 2,000pounds of fragments of pottery, tiles, and

Stunning surprises about Richmond’s firststoneware pottery were found when a cityblock was prepared for new construction.

Rob Hunter

36

kiln. The storage jars, jugs,flasks, chamber pots, bottles,and shards revealed surpris-ingly refined workmanship,made possible only by accom-plished craftpeople. The sec-ond surprise was the DuValmakers’ mark, highlighted withcobalt, reading “B. Du Val &Co. Richmond.” This kind ofstamp was previously unknownon early Richmond stoneware.The third was the discovery ofstacked ceramic roofing tilesfrom the Tile Manufactory,which began in 1808 at thesite.

“The large sample of waresrecovered from the site testifiesto the versatility of the potterin meeting the demands of the publicbased on styles popular at an establishedtime in history,” said Hazzard. “It hintsat many hours of human toil, the influ-ence of an industry, the economic powerbrought to a city (Richmond), and theneeds of a nation of consumers all havingan impact on our evolutionary history.”

Unusual finds have also been discov-ered on a smaller scale. After the acci-dental discovery of a historic foundationnear the stables at the ExecutiveMansion, the Department of GeneralServices immediately reported it toDHR. According to archaeologist DavidDutton, the site contained a clay floorsurrounded by very thick brick walls.Sometime around the 1840s, a largeassortment of artifacts such as glass,ceramics, and an iron fence finial weredumped before the structure was aban-doned and forgotten. One of the aston-ishing surprises was uncovering a vividturquoise Ridgeway pitcher, since pitch-ers are seldom found largely intact. Thepitcher even provided a date along itsbase: 1835.

The second surprise is intangible andinvisible in itself, and yet its veryabsence provided an important clue interms of interpretation. In spite ofextensive documentation concerning theExecutive Mansion, no illustration or ref-erence to this building has come to light.

Dutton surmised that the structure mayhave been an icehouse, but positive proofis lacking. This example proves that sur-prises can arrive in unexpected formswith inconclusive endings.

Late discoveries on the constructionsite create other surprises. During workcarried out this past year by the URSCorporation at Richmond’s old MainStreet Station, the ghosts of its 19th-cen-tury past were revealed one step at atime. The remains of the historic BelleTavern, stone pavers of the now non-existent 16th Street, and portions of theoriginal boundary wall of Main StreetStation came to light. DHR archaeolo-gist Lily Richards determined that theoriginal foundation wall ran perpendicu-lar to the current wall between the sta-tion and Main Street. Archaeologists arehoping that more details about BelleTavern will come to light.

In all of their myriad of shapes andsizes, these archaeological surprises pro-vide valuable insights into our past.These are just a few examples of the dra-matic tales found under Virginia’s urbanpavements.

— Katharine E. Harbury, staff archaeol-ogist and historian, has been involved inexcavations from Wroxeter, England (aRoman city), to Fort Christanna, locatedin Brunswick County, Virginia.

Restoration of the Executive Mansion yielded the discov-ery of a previously unknown historic foundation near thestables, along with a large assortment of glass andceramic artifacts from the 1840s.

37

In theShadow

Built to complement Mr. Jefferson’smasterpiece, the Finance Building is Capitol Square’s elegant bookend.

In the shadow of Jefferson’s famed Capitol is a little-known but distin-guished neoclassical structure prosaically called the “Finance Building.”With such a prominent presence on Capitol Square, it is difficult to believethat the building has stood essentially abandoned for nearly a quarter cen-tury. Few people are aware of its history; moreover, prominent officialshave even called for its demolition. A tree grows out of its cornice, bits ofornamental masonry have fallen to the ground, the interior is dark andneglected. Despite its unloved appearance, interest is mounting within cir-cles of state government to give the building a chance, to determine how itmight once again be a viable component of Capitol Square.

By Calder Loth

38

A Distinguished BeginningThe designation Finance Building is a

misleading one. The building has beenknown thusly only during its more recentpast. By contrast, the edifice had aproud beginning as the Commonwealth’sfirst purpose-built state library. TheCommonwealth has maintained a statelibrary since 1823, when the first appro-priations for books for a Virginia statelibrary were made. From that time untilthe new building was erected, the librarywas housed in the attic of the StateCapitol. The location was hardly ideal.Much of the collection was drenched in1841 when the Capitol's roof was beingreplaced. Further depredation occurredafter the Civil War, when federal authori-ties occupied the Capitol. The collectiongrew, however, and by the end of the cen-tury the weight of the books on theCapitol’s structural system was causingconcern. Finally, in 1892, the GeneralAssembly, fearing the Capitol “may col-lapse from this extraordinary weight andis in daily danger of destruction by fire,”it resolved, “A building supplemental ofthe Capitol is imperatively demanded.”An act thus was passed providing for theerection of a state library, stipulatingthat the “said building shall contain suf-ficient accommodations for the statelibrary, including historical paintings andstatuary, the supreme court of appeals,its offices and library, the auditor of pub-

lic accounts, the second auditor, thetreasurer, the commissioner of agricul-ture, the railroad commissioner, thesuperintendent of public instruction, theadjutant-general, and the superintendentto public printing.”

The task to design such an architec-tural panacea was awarded to the highlycapable William M. Poindexter, aRichmond native who began his careeras a draftsman in the office of theSupervising Architect of the Treasury inWashington, D.C. Poindexter began hisown architectural practice in Washingtonin 1874 and maintained an office therewith various partners for the balance ofhis career. Among his more conspicuousVirginia projects were the Brandon Hotelin Waynesboro, later to become FairfaxHall School for Girls, and the Main Hallat Randolph-Macon Woman’s College inLynchburg, a prodigious Queen Anne-style work. Perhaps the most fanciful ofhis surviving residential works is theeclectic Millhiser House of 1896, nowpart of the complex of historic WestFranklin Street dwellings owned byVirginia Commonwealth University.

Reference With DeferenceThough thoroughly proficient in the

more romantic Queen Anne style,Poindexter switched gears completely forthe library commission, recognizing thathis building had to be sympathetic to

The originalbuilding comple-mented theCapitol withbuff-coloredbrick, white terracotta trim, and aportico set on ahigh basement.

New Album of Richmond Views, circa 1900

39

Jefferson’s Capitol looming over it.Instead of the red brick with whichPoindexter normally worked, the librarywas faced with buff-colored pressed brickand white terra cotta trim to harmonizewith the light colored stucco of theCapitol. Buff brick gained great favor inthe late 19th century, as it was free ofsoot and gave the impression of stone.

Poindexter emulated if not imitatedthe Capitol's most conspicuous feature byfronting the library with a hexastyle por-tico using the Ionic of Scamozzi; that is,columns with Ionic capitals with angledvolutes, similar to those on Jefferson'sCapitol. The column shafts resembledthe Capitol’s with their lack of flutingbut were set on pedestals rather thandirectly on the portico floor. Like theCapitol (before its front steps wereadded), the portico was placed on a highbasement and thus served more as alarge balcony than an entrance. Themain entrance was through a basement-level arcade. Poindexter used a more del-icate cornice than the Capitol’s, employ-ing dentils and egg-and-dart moldingsrather than the bold modillions found inthe Capitol’s cornice.

Asymmetric OriginsAs originally built, the library had

only the porticoed center section and thenorth wing. While it was planned to be asymmetrical structure, the south wing

was not commissioned until 1908. Theproject was completed in 1910, andincluded a low wing extending from thenew south wing to house the mineral andtimber exhibits from Virginia pavilion ofthe 1907 Jamestown Exposition. Longknown as the State Museum of NaturalHistory, the collections of this interestingbut nearly forgotten institution grew toinclude many cases of stuffed nativeVirginia animals, regimental flags fromboth the Civil War and World War I,German war trophies, miniature replicasof McCormick reapers, and various oddi-ties. Administered by the Conservationand Development Commission, the muse-um was dissolved in 1964 and its collec-tions dispersed. The elegant galleriedspace was partitioned into offices.

A 1916 fire in the building promptedanother addition in 1921, a concretestorehouse in the rear to hold the state’smore important archives. In 1928, theRichmond architectural firm of Carnealand Johnston was commissioned toundertake alterations to the state librarycosting $38,000. It is believed that thiswas the project that resulted in signifi-cant changes to the façade. Photographstaken prior to these changes, but afterthe 1910 additions, show a largePalladian window in each wing, the por-tico columns set on pedestals, and a roofbalustrade. They also show a differentwindow configuration in the basement.

The FinanceBuilding as itlooked in 1910,after the southwing was addedand beforealterations in1928 thatremoved thepedestals fromunder thecolumns and the Palladianwindow in eachwing, andreplaced theparapet with thebalustrade.

Virginia Historical Society

40

Photos taken after the changes revealthat the Palladian windows wereremoved and replaced with four regularspaced bays on the first and second floorsof each wing. The balustrade wasreplaced by a parapet. The columns andtheir pedestals were replaced with thepresent sandstone monoliths that risedirectly from the portico floor. The sameIonic order was maintained in thereplacement columns.

