capillary front of card back of card smallest blood vessel, one cell thick, where diffusion occurs....

Capillary

Front of card Back of card

Smallest blood vessel, one cell thick, where diffusion occurs. Precapillary sphincter regulates blood flow into capillary.

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5 Functions of Circulatory System

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1. Carries Nutrients2. Carries hormones3. Distributes heat4. Body fluid levels5. Immunity (defence)

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Direction of blood flow

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artery

arteriolecapillary

venule

vein

Arteries

Front of card Back of card3Carry blood away from the heart. Thick, muscular walls

Arteriole

Front of card Back of card4Small arteriesChange diameter-vasoconstriction(smaller)-vasodilation (bigger)

Vasoconstriction


Decreases vessel diameter

Vasodilation


Increases vessel diameter

Precapillary sphincter

Front of card Back of card7• Regulates blood flow

from arterioles into capillaries.

• Ring of smooth muscle

Venules


Small veins

Veins

Front of card Back of card9Carry blood TO the heart.Thin smooth muscular walls.One-way valves.

Septum

Front of card Back of card10Muscle separating the 2 sides of the heart.

Cardiac muscle

Front of card Back of card11Muscle found in the heartAlso called myogenic muscle

pulmonary


= lungs

Blood flow through the

heart

Front of card Back of card13Superior/inferior vena cavaRight atriumTricuspid/AV valveRight ventricleSemi-lunar valveRight/left pulmonary arteryLUNGSPulmonary veinsLeft atriumBicuspid/AB valveLeft ventricleSemilunar valvesAortaBODY

Left Ventricle

Front of card Back of card15Most muscular heart chamber to pump blood to the body.

AV Valve

Front of card Back of card16Prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.

semilunar Valve

Front of card Back of card17Prevents the backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles.

Coronary artery

Front of card Back of card18Supplies the heart with blood

Cardiac cycle

Front of card Back of card19One heartbeat

Systole

Front of card Back of card20Heart (ventricles) contractAV valves close Lubb

diastole

Front of card Back of card21Heart (ventricles) relaxsemilunar valves close dubb

Electrocardio-graph


Record of heartbeat

systemic


= body

Renal


= kidney

Portal


= Liver

Normal blood pressure


120 systolic70 diastolic

Sphygmoman-ometer


Blood pressure cuff

Blood pressure in

vessels


Greatest in arteries and lowest in veins near heart

Blood velocity in vessels


Highest in arteries and lowest in capillaries for

DIFFUSION

Surface area in vessels


Greatest in capillaries for

DIFFUSION

Factors that increase BP


Vasoconstriction, old age, lack of exercise, salt

Factors that decrease BP


Vasodilation, exercise, bleeding

SA Node


Pacemaker of the heart

AV Node


Sends electrical impulse to ventricles

Purkinje Fibres


Come from AV node. Carry nerve

impulses through septum to ventricles

Artificial pacemaker


Placed under skin to control

heart beat when SA node fails.

External control of heart rate

(HR)

Front of card Back of card37Sympathetic NS ↑ HRParasympathetic ↓ HR

Exercise ↑ HRHigh temp. ↑ HR

Medulla Oblongata


Part of brain that controls heart rate and

breathing rate

Hypertension


High blood pressure

Lymphatic System


Returns extracellular fluid leaked from capillaries back to circulatory system.

Lymph vessels


Lymph is moved by skeletal muscle. Contain one-way

valves.

Lymph nodes


Contain white blood cells (WBCs) that

fight infection.

Blood components


Plasma (55%)WBCs (<1%)

Platelets (<1%)RBCs (44%)

Plasma

Front of card Back of card4492% water

Proteins (fibrinogen)GlucoseVitaminsMineralsGasseswaste

Erythrocyte(RBC)

Front of card Back of card45No nucleus

Carry oxygenContain hemoglobin

Contains iron to absorb O2 Made from stem cells in

bone marrow.

Leucocyte(WBC)

Front of card Back of card46Has a nucleus

Largest blood cellImmunity

Made from stem cells in bone marrow

Anemia


RBC deficiencyLow iron = low O2

Low energy

Platelets


Small, fragileBlood clotting

Made from stem cells in bone marrow

Blood clotting


Fibrinogen(blood) +Thromboplastin(platelet) +

Ca2+ (blood)= Fibrin (fibres)

Blood Types


A, B, AB and O

Type A

Front of card Back of card51Has A antigens,

B antibodiesReceive from A, ODonate to A, AB

Type B

Front of card Back of card52Has B antigens,

A antibodiesReceive from B, ODonate to B, AB

Type AB

Front of card Back of card53Has AB antigens,

No antibodiesReceive from all

Donate to AB

Type O

Front of card Back of card54Has NO antigens, A and B antibodies

Receive from ODonate to all

Rhesus Factor


Antigen on the RBCIf you have it, then Rh+

(A+, B+…)If you do not have it,

then Rh- (AB-, O-…)

