Cancer Prevention

Hematology-Oncology Division

Child Health Departement

University of Sumatera Utara

Primary prevention

Health promotion and risk reduction in the general population so that invasive cancer does not develop.

Example: smoking cessation, diet and lifestyle modification and micronutrient supplementation

Secondary prevention

Identification and treatment of asymptomatic persons who already have developed premalignant or early malignant disease.

Screening : mammography, Pap smears, flexible sigmoidoscopy

Primary Cancer prevention:

1. Smoking : major cause of cancer of the lung,larynx,oral cavity and esophagus., bladder,kidney,pancreas, uterine cersvix.

Nearly 90% of lung cancer cigarette smoking Environmental tobacco smoke(passive smoking)

significant cause lung cancer in nonsmokers. Evidence 30-50 % increased risk for lung cancer

2. General Dietary

• Fruits and vegetables contain anticancer effects,micronutrients such carotenoid, phenol,isothyocyanates , indoles

• Cruciferous vegetables: broccoli,cauliflower,brussels sprouts

• High fiber : reduced risk colorectal cancer

• Limit consumption of red meats, alcohol

3.Mineral

• Selenium : incidence lung,colorectal, prostate cancer significantly decrease

• Combination beta-carotene, vitamin E, Selenium : reduced stomach ca

4.Physical activity

Protective breast and colorectal cancer

5.Sunlight exposure (UV radiation)

White population: skin cancer

6.Infectious agents

• Helicobacter pylori : gastric Ca , gastric lymphoma

• Hepatitis B/C : HCC• Epstein Barr virus:Burkitt’s lumphoma,HD,NPC• Human herpes virus B: Kaposi sarcoma• Human Papillomaviruses 16,18: Cervical Ca• Human lymphotropic virus type I(HTLV

I) :Adult T-cell lumphoma/Leukemia

7.Chemoprevention

Use of synthetic , chemical or natural agents to reverse, suppress or lower the rate of carcinogenesis

Exp.: 1.NSAD Sulidac : colorectal adenoma , fami

lial adenomatous polyposis coli

2.Tamoxipen, Raloxifene: reduce breast ca