CANADIAN c

AGRICULTURAL

ENGINEERING

c

G

R

The Journal of the Canadian Societyof Agricultural EngineeringLa Revue de la Societe Canadienne du Genie Rural

CAE 23(1) 1-69 (1981)CN ISSN 0045-432X

EDITORIAL

Denis J. Desilets Inside front cover

CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ODOR CONTROL OF LIVESTOCK WASTES: A REVIEWWilliam F. Ritter I

EQUIPMENT FOR WHOLE-PLANT HARVEST OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCOG. B. Hergert and E. K. Walker 5

PERFORMANCE OF SEVERAL AXIAL-FLOW FANS FOR GRAIN BIN VENTILATIONJ. F. Metzger, P. D. Terry, and W. E. Muir 11

COLD WEATHER CONDITIONS IN A FREE-STALL BARN FITTED WITH A POROUS CEILINGJ. A. Munroe, M. S. Wolynetz, J. E. Turnbull, and J. P. F. Darisse 17

CORN PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AS RELATED TOCOMBINE CYLINDER PERFORMANCE

U. G. N. Anazodo. G. L. Wall, and E. R. Norris 23

SOIL SALINITY: EFFLUENT IRRIGATION VS. CREEK WATER IRRIGATIONY.-W Jame. W. Nicholaichuk, and M. R. Kilcher 31

GROUNDWATER QUALITY NEAR CONCRETE MANURE TANKSAND UNDER HEAVILY-MANURED CROPLAND

N. K. Patni, P. A. Phillips, F. R, Hore, and J. L. B. Culley 37

PREDICTION OF LATENT EVAPORATION USING HOURLY METEOROLOGICAL DATAJ. G. Kemp, G. C, Misener, and B. A. Melanson 45

SNOW MOVEMENT AND WIND CHARACTERISTICS DURING SNOWFALL

AT SASKATOON, SASKATCHEWANJ. M. Wigham and S. M. Beck 49

LE COMPORTEMENT HYDROLOGIQUE DE TROIS TYPES D'AMENAGEMENT SUPERFICIELJean Monfet 53

PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR COLLECTOR AND STORAGE SYSTEM IN A TURKEY BARNShabab Sokhansanj and K. A, Jordan 63

A TECHNICAL NOTE ON THE USE OF A COLORIMETRIC TECHNIQUE FOREVALUATING MECHANICAL CORN KERNEL DAMAGE

G. L. Wall and E. R. Norris 67CORRECTION 69

Volume 23 Number 1 Summer 1981

CANADIAN

AGRICULTURAL

ENGINEERINGSUMMER, 1981

VOLUME 23, NO. 1

EDITOR

E. B. MOYSEY

Department of Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

E. McKYES (Power & Machinery)Agricultural Engineering DepartmentMcGill University, Macdonald CampusSte. Anne de Bellevue, Que. H9X ICO

T. G. SOMMERFELDT (Soil & Water)Research Station

Research Branch, Agriculture CanadaLethbridge, AlbertaTU 4B1

W. E. MUIR (Structures & environment)

Agricultural Engineering DepartmentUniversity of ManitobaWinnipeg, Man. R3T 2N2

L. OTTEN (Electrical power & processing)School of EngineeringUniversity of GuelphGuelph, Ont. NIG2W1.

CSAE COUNCIL 1980-81

DENIS J. DESILETS

Depl. de Genie RuralSaculte des Sciences de l'Agricole etd'Alimentation

Universite Laval

Quebec, Que. GIK7P4

G. C. (GERRY) ZOERBDept. of Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0

PAUL BARLOTT

Head, Systems Engineering BranchAlberta AgricultureEdmonton, Alta. T5K 2C8

W. B. REED

Dept. of Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0

DON MACAULEY

PAMI

Humboldt, Sask. SOK 2A0

E. RAPP

Dept. of Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alta. T6G 2EI

REGIONAL DIRECTORS

JOHN F. METZGER

B.C. Ministry of AgricultureDawson Creek, B.C. V1G 4J6

E. H. WIENS

c/o Lethbridge College CampusLethbridge, Alta. T1K 1L6

G. HJERTAAS

SED Systems inc.Box 1464

Saskatoon, Sask. S7K 3P7

J. D. PHILIP

Dept. of Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of ManitobaWinnipeg, Man. R3T 2N2