The accelerated growth of the library’scollections, both in books and archives,caused the building to become inade-quate by 1930. The effects of theDepression prevented any action beingtaken until 1936, when discussionsbegan for providing an entirely newbuilding for the several agencies occupy-ing the old building, including theSupreme Court of Appeals and the StateLaw Library. In 1938, the GeneralAssembly provided funds for the erectingof a new library at Broad and 12thStreets, fronting on Capitol Square.

Upon completion of the new Art Decostructure in 1939, the former library

Seat of Government Buildings Symbolize Virginia

building was converted to serve as theState Treasurer’s Office and renamed theFinance Building. It served the statetreasurer as well as various other stateoffices until the 1970s, when the buildinggradually was emptied of occupants.Remodelings have removed some interiorarchitectural trim, but much remains.The main stair, for example, is animpressive composition of elaborate ironrailing. A later elevator shaft, however,disfigures the stairwell, and should berelocated.

Despite its neglected state, the Fi-nance Building stands as an importantcomponent of the seat of government andthe work of a distinguished architect. Its strategic location on Capitol Square, withunparalleled views of Jefferson’s Capitol,offers a special opportunity for adapta-tion into prestigious office/meeting space.

Special thanks to Sarah Huggins ofthe Library of Virginia for help with thisarticle.

— Calder Loth is DHR senior architec-tural historian.

With 2007 just four years away, the Commonwealth will draw national and interna-tional visitors during the statewide celebration of the 400th anniversary of the

Jamestown landing and the beginnings of a new nation. State leaders recognize thatCapitol Square will be a focal point of that increased visitation. Sandra D. Bowen,Secretary of Administration, recently emphasized the need to rehabilitate all the build-ings on the square. D.B. Smit, director of the Virginia Department of GeneralServices, concurs. Many major sites in Virginia are preparing for increased tourism,Bowen said, and the Capitol should be one of them.

Designed by Thomas Jefferson and dating from 1785, the Capitol is nationally sig-nificant both as the home of the oldest representative legislative body in the NewWorld, and as the site that set the precedent for the classical style of public buildings,launching America’s Classical Revival movement.

The 10 other buildings comprising the Capitol Square complex include the ExecutiveMansion, 1939 State Library, General Assembly Building, Finance Building, NinthStreet Office Building (the former Richmond Hotel), Bell Tower, Supreme Court ofAppeals (the former Federal Reserve Bank), Aluminum Building, Morson’s Row, andOld City Hall. Together, they embody the continuity of Virginia’s state governmentand serve as one of the Commonwealth’s most important tourist attractions.

The State Capitol has gone without major upgrades for more than 40 years. Thelong-term use of Capitol Square buildings is currently being assessed by WallaceRoberts & Todd, LLC, together with Hanbury Evans Wright Vlattas & Co. The team isdeveloping a master plan for the square, along with cost estimates for rehabilitatingthe State Capitol.

41

Takingthe Reins

The APVA has assumed running the state shistoric preservation revolving fund. With

this change has come a new program director,Realtor Gordon Lohr, who is saving buildings likeSuffolk s Prentis House from the wrecking ball.

Before After

By Robert A.Carter

In 1999, by Act of the Virginia General Assembly, the Virginia Historic PreservationFoundation Board, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR), and theAssociation for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (APVA) signed a trust

agreement for the management and operation of Virginia’s statewide historic preserva-tion revolving fund. Under the agreement, the APVA became the trustee, and theCommonwealth of Virginia, the beneficiary, of a trust fund established to purchase sig-nificant historic properties, protect them by use of preservation easements, and resellthem to sympathetic owners. The trust fund, which received assets formerly held bythe Virginia Historic Preservation Foundation, is operated by the APVA as a revolvingfund. All proceeds from the resale of properties, and any income from the trust proper-ties, are automatically deposited in the trust fund. The fund can be used to stabilizebuildings if necessary but cannot be used to restore or rehabilitate them.

As the oldest statewide not-for-profit preservation organization in the country, theAPVA demonstrated the most important qualification to manage the statewide revolv-ing fund program: its expertise in holding, restoring, and maintaining historic proper-

42

ties. Another important asset was theAPVA’s organizational structure, whichincludes numerous branches and mem-bers across the Commonwealth that cancall attention to important properties inneed of protection. The APVA’sstrongest qualification was its willing-ness to devote substantial resources andexpertise to the operation of a historicpreservation revolving fund. For thesereasons, the Governor and the AttorneyGeneral quickly approved the trustagreement, giving the APVA the greenlight to manage Virginia’s statewiderevolving fund program with new energyand dedication.

Under the agreement, the APVA hireda full-time director to manage the fund,Gordon Lohr, a Realtor with extensiveexperience in historic property. TheAPVA also appointed six members of itsboard to guide the APVA’s work as anewly constituted Revolving FundCommittee under Chairman Joseph C.Carter, Jr. of Richmond. Under its newmandate, the APVA is aggressively pro-moting the revolving fund program andsaving more than 30 threatened historicproperties from demolition each year.By taking a problem-solving approach,the APVA has learned that much can beaccomplished by negotiating options, byacting as a resource and intermediary,and by enlisting volunteers. Workingeffectively with the APVA branches andwith DHR, the APVA has given therevolving fund program a statewide pres-ence and heft, while demonstrating thatit is a tool that can help local govern-ments as well as local preservationorganizations.

Identifying At-Risk Buildings Because the concept of a revolving

fund is new to many and can easily beconfused with a revolving loan program,the APVA first raised public awareness ofthe existence of the revolving fund pro-gram through news releases, networking,and presentations to historical societiesand boards of supervisors. Besidesexplaining the workings of the fund, stafftalks around the state to historical andpreservation groups are one of the most

effective ways of identifying at-riskbuildings. The APVA has sent its mem-bers a strong message that the organiza-tion is counting on them to alert sellersof historic property, and those who areseeking to purchase and restore historicproperty, of the services that the revolv-ing fund offers. Interest in the programis so strong that a new branch of theAPVA may be organized in the vicinity ofBristol around a common concern for thepreservation of the Preston House.

An important policy established earlyby the APVA’s revolving fund committeeis to save as many significant historicbuildings as possible without tapping theassets of the trust fund unless absolutely

necessary. The APVA uses three majorcriteria in determining the appropriate-ness of acquisition:

1. The significance and condition ofthe property. By law, the property mustbe listed or eligible for listing on theVirginia Landmarks Register, eitherindividually or as part of a registeredhistoric district;

2. The public benefit to the communityof preserving the landmark; and

3. The ability of the APVA to resell theproperty with a historic preservationeasement attached.

Saving Sites Through Direct PurchaseUsing these criteria, the APVA has

saved four important Virginia landmarksfrom demolition through direct acquisi-tion by the Historic Preservation TrustFund: the Dr. Tucker House, a rareJeffersonian building constructed in the1820s in Buckingham Court House; thePrentis House, a pivotal building in

“Saving the Prentis House, apivotal site in the heart ofdowntown, was a great boonfor Suffolk. If it hadn’t beenfor the APVA, the buildingwould have been lost.”

Elizabeth McCoury, director,Suffolk downtown development

43

Suffolk’s downtown historic district, over-looking Suffolk’s historic train stationand the newly restored Gardner StoreBuilding; DeJarnett’s Tavern, a rare18th-century tavern in Halifax County;and the circa 1725 Mason House inAccomack County, the most fragile build-ing yet purchased. The APVA has alsorecently signed a contract to purchaseWilton in Middlesex County. Once theproperties are placed under easementwith the Board of Historic Resources, theproceeds from resale will be returned tothe trust fund to save other properties.

If the Revolving Fund committeedecides that it is not feasible, desirable,or necessary for the APVA to purchase aproperty from the fund, the APVA stilldoes its utmost to save a threatenedproperty through some other means.When Corotoman in Lancaster Countywas threatened with subdivision, theAPVA went outside the fund to raise$50,000 to save the property for futurearchaeological study. This move saved akey resource for interpretation as weapproach 2007, the 400th anniversary ofJamestown and the beginning of a newnation. According to DHR senior archi-tectural historian Calder Loth, theintervention at Corotoman was “a major

success for Virginia’s ease-ment program and forarchaeological research.”The APVA also helped saveFall Hill in Fredericksburgfrom inappropriate devel-opment by using the fundto market the property andits tax credit potential.

Collaborating with DHR According to APVA

Revolving Fund DirectorGordon Lohr, DHR is theAPVA’s best resource ofinformation on “which his-toric properties are mostimportant and which aremost deserving of recogni-tion and preservation.DHR has the best recordson historic properties inthe state, and an awesome

archives and library.” The APVA relieson the department’s regional staff, too,for guidance on local preservation issuesand the community benefits of saving alocal landmark. As the point of contactfor easement donations, DHR is wellserved by the APVA’s efforts to recordthreatened historic properties and tomake property owners aware of thepreservation tools available to them, par-ticularly the benefits of easement dona-tions and historic rehabilitation tax cred-its. The APVA regularly refers propertyowners to DHR for help.