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Front of card Back of card56Second child, Rh+, born to Rh-mother. Rh antibodies from first birth can travel through placenta and clot

baby’s blood (blue baby)

Sickle cell anemia


Hemoglobin is defective – changes

shape of RBC. Less O2

Hemophilia


Cannot clot blood

Leukemia


Cancer (uncontrolled division) of WBCs

Immune System Barrier Response

Front of card Back of card60Skin – dead cells, oilDig. Sys. – acid & enzymesGas exchange- cilia, mucus, coughing, sneezingUrinary sys. – mucus, urine

Immune System Non-Barrier Response

(inflammatory)

Front of card Back of card61When the microbe enters the body:

1. WBCs leave capillaries2. WBC engulf bacteria3. Lysosomes digest

bacteria4. Pus forms

Immune response Step 1


Antigen enters body



Macrophage engulfs antigen and pushes antigen marker to

surface



Helper T cells copy the antigen shape



Helper T cells tell B cells to make

antibodies



Antibodies attach to antigens

Immune response Step 6a

Front of card Back of card67A

Macrophage engulfs antigens

Immune response Step 6b

Front of card Back of card67B

Killer T cells puncture antigens

Immune response Step 7a

Front of card Back of card68A

Suppressor T cells stop the response

Immune response Step 7b

Front of card Back of card68B

Memory T cells remember the antigen

HIV

Front of card Back of card69Not recognized by immune system because1. Does not leave

glycoprotein on surface of cell

2. Invades helper T cells

Antigen


Glycoprotein on surface of cell (cell’s signature)

Antibody


Y-shaped protein made by B cells in response to antigens. Antigen specific.

Vaccines


Contain dead or weak viruses

Antibiotics


Made from bacteria or fungi. Used to treat bacterial infections.

3 dangers of Antibiotics

Front of card Back of card741. Bacteria can become

resistant2. Antibiotics cannot cure

viruses3. Can cause side effects

(allergic reactions)

Cellular Respiration


C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

4 Steps of Breathing

Front of card Back of card761. External gas exchange – air

into the lungs2. Circulatory system carries O2

to tissues3. O2 exchanged for CO2 at

tissues4. Circulatory system brings

CO2 back to lungs

Pathway of air into lungs

Front of card Back of card77Nostrils – nasal cavity – pharynx – epiglottis – larynx – trachea – bronchi – bronchioles - alveoli

Nasal Cavity

Front of card Back of card78Lined with mucous and cilia. Warms and moistens incoming air.

Pharynx


ThroatPassage for food and air.

Epiglottis


Flap covering trachea

Larynx


Voice box. Protected by cartilage

Trachea

Front of card Back of card82Lined with cilia and mucous. Cilia act like a broom to carry particles up. Rings of cartilage.

Bronchi


Branch off of trachea.Rings of cartilage.

Bronchioles


Branch off bronchi.Can expand & contract.

Alveoli


Thin air sacs surrounded by capillaries. Diffusion. Large S.A.Covered by lipoprotein

Pleural membranes


2 membranes surrounding lungs with lubricant between. Reduces friction

Diaphragm

Front of card Back of card87Band of muscle underneath thoracic cavity. Moves down (contracts)– inhaleMoves up (relaxes)- exhale

Intercostal muscles


Between ribs.Contract - up & out – inhaleRelax - in and down - exhale

Thoracic Cavity


Chest cavity

Abdominal Cavity


Below the diaphragm

Agglutinate


Clumpclot

Oxyhemoglobin


Oxygen +

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Transport of CO2

Front of card Back of card941. 10% in plasma2. 20% on hemoglobin3. 70% as carbonic acid

bicarbonate

Inhalation

Front of card Back of card951. Intercostals contract (up and

out)2. Diaphragm contracts (down)3. Abdominal muscles relax4. Volume increases, pressure

decreases in lung(Inspiration)

Exhalation

Front of card Back of card961. Intercostals relax (down)2. Diaphragm relaxes (up)3. Abdominal muscles contract4. Volume decreases, pressure

increases in lung(Expiration)

Spirograph


Measures lung capacity

Tidal Volume


Normal breath

Inspiratory reserve volume


Extra air that can be inhaled

Expiratory reserve volume


Forceful exhalation

Vital Capacity


Total volume of lungs

Residual volume


Amount of air left in lungs that you

cannot exhale

Control of Breathing

Front of card Back of card103Medulla oblongata

detects high CO2 and stimulates the diaphragm and

intercostals

Factors that increase

breathing rate

Front of card Back of card1041. High CO2 (exercise)2. Low O2 (high altitudes)3. CO (carbon monoxide)4. High adrenaline

Bronchitis


Inflammation of the bronchioles. Excess mucous.

Bronchial Asthma


Reversible narrowing of the bronchial passage.

