capablanka chess player

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JosRalCapablanca

Fullname JosRalCapablancayGraupera

Country Cuba

Born 19November1888Havana,CaptaincyGeneralofCuba,SpanishEmpire

Died 8March1942(aged53)NewYorkCity,NewYork,UnitedStates

WorldChampion

192127

JosRalCapablancaFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

JosRalCapablancayGraupera(19November18888March1942)wasaCubanchessplayerwhowasworldchesschampionfrom1921to1927.Consideredoneofthegreatestplayersofalltime,hewasrenownedforhisexceptionalendgameskillandspeedofplay.Hewasexceptionallydifficulttobeat,losingonly35firstclassgamesinhisentirecareer.

CapablancabecametheWorldChessChampionin1921bybeatingEmanuelLasker.Helostthetitlein1927toAlexanderAlekhine.

Contents

1Biographyandcareer1.1Childhood1.2Earlyadultcareer1.3Worldtitlecontender1.4DuringWorldWarI1.5WorldChampion1.6Losingthetitle1.7Postchampionshipandpartialretirement1.8Returntocompetitivechess1.9Death

2Assessment2.1Playingstrengthandstyle2.2Influenceonthegame2.3Personality

3Capablancachess4Notablechessgames5Writings6Tournamentresults7Matchresults8Seealso



9Notes10Furtherreading11Externallinks

Biographyandcareer

Childhood

JosRalCapablanca,thesecondsurvivingsonofaSpanisharmyofficer,[1]wasborninHavanaonNovember19,1888.[2]AccordingtoCapablanca,helearnedtherulesofthegameattheageoffourbywatchinghisfatherplay,pointedoutanillegalmovebyhisfather,andthenbeathisfathertwice.AttheageofeighthewastakentoHavanaChessClub,whichhadhostedmanyimportantcontests,butontheadviceofadoctorhewasnotallowedtoplayfrequently.BetweenNovemberandDecember1901,henarrowlybeattheCubanChessChampion,JuanCorzo,inamatch.[2][3][4]However,inApril1902heonlycameinfourthoutofsixintheNationalChampionship,losingbothhisgamesagainstCorzo.[4]In1905CapablancapassedtheentranceexaminationswitheaseforColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkCity,wherehewishedtoplayforColumbia'sstrongbaseballteam,andsoonwasselectedasshortstoponthefreshmanteam.[3]InthesameyearhejoinedtheManhattanChessClub,andwassoonrecognizedastheclub'sstrongestplayer.[2]Hewasparticularlydominantinrapidchess,winningatournamentaheadofthereigningWorldChessChampion,EmanuelLasker,in1906.[2]In1908helefttheuniversitytoconcentrateonchess.[2][3]

AccordingtoColumbiaUniversity,CapablancaenrolledatColumbia'sSchoolofMines,EngineeringandChemistryinSeptember,1910,tostudychemicalengineering.[5]Later,hisfinancialsupportwaswithdrawnbecausehepreferredplayingchesstostudyingengineering.HeleftColumbiaafteronesemestertodevotehimselftochessfulltime.

Earlyadultcareer

Capablanca'sskillinrapidchesslentitselftosimultaneousexhibitions,andhisincreasingreputationintheseeventsledtoaUSAwidetourin1909.[6]Playing602gamesin27cities,hescored96.4%amuchhigherpercentagethanthoseof,forexample,GzaMarczy's88%andFrankMarshall's86%in1906.ThisperformancegainedhimsponsorshipforanexhibitionmatchthatyearagainstMarshall,theUSchampion,[7]whohadwonthe1904CambridgeSpringstournamentaheadofWorldChampionEmanuelLaskerandDawidJanowski,andwhomChessmetricsranksasoneoftheworld'stopthreeplayersathispeak.[8]CapablancabeatMarshallby158(8wins,1loss,14draws)amargincomparabletowhatEmanuelLaskerachievedagainstMarshall(8wins,nolosses,7draws)inwinninghis1907WorldChampionshipmatch.Afterthematch,Capablancasaidthathehadneveropenedabookonchessopenings.[2][9]Followingthismatch,ChessmetricsratesCapablancatheworld'sthirdstrongestplayerformostoftheperiodfrom1909through1912.[10]

Capablancawonsixgamesanddrewoneinthe1910NewYorkStateChampionship.BothCapablancaandCharlesJaffewontheirfourgamesintheknockoutpreliminariesandmetinamatchtodecidethewinner,whowouldbethefirsttowintwogames.ThefirstgamewasdrawnandCapablancawonthesecondand



thirdgame.ItisincorrectlysaidinGolombek'sbookonCapablancathatCapablancawonallsevengames.[11]Afteranothergruellingseriesofsimultaneousexhibitions,[6]Capablancaplacedsecond,with9outof12,inthe1911NationalTournamentatNewYork,halfapointbehindMarshall,andhalfapointaheadofCharlesJaffeandOscarChajes.[11][12]Marshall,invitedtoplayinatournamentatSanSebastin,Spain,in1911,insistedthatCapablancaalsobeallowedtoplay.[13]

AccordingtoDavidHooperandKenWhyld,SanSebastin1911was"oneofthestrongestfivetournamentshelduptothattime",asalltheworld'sleadingplayerscompetedexcepttheWorldChampion,Lasker.[14][15]Atthebeginningofthetournament,OssipBernsteinandAronNimzowitschobjectedtoCapablanca'sparticipationbecausehehadnotfulfilledtheentryconditionofwinningatleastthirdprizeintwomastertournaments.[2]CapablancawonbrilliantlyagainstBernsteinintheveryfirstround,moresimplyagainstNimzowitsch,[6]andastoundedthechessworldbytakingfirstplace,withascoreofsixwins,onelossandsevendraws,aheadofAkibaRubinstein,MilanVidmar,Marshall,CarlSchlechterandSiegbertTarrasch,etal.[2]Hisloss,againstRubinstein,wasoneofthemostbrilliantachievementsofthelatter'scareer.[16]SomeEuropeancriticsgrumbledthatCapablanca'sstylewasrathercautious,thoughheconcededfewerdrawsthananyofthenextsixfinishersintheevent.Capablancawasnowrecognizedasaseriouscontenderfortheworldchampionship.[6]

Worldtitlecontender

In1911,CapablancachallengedEmanuelLaskerfortheWorldChessChampionship.Laskeracceptedhischallengewhileproposing17conditionsforthematch.Capablancaobjectedtosomeoftheconditions,whichfavoredLasker,andthematchdidnottakeplace.[17][18]

In1913,CapablancawonatournamentinNewYorkwith11/13,halfapointaheadofMarshall.[11][19]CapablancathenfinishedsecondtoMarshallinCapablanca'shometown,Havana,scoring10outof14,andlosingoneoftheirindividualgames.[11][20]The600spectatorsnaturallyfavoredtheirnativehero,butsportinglygaveMarshall"thunderousapplause".[20][21]InafurthertournamentinNewYorkin1913,attheRiceChessClub,Capablancawonallthirteengames.[6][11]

InSeptember1913,CapablancaacceptedajobintheCubanForeignOffice,[2]whichmadehimfinanciallysecureforlife.[15]HooperandWhyldwritethat,"Hehadnospecificduties,butwasexpectedtoactasakindofambassadoratlarge,awellknownfigurewhowouldputCubaonthemapwhereverhetravelled."[22]HisfirstinstructionsweretogotoSaintPetersburg,wherehewasduetoplayinamajortournament.[6]Onhisway,hegavesimultaneousexhibitionsinLondon,ParisandBerlin,wherehealsoplayedtwogamematchesagainstRichardTeichmannandJacquesMieses,winningallhisgames.[2][6]InSaintPetersburg,heplayedsimilarmatchesagainstAlexanderAlekhine,EugeneZnoskoBorovskyandFyodorDuzChotimirsky,losingonegametoZnoskoBorovskyandwinningtherest.[2]

