cane your butt

Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth EditionMark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty

The American NationThe American NationA History of the United States

Fourteenth Edition

Chapter

American Society in the Making

2



American Society in the MakingAmerican Society in the Making

• Settlement of New France• Society in New Mexico, Texas, and California• The English Prevail on the Atlantic Seaboard• The Chesapeake Colonies• The Lure of Land• “Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery• Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco• Bacon’s Rebellion• The Carolinas




• Home and Family in the South• Georgia and the Back Country• Puritan New England• The Puritan Family• Visible Puritan Saints and Others• Democracies without• Democrats• The Dominion of New England• Salem Bewitched




• Higher Education in New England• A Merchant’s World• The Middle Colonies: Economic Basis• The Middle Colonies: An Intermingling o Peoples• “The Best Poor Man’s Country”• The Politics of Diversity• Becoming Americans• Re-Viewing the Past: The Crucible



the Mission of San José de Laguna, completed the Mission of San José de Laguna, completed between 1699 and 1701between 1699 and 1701



Settlement of New FranceSettlement of New France



Settlement of New FranceSettlement of New France

• French settlement progressed slowly after 1700 Difficult to convince French people to move to

remote settlements in America Military garrisons, individual fur traders and

Jesuit missionaries were the main immigrants



Settlement of New France (cont'd)Settlement of New France (cont'd)

• 1712: France chartered a private company to settle the mouth of the Mississippi Result was New Orleans In 1729, the Natchez Indians wiped out a

sister settlement at Natchez and the company went bankrupt

• In 1731, the French government took control of Louisiana but settlement lagged



Settlement of New France (cont'd)Settlement of New France (cont'd)

• Because few French women came, many men married Indian women Fur traders in the north did the same though for

them it was helpful to their success as traders

• As traders moved further west in search of game, they encountered Indians driven west by Iroquois Traders supplied them with guns and

ammunition



Fort de Chartres on the Mississippi River Fort de Chartres on the Mississippi River



Society in New Mexico, Texas, Society in New Mexico, Texas, and Californiaand California



Society in New Mexico, Texas, Society in New Mexico, Texas, and Californiaand California

• Guns spread from Indians of upper Mississippi to the Indians of the Great Plains

• Earlier Apache and Comanche had started riding European horses When guns and horses combined, the Indians

with both became fearful enemies



Society in New Mexico, Texas, Society in New Mexico, Texas, and California (cont'd)and California (cont'd)

• Comanche increased number and size of hunting bands as it became easier to hunt buffalo with guns Encroached on Apache territory and were

soon raiding Spanish and Pueblo settlements

• Spanish strengthened garrisons and built new missions in attempt to protect towns from Indians and French Indian raids discouraged settlement




• Trade in Indian slaves remained an enduring aspect of life Most were women and children

• Many Indian women had unacknowledged children—genizaros—by Spanish men Women usually worked as household

servants and men as indentured servants on ranches




• Many Indian women had unacknowledged children—genizaros—by Spanish men To increase the numbers of colonists,

Spanish officials granted genizaros the right to own land

• In the 1760s Britain and Russia tried to colonize the Northwest, threatening Spanish claims in California




• Missionaries in California tried to Christianize and Hispanicize the Indians who belonged to over 300 tribes speaking more than 100 languages 1769—the first mission was established in

San Diego with others following




• Jesuits monitored Indian life closely Separated girls Inculcated discipline of work Paid no wages but fed and cared for the

Indians

• California Indians, in and out of missions, were decimated by disease, undercutting the effort to establish a strong Hispanic colony



Spain’s North American Frontier, c. 1750 Spain’s North American Frontier, c. 1750



The English Prevail on the The English Prevail on the Atlantic SeaboardAtlantic Seaboard



The English Prevail on the The English Prevail on the Atlantic SeaboardAtlantic Seaboard

• Southern part of English North America comprised of three regions: “Tidewater”: Virginia and Maryland “Low country”: the Carolinas (and eventually

Georgia) “Back country”: a vast territory that extended

from the “fall line” of the foothills of the Appalachians to the farthest point of western settlement



The English Prevail on the The English Prevail on the Atlantic Seaboard (cont'd)Atlantic Seaboard (cont'd)

• Late 18th Century emergence of common features—export oriented agricultural economy, slavery, absence of towns—result in concept of “South” as one region



