cancer - diagnostic examination
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8/14/2019 Cancer - Diagnostic Examination
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CANCERCANCER
DiagnosticDiagnostic
ExaminationsExaminations
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Diagnostic Examinations areDiagnostic Examinations are
done to:done to:
Determine the presence of tumor and1. Determine the presence of tumor and .1 چits extent.its extent.
Identify possible spread (metastasis) of 2. Identify possible spread (metastasis) of .2 چdisease or invasion of other body tissues.disease or invasion of other body tissues.
Evaluate the function of involved and3. Evaluate the function of involved and .3 چuninvolved body systems and organs.uninvolved body systems and organs.
,Obtain tissue and cells for analysis,4. Obtain tissue and cells for analysis .4 چincluding evaluation of tumor stage andincluding evaluation of tumor stage andgrade.grade.
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Tumor Marker Tumor Marker
IdentificationIdentification:Description:Descriptionچ
Analysis of Analysis of
substances foundsubstances foundin blood or otherin blood or otherbody fluids that arebody fluids that aremade by the tumormade by the tumor
or by in responseor by in responseto tumorto tumor
:Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Usesچ
چ BreastBreast
چ ColonColonچ LungLung
چ OvarianOvarian
Testicular Testicular چچ Prostate CancerProstate Cancer
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Magnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)(MRI):Description:Description چ
Use of magneticUse of magnetic
fields andfields andradiofrequencyradiofrequencysignals to createsignals to createsectioned imagessectioned imagesof various bodyof various bodystructures.structures.
:Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses چ
NeurologicNeurologic چ
PelvicPelvic چ AbdominalAbdominal چ
Thoracic Cancers Thoracic Cancers چ
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Computed Tomography (CT)Computed Tomography (CT)
Description:Description:
Use of narrow-Use of narrow-
beam x-ray to scanbeam x-ray to scansuccessive layerssuccessive layersof tissue for cross-of tissue for cross-sectional view.sectional view.
Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses:NeurologicNeurologic
PelvicPelvicSkeletalSkeletal
AbdominalAbdominal
Thoracic Cancers Thoracic Cancers
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FluroscopyFluroscopy
Description:Description:
Uses of X-rayUses of X-ray
that identifythat identifycontrast in bodycontrast in bodytissue densities;tissue densities;may involve themay involve theuse of contrastuse of contrastagents.agents.
Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses:SkeletalSkeletal
LungLungGastrointestinalGastrointestinal
CancersCancers
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UltrasonographyUltrasonography
(Ultrasound)(Ultrasound):Description:Descriptionچ
High-frequencyHigh-frequency
sound wavessound wavesechoing off bodyechoing off bodytissues aretissues areconvertedconverted
electronically intoelectronically intoimages; used toimages; used toasses tissue deepasses tissue deepwithin the body.within the body.
:Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Usesچ
چ AbdominalAbdominal
چ Pelvic CancersPelvic Cancers
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EndoscopyEndoscopy
:Description:DescriptionتDirectDirect
visualization of bodyvisualization of bodycavity or passagewaycavity or passagewayby insertion of anby insertion of anendoscope into theendoscope into thebody cavity orbody cavity or
opening; allows tissueopening; allows tissuebiopsy, fluidbiopsy, fluidaspiration, andaspiration, andexcision of smallexcision of smalltumors; bothtumors; both
diagnostic anddiagnostic and
:DiagnosticDiagnostic Uses:UsesتBronchialBronchialت
GastrointestinalGastrointestinalتCancersCancers
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Nuclear Medicine ImagingNuclear Medicine Imaging
۞ Description:Description:
UsesUses
intravenousintravenousinjection orinjection oringestion of ingestion of radioisotoperadioisotope
substancessubstancesfollowed byfollowed byimaging of tissuesimaging of tissuesthat havethat haveconcentrated theconcentrated theradioisotopes.radioisotopes.
۞ Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses:۞ BoneBone
۞LiverLiver
۞ KidneyKidney
۞ SpleenSpleen
۞ BrainBrain
۞ Thyroid Cancers Thyroid Cancers
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Positron Emission TomographyPositron Emission Tomography( PET)( PET)
۩Description:Description: Through the use of Through the use of
a tracer; providesa tracer; provides
black and white orblack and white orcolor-coded images of color-coded images of the biologic activity of the biologic activity of a particular area,a particular area,rather than it’srather than it’s
structure; used instructure; used indetection of cancer ordetection of cancer orit’s response toit’s response totreatment.treatment.
۩Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses:۩LungLung
۩ColonColon
۩LiverLiver
۩PancreaticPancreatic
۩Head and NeckHead and Neck
۩Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin and Non-HodgkinHodgkin
۩Lymphoma andLymphoma andMelanoma CancersMelanoma Cancers
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PET FusionPET Fusion
Description:Description:
Use of a PETUse of a PETscanner and a CTscanner and a CTscanner in onescanner in onemachine to provide anmachine to provide animage combiningimage combininganatomic detail,anatomic detail,
spatial resolution, andspatial resolution, andfunctional metabolicfunctional metabolicabnormalities.abnormalities.
Diagnostic Uses:Diagnostic Uses:
The same as PET. The same as PET.
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Nursing Responsibilities:Nursing Responsibilities:
Have a complete history andHave a complete history andتphysical examination.physical examination.
: Relieve patients anxiety through:Relieve patients anxiety throughت*Explaining the test to be performed.*Explaining the test to be performed.
*The sensations likely to be experienced.*The sensations likely to be experienced.
*Patients role in the test procedure.*Patients role in the test procedure.
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Nursing Responsibilities:Nursing Responsibilities:
Encourage the patient and family to voiceEncourage the patient and family to voiceتtheir fears about test results.their fears about test results.
Support the family throughout the testSupport the family throughout the testتperiod.period.
Reinforce and clarify informationReinforce and clarify informationتconveyed by the physician.conveyed by the physician.
Encourage patient and family toEncourage patient and family tocommunicate and share concerns and tocommunicate and share concerns and toتdiscuss their questions and concerns withdiscuss their questions and concerns witheach other.each other.