TheSt.Petersburg1914chesstournamentwasthefirstinwhichCapablancaplayedLaskerundernormaltournamentconditions.[6]Thiseventwasarrangedinanunusualway:afterapreliminarysingleroundrobintournamentinvolving11players,thetopfiveweretoplayasecondstageindoubleroundrobinformat,withtotalscoresfromthepreliminarytournamentcarriedforwardtothesecondcontest.[6]Capablancaplacedfirstinthepreliminarytournament,1pointsaheadofLasker,whowasoutofpracticeandhad



madeashakystart.DespiteadeterminedeffortbyLasker,Capablancastillseemedoncourseforultimatevictory.However,intheirsecondgameofthefinal,LaskerreducedCapablancatoahelplesspositionandCapablancawassoshakenbythisthatheblunderedawayhisnextgametoSiegbertTarrasch.[6]Laskerthenwonhisfinalgame,againstMarshall,thusfinishinghalfapointaheadofCapablancaand3aheadofAlekhine.[2][23]Alekhinecommented:

Hisreal,incomparablegiftsfirstbegantomakethemselvesknownatthetimeofSt.Petersburg,1914,whenItoocametoknowhimpersonally.NeitherbeforenorafterwardshaveIseenandIcannotimagineaswellsuchaflabbergastingquicknessofchesscomprehensionasthatpossessedbytheCapablancaofthatepoch.EnoughtosaythathegavealltheSt.Petersburgmasterstheoddsof51inquickgamesandwon!Withallthishewasalwaysgoodhumoured,thedarlingoftheladies,andenjoyedwonderfulgoodhealthreallyadazzlingappearance.ThathecamesecondtoLaskermustbeentirelyascribedtohisyouthfullevityhewasalreadyplayingaswellasLasker.[24]

Afterthebreakdownofhisattempttonegotiateatitlematchin1911,Capablancadraftedrulesfortheconductoffuturechallenges,whichwereagreedbytheothertopplayersatthe1914SaintPetersburgtournament,includingLasker,andapprovedattheMannheimCongresslaterthatyear.Themainpointswere:thechampionmustbepreparedtodefendhistitleonceayearthematchshouldbewonbythefirstplayertowinsixoreightgames,whicheverthechampionpreferredandthestakeshouldbeatleast1,000(worthabout26,000or$44,000in2013terms[25]).[18]

DuringWorldWarI

WorldWarIbeganinmidsummer1914,bringinginternationalchesstoavirtualhaltformorethanfouryears.[6]CapablancawontournamentsinNewYorkin1914,1915,1916(withpreliminaryandfinalroundrobinstages)and1918,losingonlyonegameinthissequence.[26]Inthe1918eventMarshall,playingBlackagainstCapablanca,unleashedacomplicatedcounterattack,laterknownastheMarshallAttack,againsttheRuyLopezopening.ItisoftensaidthatMarshallhadkeptthissecretforuseagainstCapablancasincehisdefeatintheir1909match[27]however,EdwardWinterdiscoveredseveralgamesbetween1910and1918whereMarshallpassedupopportunitiestousetheMarshallAttackagainstCapablancaandan1893gamethatusedasimilarline.[28]ThisgambitissocomplexthatGarryKasparovusedtoavoidit,[29]andMarshallhadtheadvantageofusingapreparedvariation.Nevertheless,Capablancafoundawaythroughthecomplicationsandwon.[15]Capablancawaschallengedtoamatchin1919byBorislavKosti,whohadcomethroughthe1918tournamentundefeatedtotakesecondplace.Thematchwastogotothefirstplayertowineightgames,butKostiresignedthematchafterlosingthefirstfivegames.[2][30]

Capablancaconsideredthathewasathisstrongestaroundthistime.[6][31]

WorldChampion

TheHastingsVictorytournamentof1919wasthefirstinternationalcompetitiononAlliedsoilsince1914.Thefieldwasnotstrong,[6]andCapablancawonwith10pointsoutof11,onepointaheadofKosti.[26]



ThescoresheetofCapablanca'sdefeatbyRichardRtiintheNewYork1924chesstournament,hisfirstlossineightyears

InJanuary1920,EmanuelLaskerandCapablancasignedanagreementtoplayaWorldChampionshipmatchin1921,notingthatCapablancawasnotfreetoplayin1920.Becauseofthedelay,Laskerinsistedthatifheresignedthetitle,thenCapablancashouldbecomeWorldChampion.LaskerhadpreviouslyincludedinhisagreementbeforeWorldWarItoplayAkibaRubinsteinforthetitleasimilarclausethatifheresignedthetitle,itshouldbecomeRubinstein's.[32]LaskerthenresignedthetitletoCapablancaonJune27,1920,saying,"Youhaveearnedthetitlenotbytheformalityofachallenge,butbyyourbrilliantmastery."WhenCubanenthusiastsraised$20,000tofundthematchprovideditwasplayedinHavana,LaskeragreedinAugust1920toplaythere,butinsistedthathewasthechallengerasCapablancawasnowthechampion.Capablancasignedanagreementthatacceptedthispoint,andsoonafterwardspublishedaletterconfirmingit.[32]

ThematchwasplayedinMarchApril1921Laskerresigneditafterfourteengames,havinglostfourgamesandwonnone.[32]ReubenFineandHarryGolombekattributedtheonesidedresulttoLasker'sbeinginmysteriouslypoorform.[26][33]FredReinfeldmentionedspeculationsthatHavana'shumidclimateweakenedLaskerandthathewasdepressedabouttheoutcomeofWorldWarI,especiallyashehadlosthislifesavings.[6]Ontheotherhand,VladimirKramnikthoughtthatLaskerplayedquitewellandthematchwasan"evenandfascinatingfight"untilLaskerblunderedinthelastgame.KramnikexplainedthatCapablancawastwentyyearsyounger,aslightlystrongerplayer,andhadmorerecentcompetitivepractice.[34]

EdwardWinter,afteralengthysummaryofthefacts,concludesthat,"ThepresswasdismissiveofLasker'swishtoconferthetitleonCapablanca,evenquestioningthelegalityofsuchaninitiative,andin1921itregardedtheCubanashavingbecomeworldchampionbydintofdefeatingLaskerovertheboard."[32]

ReferenceworksinvariablygiveCapablanca'sreignastitleholderasbeginningin1921,not1920.[35][36][37]ThetwochallengersbesideCapablancatowinthetitlewithoutlosingagameareKramnik,intheClassicalWorldChessChampionship2000againstGarryKasparov,[38]andMagnusCarlsenintheWorldChessChampionship2013againstViswanathanAnand.

CapablancawontheLondontournamentof1922with13pointsfrom15gameswithnolosses,aheadofAlexanderAlekhineon11,MilanVidmar(11),andAkibaRubinstein(10).[39]Duringthisevent,Capablancaproposedthe"LondonRules"toregulatefutureWorldChampionshipnegotiations:thefirstplayertowinsixgameswouldwinthematchplayingsessionswouldbelimitedto5hoursthetimelimitwouldbe40movesin2hoursthechampionmustdefendhistitlewithinoneyearofreceivingachallengefromarecognizedmasterthechampionwoulddecidethedateofthematchthechampionwasnotobligedtoacceptachallengeforapurseoflessthanUS$10,000(worthabout$260,000in2006terms[40])20%ofthepursewastobepaidtothetitleholderandtheremainderdivided,60%goingtothewinnerofthematch,and40%totheloserthehighestpursebidmustbeaccepted.[41]Alekhine,EfimBogoljubow,GzaMarczy,RichardRti,Rubinstein,TartakowerandVidmarpromptlysignedthem.[42]Between1921and1923Alekhine,RubinsteinandNimzowitschallchallengedCapablanca,butonlyAlekhinecouldraisethemoney,in1927.[43]