The Chesapeake ColoniesThe Chesapeake Colonies



The Chesapeake ColoniesThe Chesapeake Colonies

• Virginia suffered from high death rate Of the 9000 colonists who came to Virginia

nearly half died, leaving only 5,000 by the 1630s

While the climate was hot and moist it was actually the dry summers that were the main cause of death by causing salt water contamination of drinking water and dysentery



The Chesapeake Colonies (cont'd)The Chesapeake Colonies (cont'd)

• Virginia suffered from high death rate Well into the 1700s, a white male of 20 could

expect only 25 more years of life

• Result: Frequent remarriage Families with children from several different

marriages



The Chesapeake Colonies (cont'd)The Chesapeake Colonies (cont'd)

• Women easily found husbands (men outnumbered women three to two)

• Many men had to spend their lives alone or marry Indian women



English Colonies on the Atlantic English Colonies on the Atlantic Seaboard Seaboard



The Lure of LandThe Lure of Land




• Life centered on agriculture Grants of land were relied upon to attract

settlers Labor to work land was vital



The Lure of Land (cont'd)The Lure of Land (cont'd)

• Headright system Any “head” entering the colony was issued a

“right” to take 50 acres of unused land Could “seat” the claim and receive title to the

land, had to mark its boundaries, plant a crop and construct a habitation

May have to pay small annual payment, quitrent, to grantor




• When people could not afford passage, they came as indentured servants Agreed to work for a stated period (usually

about 5 years) in return for their passage During indenture subject to strict control

(women could not marry and time lost due to pregnancy was added to total time)

Received nothing beyond their keep (headright went to person who paid their passage)




• If survived, servant was free and usually entitled to an “outfit” (a suit of clothes, some farm tools, seed, perhaps a gun) and, in some colonies, land




• Over half the colonists came as servants and most servants became landowners

• As time passed their lot became harder Best land belonged to large planters As more land went into cultivation, crop prices

fell Many slipped into dire poverty or became

“squatters”




• Virginia society was on the edge of class war by the 1670s due to conflict between former servants and wealthy land owners




• Headright A system of land distribution, adopted first in

Virginia and later in Maryland, that granted colonists fifty acres for themselves and another fifty for each “head” (or person) they brought with them to the colony. This system was often used in conjunction with indentured servitude to build large plantations and supply them with labor.




• Indentured servants Individuals working under a form of contract

labor that provided them with free passage to America in return for a promise to work for a fixed period, usually seven years. Indentured servitude was the primary labor system in the Chesapeake colonies for most of the seventeenth century.



““Solving” the Labor Shortage: SlaverySolving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery



““Solving” the Labor Shortage: SlaverySolving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery

• First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619 aboard a Dutch ship—unknown how they were treated



““Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery (cont'd)(cont'd)

• By 1640, some Africans were slaves Slavery spread throughout the colonies

though numbers were relatively low in the North

• White servants were more highly prized as they were not alien, like Africans, and they were cheaper



““Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery (cont'd)(cont'd)

• In the 1670s, the flow of indentured servants slowed at the same time that the chartering of the Royal Africa Company (1672) made slaves more readily available By 1700, nearly 30,000 slaves lived in the

English colonies



Atlantic Slave Trade, 1451–1870 Atlantic Slave Trade, 1451–1870



In 2009, President Barack Obama In 2009, President Barack Obama visited the Cape Coast Castle in visited the Cape Coast Castle in

GhanaGhana



Prosperity in a Pipe: TobaccoProsperity in a Pipe: Tobacco



Prosperity in a Pipe: TobaccoProsperity in a Pipe: Tobacco

• Colonists had to find a market for products in the Old World in order to have the money to buy manufactured goods

• Answer was tobacco (originally brought from the West Indies by Spanish)

• English were initially leery of tobacco, which clearly contained some sort of habit forming drug



Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco (cont'd)Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco (cont'd)

• By 1617, smokers drove the price of a pound of tobacco to 5 shillings

• At this point, the colonists were granted a monopoly and heavily encouraged

• Required only semi-cleared land and a hoe but lots of human labor




• A single laborer working two or three acres could produce as much as 1,200 pounds of cured tobacco which would result in a 200% profit in a good year

• As a result, production went from 2,500 pounds in 1616 to 30 million pounds by the late 17th century (400 pounds per capita)




• Planters spread out along rivers in a helter skelter fashion

• Increase in tobacco production led to a drastic drop in tobacco prices in late 17th century Small farmers found it increasingly difficult to

make a living




• Wealthy were accumulating more land which allowed them to maintain high yields by permitting some fields to lie fallow The only option for small farmers was new

land—Indian land



A denunciation of the tobacco craze that swept A denunciation of the tobacco craze that swept Europe in the mid-1600s, by Abraham Teniers.Europe in the mid-1600s, by Abraham Teniers.



Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion



Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

• In 1676, conflict: Governor William Berkeley and his “Green

Spring” faction vs. western planters led by Nathaniel Bacon.

• Planters wanted approval to attack nearby Indians; Governor refused

• Bacon had raised an army of 500 men



Bacon’s Rebellion (cont'd)Bacon’s Rebellion (cont'd)

• Declared a traitor by Berkeley, Bacon and his followers murdered some peaceful Indians, marched on Jamestown and forced Berkeley to give him permission to kill more Indians

• In September, Bacon returned to Jamestown and burned it to the ground causing Berkeley to flee




• Bacon died of dysentery and a British fleet arrived to restore order

• RESULT: Virginia society became wedded to slavery as an answer to its labor problems Slave ownership resulted in large differences

in the wealth and lifestyle of planters 20 slaves + land = wealth




• Created implicit agreement that class differences would be overlooked in favor of racial ones




• Bacon’s Rebellion An armed uprising in 1676, led by Nathaniel

Bacon, against Virginia governor Sir William Berkeley. Initially the rebels attacked Indian settlements but later moved against Berkeley’s political faction and burned Jamestown, capital of the colony. After Bacon’s death that year, the rebellion collapsed.



Sir William Berkeley Sir William Berkeley




• Created implicit agreement that class differences would be overlooked in favor of racial ones



The CarolinasThe Carolinas



The CarolinasThe Carolinas

• English and, after 1700, Scots-Irish settlers of the tidewater parts of Carolina also practiced agriculture: Tobacco in the future North Carolina Rice (replacing furs and cereals in 1696) in

what would become South Carolina

• Rice became a major cash crop 65 million tons were produced by eve of

Revolution



The Carolinas (cont'd)The Carolinas (cont'd)

• In the 1740s, Eliza Lucas introduced indigo to South Carolina Did not compete for either land or labor with

rice

• Southern colonists bought manufactured goods by producing: tobacco, rice, indigo, furs, and forest products such as lumber, tar, and resin




• Factors, agents in England and Scotland, managed the sale of crops, bought the required manufactures, and extended credit Small scale manufacturing did not emerge in

South as it did in the North Retarded development of urban life with

Charleston the only city of note until the rise of Baltimore in the 1750s




• Slave labor predominated on rice plantations of South Carolina 1730: 3 out of every 10 people south of

Pennsylvania was black In South Carolina, blacks outnumbered

whites 2 to 1

• Slave regulations increased in severity as size of the black population increased




• Blacks had no civil rights under the codes For minor offenses, whippings were common For serious crimes blacks could be hanged or

burned to death For sexual offenses or constant running away

they could be castrated




• Acculturated slaves, those that could speak English, use European tools, perhaps practice a trade, were more valuable but also more likely to run away or resist

• Field hands expressed dissatisfaction by pilferage, petty sabotage, laziness or feigned stupidity




• Slave rebellions were rare in the American South though fear of them was high

• Slavery had economic, social and psychic reasons Only a few Quakers objected



This depicts slaves on a South Carolina This depicts slaves on a South Carolina plantation, around 1790. plantation, around 1790.



Home and Family in the SouthHome and Family in the South



Home and Family in the SouthHome and Family in the South

• Except for those of the most affluent, houses had one or two rooms, and were small, dark, and crowded Furniture and utensils were sparse and

crudely made Chairs were rare Tables were boards There was no plumbing Even chamber pots were out of reach of the

poor



Home and Family in the South (cont'd)Home and Family in the South (cont'd)

• Clothes were crude, rarely washed and often infested with vermin

• Food was plentiful

• White women (free or indentured) rarely worked in the fields They were responsible for tending to farm

animals, making butter and cheese, pickling and preserving, spinning and sewing, and caring for children




• Children were not usually as harshly disciplined as in New England

• Schools were rare and what learning occurred was done at home A large percentage of children were illiterate




