capital: abuja. promiseproblems capital: abuja hausa- fulani (29%) yoruba (21%) igbo (18%) ijaw...
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FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
Capital:
Abuja
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
PROMISE PROBLEMS
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
Capital:
Abuja
NIGERIA: ETHNIC DIVISIONS
Hausa-Fulani (29%)
Yoruba (21%)
Igbo (18%)
Ijaw (10%)
www.bbc.co.uk
http://bauzeitgeist.blogspot.com/2011/09/african-borders-make-african-states.html
NIGERIA: RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS
Muslim (50%)
Christian (40%)
Indigenous Beliefs (10%)
www.getreligion.org
NIGERIAN HISTORY: PRE-COLONIAL (BEFORE 1860)
1800s: Fulani migrated into northern region. Spread of ISLAM
1500-1800: Southern region European trade: spread of CHRISTIANITY impacted by slave trade.
THE COLONIAL ERA (1860-1960)
British Colony North and South administered differently Indirect Rule
North: Local Muslim rule Minimal British supervision
South: Traditional colonial regime British bureaucrats British-trained indigenous
Introduced Western-style education Mostly in the South Privileged elite class
Deepened North/South division
ERA SINCE INDEPENDENCE (1960-PRESENT)
First Republic (1960-66) Parliamentary Govt. after transition to
independence. Civil War and Military Rule (1966-
79) Military coup ended “First Republic” Began era of military dictatorships Transition of power
Quick, violent & illegitimate
4 coups d’etat
CIVIL WAR AND MILITARY RULE (1966-79) Nigerian Civil War
(1967-1970) Ethnic-based Igbo attempt to
break away Form REPUBLIC OF
BIAFRA. Bloody war and
starvation tactics led to 500,000- 3 million deaths.
Biafra defeated.www.blackpast.org
COMPARATIVE POLITICS
How does Nigeria’s experience with the Igbo and Biafra compare with other countries we have studied? Britain Russia China Mexico
SECOND REPUBLIC (1979-1983)
Olusegun Obasanjo (1976-1979) Military dictator Voluntarily transitioned
to democracy 1979: New Constitution
Created a Presidential System similar to U.S.
Ineffective president Overthrown by a
military coup (1983)
MILITARY RULE (1983-1999)
CHARACTERISTICS More coups More promises of democracy Competition among generals based
on ethnicity. Institutionalized Corruption
Massive abuse of oil revenues PATRON-CLIENT SYSTEM
PUTIN RETURNS TO RUSSIAN PRESIDENCY http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/
2012/03/201234174822513879.html
POLLS: MEXICO'S PRESIDENTIAL RACE TIGHTENS
The polling firm GEA/ISA says the difference between Pena Nieto and Vazquez Mota has dropped to 7 percentage points, with 36 percent of voters favoring Pena Nieto and 29 percent backing Vazquez Mota
CHINA CITIES 'WILL NOT MEET NEW AIR STANDARDS'
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-17229918
MILITARY RULE (1983-1999)
CHARACTERISTICS More coups More promises of democracy Competition among generals based
on ethnicity. Institutionalized Corruption
Massive abuse of oil revenues PATRON-CLIENT SYSTEM
THIRD REPUBLIC, 1993
Elections were held. Results annulled by
military leader. Coup replaced old
military leader.
1983 PERIOD OF MILITARY RULE 1999
Third Republic, 1993
FOURTH REPUBLIC (1999-PRESENT)
1999… Another Constitution (9th since 1914)
Olusegun Obasanjo: (1999-2007) Elected president for two terms
Umaru Yar’Adua: (2007-2010) Died in office
Goodluck Jonathan: (2010-present) Was Yar’Adua’s VP Won the 2011 election
INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION (INEC)
Established 1998 Oversaw widespread voter fraud in
1999, 2003, & 2007. Attahiru Jega
Appointed in 2010
“ACADEMIC TACKLES CHAOS OF ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA”
Describe the multiple difficulties INEC faced leading up to the 2011 election.
“Nigeria has yet to hold a credible election” Human Rights Watch after 2007 election
2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Goodluck JonathanPeople’s Democratic Party (PDP)
Ijaw Christian Negotiated cease fire
with Niger Delta militants.
Incumbent Advantage? Power of patronage
Appointments & contracts Access to oil revenue
2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Muhammedu BuhariCongress for Progressive Change
(CPC)
CPC broke away from All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP)
Fulani Muslim Former military dictator
(‘83-’85) Targeted drug traffickers,
corruption, and graft
2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Nuhu RibaduAction Congress of Nigeria
(ACN)
Hausa-Fulani Muslim Former Chairman of
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)
2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONCandidate Percent of Vote Number of Votes
Jonathan 58.9% 22.5 million
Buhari 32.0 % 12.2 million
Ribadu 5.4% 2.1 million
17 other candidates also received votes.
2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
Candidate
Percent of Vote
Number of Votes
Jonathan 58.9% 22.5 million
Buhari 32.0 % 12.2 million
Ribadu 5.4% 2.1 million
LEGITIMACY: 2011 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Good News Bad News
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORAL SYSTEM
Directly elected by the people. Winner must receive:
Majority of votes 25% in 2/3 of the states.
Top two run-offWHY?
President needs NATIONAL mandate.
PDP POWER SHARING: “ZONING”
PDP Plan: Presidency rotates every two terms.Muslim from the North
Christian from the SouthPROBLEM
Obasanjo: Christian from South had two terms Yar’Adua (Muslim) died in office after three years. Jonathan (Christian) finished Yar’Adua’s term,
and ran again. Muslims didn’t think Jonathan should run.