Alekhinevs.Capablanca

In1922,CapablancaalsogaveasimultaneousexhibitioninClevelandagainst103opponents,thelargestinhistoryuptothattime,winning102anddrawingonesettingarecordforthebestwinningpercentageeverinalargesimultaneousexhibition.[44]

Afterbeginningwithfourdraws,followedbyaloss,[6]CapablancaplacedsecondattheNewYork1924chesstournamentwiththescoreof14/20(+101=9),1pointsbehindEmanuelLasker,and2aheadofthirdplacedAlekhine.[39]Capablanca'sdefeatatthehandsofRichardRtiinthefifthroundwashisfirstinseriouscompetitionineightyears.[11][45]HemadeanotherbadstartattheMoscow1925chesstournament,[6]andcouldonlyfightbacktothirdplace,twopointsbehindBogoljubowandpointbehindEmanuelLasker.CapablancawonatLakeHopatcong,1926with6pointsoutof8,aheadofAbrahamKupchik(5)andMaroczy(4).[46]

AgroupofArgentinianbusinessmen,backedbyaguaranteefromthepresidentofArgentina,promisedthefundsforaWorldChampionshipmatchbetweenCapablancaandAlekhinein1927.[47]SinceNimzowitschhadchallengedbeforeAlekhine,CapablancagaveNimzowitschuntilJanuary1,1927todepositaforfeitinordertoarrangeamatch.[48]Whenthisdidnotmaterialize,aCapablancaAlekhinematchwasagreed,tobegininSeptember1927.[49]

IntheNewYork1927chesstournament,playedfromFebruary19toMarch23,1927,[50][51]sixoftheworld'sstrongestmastersplayedaquadrupleroundrobin,withtheothersbeingAlekhine,RudolfSpielmann,MilanVidmar,NimzowitschandMarshall,[46]withBogoljubowandEmanuelLaskernotpresent.[15]Beforethetournament,Capablancawrotethathehad"moreexperiencebutlesspower"thanin1911,thathehadpeakedin1919andthatsomeofhiscompetitorshadbecomestrongerinthemeantime[6]however,hefinishedundefeated,winningtheminimatcheswitheachofhisrivals,2pointsaheadofsecondplaceAlekhine,andwonthe"bestgame"prizeforawinoverSpielmann.[46]

InDecember1921,shortlyafterbecomingWorldChampion,CapablancamarriedGloriaSimoniBetancourt.Theyhadason,JosRalJr.,in1923andadaughter,Gloria,in1925.[52]AccordingtoCapablanca'ssecondwife,Olga,hisfirstmarriagebrokedownfairlysoon,andheandGloriahadaffairs.[53]

Bothhisparentsdiedduringhisreign,hisfatherin1923andmotherin1926.[52]

Losingthetitle

SinceCapablancahadwontheNewYork1927chesstournamentoverwhelminglyandhadneverlostagametoAlekhine,theCubanwasregardedbymostpunditsastheclearfavoriteintheirWorldChessChampionship1927match.[6]However,Alekhinewonthematch,playedfromSeptembertoNovember1927atBuenosAires,by6wins,3losses,and25draws[48]thelongestformalWorldChampionshipmatchuntilthecontestin198485betweenAnatolyKarpovandGarryKasparov.[54]Alekhine'svictorysurprisedalmosttheentirechessworld.[48]AfterCapablanca'sdeath,Alekhineexpressedsurpriseathisownvictory,sincein1927hehadnotthoughthewassuperiortoCapablanca,andhesuggestedthatCapablancahadbeenoverconfident.[24]Capablancaenteredthematchwithnotechnical



GivingasimultaneousdisplayonthirtyboardsinBerlin,June1929

orphysicalpreparation,[2][6]whileAlekhinegothimselfintogoodphysicalcondition,[55]andhadthoroughlystudiedCapablanca'splay.[56]AccordingtoKasparov,Alekhine'sresearchuncoveredmanysmallinaccuracies,whichoccurredbecauseCapablancawasunwillingtoconcentrateintensely.[57]

VladimirKramnikcommentedthatthiswasthefirstcontestinwhichCapablancahadnoeasywins.[34]LudkPachmansuggestedthatCapablanca,whowasunaccustomedtolosinggamesortoanyothertypeofsetback,becamedepressedoverhisunnecessarylossoftheeleventhgame,along,gruellingendgame,featuringerrorsbybothplayers.[58][59]

Immediatelyafterwinningthematch,AlekhineannouncedthathewaswillingtogiveCapablancaareturnmatch,onthesametermsthatCapablancahadrequiredaschampionthechallengermustprovideastakeofUS$10,000,ofwhichmorethanhalfwouldgotothedefendingchampionevenifhewasdefeated.[60]AlekhinehadchallengedCapablancaintheearly1920sbutAlekhinecouldnotraisethemoneyuntil1927.[43]AfterCapablanca'sdeath,AlekhinewrotethatCapablanca'sdemandfora$10,000stakewasanattempttoavoidchallenges.[24]Negotiationsdraggedonforseveralyears,oftenbreakingdownwhenagreementseemedinsight.Theirrelationshipbecamebitter,andAlekhinedemandedmuchhigherappearancefeesfortournamentsinwhichCapablancaalsoplayed.[55][61]

Postchampionshipandpartialretirement

AfterlosingtheWorldChampionshipinlate1927,Capablancaplayedmoreoftenintournaments,hopingtostrengthenhisclaimforarematch.[62]From1928through1931,hewonsixfirstprizes,alsofinishingsecondtwiceandonejointsecond.[11]HiscompetitorsincludedrisingstarssuchasMaxEuweandIsaacKashdan,[63][64]aswellasplayerswhohadbeenestablishedinthe1920s,butCapablancaandAlekhineneverplayedinthesametournamentduringthisperiod,andwouldnextmeetonlyattheNottingham,1936tournament,afterAlekhinehadlosttheworldtitletoEuwetheprecedingyear.[62][65][66]Inlate1931,Capablancaalsowonamatch(+20=8)againstEuwe,[11][66]whomChessmetricsrankssixthintheworldatthetime.[67]

Despitetheseexcellentresults,Capablanca'splayshowedsignsofdecline:hisplayslowedfromthespeedofhisyouth,withoccasionaltimetrouble[15]althoughhecontinuedtoproducemanysuperbgames,healsomadesomegrossblunders.[6][15][66]ChessmetricsnonethelessranksCapablancaasthesecondstrongestplayerintheworld(afterAlekhine)fromhislossofthetitlethroughtoautumn1932,exceptforabriefappearanceinthetopplace.[10]

AfterwinninganeventatNewYorkin1931,hewithdrewfromseriouschess,[11]perhapsdisheartenedbyhisinabilitytosecureareturnmatchagainstAlekhine,[66]andplayedonlylessseriousgamesattheManhattanChessClubandsimultaneousdisplays.[68]On6December1933,Capablancawonall9ofhisgamesinoneoftheclub'sweeklyrapidchesstournaments,finishing2pointsaheadofSamuelReshevsky,ReubenFineandMiltonHanauer.[68]



Itisfromthisperiodthattheonlysurvivingvoicedfilmfootagesurvives.HeiswithMaxEuweandDutchradiosportsjournalistHanHollander.HollanderasksCapablancaforhisviewsontheupcomingworldChampionshipmatchbetweenEuweandAlekhineinOctoberofthatyear(1935).Capablancareplies:"Dr.Alekhine'sgameis20%bluff.Dr.Euwe'sgameisclearandstraightforward.Dr.Euwe'sgamenotsostrongasAlekhine'sinsomerespectsismoreevenlybalanced."ThenEuwegiveshisassessmentinDutch,explainingthathisfeelingsalternatedfromoptimismtopessimism,butintheprevioustenyears,theirscorehadbeenevenlymatchedat77.[69]