Examples of successful APVA-DHR col-laborations through the revolving fundinclude the Prentis House in downtownSuffolk and the Old Tucker Hotel inBuckingham Courthouse. Two hoursbefore the Prentis House was to be bull-dozed, the APVA halted the demolition ofthe circa 1805 Federal dwelling througha complex negotiation with the owner aswell as a Suffolk judge, the Nansemond-Suffolk Historical Society, and the city ofSuffolk. The society contributed $20,000to make up the difference between whatthe APVA was willing to pay and whatthe owner required as his purchase price.By compact, the local garden club agreedto restore the historic landscape setting,

Local Boy Scouts helped clean and paint the 1820 Old TuckerHotel, Buckingham Courthouse, and, in turn, received anarchitecture lesson from APVA’s Gordon Lohr.

and the city agreed to lease the buildingas offices for its division of tourism.Through contact with the APVA, develop-er Gilbert J. “Chip” Wirth, Jr., learned ofthe federal and state rehabilitation taxcredit programs and decided that reha-bilitation of the building could be feasi-ble. Wirth purchased the landmark inSeptember 2001, donating historic ease-ments on the structure both to theSuffolk-Nansemond Historical Societyand to the APVA, which in turn is donat-ing its easement to the Commonwealth’sHistoric Resources Board. Said Eliza-beth McCoury, downtown developmentdirector for the city of Suffolk, “Savingthe Prentis House, a pivotal site in theheart of downtown, was a great boon forSuffolk. If it hadn’t been for the APVA,the building would have been lost.”

Saving the Old Tucker Hotel, a raretripartite house constructed in the 1820sin Buckingham Court House, startedwith a tip from Jack Zehmer, director ofDHR’s Capital Region Office, whobecame aware of Thomas Jefferson’sinfluence on the design of the buildingand asked local citizens to inform thedepartment if the building came up forsale. When it did, the APVA purchasedthe building through the revolving fund,and later employed volunteers from alocal Scout troop to help clean up theproperty and paint it. In exchange, theAPVA staff tutored the scouts on thebuilding practices and styles of theJeffersonian period. The APVA expectsto return about $20,000 to the revolvingfund through the Tucker Hotel’s resale.

Saving Sites Through Volunteer HelpThe APVA also used volunteers to

great advantage to save the MasonHouse in Accomac and DeJarnett’sTavern in Halifax by purchase and ease-ments. Jim Melchor of the NorfolkDivision of the Corps of Engineers andMark Wenger of Colonial Williamsburghelped the APVA to develop a preserva-tion plan for the restoration of theMason House and obtain a $5,000 grantfor roof repairs. The easement to bedonated to the Commonwealth on theMason House will ensure that the 75

44

Because the properties the APVAbecomes involved with are oftenmore difficult to sell than other his-toric properties, one of its mostimportant jobs is educating propertyowners about the value and impor-tance of the property they possess.Staff often finds itself entering thescene just as a property owner hasdecided that a building is not worthsaving. The APVA’s job is to dissuadethe owner from carrying out demoli-tion and to start a search for preser-vation options. The APVA helps theowner appreciate the threatenedproperty before it is too late.

APVA staff persuaded the ownerof Little Cherrystone in PittsylvaniaCounty not to accept an offer of$20,000 from a buyer who wanted toremove the unique woodwork of thecirca 1815 Federal brick house.With the help of Ed Chapell ofColonial Williamsburg, the APVAinspired the owner to not only retainthe woodwork but to restore thehouse and make it his home.

The APVA similarly persuaded anowner of an 18th-century log cabinin Greene County to preserve it inplace rather than demolish it. Im-pressed by the successful preserva-tion of a similar cabin at Montpelierin Orange, the owner decided to sta-bilize the cabin and build a newhome on a different site.

Without resorting to the revolvingfund, the APVA’s timely assistancehas proved helpful to local cam-paigns to save the Rebecca VaughanHouse, Southampton County; theHeuston-Bowman Site, Timberville,Rockingham County; James CitySite, Madison/Culpeper County line;Tyre Mill, Nelson County; andBelmeade in Powhatan County.

Saving SitesBy Other Means

45

acres on which the house sits cannot besubdivided and that the architecturalvalue and exceptional workmanship ofthe building will be preserved. TheColonial Williamsburg Foundation’s EdChappell first brought DeJarnett’sTavern to the APVA’s attention andworked with the APVA to save it. TheAPVA has researched and documentedthe rare early-18th-century tavern build-ing with the assistance of a LongwoodCollege student who is a descendant ofthe original builder.

The APVA’s one and only significantloss in the past two years was the demo-lition of the Metzger House on OldColchester Road in Mason’s Neck,Fairfax County. It intervened to preventthe 18th-century house from beingburned, then did everything possible topersuade the county and the owner tosave it. However, the owner tore thebuilding down in defiance of the county’splans to designate the area as a local his-toric district.

Helping Local GovernmentsNotwithstanding this disappointment,

the APVA has demonstrated that therevolving fund is a tool that can helplocal governments. A notable success was

its work with the town of Onancock andlocal preservation groups to stop thedemolition of a Victorian dwelling therecalled Ingleside, and save it for restora-tion. In Prince William County, theAPVA assisted county officials in pur-chasing Rippon Lodge, a 1720s Black-burn family residence. At the request ofthe county board of supervisors, theAPVA helped in obtaining a fair apprais-al before the county purchased the prop-erty, which will be used as a park andmuseum. Also, working in cooperationwith Prince William County and DHR,the APVA is moving forward to purchaseMount Atlas for resale with a historiceasement attached. In Orange County,county officials purchased Litchfield, acirca 1835 dwelling associated with thefamily of President James Madison ofMontpelier, for industrial developmentbut later realized its historic and archi-tectural significance. The APVA metwith the Orange County Board ofSupervisors and the county’s industrialdevelopment authority to try to avertdemolition of this 1820s house withMadison family associations. Local offi-cials agreed to let the APVA look for abuyer who could use the dwelling as acorporate headquarters.

Wilton, a 1750s Georgian mansion in Middlesex County featuring superb woodwork, is undercontract for purchase by the APVA through the Statewide Revolving Fund.

46

Transferring the Fund to the APVADuring the past three years, Virginia’s

statewide revolving trust fund has beenadministered by the APVA under operat-ing plans and budgets reviewed annuallyby the Board of the Virginia HistoricPreservation Foundation. On Jan. 1,2003, the oversight role of the founda-tion’s board is expected to end, and thetransfer of the Commonwealth’s assets,in trust to the APVA, is expected tobecome permanent and continuing.According to Barry Beringer, board chair-man of the Virginia Historic Preservation

Foundation, the great strides made bythe APVA in the past three years demon-strate the wisdom of placing the manage-ment and operation of Virginia’sstatewide historic preservation revolvingfund in the hands of the APVA. “TheAPVA is to be commended for its creativeapproach to problem solving, its maturegood judgment in evaluating propertiesfor purchase, its dedication to the mis-sion of the revolving fund and its hard-working staff,” Beringer said.

While DHR Director KathleenKilpatrick credits Beringer and his col-leagues on the board of the VirginiaHistoric Preservation Foundation for sav-ing over a dozen notable Virginia land-marks since 1989, and for increasing therevolving fund from a half million to amillion and a half dollars, Kilpatrickthinks the foundation will be bestremembered for giving the revolvingfund program new life and new energythrough the transfer of the fund to theAPVA. “The transfer has served tostrengthen both the APVA and DHR aspartners and cooperators in Virginia’s

• Protects a historic propertyfrom encroaching develop-ment in the future.

• Protects the historic ele-ments of the building frominsensitive alterations or neg-lect by future owners.

• The value of the easementcan be claimed as a charitabledonation deduction from fed-eral taxable income.

• Donation of an easementcan also lower inheritancetaxes.

• Donation of an easementmay stabilize or even lowerthe donor’s local propertytaxes.

• Up to 50% of the value ofthe easement may be claimedas a credit, within certain dol-lar limits, against state incometaxes.

“The transfer has served to strengthen both the APVA and DHR as partnersand cooperators in Virginia's statewide preservation efforts.”

Kathleen S. Kilpatrick, director,Department of Historic Resources

Benefits of a HistoricPreservation Easement

statewide preservation efforts,” she said.“In the face of the budget challenges andeconomic uncertainties of a new century,DHR’s partnership with the APVA in car-rying out the preservation mission bothof the statewide revolving fund andVirginia’s historic easement program willbe critical to the ability of both organiza-tions to provide good stewardship forVirginia’s irreplaceable historic resourcesin lean economic times,” she added.

— Robert A. Carter serves as DHR’sCommunity Services Division director.

47

ATale of OneCity

The city of Bristol straddlesthe Virginia-Tennessee

state line. However,there is only one

voice when it comes topreservation.

State Street in historic downtown Bristol, which features the Beaux Arts First National Bankand the Art Deco Paramount Theatre, is the dividing line for two states.