J. W. WHITE

2182 Haygate CrescentMississauga, Ont. L5K 1L5

E. R. NORRIS

Agricultural Engineering Dept.Box 205

Macdonald CollegeSte. Anne de Bellevue. Que. H9X ICO

DAVID C. MILLIGAN

Agricultural EngineeringExtension Division

Nova Scotia Dept. of AgricultureTruro. N.S. B2N 5E3

Past President

Ex-Officio MemberGARLAND LALIBERTE

Depl. of Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of ManitobaWinnipeg, Man. R3T 2N2

President-elect

Vice-President

(Technical)

Vice-President

(Regional)

Secretary-Treasurer

British Columbia

Saskatchewan

Quebec

Atlantic Provinces

AIC National Council

Representative

THE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER IN A CHANGING WORLD

Denis Desilets

President, CSAE

During the past 20 years many things have changed in our agriculture. We are sometimes ledto believe that the advent of computers is the main factor affecting our work, but is it really so?Social awareness and personal concern have probably done more for our profession than anytechnological changes.

Ten years ago we became involved in the quality of life of the society; environmental issuesstarted running at high stakes. They are still affecting us, and rightly so, because, with the directinfluence that the agricultural engineer has on the production and processing of food and fibers,any design we do is bound to affect the environment.

Since about 1973 the problem of energy has attracted our attention. The agriculture and foodsystem is a major consumer of energy in Canada, using approximately 15% of the national total.The agricultural engineer is very much in the picture when the time comes to manage this importantinput to our agriculture. We have the technical knowledge to find new and better solutions to thisproblem and to provide the Canadian agricultural industry with sound and practical ways of usingrenewable sources of energy in the future.

These new problems, plus a few old ones, will keep us busy technically for many years. At thesame time, agricultural engineers are more and more concerned about themselves.

Engineers, and the young ones in particular, are taking a different look at their health andcareers. Many of us are no longer satisfied with our work and with the standard way of looking atour personal growth. The goals are changing. The young engineer is not asking the same questionsto a potential employer as those we asked 15 or 20 years ago.

With inflation running around 12% per year and interest rates approaching 20%, ourpurchasing power is decreasing every year even though some of us are getting pay increases thatare much higher than our initial salary. We therefore have to seek other satisfactions in our work.Where? I don't reallyknow, but my general feeling is that friendship, good health, travel, freedomof expression, honesty, diversity of work, vacations and peace of mind are now ranking muchhigher in the scale of values of our engineeringstudents than success, high salary, creativityandproductivity.

We will have to adjust our way of thinking as engineers because society will rate usdifferently. This by no means implies that our work should be different. All it means is that ourapproach should change in this changing world.

Canadian Agricultural Engineering publishes papers covering the general field of AgriculturalEngineering that fit into one of the following classifications: 1) a scientific paper based on original research; 2)a technical paper based on design, development, testing, or analysis of machines, equipment, structures,processes, or practice; 3) a general paper on education relative to curricula and philosophy or trends in science,on a survey or investigation of some phase of research or research methods, or on extension or extensionmethods. The Editorial Board may also publish abstracts published elsewhere and interesting news items frommembers of Agricultural Engineering.

Manuscripts for publication should be submitted to the Chairman of the Editorial Board. The papers mustbe original and must not have been published elsewhere or copyrighted. The author, not the CSAE, isresponsible for opinions expressed. Information published in Canadian Agricultural Engineering may bequoted in whole or in part provided that credit is given to the author and to the journal. Information on page,reprint, and other charges may be obtained from members of the Board.

The financial support of the National Research Council of Canada towards the publication of this journal isgratefully acknowledged.