Returntocompetitivechess

AtfirstCapablancadidnotdivorcehisfirstwife,ashehadnotintendedtoremarry.Olga,Capablanca'ssecondwife,wrotethatshemethiminthelatespringof1934bylateOctoberthepairweredeeplyinlove,andCapablancarecoveredhisambitiontoprovehewastheworld'sbestplayer.[53]In1938hedivorcedhisfirstwifeandthenmarriedOlgaonOctober20,1938,[53]aboutamonthbeforetheAVROtournament.[70]

StartinghiscomebackattheHastingstournamentof193435,Capablancafinishedfourth,althoughcomingaheadofMikhailBotvinnikandAndorLilienthal.[71]HeplacedsecondbypointintheMargatetournamentsof1935and1936.AtMoscow1935Capablancafinishedfourth,1pointbehindthejointwinners,[71]whileEmanuelLasker'sthirdplaceattheageof66washailedas"abiologicalmiracle."[72]Thefollowingyear,CapablancawonanevenstrongertournamentinMoscow,onepointaheadofBotvinnikand3aheadofSaloFlohr,whotookthirdplace[71]Amonthlater,hesharedfirstplacewithBotvinnikatNottingham,withascoreof(+51=8),losingonlytoFlohr.ThelosstoFlohrwasbecauseofbeingdisturbedwhileintimetroublebythebystanderMaxEuwe.[73]Alekhineplacedsixth,onlyonepointbehindthejointwinners.[71]Thesetournamentsof1936werethelasttwothatLaskerplayed,[74]andtheonlyonesinwhichCapablancafinishedaheadofLasker,now67.[75]DuringthesetriumphsCapablancabegantosuffersymptomsofhighbloodpressure.[31]HetiedforsecondplaceatSemmeringin1937,thencouldonlyfinishseventhoftheeightplayersatthe1938AVROtournament,[76]anlitecontestdesignedtoselectachallengerforAlekhine'sworldtitle.[77][78]Capablanca'shighbloodpressurewasnotcorrectlydiagnosedandtreateduntilaftertheAVROtournament,andcausedhimtolosehistrainofthoughttowardstheendofplayingsessions.[31]In1940,Capablancawasfoundtohaveextremelydangeroushypertensionof210systolic/180diastolic(hypertensivecrisisis180/120orabove,andevenaftertreatmentCapablancahad180/130).[79]

AfterwinningatParisin1938andplacingsecondinaslightlystrongertournamentatMargatein1939,CapablancaplayedforCubainthe8thChessOlympiad,heldinBuenosAires,andwonthegoldmedalforthebestperformanceonthetopboard.[80]WhileCapablancaandAlekhinewerebothrepresentingtheircountriesinBuenosAires,CapablancamadeafinalattempttoarrangeaWorldChampionshipmatch.Alekhinedeclined,sayinghewasobligedtobeavailabletodefendhisadoptedhomeland,France,asWorldWarIIhadjustbrokenout.[81]CapablancaannouncedinadvancethathewouldnotplayAlekhineiftheirteamsmet.[82]

Death



Capablanca'sgraveatColnCemetery

On7March1942,CapablancawasobservingaskittlesgameandchattingwithfriendsattheManhattanChessClubinNewYorkCity,whenheaskedforhelpremovinghiscoat,andcollapsedshortlyafterward.HewastakentoMountSinaiHospital,wherehediedat6a.m.thenextmorning.Thecauseofdeathwasgivenas"acerebralhemorrhageprovokedbyhypertension".Notlongbeforehisdeath,hisfamilialhypertensionhadshotuptotheultrahazardous200240/160+.Hisdoctorstronglyadvisedhimthathislifewasendangeredunlesshetotallyrelaxed,butCapablancasaidthathecouldn'tbecausehisexwifeandchildrenhadstartedcourtproceedingsagainsthim.ThedoctorblamedCapa'sdeathon"histroublesandaggravation."[83]Capablanca'sgreatrivalEmanuelLaskerhaddiedinthesamehospitalonlyayearearlier.[84]CapablancawasgivenapublicfuneralinHavana'sColnCemeteryonMarch15,1942.[83]

HisoldrivalAlekhinewroteinatributetoCapablanca:

Capablancawassnatchedfromthechessworldmuchtoosoon.Withhisdeath,wehavelosta

verygreatchessgeniuswhoselikeweshallneverseeagain.[24]

EmanuelLaskeroncesaid:"Ihaveknownmanychessplayers,butonlyonechessgenius:Capablanca."

AnannualCapablancaMemorialtournamenthasbeenheldinCuba,mostofteninHavana,since1962.[85]

Assessment

Playingstrengthandstyle

Asanadult,Capablancalostonly34seriousgames.[84]HewasundefeatedfromFebruary10,1916,whenhelosttoOscarChajesintheNewYork1916tournament,toMarch21,1924,whenhelosttoRichardRtiintheNewYorkInternationaltournament.Duringthisstreak,whichincludedhis1921WorldChampionshipmatchagainstLasker,Capablancaplayed63games,winning40anddrawing23.[45][86]Infact,onlyMarshall,Lasker,AlekhineandRudolfSpielmannwontwoormoreseriousgamesfromthematureCapablanca,thoughineachcase,theiroveralllifetimescoreswereminus(CapablancabeatMarshall+202=28,Lasker+62=16,Alekhine+97=33),exceptforSpielmannwhowaslevel(+22=8).Oftopplayers,onlyKereshadanarrowplusscoreagainsthim(+10=5).[87]Keres'winwasattheAVRO1938chesstournament,duringwhichtournamentCapablancaturned50,whileKereswas22.[88]

StatisticalrankingsystemsplaceCapablancahighamongthegreatestplayersofalltime.NathanDivinskyandRaymondKeene'sbookWarriorsoftheMind(1989)rankshimfifth,behindGarryKasparov,AnatolyKarpov,BobbyFischerandMikhailBotvinnikandimmediatelyaheadofEmanuelLasker.[89]Inhis1978bookTheRatingofChessplayers,PastandPresent,ArpadElogaveretrospectiveratingstoplayersbasedontheirperformanceoverthebestfiveyearspanoftheircareer.HeconcludedthatCapablancawasthestrongestofthosesurveyed,withLaskerandBotvinniksharingsecondplace.[90]Chessmetrics(2005)israthersensitivetothelengthoftheperiodsbeingcompared,andranksCapablancabetweenthirdandfourthstrongestofalltimeforpeakperiodsranginginlengthfromonetofifteenyears.[91]Itsauthor,the



statisticianJeffSonas,concludedthatCapablancahadmoreyearsinthetopthreethananyoneexceptLasker,AnatolyKarpovandGarryKasparovalthoughAlexanderAlekhinehadmoreyearsinthetoptwopositions.[92]A2006studyclaimedtoshowthatCapablancawasthemostaccurateofalltheWorldChampionswhencomparedwithcomputeranalysisofWorldChampionshipmatchgames.[93][94]However,thisanalysiswascriticizedforusingasecondrankchessprogram,Crafty,modifiedtolimititscalculationstosixmovesbyeachside,andforfavoringplayerswhosestylematchedthatoftheprogram.[95]Anew2011computeranalysisbyBratkoandGuidusingRybka2andRybka3hasrevealedsimilarresultstothoseachievedinthe2006Craftyanalysis.[96]

BorisSpassky,WorldChampionfrom1969to1972,consideredCapablancathebestplayerofalltime.[97]BobbyFischer,whoheldthetitlefrom1972to1975,admiredCapablanca's"lighttouch"andabilitytoseetherightmoveveryquickly.Fischerreportedthatinthe1950s,oldermembersoftheManhattanChessClubspokeofCapablanca'sperformanceswithawe.[98]

Capablancaexcelledinsimplepositionsandendgames,andhispositionaljudgmentwasoutstanding,somuchsothatmostattemptstoattackhimcametogriefwithoutanyapparentdefensiveeffortsonhispart.However,hecouldplaygreattacticalchesswhennecessarymostfamouslyinthe1918ManhattanChessClubChampionshiptournament(inNewYork)whereMarshallsprangadeeplyanalyzedpreparedvariationonhim,whichherefutedwhileplayingunderthenormaltimelimit(althoughwayshavesincebeenfoundtostrengthentheMarshallAttack).[15][99]Hewasalsocapableofusingaggressivetacticalplaytodrivehomeapositionaladvantage,providedheconsidereditsafeandthemostefficientwaytowin,forexampleagainstSpielmanninthe1927NewYorktournament.[100][101]

Influenceonthegame

Capablancafoundednoschoolperse,buthisstylewasveryinfluentialinthegamesoftwoworldchampions:FischerandAnatolyKarpov.BotvinnikalsowrotehowmuchhelearnedfromCapablanca,andpointedoutthatAlekhinehadreceivedmuchschoolingfromhiminpositionalplay,beforetheirfightfortheworldtitlemadethembitterenemies.