The recent listing of the BristolCommercial Historic District in theVirginia Landmarks Register has

increased the level of unity and coopera-tion between two states in a move thatwill help shape the future of a communi-ty that lies on both sides of theVirginia/Tennessee state line.

The designation covers a historic dis-trict of 83 buildings that primarily datefrom 1890 to 1952 and retain Bristol’scharacter as a center for business, indus-try, and entertainment. Bristol, likeother towns and cities across Virginia, islooking to the preservation of its historicresources to maintain a vigorous econo-my. Local government leaders are recog-nizing the sustainable benefits of nurtur-

ing the aspects that make a town a goodplace to live, work, and visit.

Register listing will help Bristol main-tain its historic quality as a marketablecommodity and continue to build part-nerships that are key to economic devel-opment. “The registration provides asense of distinction and cohesiveness forthe downtown area,” said Shari Brown,director of Development and CommunityPlanning for Bristol, Virginia. “Addition-ally, given that this is a multi-state proj-ect, it provides yet another unifying fac-tor for the cities,” she said.

The collection of buildings is impres-sive: the earliest in the historic districtdate from the late 19th century andreflect the Italianate style, with segmen-tal arched windows, hood molding, andsheet metal cornices at the roofline. The

By John Kern

48

YMCA building and the First NationalBank building, both constructed in 1905,represent the Beaux Arts style. Theimposing three-story First National Bankhas a brick exterior with extensive cast-concrete decoration, Ionic columns fram-ing the entrance, and an elaborate cor-nice. Representing the Art Deco style isthe 1931 Paramount Theatre, recentlyrestored with $2.5 million into a hand-some auditorium for public use. The dis-trict also features the brick four-story,Colonial Revival-influenced MitchellPowers Hardware Store designed about1920 by Bristol architect Clarence B.Kearfott. Other architectural stylesfound in the district include Neo-Classical and Art Moderne.

Financially, the district’s designationwill enable owners of contributing struc-tures in Virginia to receive historic reha-bilitation tax credits for appropriate andqualifying work to their buildings. That’sgood news for Bristol. Statistically, everymillion dollars spent on a historic reha-bilitation produces 29.8 new jobs andgenerates $779,900 in household income.

The Bristol Downtown Task Force firstsought to pursue designation by unitingthe two states’ preservation agencies.The committee called a meeting on April17, 2000, to sponsor an architectural sur-vey and nomination report for the BristolCommercial Historic District. HarryScanlon, executive director of theParamount Theatre, promised that “thework on getting downtown named a his-toric district will be done by a dynamicpartnership formed with both Bristols,local industry, and community leaders.”

The project moved quickly whenDepartment of Historic Resources’ staffoffered to provide matching cost sharefunds for the survey and register projecton both sides of the state line. Excite-ment built quickly and by the followingday, the Bristol Downtown Task Forcehad secured pledges for $5,500 as amatch for the funds: $2,000 from Down-town Merchants; $1,000 from the BristolVirginia-Tennessee Chamber ofCommerce; $1,000 from Tri-City Bank ofBristol, Tennessee; $1,000 from theBristol Herald Courier; and $500 from

the Bristol, Tennessee Electric System.Eleven days later, the cities of Bristol,Virginia, and Bristol, Tennessee, hadeach committed $5,000 to the project,and John Heffernan, then director ofplanning and community developmentfor the city of Bristol, Virginia, formallysubmitted the cost share application.

At the Virginia boards’ joint quarterlymeeting on June 12, 2002, the nomina-tion was placed on the Virginia Land-marks Register and pronounced eligiblefor the National Register of HistoricPlaces. The Tennessee portion was alsoapproved at the Tennessee HistoricalCommission’s September meeting,according to Claudette Stager of theTennessee Historical Commission.

Additional time and effort were neces-sary to secure the designation because ofthe processing differences of the states,according to Brown. For example, twosets of information on such things as thearchitectural survey and the nationalregister nomination had to be made.However, the two cities were accustomedto cooperating on projects, given theirunique geographic position. Both locali-ties (as well as property owners) experi-enced tremendous cooperation from theTennessee and Virginia agencies alike.All meetings for property owners wereheld together, regardless of the stateline. The project even benefited fromhaving double the state staff to assist theproperty owners—a bonus for having amulti-state project, Brown said.

For a community that has been divid-ed since its beginning as a railroad ter-minus, Bristol is more united than ever.Said Lisa Meadows, president and CEOof the Bristol, Virginia/TennesseeChamber of Commerce, “Thanks to aspirited collaboration, the downtowncommunity of Bristol, Virginia-Tennesseenow has at its core the BristolCommercial Historic District, from whichtourism, economic development, andcommunity education efforts can grow.”

— John Kern, director of the RoanokeRegional Office, helps Roanoke andSouthwest Virginia communities puttheir historic resources to work.

49

This year marks the 75th anniversary ofthe first Virginia historical highway mark-ers to be erected on Route 1 betweenFredericksburg and Richmond. An exhibitcelebrating this anniversary, sponsored bythe Virginia Department of HistoricResources (DHR), Library of Virginia, andVirginia Department of Transportation(VDOT), is on display at the library’s cafe,until March 2003. To commemorate thisanniversary, DHR has posted on its Website a brief history of the program. Look forthe new feature that highlights a differentmarker each month.

Since the first markers were erected in1927, the Virginia Historical HighwayMarker Program has placed approximately2,000 markers along the state’s main roads.In the past 12 months, 64 were added. Ofthese, 29 were new markers sponsored andpaid for by individuals, historical societies,and other groups. Over the years, more than 300 markers have been destroyed by traf-fic crashes or stolen, or have been determined to contain outdated information. Thedepartment is replacing them using federal funds from a TEA-21 grant. Last year, DHRand VDOT were awarded funding that will allow continued management of the programand enable replacement of 35 missing, damaged, and outdated markers.

As one of a number of the department’s initiatives, individuals are encouraged to spon-sor new markers that relate to African Americans, music, Virginia Indians, or women’shistory. There are several markers that deal with these topics, but there are many sub-jects that have not been covered, such as Chief Powhatan, African American scholarLuther P. Jackson, the Bristol recording sessions, or author Ellen Glasgow.

For information on how to sponsor a marker, or for details about the program, visitDHR’s Web site at www.dhr.state.va.us, or contact Scott Arnold, Highway MarkerProgram, Department of Historic Resources, 2801 Kensington Ave., Richmond, VA23221; phone, (804) 367-2323, ext. 122; or e-mail at sarnold@dhr.state.va.us.

New Markers Sponsored by Private Organizations, Individuals, and LocalitiesAlexandria Jones Point................................................................................E-117Augusta County Mount Pleasant........................................................................W-226Augusta County Salem Evangelical Lutheran Church...................................…A-102Caroline County Gabriel’s Rebellion................................................................... E-115Charlottesville Buck v. Bell.................................................................................Q-28Charlottesville The Farm....................................................................................Q-27Charlottesville Georgia O’Keeffe.........................................................................Q-26Chesterfield County Cavalry Action at Linney’s.........................................................O-63Chesterfield County Eleazar Clay................................................................................S-37

Program Celebrates 75 Yearsof ‘Marking’ History, Highways

Marker dedication for famous 19th-centuryblack preacher, the Rev. John Jasper, drewa large crowd in Fluvanna County

50

Chesterfield County Early Stages of Stuart’s Ride...................................................E-119Chesterfield County Stuart’s Ride Around McClellan Begins..................................E-120Chesterfield County Stuart’s Riders Skirt Ashland..................................................E-121Chesterfield County Stuart Turns North...................................................................E-122Chesterfield County Winfree Mem. Baptist Church-Midlothian Mine Disaster......O-62Culpeper County Eckington School.........................................................................J-97Fauquier County Death of 2nd Lt. James “Big Yankee” Ames..............................B-40Fluvanna County John Jasper.................................................................................F-99Gloucester County Bethel Baptist Church............................................................NW-20Gloucester County Gloucester Training School.....................................................NW-21Goochland County Byrd Presbyterian Church.......................................................SA-55Grayson County Mount Rogers.............................................................................UE-8Grayson County White Top Folk Festival............................................................UE-9Isle of Wight County Old Isle of Wight Courthouse..................................................K-316King William County King William County Courthouse...........................................OC-27Loudoun County Major General Ben H. Fuller......................................................T-52Mathews County Kingston Parish..........................................................................N-35Nottoway County Nottoway Training School........................................................K-315Rockbridge County Brownsburg.................................................................................A-70Stafford County Hunter’s Iron Works.................................................................E-116

Replacement Markers Paid by Individuals or Funding Obtained by VDOTAlbemarle County Jackson’s Valley Campaign.....................................................W-162Albemarle County Shadwell, Birthplace of Thomas Jefferson.............................W-202Prince Edward County Hampden-Sydney College..............................................................I-9