• Well-to-do, “middling” planters had maybe three rooms for a family of four or five, plus servants Also had a greater variety of food Children were put to useful work at an early

age




• Until the early 18th Century, few achieved real wealth such as that held in 1732 by Robert Carter, whose 1,000 slaves and 300,000 acres made him the richest man in America




• Men like Carter lived in solid, two-story houses of six or more rooms, furnished with English and other imported carpets, chairs, tables, wardrobes, chests, china, and silver and were able to send their children abroad for schooling




• 1693: founding of the College of William and Mary Mission was to train clergyman Initially education was little above grammar

school level




• Political power and positions belonged to large planters because Of their wealth They were generally responsible leaders who

understood the need for sociability

• Most Southerners led isolated lives

• Churches were few and far between




• By mid-18th Century the Anglican Church was the “established” religion 1619 attendance at Anglican services

became mandatory in Virginia 1654 Maryland repealed religious toleration;

reenacted it in 1657 and permanently repealed it and established the Anglican Church in 1692




• Social events of any kind were great occasions accompanied by feasting and drinking

• Most planters invested their savings in more production, not in idle amusements



A painting by Sidney King of a home in A painting by Sidney King of a home in Jamestown around 1650.Jamestown around 1650.



Georgia and the Back CountryGeorgia and the Back Country



Georgia and the Back CountryGeorgia and the Back Country

• Back country Great Valley of Virginia The Piedmont

• Also part of back country was Georgia Founded by a group of London

philanthropists in 1733 to give a place of settlement for honest persons who had been imprisoned for debt



Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)

• England (who would transport 50,000 convicts during the colonial period) granted a charter for Georgia in 1732 after the philanthropists agreed to operate the colony without profit to themselves for 21 years




• In 1733, their leader, James Oglethorpe, founded Savannah with a vision of creating a colony of sober, yeomen farmers Land grants limited to 50 acres and made

non-transferable Alcohol was banned So were slaves Indian trade was strictly regulated




• Oglethorpe’s rules were quickly circumvented

• The economy developed like South Carolina

• In 1752, the proprietors gave up and Georgia became a royal colony

• Settlers moved into the rest of the southern back country, mainly Scots-Irish and Germans




• By 1770 the back country had about 250,000 settlers, 10% of the population, yet often they felt underrepresented, which could result in conflict with the Low Country 1771: Regulators in North Carolina



Puritan New EnglandPuritan New England



Puritan New EnglandPuritan New England

• New England towns had a dependable water supply

• Surrounding area was more open than malaria-infected terrain of the tidewater

• New Englanders escaped many of the “agues and fevers” that beset southern colonists



The Puritan FamilyThe Puritan Family



The Puritan FamilyThe Puritan Family

• Puritan society was ordered by a covenant to ensure everyone’s upright behavior

• At the center of society was the family which was nuclear and patriarchal

• Responsibilities of the Father: Providing for the physical welfare of the

household, including servants Making sure they all behaved properly Transacting all economic dealings



The Puritan Family (cont'd)The Puritan Family (cont'd)

• Responsibilities of the Wife: Keeping house Educating the children Improving “what is got by the industry of man”

• Women had as many as 12 to 14 children

• Any free time was occupied with dealings with neighbors and relatives and involvement in church




• Childrearing took more than three decades of a woman’s life since most children survived

• Homemaking duties occupied all remaining time




• Puritan family was hierarchical, husbands ruled over wives and parents over children and obedience was expected Physical correction of children was common Girls worked around the house Boys worked outdoors When older they were sent to nearby families

as servants




• The Great Migration ended in the 1640s with the outbreak of the English Civil War Thereafter, population increase was due to

high birthrate (50 births for every 1,000 people—3x today’s rate) and low mortality rate (20 per 1,000)

• Population was more evenly distributed by age and sex than in the South

• Women married in early twenties rather than late teens



David, Joanna, and Abigail Mason (painted by David, Joanna, and Abigail Mason (painted by an unknown artist around 1670)an unknown artist around 1670)



Visible Puritan Saints and OthersVisible Puritan Saints and Others



Visible Puritan Saints and OthersVisible Puritan Saints and Others

• Church membership was to be a joint decision between would-be member, who would relate why they believed they received God’s grace, and those already in the church

• Originally, those who could not “prove” salvation were excluded



Visible Puritan Saints and Others Visible Puritan Saints and Others (cont'd)(cont'd)