Asachesswriter,Capablancadidnotpresentlargeamountsofdetailedanalysis,insteadfocusingonthecriticalmomentsinagame.Hiswritingstylewasplainandeasytounderstand.[102]BotvinnikregardedCapablanca'sbookChessFundamentalsasthebestchessbookeverwritten.[102]CapablancainalectureandinhisbookAPrimerofChesspointedoutthatwhilethebishopwasusuallystrongerthantheknight,queenandknightwasusuallybetterthanqueenandbishop,especiallyinendingsthebishopmerelymimicsthequeen'sdiagonalmove,whiletheknightcanimmediatelyreachsquaresthequeencannot.[103][104]ResearchisdividedoverCapablanca'sconclusion:in2007,GlennFlearfoundlittledifference,[105]whilein1999,LarryKaufman,analysingalargedatabaseofgames,concludedthatresultsveryslightlyfavoredqueenplusknight.[106]JohnWatsonwrotein1998thatanunusuallylargeproportionofqueenandknightversusqueenandbishopendingsaredrawn,andthatmostdecisivegamesarecharacterizedbythewinningsidehavingoneormoreobviousadvantagesinthatspecificgame.[107]

Personality



a b c d e f g h i j

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

a b c d e f g h i j

Capablancachess.Archbishop(bishop+knightcompound)isplacedbetweenknightandbishoponthequeen'sside,chancellor(rook+knightcompound)ontheking'sside.[109]

Earlyinhischesscareer,Capablancahadreceivedsomecriticism,mainlyinBritain,fortheallegedlyconceiteddescriptionofhisaccomplishmentsinhisfirstbook,MyChessCareer.HethereforetooktheunprecedentedstepofincludingvirtuallyallofhistournamentandmatchdefeatsuptothattimeinChessFundamentals,togetherwithaninstructivegroupofhisvictories.Neverthelesshisprefacetothe1934editionofChessFundamentalsisconfidentthatthe"readermaythereforegooverthecontentsofthebookwiththeassurancethatthereisiniteverythingheneeds."[102]HoweverJuliusduMontwrotethatheknewCapablancawellandcouldvouchthathewasnotconceited.InduMont'sopinioncriticsshouldunderstandthedifferencebetweenthemerelygiftedandthetoweringgeniusofCapablanca,andthecontrastbetweentheBritishtendencytowardsmodestyandtheLatinandAmericantendencytosay"Iplayedthisgameaswellasitcouldbeplayed"ifhehonestlythoughtthatitwascorrect.[2]Capablancahimselfsaid,inhisauthor'snoteprefacingMyChessCareer:"ConceitIconsiderafoolishthing,butmorefoolishstillisthefalsemodestythatvainlyattemptstoconcealwhichallfactstendtoprove."Fischeralsoadmiredthisfrankness.[98]DuMontalsosaidthatCapablancawasrathersensitivetocriticism,[2]andchesshistorianEdwardWinterdocumentedanumberofexamplesofselfcriticisminMyChessCareer.[102]

DespitehisachievementsCapablancaappearedmoreinterestedinbaseballthaninchess,whichhedescribedas"notadifficultgametolearnanditisanenjoyablegametoplay."[108]Hissecondwife,Olga,thoughtheresentedthewayinwhichchesshaddominatedhislife,andwishedhecouldhavestudiedmusicormedicine.[53]

Capablancachess

Inaninterviewin1925Capablancadeniedreportsthathethoughtchesshadalreadycurrentlyreacheditslimitbecauseitwaseasyfortopplayerstoobtainadraw.Howeverhewasconcernedthattheacceleratingdevelopmentofchesstechniqueandopeningknowledgemightcausesuchstagnationin50years'time.Hencehesuggestedtheadoptionofa10x8boardwith2extrapiecesperside:

achancellorthatmovesasbotharookanda

knightanarchbishopthatmovesasbothabishop

andaknight.Thispiecewouldbeabletodelivercheckmateonitsown,whichnoneoftheconventionalpiecescandohowever,checkmatecannotbeforcedwithoutthehelpofitsownking.

Hethoughtthiswouldpreventtechnicalknowledgefrombecomingsuchadominantfactor,atleastforafewcenturies.[110]



CapablancaandEdwardLaskerexperimentedwith10x10and10x8boards,usingthesameexpandedsetofpieces.Theypreferredthe8rankversionasitencouragedcombattostartearlier,andtheirgamestypicallylasted20to25moves.[109]Contrarytotheclaimsofsomecritics,Capablancaproposedthisvariantwhilehewasworldchampion,notassourgrapesafterlosinghistitle.[111]

Similar10x8variantshadpreviouslybeendescribedin1617byPietroCarreraandin1874byHenryBird,differingonlyinhowthenewpieceswereplacedineachside'sbackrow.SubsequentvariantsinspiredbyCapablanca'sexperimentationhavebeenproposed,includingGrandchess(whichusesa10x10boardandhaspawnsonthethirdrank),GothicChess,andEmbassyChess(theGrandchesssetupona10x8board).

Notablechessgames

JoseRaulCapablancavsLMolina,BuenosAires1911,Queen'sGambitDeclined:Modern.KnightDefense(D52),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1361800)ThisgamefeaturesGreco'ssacrifice.JoseRaulCapablancavsFrankJamesMarshall,chManhattanCC,NewYork1918,SpanishGame:MarshallAttack.OriginalMarshallAttack(C89),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1095025)OneofthemostfamousgamesofCapablanca.ThatMarshallunveiledthisattackafter

havingkeptitsecretforyearsisamyth.[112]Capablancadefendsagainstanextremelyaggressiveattack.JoseRaulCapablancavsProfessorMarcFonaroff,NewYork1918,SpanishGame:BerlinDefense.HedgehogVariation(C62),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1265585)Capablancawinsquicklywithsomepreciseplay.EmanuelLaskervsJoseRaulCapablanca,LaskerCapablancaWorldChampionshipMatch,Havana1921.Queen'sGambitDeclined:OrthodoxDefense.RubinsteinVariation(D61),01(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1241504)JoseRaulCapablancavsSaviellyTartakower,NewYork1924,DutchDefense,HorwitzVariation:General(A80),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1102104)Thisgameconcludeswithoneofthemostreveredendgamesinchesshistory.JoseRaulCapablancavsRudolfSpielmann,NewYork1927,Queen'sGambitDeclined:BarmenVariation(D37),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1007840)AtacticalgamethatearnedtheBrilliancyPrizeforCapablanca.JoseRaulCapablancavsAndorLilienthal,Moscow1936,RetiOpening:AngloSlav.BogoljubowVariation(A12),10(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1090864)Pawnplayutilizingspaceagainstmaterialadvantage.IliaAbramovichKanvsJoseRaulCapablanca,Moscow1936,ViennaGame:AnderssenDefense(C25),01(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1228690)ThisgamecontainsoneofCapablanca'smostfamousendgames.