Markers Replaced Through TEA-221 FundingAccomack County Pungoteague Engagement......................................................WY-12Amherst County Central Virginia Training Center..................................................I-5Brunswick County Fort Christanna................................................................S-66, U-90Brunswick County Meherrin Indians........................................................................S-72Buchanan County Buchanan County/West Virginia..............................................Z-131Buchanan County Buchanan County/Tazewell County.........................................Z-184Chesterfield County Confederate Reconnaissance Mission........................................S-19Chesterfield County Lee’s Headquarters.....................................................................S-38Chesterfield County Union Army Railroad Raids.......................................................S-20Henry County Henry County/Franklin County...............................................Z-257Henry County Henry County/North Carolina..................................................Z-220Henry County Patrick Henry’s Leatherwood Home.........................................U-40Lancaster County Christ Church..............................................................................J-86Lynchburg Fort Early....................................................................................Q-61Madison County Madison County/Greene County................................................Z-13Madison County Madison County/Orange County................................................Z-12Isle of Wight County St. Luke’s Church.....................................................................K-245Norfolk New Town.................................................................................K-273Petersburg Bollingbrook Hotel.....................................................................QA-8Petersburg Golden Ball Tavern....................................................................QA-2Smyth County Saltville......................................................................................KB-6Spotsylvania County Chancellorsville Campaign......................................................E-118Spotsylvania County Federal Raid...............................................................................E-33Spotsylvania County Grant’s Supply Line....................................................................E-40Spotsylvania County Lee’s Winter Headquarters........................................................E-38Spotsylvania County Longstreet’s Winter Headquarters............................................E-41Spotsylvania County Stanard’s Mill.............................................................................E-35Stafford County Fredericksburg Campaign...........................................................N-4Stafford County Kidnapping of Pocahontas..........................................................E-48Wythe County Fincastle County........................................................................KD-5Wythe County Robert Enoch Withers................................................................K-37VVirginia Beach Kempsville................................................................................K-272

51

18 Historic PreservationEasements Received

AAllmmsshhoouussee FFaarrmm aatt MMaacchhiippoonnggoo (BarrierIslands Center), Northampton CountyDate of easement: July 1, 2002Grantor: Eastern Shore of VirginiaBarrier Islands Center, Inc. Land included: 17 acresA conspicuous landmark along theEastern Shore's U.S. Route 13, this com-plex of buildings was long used to care for

Northampton County’s indigents. Thetwo-story main building, erected about1840, housed white individuals and fami-lies. Adjacent is a 1910 one-story struc-ture built to accommodate AfricanAmericans. Also on the property is a circa1725 outbuilding surviving from an earli-er farm complex. Currently, the propertyis being developed with the assistance of agrant from the General Assembly as astudy center for the Eastern Shore’s bar-rier islands.

CCeeddaarr CCrreesstt, Boydton Historic District,Mecklenburg CountyDate of easement: August 21, 2001Grantor: Landon Holmes CarterLand included: 37.14 acresOne of the principal landmarks of thetown of Boydton, Cedar Crest was built in1821 by John Chesterfield Goode for hisson, William. With its pedimented façadeand cross- passage plan, the house followsa pattern used for both urban and ruralFederal-style dwellings found through-out the south. Preserved on the property

During the past year, the Board of Historic Resources received 18 easements on avariety of historic resources including plantation houses, slave quarters, school build-ings, town houses, an almshouse complex, and a railroad station. Nine easements arevoluntary donations. Eight were received through General Assembly grants. Statestatute requires an easement donation on properties that are recipients of a GeneralAssembly grant of $50,000 or more. These grants are restricted to local governmentsand nonprofit organizations. The easement on 523 North First Street in the JacksonWard Historic District was a requirement of a Save America’s Treasures (SAT) grant tothe Historic Jackson Ward Association. SAT grants have been awarded to severalJackson Ward properties in an effort to rescue this threatened National HistoricLandmark district. The easement on the John Miller, Sr., house in Richmond’s OregonHill Historic District protects a house built by a free black and recently restored by theOregon Hill Home Improvement Council as part of an ongoing program of neighbor-hood rehabilitation.

The Department of Historic Resources now administers more than 340 easementsfor the Board of Historic Resources. Information on the easement program may beobtained from the department’s Web site at www.dhr.state.va.us, or by contactingCalder Loth at (804) 367-2323, ext. 113.

Almshouse Farm at Machipongo

52

are numerous early outbuildings includ-ing a smokehouse, two barns, a chickencoop, and a shed. An historic kitchen out-building has been converted into an inde-pendent dwelling. A long pasture in frontof the house enhances the rural characterof this county-seat community.

CCeennttrree HHiillll MMaannssiioonn, PetersburgDate of easement: February 13, 2002Grantor: City of Petersburg Land included: city lotCentre Hill symbolizes the prosperity andsophistication enjoyed by antebellumPetersburg. The enormous mansion wascompleted in 1823 for Robert Bolling andwas further elaborated in the 1850s whenthe veranda and east wing were added.Abraham Lincoln met here with GeneralG.L. Hartsuff on April 7, 1865, andPresident William Howard Taft was aguest at Centre Hill in 1901. The mansionis now a house museum owned by the cityof Petersburg. The easement was generat-ed by a General Assembly grant awardedfor general repairs.

Clarendon School

Centre Hill Mansion

Cedar Crest

CCllaarreennddoonn SScchhooooll ((MMaatttthheeww MMaauurryySScchhooooll)),, Arlington CountyDate of easement: June 3, 2002Grantor: Arlington CountyLand included: building onlyClarendon School, renamed the MatthewMaury School in 1944, is a landmark ofearly- 20th-century public education inArlington County. Built in 1910, it servedthe community of Clarendon for 63 yearsas its sole elementary school. Its use as aschool ceased in 1973, and in 1977 thebuilding became the Arlington ArtsCenter. A General Assembly grant is beingused to upgrade the interior, and expand-ed facilities are being accommodated in anew rear addition. The building remainsan historic anchor amid a heavily urban-ized section of Arlington.

DDoovveerr SSllaavvee QQuuaarrtteerrss CCoommpplleexx ((BBrrooookk-vviieeww FFaarrmm)), Goochland CountyDate of easement: November 1, 2001Grantors: Mr. and Mrs. Alexander M.FisherLand included: 309.45 acresEasement held jointly with the VirginiaOutdoors FoundationThis cluster of buildings is one ofVirginia’s few surviving slave quartercomplexes. The five-building group wasbuilt shortly after 1843, the year EllenBruce married James M. Morson andbegan construction of the nearby Dovermansion (since destroyed). The layout of

53

now a municipal park for the city ofBuena Vista. The house is being restoredby the Paxton House Historical Societywith the assistance of a General Assemblygrant to serve as a historical center andevents venue.

552233 NN.. FFiirrsstt SSttrreeeett, Jackson WardHistoric District, RichmondDate of easement: November 21, 2001Grantor: Historic Jackson WardAssociationLand included: city lotDesignated a National Historic Land-mark, Jackson Ward is a large urbanneighborhood significant under the themeof black history. The district is composedmostly of tightly spaced town houses, themajority of which are in the Italianatestyle with bracketed cornices and frontporches. Neglect and demolitions duringthe past two decades have placed the dis-trict at risk. The Save America’s Trea-sures program, however, has encouragedrehabilitation by awarding grants to sev-eral key properties. The typical JacksonWard dwelling at 523 N. First Street isone of the first properties to be restoredthrough this program. An easement is arequirement of the grant.

ZZaacchhaarriiaahh JJoohhnnssttoonn HHoouussee, RockbridgeCounty Date of easement: September 25, 2001Grantor: Mary Raine W. Paxton

the quarters in a wide arc suggests thatthe buildings were positioned to form apicturesque visual incident in the land-scape when viewed from the main house.The center quarter was later expanded totwo stories and made into a permanentresidence. The complex is located onRoute 6, a state scenic byway that paral-lels the upper James River.

GGlleenn MMaauurryy ((PPaaxxttoonn HHoouussee)), Buena VistaDate of easement: October 12, 2001Grantor: City of Buena VistaLand included: less than one acreGlen Maury is a provincial—though visu-ally appealing—effort by local builders toachieve a formal Classical Revival man-sion. Of particular interest are its boldlycarved mantels and other interior trim onthe little-changed interior. Built about1831, the house was first owned by ElishaPaxton, a local planter. The plantation is

523 N. First Street

Glen Maury

Dover Slave Quarters Complex

54

Josephine School was built in 1882 toserve the African American community ofJosephine City, a neighborhood ofBerryville. The plain two-room structure,paid for by contributions and labor fromlocal black citizens, is a testament to theearly efforts of Clarke County’s black res-idents to improve their educational facili-ties. It served as an elementary schooluntil 1930 and then was used as a homeeconomics cottage until 1970. It currentlyis being restored as a museum of localblack history and culture with the help ofa General Assembly grant.