• Problems: Growing numbers of non-members could not

be compelled to go to church It was harder to defend policy that taxpayers

could not vote if they were not church members Nonmember parents whose children could not

be baptized worried for their souls

• At first, churches permitted baptism of the children of church members




• Half-Way Covenant – To cope with the third generation who were

neither baptized nor church members, in 1662, 80 ministers and laymen developed a limited form of membership for any applicant not known to be a sinner who was willing to accept the provisions of the church covenant- They and their children could be baptized but they

could not receive communion nor participate in church decisions

- 1664 the General Court extended the vote to halfway church members




• Opponents of the covenant said it reflected a slackening of religious fervor

• Historian Perry Miller suggests that the 1660s marked the beginning of religious decline yet there was a rise in church membership, ministers continued to be accorded prestige and there was a lessening of intra-church squabbling




• Historian Perry Miller suggests that the 1660s marked the beginning of religious decline yet there was a rise in church membership, ministers continued to be accorded prestige and there was a lessening of intra-church squabbling




• Half-Way Covenant A modification of puritan practice, adopted by

many Congregational churches during the 1650s and afterwards, that allowed baptized puritans who had not experienced saving grace to acquire partial church membership and receive sacraments.



Democracies without DemocratsDemocracies without Democrats



Democracies without DemocratsDemocracies without Democrats

• Puritans believed government was both a civil covenant, entered into by all who came within its jurisdiction, and the principal mechanism for policing the institutions on which the maintenance of social order depended



Democracies without Democrats Democracies without Democrats (cont'd)(cont'd)

• Massachusetts and Connecticut Passed laws requiring church attendance,

levying taxes for support of the clergy, and banning Quakers from practicing their religion (when four were hanged, a royal decree was issued in 1662 prohibiting further executions)

Provided the death penalty for adultery and blaspheming a parent

Established the price a laborer might charge for his services or the amount of gold braid servants could wear on their jackets



The Dominion of New EnglandThe Dominion of New England



The Dominion of New EnglandThe Dominion of New England

• Most of daily life regulated by towns

• The most serious threat to Puritan control came in the 1680s during the Restoration governments of Charles II (1660–1685) and James II (1685–1688) when the government sought to bring the colonies under effective royal control



The Dominion of New England (cont'd)The Dominion of New England (cont'd)

• In 1684, the Massachusetts charter was annulled, as were all charters north of Pennsylvania, and the colonies were combined to form the Dominion of New England




• In 1686, Edmund Andros, a professional soldier and administrator, arrived to make the colonies behave like colonies and not like sovereign powers Abolished popular assemblies Changed the land-grant system to give the

king quitrents Enforced religious toleration




• 1689: Andros and the Dominion were overthrown in the wake of the 1688 Glorious Revolution that put William of Orange on the throne




• 1691: Massachusetts became a royal colony Included Plymouth and Maine Governor appointed by the king General Court elected by property owners

(who did not have to be church members to vote)




• Glorious Revolution The peaceful accession of William II, a

Protestant, and Queen Mary to the British throne in 1688, ending the Catholic rule of James II. Many colonists rebelled against governors who had been appointed by James II and demanded greater political rights.



Salem BewitchedSalem Bewitched



Salem BewitchedSalem Bewitched

• In 1666, families living in the rural outback of the thriving town of Salem petitioned the General Court for the right to establish their own church

• When it was granted in 1672, the 600 inhabitants of the village were on their own politically as well



Salem Bewitched (cont'd)Salem Bewitched (cont'd)

• In 1689, Samuel Parris became minister after having spent 20 years in the Caribbean as a merchant

• He arrived with his wife, his daughter Betty, a niece—Abigail, and a West Indian slave named Tituba who told fortunes and practiced magic on the side




• When Parris was dismissed in 1692, his daughter, niece and a playmate began speaking in tongues and were declared bewitched

• The first three accused were Sarah Good, a pauper with a nasty tongue; Sarah Osborne, a bedridden widow; and Tituba




• When brought before the General Court, the Sarahs declared themselves innocent while Tituba confessed

• By the end of April 1692, 24 more people had been charged The hunt spread to neighboring Andover By May, it spread to Maine and Boston and

up the social ladder to some of the colony’s most prominent citizens




• By June, when the governor convened a special court, more than 150 persons stood charged with witchcraft

• In the next four months, the court convicted 28, most of them women Five confessed and were spared Several escaped 19 were hanged The husband of one witch, accused of

wizardry, was crushed to death under stones




• Finally, the governor adjourned the court and forbade any further executions

• While everyone’s reputation suffered, ministers suffered the most Increase Mather comes off best, having urged

the governor to stop the trials His son, Cotton, actively and enthusiastically

participated in the hunt




• The event shows the anxiety Puritans had about women since many of the accused were: Widows of high status Older women who owned property Women who lived apart from the daily

guidance of men

• All potentially subverted the patriarchal authorities of church and state



Examination of a Witch.Examination of a Witch.