Datemissing:priorto1929,Capablancav.historian/educator/businessmanHenryE.Chambersin

NewOrleans,Louisiana.Eachwonamatch.[113]

Writings

Havana1913,byJosRalCapablanca.Thisistheonlytournamentbookhewrote.ItwasoriginallypublishedinSpanishin1913inHavana.EdwardWintertranslateditintoEnglish,anditappearedasaBritishChessMagazinereprint,Quarterly#18,in1976.APrimerofChessbyJosRalCapablanca(prefacebyBenjaminAnderson).OriginallypublishedbyHarcourt,BraceandCompanyin1935.Republishedin2002byHarvestBooks,ISBN0156028077.ChessFundamentalsbyJosRalCapablanca(Originallypublishedin1921.RepublishedbyEverymanChess,1994,ISBN1857440730,ISBN4871878414.RevisedandupdatedbyNickdeFirmianin2006,ISBN0812936817.)availableatGutenberg.orginmultipleformats(http://www.gutenberg.org/author/capablanca)Workinprogresstranscription(http://www.openchessbooks.org/capablancacf/chapter1/some_simple_mates.html)withanimateddiagrams.FundamentosdelAjedrezbyJosRalCapablanca,ISBN4871878422MyChessCareerbyJosRalCapablanca(OriginallypublishedbyG.BellandSons,Ltd.ofLondon,andTheMacmillanCompanyinNewYorkin1920.RepublishedbyDoverin1966.RepublishedbyHardingeSimpoleLimited,2003,ISBN1843820919.)TheWorld'sChampionshipChessMatchbetweenJosRaulCapablancaandDr.EmanuelLasker,withanintroduction,thescoresofallthegamesannotatedbythechampion,togetherwithstatisticalmatterandthebiographiesofthetwomasters,1921byJosRaulCapablanca.(Republishedin1977byDover,togetherwithabookonthe1927matchwithannotationsbyFrederickYatesandWilliamWinter,asWorld'sChampionshipMatches,1921and1927byJosRalCapablanca.ISBN0486231895.)LastLecturesbyJosRalCapablanca(SimonandSchuster,January1966,ASINB0007DZW6W)

Tournamentresults

ThefollowingtablegivesCapablanca'splacingsandscoresintournaments.[11][26][39][46][62][65][66][71][76][114]Thefirst"Score"columngivesthenumberofpointsoutofthetotalpossible.Inthesecond"Score"column,"+"indicatesthenumberofwongames,""thenumberoflosses,and"="thenumberofdraws.

Date Location Place Score NotesCapablancawonsixgamesanddrewoneinthe1910NewYorkStateChampionship.Both



1910 NewYorkState 1st 6/7 +60=1CapablancaandCharlesJaffewontheirfourgamesintheknockoutpreliminariesandmetinamatchtodecidethewinner,whowouldbethefirsttowintwogames.ThefirstgamewasdrawnandCapablancawonthesecondandthirdgame.

1911

NewYork 2nd 9/12 +81=3 Marshallwas1staheadofCapablanca.

SanSebastin(Spain) 1st 9/14 +61=7

AheadofAkibaRubinsteinandMilanVidmar(9),FrankJamesMarshall(8)[114]and11otherworldclassplayers.[14]HisonlylosswastoRubinstein,andhiswinagainstOssipBernsteinwasawardedthebrilliancyprize.[114]

1913

NewYork 1st 11/13 +101=2 AheadofMarshall(10),CharlesJaffe(9)andDawidJanowski(9)[114]

Havana 2nd 10/14 +82=4 BehindMarshall(10)aheadofJanowski(9)andfiveothers.[114]

NewYork 1st 13/13 +130=0 AheadofOldichDuras

1914 St.Petersburg 2nd 13/18 +102=6

BehindEmanuelLasker(13)aheadofAlexanderAlekhine(10),SiegbertTarrasch(8)andMarshall(8).Thistournamenthadanunusualstructure:therewasapreliminarytournamentinwhichelevenplayersplayedeachotherplayeroncethetopfiveplayersthenplayedaseparatefinaltournamentinwhicheachplayerwhomadethe"cut"playedtheotherfinaliststwicebuttheirscoresfromthepreliminarytournamentwerecarriedforward.Eventhepreliminarytournamentwouldnowbeconsidereda"supertournament".Capablanca"won"thepreliminarytournamentby1pointswithoutlosingagame,butLaskerachievedaplusscoreagainstallhisopponentsinthefinaltournamentandfinishedwithacombinedscorepointaheadofCapablanca's.[114]

1915 NewYork 1st 13/14 +120=2 AheadofMarshall(12)andsixothers.[26]

1916 NewYork 1st 14/17 +121=4AheadofJanowski(11)and11others.ThestructurewassimilartothatofSt.Petersburg1914.[26]

1918 NewYork 1st 10/12 +90=3 AheadofBorisKosti(9),Marshall(7),andfourothers

1919 Hastings 1st 10/11 +100=1 AheadofKosti(9),SirGeorgeThomas(7),FrederickYates(7)andeightothers[26]

1922 London 1st 13/15 +110=4AheadofAlekhine(11),Vidmar(11),Rubinstein(10),EfimBogoljubow(9),and11otherplayers,mostlyverystrong[39]

BehindLasker(16)aheadofAlekhine(12),



1924 NewYork 2nd 14/20 +101=9 Marshall(11),RichardRti(10)andsixothers,mostlyverystrong[39]

1925 Moscow 3rd 13/20 +92=9BehindBogojubow(15)andLasker(14)aheadofMarshall(12)andamixtureofstronginternationalplayersandrisingSovietplayers[46]

1926LakeHopatcong 1st 6/8 +40=4

AheadofAbrahamKupchik(5),GzaMarczy(4),Marshall(3)andEdwardLasker(1)[46]

1927 NewYork 1st 14/20 +80=12AheadofAlekhine(11),AronNimzowitsch(10),Vidmar(10),RudolfSpielmann(8)andMarshall(6).[46]

1928

BadKissingen 2nd 7/11 +41=6

BehindBogojubow(8)aheadofMaxEuwe(6),Rubinstein(6),Nimzowitsch(6)andsevenotherstrongmasters[62]

Budapest 1st 7/9 +50=4 AheadofMarshall(6),HansKmoch(5),Spielmann(5)andsixothers[62]

Berlin 1st 8/12 +50=7 AheadofNimzowitsch(7),Spielmann(6)andfourotherverystrongplayers[62]

1929

Ramsgate 1st 5/7 +40=3 AheadofVeraMenchik(5),Rubinstein(5),andfourothers[65]

Carlsbad 2nd= 14/21 +102=9BehindNimzowitsch(15)tiedwithSpielmannaheadofRubinstein(13)and18others,mostlyverystrong[65]

Budapest 1st 10/13 +80=5 AheadofRubinstein(9),SaviellyTartakower(8)and11others[65]

Barcelona 1st 13/14 +130=1 AheadofTartakower(11)and13others[65]

192930 Hastings 1st 6/9 +40=5

[115]

193031 Hastings 2nd 6/9 +51=3 BehindEuwe(7)aheadofeightothers

[66]

1931 NewYork 1st 10/11 +90=2 AheadofIsaacKashdan(8)and10others[66]

193435 Hastings 4th 5/9 +42=3

BehindThomas,(6),Euwe(6)andSaloFlohr(6)aheadMikhailBotvinnik(5),AndorLilienthal(5)andfourothers[71]

1935Moscow 4th 12/19 +72=10

BehindBotvinnik(13),Flohr(13)andLasker(12)aheadofSpielmann(11)and15others,mainlySovietplayers[71]