KKeeiisstteerr HHoouussee, Blacksburg, MontgomeryCountyDate of easement: December 12, 2001Grantor: Lindsay B. WestLand included: 3.25 acresErected in the 1830s, this vernacularfarmhouse was the Keister family home-stead for 100 years. Typical of the region’searly brick dwellings, the house has aFlemish bond façade and a molded brickcornice. The first-floor rooms haveFederal mantels decorated with carvedsunbursts and reeded end blocks. Earlygraining survives on some of the wood-work. Although located near downtownBlacksburg, the grounds have been culti-vated by the present owners into a deli-cate ecosystem supporting native plants.

Land included: 9.5 acresSituated on the edge of Lexington, thissolidly constructed limestone house waserected in 1797 for Zachariah Johnston, apresidential elector and member of theVirginia House of Delegates. The archi-tecturally formal structure, built by JohnSpear, is one of the region’s few earlystone dwellings. The house has under-gone few changes in its long history andpreserves much original woodwork.Architect Thomas W.S. Craven restored itin 1965-66 for Mr. and Mrs. Matt Paxton,the current occupants. The house is sur-rounded by handsomely landscapedgrounds.

JJoosseepphhiinnee SScchhooooll, Berryville, ClarkeCountyDate of easement: January 14, 2002Grantor: Clarke CountyLand included: town lot

Zachariah Johnston House

Josephine School

Keister House

55

high grounds above his James River mill.The interior was destroyed by fire in 1836but was rebuilt the following year in asimpler style. Major General Philip H.Sheridan’s troops burned the mill in 1865but spared the house. Local historianEllen Miyagawa and her husband GeorgeMiyagawa undertook an extensive reno-vation following their purchase of theproperty in 1973. An interesting featureof the landscape is the series of unusuallylarge garden terraces that descend thehill in front of the house.

JJoohhnn MMiilllleerr,, SSrr..,, HHoouussee ((661177 SSoouutthhCChheerrrryy SSttrreeeett)), Oregon Hill HistoricDistrict, RichmondDate of easement: July 16, 2002Grantors: John L. Stephens, Jr. andTammy L. StephensLand included: city lotJohn “Jack” Miller, Sr., a free black, builtthis simple three-room house about 1859.Miller worked variously as a barrelbuilder, barber, and preacher. The houseoriginally stood on Laurel Street and wasmoved to its present location in 1917. In1997, it was rescued from derelict condi-tion by the Oregon Hill Home Improve-ment Council and subsequently restoredfor owner occupancy. The project is one ofmany undertaken by the council to securethis urban working-class historic district.The Department of Historic Resources

MMaaddddeenn’’ss TTaavveerrnn, Culpeper CountyDate of easement: August 3, 2001Grantor: Estate of Thomas O. Madden,Jr. Land included: 119 acresEasement held jointly with the VirginiaOutdoors FoundationMadden’s Tavern is rare relic of pre-CivilWar black entrepreneurship in ruralVirginia. The simple log structure wasbuilt about 1840 by Willis Madden, a freeblack. The western half of the structurewas the Madden family quarters and theeastern portion consisted of a public roomand a sleeping loft for guests. Uniontroops sacked the place during the CivilWar. T.O. Madden, a descendent of WillisMadden, directed that the property beplaced under easement at his death.

MMeellrroossee, Fluvanna CountyDate of easement: July 16, 2002Grantor: Ellen Brooks MiyagawaLand included: 100 acresCharles Alexander Scott built this statelyFederal plantation house in 1813 on the

John Miller, Sr., House

Melrose

Madden’s Tavern

56

PPaallmmyyrraa LLoocckk aanndd MMiillll SSiittee, FluvannaCounty Courthouse Historic District,Palmyra, Fluvanna CountyDate of easement: November 6, 2001Grantor: Fluvanna County HistoricalSociety, Inc.Land included: 5.46 acresThis complex of ruins and sites on theRivanna River at Palmyra includes thebasement stone walls of Palmyra Mills.The original mill dated from 1813, butwas rebuilt following its being burned byUnion troops in 1865. The upper floorswere dismantled in the 1940s. Justupstream are the 1828 stone piers of acovered bridge. Particularly impressivefeatures of the site are the 1851 damabutments and lock of the RivannaNavigation Canal. The site is being devel-oped with the help of a General Assemblygrant as part of the Fluvanna CountyHeritage Trail project.

UUnniioonn SSttaattiioonn, Petersburg Old TownHistoric District, PetersburgDate of easement: February 13, 2002Grantor: City of PetersburgLand included: city lotLocated on River Street in downtownPetersburg, the Union Station buildingwas erected between 1908 and 1910 asthe Norfolk & Western Railway passengerstation. The elegantly detailed ColonialRevival structure was designed by theoffice of the Norfolk & Western ChiefEngineer in Roanoke. Among its morestriking features are the pedimented win-dows with oak-leaf pulvinated friezes.

Mount Zion Old School Baptist Church

Palmyra Lock and Mill Site

Union Station

now holds easements on 18 Oregon Hillproperties.

MMoouunntt ZZiioonn OOlldd SScchhooooll BBaappttiisstt CChhuurrcchh,Loudoun CountyDate of easement: May 10, 2002Grantor: Loudoun CountyLand included: 6.81 acresLittle changed since its completion in1851, this country church served the OldSchool Baptists. An outgrowth of thePrimitive Baptist movement, Old SchoolBaptists were the most conservativeexpression of Baptist beliefs and prac-tices. The church was caught in the cross-fire of the Civil War on numerous occa-sions and served at various times as ahospital and barracks. Some of the pewswere even ripped out to make coffins forUnion soldiers. Now owned by LoudounCounty, the building is being restored as ahistoric attraction with the assistance of aGeneral Assembly grant.

57

West Cote Woodbourne

The building stood unused for many yearsbut has recently been restored with theassistance of a General Assembly grant bythe city of Petersburg for mixed use.

WWeesstt CCoottee, Albemarle CountyDate of easement: December 4, 2001Grantor: Susan Lowery ByrdLand included: 37 acresWest Cote is situated on a rise just west ofthe tiny James River community ofHowardsville. Dominated by a porticowith paired slender Doric columns, thehouse exhibits the influence of ThomasJefferson’s Roman classicism on the archi-tecture of the region. It was built about1830 for William Howard Carter, a localplanter who operated a ferry at Howards-ville. The house is distinguished by itsfine Flemish bond brickwork and elabo-

rately detailed country-Federal parlormantel. Several early outbuildings re-main on the grounds.

WWooooddbboouurrnnee, Madison CountyDate of easement: November 23, 2001Grantor: Dr. Maury L. Hanson, Jr. Land included: 52.8 acres Nestled in a secluded vale in the country-side of Madison County, Woodbourne pre-serves the image of a prosperous 19th-century Piedmont farmstead. Its well-maintained brick house was built be-tween 1805 and 1914 for Henry Price whois buried on the property. At Price’s death,Woodbourne was purchased by Dr. GeorgeN. Thrift, whose family owned it until1943. The interior has interesting folk-Federal mantels. Among the outbuildingsis an early stone-and-frame kitchen.

58

Historic Rehabilitation Programcelebrates 25th anniversary

The year 2001 marked the 25th anniversary of the Federal Historic Preservation TaxIncentives Program administered by the National Park Service. Over the past 25 years,the federal program has certified 29,000 historic rehabilitation projects nationwide,leveraging an estimated $25 billion in private investment. Through the Department ofHistoric Resources, owners of historic buildings in Virginia have successfully rehabili-tated more than 800 landmark buildings. They invested more than $654.5 million in pri-vate funds, made possible by the federal credits. Virginia has consistently been a leaderboth in numbers of federal projects submitted to the National Park Service and in thelevel of investment represented by these projects.

Since 1997, the federal program has been augmented by a corresponding StateRehabilitation Tax Credit Program, which allows for even greater participation byVirginia property owners. Many projects qualify for both federal and state credits, andthe combination of these incentives can support a project that otherwise would not befinancially feasible. Some property owners who do not qualify for federal credit can stillparticipate in the state program. To date, 86 buildings have been rehabilitated using thestate credits alone, a total investment of $50 million.

During the period between August 2001 and July 2002, 111 projects were certified foreither state or federal credits, or both, with private investment of $115.3 million. Anadditional 141 proposed projects have been approved, with estimated expenditures of$89.9 million. Tax credit staff members gave 13 workshops or presentations across the

1893 Building, Roanoke, before historicrehabilitation

1893 Building, after historic rehabilitation

59

Commonwealth and are planning to increase that number in the coming year. Benefitsof the rehabilitation tax credits extend far beyond historic preservation. The credits areresponsible for economic benefits such as new jobs, increased household income, andenhanced local revenue. They also promote urban revitalization and efficient redevelop-ment, community preservation, and the conservation of open space and naturalresources. Other benefits include providing educational opportunities, promoting asense of community and stewardship, and preserving Virginia’s rich heritage.

Both the federal and state credits are based on eligible rehabilitation expenditures.The federal credit is 20 percent of eligible expenditures, and the state credit is 25 per-cent of eligible expenditures. Rehabilitation projects must meet the Secretary of theInterior’s Standards for Rehabilitation. For further information on the program anddownloadable applications, go to the department’s Web site at www.dhr.state.va.us.