Higher Education in New EnglandHigher Education in New England



Higher Education in New EnglandHigher Education in New England

• With the Great Migration came some 150 university-trained colonists, mostly in divinity, who became the first ministers

• 1636: Massachusetts General Court appropriated money to establish an institution of higher learning to train ministers—Harvard University—which received its charter in 1650



Higher Education in New England Higher Education in New England (cont'd)(cont'd)

• Below Harvard were the Grammar schools where boys spent 7 years learning Greek and Latin The first was established by Boston in 1636 Massachusetts and Connecticut soon passed

education acts that required all towns of any size to establish such schools




• Mid-17th Century—majority of men in New England could read and a somewhat smaller percentage could also write

• Mid-18th century—male literacy was almost universal, a condition only matched by Scotland and Sweden

• Literacy among women also improved steadily




• Many settlers brought impressive libraries with them and continued to import large numbers of books

• First printing press was established in Cambridge in 1638

• By 1700, Boston was producing an avalanche of printed matter, most by ministers though not exclusively on religious matters




• 1690s Harvard acquired a reputation for encouraging religious tolerance

• In 1701 several Connecticut ministers founded Yale to uphold Puritan values By 1722, they too appeared to have slipped




• Even ministers were no longer the unquestioned last word—attacks on Cotton Mather in 1721 for his suggestion of inoculation to combat an outbreak of smallpox



A Merchant’s WorldA Merchant’s World

• Colonists grew barley (to make beer), rye, oats, green vegetables, potatoes, pumpkins, and corn (not only edible but drinkable)

• They grazed cattle, sheep and hogs on common pastures or in the woods and hunted deer, turkey, and other game birds

• The Atlantic provided cod and other fish



A Merchant’s World (cont'd)A Merchant’s World (cont'd)

• But, while colonists had plenty to eat, they had little surplus and no place to sell it

• First generation of puritans accepted economic marginality but succeeding generations did not




• In 1643, five New England vessels packed their holds with fish which they sold in Spain and the Canary Islands, taking payment in sherry and Madeira which were tradable in England One took payment in slaves which were sold

in West Indies thereby initiating the triangular trade




• As maritime trade became the driving force in New England, port towns like Portsmouth, Salem, Boston, New Port, and New Haven became larger and faster growing than interior towns




• 1720: Boston was the commercial hub of the region with a population of 10,000 making it the third largest city in the British Empire More than one quarter of Boston’s adult male

population had either invested in shipbuilding or were directly employed in maritime commerce

Ships captains and merchants held most public offices




• Beneath the top layer of merchant elite lived a stratum of artisans and small shopkeepers

• Beneath them a substantial population of mariners, laborers and “unattached” people with little or no property

• 1670s: at least a dozen prostitutes worked in Boston




• 1720: crime and poverty serious problems Public relief rolls exceeded 200 Dozens of criminals languished in jail




• Triangular trade An oversimplified term for the trade among

England, its colonies in the Americas, and slave markets in Africa and the Caribbean.



The Middle Colonies: The Middle Colonies: Economic BasisEconomic Basis



The Middle Colonies: The Middle Colonies: Economic BasisEconomic Basis

• The Middle Colonies consisted of New York,New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

• About 10% of the population was composed of slaves Colonists produced crops for both

consumption and export (wheat)



The Middle Colonies: The Middle Colonies: Economic Basis (cont'd)Economic Basis (cont'd)

• Colonists in the Hudson Valley and southeastern Pennsylvania lived spread out

• Substantial numbers lived in New York City and Philadelphia and in interior towns like Albany, where they engaged in trades



This painting is presumably of Lord This painting is presumably of Lord Cornbury, the royal governor of New Cornbury, the royal governor of New

York and New Jersey in the early York and New Jersey in the early 1700s, in a dress. 1700s, in a dress.