Margate 2nd 7/9 +61=2 BehindSamuelReshevsky(7)aheadofeightothers.[71]

Margate 2nd 7/9 +50=4 BehindFlohr(7)aheadofGideonSthlbergandeightothers.[71]



1936Moscow 1st 13/18 +80=10

AheadofBotvinnik(12),Flohr(9),Lilienthal(9),ViacheslavRagozin(8),Lasker(8)andfourothers[71]

Nottingham 1st= 10/14 +71=6

TiedwithBotvinnikaheadofEuwe(9),ReubenFine(9),Reshevsky(9),Alekhine(9),Flohr(8),Lasker(8)andsevenotherstrongopponents[71]

1937 Semmering 3rd= 7/14 +21=11BehindPaulKeres(9),Fine(8)tiedwithReshevskyaheadofFlohr(7),ErichEliskases(6),Ragozin(6)andVladimirsPetrovs(5)[76]

1938

Paris 1st= 8/10 +60=4 AheadofNicolasRossolimo(7)andfourothers[76]

AVROtournament,attencitiesintheNetherlands

7th 6/14 +24=8BehindKeres(8),Fine(8),Botvinnik(7),Alekhine(7),Euwe(7)andReshevsky(7)aheadofFlohr(4)[76]

1939 Margate 2nd= 6/9 +40=5 BehindKeres(7)tiedwithFlohraheadofsevenothers[76]

Atthe1939ChessOlympiadinBuenosAires,Capablancatookthemedalforbestperformanceonacountry'sfirstboard.[76]

Matchresults

HereareCapablanca'sresultsinmatches.[11]Thefirst"Score"columngivesthenumberofpointsonthetotalpossible.Inthesecond"Score"column,"+"indicatesthenumberofwongames,""thenumberoflosses,and"="thenumberofdraws.



Date Opponent Result Location Score Notes

1901 JuanCorzo Won Havana 76 +43=6 CorzowasthereigningchampionofCuba.

1909 FrankJamesMarshall Won NewYork 158+81=14

1912 CharlesJaffe Won NewYork 2 +20=1

1912 OscarChajes Won NewYork 10 +10=0

1913 RichardTeichmann Won Berlin 20 +20=0

1913 JacquesMieses Won Berlin 20 +20=0

1913EugeneZnoskoBorovsky

Drawn St.Petersburg 11 +11=0ThethreematchesagainstRussianmasterswereplayedforstakes.

Besidesthestakemoneytherewasagoldcuptobeawardedfortheseries,eithertoCapablancaifhewonallhis

games,ortotheplayerwhomadethebest

scoreagainsthim.ThecupwenttoZnoskoBorovsky.

1913 AlexanderAlekhine WonSt.

Petersburg 20 +20=0

1913 FedorDuzKhotimirsky WonSt.

Petersburg 20 +20=0

1914 OssipBernstein Won Moscow 1 +10=1

1914 SaviellyTartakower Won Vienna1 +10=1

1914 ArnoldAurbach Won Paris 20 +20=0 1919 BorisKosti Won Havana 50 +50=0

1921 EmanuelLasker Won Havana 95 +40=10 FortheWorldChessChampionship.

1927 AlexanderAlekhine LostBuenosAires

1518

+36=25 FortheWorldChessChampionship.

1931 MaxEuwe Won Netherlands 64 +20=8 EuwebecameWorldChampion19351937.[116]

Seealso

BotvinnikversusCapablancaChessFevera1925filmstarringCapablancaListofpeopleonthecoverofTimeMagazine:1920s7December1925

Notes

1. "JoseCapablanca"(http://www.chessposter.com/english/great_players/jose_capablanca.htm).Retrieved



1. "JoseCapablanca"(http://www.chessposter.com/english/great_players/jose_capablanca.htm).Retrieved20150219.

2. DuMont,J.(1959)."MemoirofCapablanca".InGolombek,H.Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&Sons.pp.118.

3. Reynolds,Q.(March2,1935)."OneMan'sMind"(http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/0017_capablanca/capablanca.shtml).Collier'sWeekly.Retrieved20090102.

4. Hooper,D.,andBrandreth,D.A.(1994)."TheCorzoMatch".TheUnknownCapablanca(http://books.google.com/?id=rIrb_zLiVd4C&pg=PA116&dq=capablanca+corzo#PPP7,M1).CourierDoverPublications.pp.116140.ISBN0486276147.Retrieved20090102.

5. ColumbiaUniversity:JosRalCapablanca(http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/jose_raul_capablanca.html)(C250CelebratesColumbiansAheadofTheirTime).

6. Reinfeld,F.(1990)[1942]."Biography".TheImmortalGamesofCapablanca(http://books.google.com/?id=bUdw5Zc1diEC&pg=PA1&dq=capablanca+biography).CourierDoverPublications.pp.113.ISBN0486263339.Retrieved20090601.

7. Hooper,D.,andBrandreth,D.A.(1994)."SimultaneousExhibitions".TheUnknownCapablanca(http://books.google.com/?id=rIrb_zLiVd4C&pg=PA116&dq=capablanca+corzo#PPP7,M1).CourierDoverPublications.p.141.ISBN0486276147.Retrieved20090102.

8. "ChessmetricsPlayerProfile:FrankMarshall"(http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S081701000000111000000000018610100).Retrieved20090102.

9. Kasparov,Garry(2003).MyGreatPredecessors,partI.EverymanChess.p.232.ISBN1857443306.10. Sonas,J."ChessmetricsPlayerProfile:JosCapablanca"(http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?

Params=199510SSSSS3S019593000000131000000000000010100).Retrieved20090601.(selectthe"CareerDetails"option)

11. Golombek,H.(1959)."ListofTournamentsandMatches".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&Sons.pp.1920..Note:EdwardWintergivesalistoferrorsinGolombek'sbook:ChesshistorydocumentbyEdwardWinter(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/golombek_capa.pdf)

12. "NewYork1910"(http://xoomer.alice.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/tornei/190049/1910ny.htm).Retrieved20090102.

13. "Chessvillevignettes:JosRaoulCapablancayGraupera"(http://www.chessville.com/vignettes/Capablanca.htm).Retrieved20090102.

14. DavidHooperandKennethWhyld(1992).TheOxfordCompaniontoChess(2ed.).Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.p.67.ISBN0198661649.

15. Fine,R.(1952)."JosRalCapablanca".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames.AndrDeutsch(nowaspaperbackfromDover).pp.109121.

16. Kmoch,H.(1960).Rubinstein'sChessMasterpieces.Dover.pp.6567.ISBN0486206173.17. Hooper&Whyld1992,pp.6768.18. "1921WorldChessChampionship"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20050120165616/http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/world/world1921.htm).January20,2005.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/world/world1921.htm)on20050120.Retrieved20081121.



Thiscites:areportofLasker'sconcernsaboutthelocationanddurationofthematch,inNewYorkEveningPost.March15,1911.Missingorempty|title=(help)Capablanca'sletterofDecember20,1911toLasker,statinghisobjectionstoLasker'sproposalLasker'slettertoCapablanca,breakingoffnegotiationsLasker'sletterofApril27,1921toAlbertoPonceoftheHavanaChessClub,proposingtoresignthe1921matchandPonce'sreply,acceptingtheresignation.

19. Hooper,D.Brandreth,D.TheUnknownCapablanca.R.H.M.Press.p.170.ISBN0890582076.20. Marshall,F.J.(1960).FrankJ.Marshall'sBestGamesofChess.Dover.pp.1920.ISBN0486206041.Page

19:"Mytwo1913tournamentstookacuriouscourse.AtNewYork,Capabeatmeoutbyhalfapoint,butamonthlaterIreversedtheprocedureatHavana."P.20:Marshallthoughtthecrowdwere"aftermybloodfordefeatingtheiridolandaskedforanescorttomyhotel.Itturnedout,however,thatthegoodCubanswerejustshowingtheirsportsmanshipandwerecheeringme!"