Emphysema


Increased resistance to air flow. Over-inflation of the lungs. Alveoli rupture. Less S.A. for diffusion.

Lung Cancer


Uncontrolled growth of cells. Tumor.Less S.A. for diffusion

Homeostasis


Stable internal environment of the body. Temp, water level, wastes, CO2

Homeostatic Mechanism


Anything that helps to keep the internal environment of the body stable. Ex. medulla oblongata

Homeostasis-

SKIN


Maintains temp, excretes water, salt and ions.

Homeostasis-

LUNGS


Help to remove CO2

Homeostasis-

LARGE INTESTINE


Removes Toxic Wastes

Homeostasis-

LIVER

Front of card Back of card114Converts toxins to soluble compounds.Destroys old RBCs.Deamination UREAProduces uric acid from nucleic acids (DNA).

Homeostasis-

KIDNEY


Removes wastes (urea).Balances blood pH.Water balance.

Deamination


Removal of amino group from protein producing ammonia + CO2 urea

Kidney


Site of blood filtration. Urine production

Renal Artery


Brings blood to the kidney from the aorta

Renal Vein


Brings blood to the heart from the kidney

Ureter


Carries urine from kidney to bladder

Bladder


Storage of urine

Urethra


Carries urine out of body.

RenalCortex


Outer layer where filtration occurs

RenalMedulla


Middle layerWater reabsorption

RenalPelvis


Collects urine. Joins kidney to ureter.

Nephron


Filter blood.Make urine.1,250,000/kidney

Afferent Arteriole


Brings blood to the glomerulus from the renal artery

Efferent Arteriole


Brings blood to the capillary bed from the glomerulus

Glomerulus


Ball of capillaries.Pressure filtration

Bowman’s Capsule


Surrounds glomerulus. Urine enters nephron here. (Filtration)

Proximal Tubule


Connected to Bowman’s capsule. Reabsorption

Loop of Henle


Connects proximal tubule and distal tubule. Descends into medulla.

Distal Tubule


Leads to collecting duct. Site of secretion.

Collecting Duct


Collects urine & carries it to renal pelvis.

Filtration

Front of card Back of card139From glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule. Remains in blood: cells, protein, plateletsFiltrate: water, salt, glucose, amino acids, urea and uric acid.

Reabsorption

Front of card Back of card140From Proximal tubule to blood. Active & passive transport. Substances returned to blood: glucose, amino acids, minerals, salt, water.

Secretion


From blood to distal tubule. Active transport of Nitrogen wastes, H+ ions and drugs.Fluid now called urine.

Urine


Excess sugars, salts, H+ ions, water, urea and uric acid.

ADH


Antidiuretic hormone.Released b/c thirsty/dehydrated.Increases water absorption from distal tubule and collecting duct. Result: less urine, concentrated. Increased blood pressure.

aldosterone


Released b/c: low blood pressureIncreases sodium absorption from loop of Henle; water follows by osmosisResult: less urine, concentrated. Increased blood pressure.

Diabetes Insipidus


Cannot produce ADH Lots of urine.

Kidney Stones


Minerals forming solid crystals. Removed by surgery, ultrasound, or catheter.

hemodialysis


Artificial kidney machine. Used when the kidneys no longer work. Filters blood.

Peritoneal Dialysis

Front of card Back of card148Use the membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity to filter the blood. Dialysate fluid is pumped into the abdomen and later drained.

Cardiac Muscle


HeartStriated, tubular & branchedOne nucleus per cellInvoluntary

Smooth Muscle

Front of card Back of card150Digestive sys, blood vessels, eyeNon-striated, sheetsOne nucleus per cellInvoluntarySustain prolonged contractions

Skeletal Muscle


Attached to bonesstriated, tubularMany nuclei per cellVoluntary

Antagonistic Muscles


Pairs of muscles that work against each other to make a joint move. (Biceps and triceps)

Myofilaments


Responsible for muscle contraction. Two types: Actin and Myosin

Actin


Thin filament binds to myosin

Myosin


Thick filament binds to actin

Myosin head

attachment

Front of card Back of card156Troponin –tropomyosin complex shifts away from the myosin attachment

site if calcium is present

How muscles get

ATP

Front of card Back of card1571. Creatine phosphate2. Aerobic (O2)

respiration3. Anaerobic (No O2)

respiration

Anaerobic respiration


Glucose lactic acid + 2ATPLactic acid causes cramping

Muscular Dystrophy


Skeletal muscles degenerate. Replaced by fat. Hereditary

Botulism


Muscular paralysis caused by bacteria

Cramps


Muscle spasms due to strenuous exercise or build up of lactic acid

Fibromyalgia

Front of card Back of card162Chronic muscular pain. Associated with fatigue or sleep disturbances.

capillary front of card back of card smallest blood vessel, one cell thick, where diffusion occurs....

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