Completed Rehabilitations

Name Address City/County Rehab CostArcadia 4025 Stony Point Pass Albemarle $60,000.00

607 S. Washington Street Alexandria $1,018,502.00The Grove 14071 Lee Highway Bristol $509,623.00Hughes House 307 E. Market Street Charlottesville $38,293.56Thomas CarverHouse 104 W. High Street Charlottesville $124,602.38Valley View 414-418 E. Main Street Charlottesville $224,054.66Chapel Hill 8100 Lord Fairfax Highway Clarke $1,974,818.65Danville Museumof Fine Arts 975 Main Street Danville $921,183.62Wheatland 1154 Wheatland Road Essex $260,513.64Joseph Carr House 9048 John Mosby Highway Fauquier $475,889.82Bowman Farm 1605 Cahas Mountain Road Franklin $99,999.00Hartman Residence 128 Caroline Street Fredericksburg $99,741.00Shepherd House 1304 Washington Avenue Fredericksburg $1,326,935.31Obscurity (Elgin) 4433 River Road West Goochland $227,952.76Seaton 5050 Halifax Road Halifax $32,043.74RMC Old Chapel 110 College Avenue Hanover $1,267,022.00Brown School 17116 Mountain Road Hanover $123,349.00Oakland 12308 Verdon Road Hanover $162,099.47Old St. James Parsonage 39644 Lovettsville Road Loudoun $17,880.00Woodgrove 16860 Woodgrove Road Loudoun $475,785.00Elton 20985 Unison Road Loudoun $521,016.00Piggott House 37835 Piggott House Place Loudoun $160,539.43Harris-PoindexterStore 81 Tavern Road Louisa $94,906.68

913 Eleventh Street Lynchburg $121,672.00Kemper StreetStation 825 Kemper Street Lynchburg $2,176,226.00Smith Hall 2500 Rivermont Avenue Lynchburg $2,733,723.00Tinbridge Manor/Lynchburg Hospital l701-709 Hollins Mill Road Lynchburg $3,003,979.00Courtland Building 620 Court Street Lynchburg $3,467,573.00Centerview 1900-1904 Memorial Avenue Lynchburg $81,000.00Fergus Reid House 507 Pembroke Avenue Norfolk $429,672.44Royster House 303 Colonial Road Norfolk $106,271.64

301 W. Freemason Street Norfolk $261,152.34Portlock Building 241 Granby Street Norfolk $3,629,848.00Capeville Bank 4322 Capeville Drive Northampton $21,481.00

The following projects received final certification between August 2001 and July 2002

60

652-654 Tazewell Avenue Northampton $172,446.00The Mack Building 316 Strawberry Street Northhampton $331,214.00Hotel Norton 798 Park Avenue Norton $2,626,989.00LeMoine House& Mann House 410-414 Grove Avenue Petersburg $510,425.18Eliza SpottswoodHouse 112 W. Tabb Street Petersburg $70,097.00Bolling JuniorHigh School 35 Fillmore Street Petersburg $50,000.00Substation 2-Swanson Residence 322 Middle Street Portsmouth $302,406.00

1118-1120 Norwood Street Radford $326,000.00Carr Building 1123 Norwood Street Radford $471,320.68

620 N. Boulevard Richmond $114,449.49104 N. 28th Street Richmond $41,500.00

Westbourne 3 30 Oak Lane Richmond $480,242.612917 Edgewood Avenue Richmond $57,206.20625 St. James Street Richmond $80,670.003007 Libby Terrace Richmond $262,693.78

Augustus B. ClarkHouse 2517 E. Grace Street Richmond $85,000.00

506 W. Marshall Street Richmond $161,813.00304 W. Clay Street Richmond $140,604.75411-413 Gilmore Street Richmond $124,442.08701-705 N. 26th Street Richmond $225,121.002010-2012 Stuart Avenue Richmond $173,183.7619 E. Clay Street Richmond $96,885.0021 E. Clay Street Richmond $97,629.00108 W. Lancaster Richmond $46,471.00409 N. Boulevard Richmond $137,948.42108 E. Leigh Street Richmond $98,223.00

James B. ElamResidence 1825 Monument Avenue Richmond $444,497.00

1008 West Avenue Richmond $297,192.78Virginia MutualBuilding 821 E. Main Street Richmond $1,233,399.95YWCA Building 6 N. Fifth Street Richmond $2,908,263.56Adam Craig House 1812 E. Grace Street Richmond $563,558.00

1719 Hanover Avenue Richmond $129,097.00Harper Overland Building 335 W. Broad Street Richmond $1,800.340.00Parsons House 601 Spring Street Richmond $1,308,725.91Ligon House 2601-2603 E. Franklin Street Richmond $317,843.00Fairfax Apartments 21 S. Boulevard Richmond $289,836.10Park LaneApartments 207 N. Boulevard Richmond $340,925.01

103 S. Boulevard Richmond $186,514.00Dr. R.C. WaldenHouse 2039 Monument Avenue Richmond $461,374.07John T. Wilson House 2037 Monument Avenue Richmond $677,858.75Richmond Lamp Co. 20 E. Main Street Richmond $188,908.04

230 S. Cherry Street Richmond $63,208.00232 S. Cherry Street Richmond $47,940.002209 W. Main Street Richmond $95,544.002207 W. Main Street Richmond $98,543.00

Maggie L. WalkerHigh School 1000 N. Lombardy Street Richmond $23,389,955.00Grace American Bldg. 400 E. Grace Street Richmond $4,916,327.00

2511 W. Grace Street Richmond $126,000.00

61

LockwoodDouble House 1811 E. Grace Street Richmond $848,871.00Mechanics Bank/Southern Aid LifeBuilding 212-214 E. Clay Street Richmond $2,357,254.00Railroad YMCA 1552 E. Main Street Richmond $5,408,791.00Poythress Building 16 N. 22nd Street Richmond $1,861,249.00The Enders Factory Building 20 N. 20th Street Richmond $1,272,255.00Shenandoah Building 501 N. Allen Avenue Richmond $4,491,072.00John B. Cary School 2100 Idlewood Avenue Richmond $6,053,253.00William C. AllenDouble House 4-6 E. Main Street Richmond $589,735.43Richmond DairyBuilding 312-314 Jefferson Street Richmond $5,475,254.81

1327 Floyd Avenue Richmond $65,000.00375 Allison Avenue SW Roanoke $184,690.51

Johnsville Meeting House 8860 Johnsville Church Road Roanoke $16,234.67

375 Allison Avenue SW Roanoke $184,690.51636 Day Avenue SW Roanoke $99,229.00

1893 Building 21 E. Salem Avenue SE Roanoke $128,336.8020 Walnut Avenue Roanoke $77,300.00118 Campbell Avenue SW Roanoke $328,597.00

Jefferson High School 550 W. Campbell Avenue Roanoke $10,417,563.001511-1513 Maple Avenue Roanoke $97,127.45917 First Street SW Roanoke $50,000.00

P.D. Gwaltney Jr. Home 304 S. Church Street Smithfield $1,512,171.18Berry Home Centers 170 E. Main Street Smyth $394,299.59Green Hill 1721 Lovett’s Pond Lane Virginia Beach $134,794.00Gay Street Cabin 132 Gay Street Washington $40,927.00FishburneMilitary School 225 S. Wayne Avenue Waynesboro $1,103,859.99

346-348 S. Wayne Avenue Waynesboro $69,644.86Williamsburg Inn 136 E. Francis Street Williamsburg $19,749,305.00Adam Bowers House 410 S. Cameron Street Winchester $187,350.33Douglas AdamsBuilding 403-407 S. Loudoun Winchester $536,932.00TOTAL $115,355,170.89

Proposed RehabilitationsThe following projects received certification for proposed rehabilitation work between

August 2001 and July 2002.