21. Winter,E.G.(1989)."Rapidascent".Capablanca.McFarland.ISBN0899504558.22. Hooper&Whyld1992,p.68.23. Soltis,A.(1975).TheGreatChessTournamentsandTheirStories.ChiltonBookCompany.pp.96103.

ISBN0801961386.24. Alekhine,A.Winter,E.G.(1980).107GreatChessBattles'(http://books.google.com/?

id=ErJqoQ8oZ3wC&pg=PA157&dq=Capablanca+%22london+rules%22#PPA157,M1).Dover.pp.157158.ISBN0486271048.Retrieved20090602.

25. Usingaverageincomesfortheconversionifaveragepricesareused,theresultisabout66,000."FiveWaystoComputetheRelativeValueofaU.K.PoundAmount,18302006"(http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/result.php).Retrieved20080609.

26. Golombek,H.(1959)."OntheWaytotheWorldChampionship".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&Sons.pp.5986.

27. "TheTotalMarshall"(http://www.scottishcca.co.uk/books/marshall.html).15April2002.Retrieved20090601.28. Winter,E.G."TheMarshallGambit"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/marshallgambit.html).Retrieved

20090601.29. Silman,J.(2004)."MarshallAttack"(http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_js/js_marshall_attack.html).

Retrieved20090601.30. Winter,E.(1981).WorldChessChampions.PergamonPress.p.58.ISBN0080240941.31. Capablanca,J.R(1939)."CapablancaInterviewed"

(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca11.html).ElGrfico(EdwardG.Winter).Retrieved20090603.

32. Winter,Edward."HowCapablancaBecameWorldChampion"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca2.html).ChessHistory.Retrieved20080605..Wintercites:AmericanChessBulletin(JulyAugust1920issue)forLasker'sresignationofthetitle,theACB'stheoryaboutLasker'srealmotiveandHavana'sofferof$20,000AmosBurninTheFieldof3July1920,theBritishChessMagazineofAugust1920andothersourcesforprotestationsthatLaskerhadnorighttonominateasuccessorAmosBurninTheFieldof3July1920andE.S.TinsleyinTheTimes(London)of26June1920forcriticismoftheconditionsLaskersetforthedefenseofthetitleAmericanChessBulletinSeptemberOctober1920forLasker'sandCapablanca'sstatementsthatCapablancawasthechampionandLaskerthechallenger,forCapablanca'sstatementthatLasker'scontractwithRubinsteinhadcontainedaclauseallowinghimtoabdicateinfavorofRubinstein,forLasker'sintentiontoresignthetitleifhebeatCapablancaandhissupportforan



favorofRubinstein,forLasker'sintentiontoresignthetitleifhebeatCapablancaandhissupportforaninternationalorganization,preferablybasedintheAmericas,tomanageinternationalchess.WintersaysthatbeforeLasker'sabdication,somechesscorrespondentshadbeencallingforLaskertobestrippedofthetitle.ForaverydetailedaccountgivenbyCapablancaafterthematch,seeCapablanca,J.R.(October1922)."CapablancasReplytoLasker"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancalasker.html).BritishChessMagazine.Retrieved20080605.

33. Fine,R.(1976)."TheAgeofCapablanca".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames(2nded.).Dover(firsteditionpublishedbyAndrDeutschin1952).p.109.

34. VladimirKramnik."KramnikInterview:FromSteinitztoKasparov"(http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61).Kramnik.com.Retrieved20090102.

35. Hooper,D.Whyld,K.(1992).TheOxfordCompaniontoChess(2nded.).OxfordUniversityPress.pp.67,217.ISBN0198661649.

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Furtherreading

HaroldSchonberg(1973).GrandmastersofChess.NewYork:WWNorton&CoInc.EdwardWinter(1981).WorldChessChampions.London,UK:PergamonPress.IrvingChernev(1982).Capablanca'sBestChessEndings.NewYork:DoverPublications.HarryGolombek(1947).Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.London,UK:Bell.FredReinfeld(1990).TheImmortalGamesofCapablanca.NewYork:DoverPublications.DaleBrandreth&DavidHooper(1993).TheUnknownCapablanca.NewYork:DoverPublications.Chernev,Irving(1995).TwelveGreatChessPlayersandTheirBestGames.NewYork:Dover.pp.181212.ISBN0486286746.EdwardWinter(1989).Capablanca:ACompendiumofGames,Notes,Articles,Correspondence,IllustrationsandOtherRareArchivalMaterialsontheCubanChessGeniusJosRalCapablanca,18881942.Jefferson,NorthCarolina:McFarland&Company.GarryKasparov(2003).MyGreatPredecessors:part1.EverymanChess,ISBN1857443306.IsaakLinderandVladimirLinder(2009).JosRalCapablanca:ThirdWorldChessChampion.RussellEnterprises,ISBN9781888690569.

matter.EverymanChess.pp.42223.ISBN9781857445558.106. Kaufman,L.(March1999)."TheEvaluationofMaterialImbalances"

(http://home.comcast.net/~danheisman/Articles/evaluation_of_material_imbalance.htm).ChessLife.Retrieved20090601.

107. Watson,John(1998).SecretsofModernChessStrategy:AdvancesSinceNimzowitsch.GambitPublications.p.73.ISBN1901983072.

108. Reynolds.Q.(March2,1935)."OneMan'sMind"(http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/0017_capablanca/capablanca.shtml).Collier'smagazine.

109. Trice,E.(June2004)."80SquareChess"(http://www.gothicchess.com/80.pdf)(PDF).ICGAJournal(InternationalComputerGamesAssociation)27(2):8195.Retrieved20090604.

110. Winter,E.G."CapablancaonMoscow"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca7.html).Retrieved20090604.

111. Winter,E.G.(1990)."8:ChangingtheRules".Capablanca:ACompendium...McFarland.ISBN0899504558.

112. Winter,E.G."TheMarshallGambit"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/marshallgambit.html).Retrieved20110806.

113. "BiographyofHenryEdwardChambers"(http://files.usgwarchives.org/la/orleans/bios/c000021.txt).usgwarchives.org.RetrievedMarch15,2011.

114. Golombek,H.(1959)."RapidDevelopment".Capablanca'sHundredBestGamesofChess.G.Bell&Sons.pp.3558.

115. IrvingChernev,CapablancaBestChessEndings,p.284116. Fine,R.(1952)."MaxEuwe".TheWorld'sGreatChessGames.AndrDeutsch(nowaspaperbackfromDover).



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JosRalCapablanca(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=47544)playerprofileandgamesatChessgames.comBiographyonChesscorner.com(http://www.chesscorner.com/worldchamps/capablanca/capablanca.htm)Lasker'sChessMagazine(Feb1905)recognizesCapablancaatage16(http://batgirl.atspace.com/LaskerMagazine.html)Capablancabiography(http://www.chessclub.demon.co.uk/culture/worldchampions/capablanca/capablanca.htm)Capablanca'sChess(http://www.twopaths.com/bg/capablanca.htm)aprogramimplementation.TheGeniusandthePrincess(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancaolga.html)byEdwardWinter(1999),withconsiderableinputbyCapablanca'swidowOlgaonhislife.EdwardWinter,ListofBooksAboutCapablancaandAlekhine(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancaalekhine.html)WorksbyJosRalCapablanca(https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Capablanca,+Jos+Ral)atProjectGutenbergWorksbyoraboutJosRalCapablanca(https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28%22Jos%22%20OR%20Jose%29%20AND%20%28%22Capablanca%22%20OR%20Capablanca%29%29%20OR%20%28%2218881942%22%20AND%20Capablanca%29)atInternetArchive

Awardsandachievements

PrecededbyEmanuelLasker

WorldChessChampion192127

SucceededbyAlexanderAlekhine

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