The Middle Colonies:The Middle Colonies:An Intermingling of PeoplesAn Intermingling of Peoples



The Middle Colonies:The Middle Colonies:An Intermingling of PeoplesAn Intermingling of Peoples

• Scandinavian and Dutch settlers outnumbered the English in New Jersey and Delaware

• Germans flocked to Pennsylvania and French Huguenots to New York

• Early 18th century hordes of Scots-Irish settled in Pennsylvania, back country of Virginia, and the Carolinas



The Middle Colonies:The Middle Colonies:An Intermingling of Peoples (cont'd)An Intermingling of Peoples (cont'd)

• An economic boom in England helps explain the relatively low level of English colonists



Ethnic Groups of Eastern North Ethnic Groups of Eastern North America, 1750 America, 1750



Mary Dyer, a Quaker, was banished from Mary Dyer, a Quaker, was banished from Boston, a puritan colony; Boston, a puritan colony;



““The Best Poor Man’s Country”The Best Poor Man’s Country”



““The Best Poor Man’s Country”The Best Poor Man’s Country”

• Ethnic differences seldom caused conflict because they did not limit opportunity

• Pennsylvania gave 500 acres to families upon arrival with only a quitrent due to the proprietor every year New Jersey and Delaware had similar

arrangements



““The Best Poor Man’s Country” The Best Poor Man’s Country” (cont'd)(cont'd)

• In New York, the manorial system limited opportunity but land was available and tenants could get long term leases

• Mixed farming offered main path to prosperity

• Inland communities offered comfortable living for artisans

• Cities had a variety of opportunities for the ambitious



““The Best Poor Man’s Country” The Best Poor Man’s Country” (cont'd)(cont'd)

• Philadelphia profited from this (and its inland waterways) and by the 1750s had a population of 15,000, surpassing Boston as America’s largest city Most Philadelphians could do well for

themselves while, increasingly, artisans in Boston were mired in economic stagnation



The Politics of DiversityThe Politics of Diversity



The Politics of DiversityThe Politics of Diversity

• Governments of Middle Colonies Had popularly elected representatives

assemblies Most white males could vote

• As in the South, representatives were elected by counties but, unlike Southern voters, did not defer to landed gentry



The Politics of Diversity (cont'd)The Politics of Diversity (cont'd)

• 1689: New York suffered a takeover by Jacob Leisler, a disgruntled merchant and militia captain Only lasted two years but split New York

politics until 1710

• New York’s political tranquility was restored under Robert Hunter (1710–1719)




• 1730s: Governor William Cosby demanded back pay while Chief Justice Lewis Morris opposed him After Cosby removed him, Morris and allies

founded New York Weekly Journal run by John Peter Zenger

Cosby objected to contents and shut down paper after two months, charging Zenger with seditious libel




• 1730s: Governor William Cosby demanded back pay while Chief Justice Lewis Morris opposed him Jury acquitted Zenger after attorney argued

that statements in paper were true and thus not libel




• Pennsylvania politics revolved around two interest groups: Proprietary party Quaker/German-speaking Pennsylvania

Dutch party clustered around assembly




• Neither organized nor represented particular positions but did mean political leaders had to consider popular opinion

• 1763: Paxton Boys (Scots-Irish from Lancaster County) Murdered peaceful Conestoga Indians in

retaliation for frontier Indian attacks Marched on Philadelphia




• 1763: Paxton Boys (Scots-Irish from Lancaster County) Delegation, led by Benjamin Franklin,

acknowledged grievances and promised bounty on Indian scalps




• Leisler’s Rebellion An uprising in 1689, led by Jacob Leisler, that

wrested control of New York’s government following the abdication of King James II. The rebellion ended when Leisler was arrested and executed in 1690.



Becoming AmericansBecoming Americans



Becoming AmericansBecoming Americans

• In 1650, some 50,000 Europeans had come to North America Most clung to Atlantic seaboard Indians outnumbered Europeans 10 to 1 African slaves were rare French and Spanish colonization relatively

inconsequential



Becoming Americans (cont'd)Becoming Americans (cont'd)

• By 1750, nearly a million settlers occupied the Atlantic seaboard About a quarter million African slaves Indians had been enveloped or retreated

• New Spain and New France also grew but still had fewer than 20,000 inhabitants



single puritan womensingle puritan women



This image shows actress Winona This image shows actress Winona Ryder as a young puritan who Ryder as a young puritan who accuses others of witchcraft.accuses others of witchcraft.



Chapter ReviewChapter Review

cane your butt

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