Name of Property Address City/County Est. CostLadd BlacksmithShop 5352 Cismont Lane Albemarle $160,000.00Scottsville Tavern 360 E. Main Street Albemarle $200,000.00Potts Fitzhugh House 607 Orinoco Street Alexandria $2,900,000.00Riddle-ColinsworthHouse 107Prince Street Alexandria $388,000.00Young-SchratweiserHouse 2102 N. Irving Street Arlington $75,000.00Al’s Motor Building 3910 Wilson Avenue Arlington $2,400,000.00Thomas JeffersonSchool 501 W. Main Street Bristol $2,488,181.00

62

Oak Grove 7378 Gladys Road Campbell $90,000.00Galax Post Office 201 N. Main Street Carroll $600,500.00Westview 1672 Terrell Road Charlotte $80,000.00Carter Gilmore House 800 E. Jefferson Street Charlottesville $50,000.00Paramount Theatre 215 E. Main Street Charlottesville $13,500,000.00Strawberry Building 217-219 E. Main Street Charlottesville $2,700,000.00Nicholson House 322 W. Main Street Clarke $130,000.00Old Clarke CountyCourthouse 104 N. Church Street Clarke $1,500,000.00Josephine School 303 Josephine Street Clarke $137,000.00Sublett-Miller House 878 Main Street Danville $50,000.00Dan River CrossingApartments 107 Colquhoun Street Danville $5,700,000.00Poplar Springs 9245 Rogues Road Fauquier $825,000.00Dr. Charles MortimerHouse 213 Caroline Street Fredericksburg $750,000.00Hurkemp House 406 Hanover Street Fredericksburg $960,000.00Edgar W. SteamsHouse 1009 Prince Edward Street Fredericksburg $680,000.00

305 College Avenue Hanover $78,000.00The Tides Inn 480 King Carter Drive Lancaster $4,427,000.00Boude Deaver House South Main Street Lexington $300,000.00Oakland Farm 40840 Browns Lane Loudoun $300,000.00Peoples Nat. Bank 13 N. King Street Loudoun $2,500,000.00Green “K” Acres County Route 617 Louisa $200,000.00Jerdone Castle 1779 Moody Town Road Louisa $400,000.006th Street Duplex 605-607 6th Street Lynchburg $188,946.00Glass Double House 600-602 Madison Street Lynchburg $348,765.00The Triple House 519-523 Madison Street Lynchburg $291,426.00

517 Madison Street Lynchburg $196,500.00511 Madison Street Lynchburg $181,500.00523 Harrison Street Lynchburg $215,147.00519 Harrison Street Lynchburg $178,356.00517 Harrison Street Lynchburg $178,356.00

E.C. GlassHigh School 2111 Memorial High School Lynchburg $20,000,000.00

724 Commerce Street Lynchburg $700,000.00Price & ClementsBuilding 103-109 6th Street Lynchburg $3,000,000.00Atwood Hotel 1107-1115 Church Street Lynchburg $850,000.00Craddock-TerryShoe Corporation 1326-1328 Commerce Street Lynchburg $3,651,269.00William King Jr.& Co. Warehouse 1324 Commerce Street Lynchburg $4,709,154.00J.W. Wood Building 822 Commerce Street Lynchburg $10,981,000.00Hopkins CandyFactory 9415 Battle Street Manassas $3,200,000.00LovingstonHigh School Thomas Nelson Highway Nelson $2,000,000.00Medical Arts Building 2901 West Street Newport News $1,889,292.00

704 Colonial Avenue Norfolk $300,000.00517 Graydon Avenue Norfolk $325,000.00107-109 College Place Norfolk $90,000.00

Welton Building 435 Monticello Avenue Norfolk $1,500,000.00705 Redgate Norfolk $250,000.00411 Granby Street Norfolk $2,500,000.00429 W. York Street Norfolk $1,000,000.00500 Granby Street Norfolk $1,900,000.00432 Mowbray Arch Norfolk $150,000.00

63

Oliver House 200 Oliver Avenue Nottoway $180,000.00AppomattoxIron Works 20-28 Old Street Petersburg $2,000,000.00

1126-1128 W. Marshall Street Petersburg $2,000,000.00Andrew S. JohnsonDouble House 23-25 Guarantee Street Petersburg $170,000.00

622 High Street Petersburg $45,000.00221 S. Jefferson Street Petersburg $150,000.00

Bill’s Diner 1 Depot Street Pittsylvania Not AvailableFirst Presbyterian Church Manse 367 Middle Street Portsmouth $69,000.00Shea TerraceElementary School 253 Constitution Avenue Portsmouth $1,968,731.00

1203-1205 E. Main Street Richmond $950,000.00111 Pulliam Street Richmond $88,500.001313 Grove Avenue Richmond $240,000.00501 N. 29th Street Richmond $70,000.002018 Princess Anne Avenue Richmond $90,000.00712 N. Boulevard Richmond $92,500.003 W. Cary Street Richmond $99,999.002314 Jefferson Avenue Richmond $90,000.00323 N. 27th Street Richmond $65,000.00617 St. James Richmond $60,000.00623 St. James Richmond $60,000.00

Robert S. BoscherHouse 2 E. Franklin Street Richmond $350,000.00Kalman/McKeeResidence 7 N. 30th Street Richmond $200,000.00Prestwould CondosDuplex C 610-614 W. Franklin Street Richmond $82,000.00E. H. Scott House 2020 Princess Anne Avenue Richmond $125,000.00Richmond Hill 2209 E. Grace Street Richmond $6,500,000.00

2115 Jefferson Avenue Richmond $70,000.00326 E. Broad Street Richmond $3,000,000.00312 E. Broad Street Richmond $1,658,000.00

Prestwould Condos 612 W. Franklin Street Richmond $1,500,000.0018 E. Main Street Richmond $275,000.003806 Seminary Avenue Richmond $200,000.00

Brooks Double House 1519 W. Main Street Richmond $150,000.00Sam Miller’sWarehouse 2 12 E. Cary Street Richmond $175,000.00Hawkeye Building 101 S. 15th Street Richmond $8,000,000.00Shockoe Cary Bldg. 19 S. 13th Street Richmond $3,548,000.00Battagalia Residence 619 N. 27th Street Richmond $45,000.00E.M. Todd Company 1128 Hermitage Road Richmond $9,700,000.00

2706 E. Grace Street Richmond $240,000.00Old Heilig-MeyerFurniture Store 23-25 W. Broad Street Richmond $750,000.00Robert RentzInteriors 1700 W. Main Street Richmond $414,600.00

1819 W. Grace Street Richmond $300,000.00Laurel Hill House 1524 West Avenue Richmond $2,100,000.00Hotel John Marshall 101 N. 5th Street Richmond $5,000,000.00Masonic Temple Bldg. 101-107 W. Broad Street Richmond $900,000.00

1821 W. Cary Street Richmond $200,000.00Ackerly-HolcombeHouse 2106 E. Broad Street Richmond $150,000.00

318 N. 21st Street Richmond $98,000.00614 ½ N.23rd Street Richmond $95,000.00

64

Shockoe Hill 210 N. Hospital Street Richmond $3,500,000.00McCarthy-HaynesDouble House 8-10 E. Main Street Richmond $475,000.00Call House 3206 Seminary Avenue Richmond $200,000.00

618-620 N. 25th Street Richmond $275,000.00Mitchell House 621-623 N. 3rd Street Richmond $200,000.00

201 E. Clay Street Richmond $200,000.00614 N. 23rd Street Richmond $45,000.00

Robert E. Lee School 3101 Kensington Avenue Richmond $6,300,000.00Grace Street 401 W. Grace Street Richmond $2,500,000.00

1831-1833 W. Cary Street Richmond $250,000.00425 S. Laurel Street Richmond $150,000.00

Virginia MutualBenefit LifeInsurance Building 112-114 E. Clay Street Richmond $2,170,000.00Arthur L. StrausResidence 2708 Monument Avenue Richmond $400,000.00

319 W. Broad Street Richmond $450,000.00Church Hill House 2614 E.Franklin Street Richmond $120,000.00Louis W. PizziniResidence 1812 Monument Avenue Richmond $650,000.00Darlington Apts. 315 N. Boulevard Richmond $400,000.00Stuart Circle 413 Stuart Circle Richmond $9,500,000.00

236 S. Cherry Street Richmond $40,000.00Eagle Paper Co.Building 1400 W. Marshall Street Richmond $2,000,000.00

1350 Clark Avenue SW Roanoke $45,000.00Grandlin Theatre 1310 Grandlin Road Roanoke $500,000.00

1350 Clarke Avenue SW Roanoke $45,000.00N&W RailwayPassenger Station 209 Shenandoah Avenue NW Roanoke $3,400,000.00

364 Albemarle Avenue SW Roanoke $40,000.00Angell Building 126-128 Campbell Avenue Roanoke $650,000.00

346 Allison Avenue Roanoke $90,000.00Willard L. LincolnHouse 305 N. Church Street Smyth $100,000.00Iron Street Mall 108-112 S. Iron Street Smyth $100,000.00New Town Center 709-711 W. Beverly Street Staunton $61,500.00R.R. Smith Center 20-22 S. New Street Staunton $2,500,000.00Prentis House 321 N. Main Street Suffolk $190,000.00LB & B Building Main & Wayne Waynesboro $1,000,000.00Mount Pleasant 317 Coles Point Road Westmoreland $1,300,000.00Buena Vista Farm 8268 Cople Highway Westmoreland $180,000.00Homespun 949 Cedar Creek Grade Winchester $70,000.00

27-29 N. Loudoun Street Winchester $185,000.00TOTAL $89,981,830.00

Department of Historic Resources2801 Kensington AvenueRichmond, Virginia 23221

PRESORTEDSTANDARD

U.S. POSTAGEPAID

RICHMOND, VA.PERMIT NO. 591

The archives at the Department of Historic Resources headquarters offers a full range ofmaterials and services. Researchers, consultants, and scholars have at their fingertips180,000 files on architectural, archaeological, and cultural sites throughout Virginia.