Central Office Address: Suite 907, 151 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario KIP 5H4Published Semi-Annually (June and December)

Subscription Rate: $15.00 per annum; single issue $8.00.

CANADIAN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 23. NO. 1. SUMMER 1981

CORRECTION

CHIENG. S. T., R.S. BROUGHTON. and R.KOK. 1980. Computer-aided drafting ofsubsurface drainage plans. Can. Agric. Eng.22: 137-143.

We apologize for the error that occurred inthe paste-up stage of the above article. On page137, the first ten lines of column 3 should be the

last ten lines of column 3. the corrected versionappears below.

(TOPMAP) written by Murphy et al. (1979)was slightly modified and used to plot spotelevation topgraphic maps. Detailed descriptions of TOPMAP are documented by Murphy(1978).

Kok and Begin (1979) reviewed a number ofcomputerized contouring methods and severalexisting contouring programs and selected amethod which was suitable for farm lands and

wrote their own contouring program (CON-TUR). CONTUR was modified and used in thisstudy to produce the contour lines for subsurface drainage system design purposes.

Subsurface Drainage System DesignProgram (DSDP)

The types of subsurface drainage systems incommon use are known as "interceptor,""random" "herringbone." and "gridiron."Among those, the gridiron type is the mostwidely used for flat lands (Schwabet al. 1966;Broughton 1972).

DSDP was written to obtain drain spacings,postions of laterals andcollectors, anddiameterof drains from the design-parameters assigned.The program was constructed on the basisof agridiron-type drainage system; it can be usedfor herringbone too. or the combination of thetwo types of drainage system.

DSDP contained a main program and sevensubprograms which performed different functions under different conditions when called bythe main program.

The "design-area" means the total areaunder consideration for which a system of parallel drain lines connected by one connectorwas designed. A field may have more thanone design-area or collector. It can be easilymodified to

CANADIAN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. VOL. 23. NO. I. SUMMER 198169

NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS

follow theCouncil ofBiological Editors StyleManual, 3rd ed., published by the AmericanInstitute of Biological Sciences, 1401 WilsonBoulevard, Arlington, Va. 22209.

References

List references alphabetically by authors atthe end. Include year of publication, title inlowercase except first letterof first word, andsource, with volume and page numbers whereapplicable. Names of periodicals should beabbreviated intheform given inBIOSIS List ofSerials with Title Abbreviations (BioscienceInformation for Service of BiologicalAbstracts, 211 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa.19102). Material in press, with the name ofthe journal, may be used as a reference.Private communications and unpublishedreports should be referred to in parentheses inthe text. Avoid the use of footnotes. Use theauthor-date system in the manuscript whenreferring to articles in the Reference section.

Tables

Designate tables at the top by tablenumber(Roman numerals) and title, all in capitalletters. All headings and other information intables aretobe in lowercase except first letterof first word. Keep the table compact andplace it across thepage wherever possible. Donot use vertical lines.

Measurements

Use the metric system (SI) in the text.Tables, charts and graphs should be givenonly in metric units.

EquationsEquations and formulas must be set up

clearly. Use capitals for symbols as much aspossible and lower case for superscripts andsubscripts. Greek and other characters shouldbe identified clearly. Equations should benumbered on the right-hand margin in largenumbers and in line with the center of theequation.

Abbreviations

For commonly used terms, consult the CBEStyle Manual. Abbreviate units of measureonly when used with numerals. Do not useabbreviations in the title. Normally, numbersless than 10 should be spelled out, e.g. six.

ParagraphsIfparagraphs are tobenumbered, designate

by Arabic numerals. Designate subparagraphs by lowercase letters in parentheses.

The Editorial Board will assess suitabilityand essential detail of papers submitted forpublication in Canadian Agricultural Engineering. One or more reviewers will beused. Theircomments and suggestions willbecompiled and submitted to the author. Thereview will ensure that:

1. A research paper represents a piece ofresearch carried to a well-defined stage ofadvancement and the conclusions areadequately supported by the experimentalresults.

2. A technical paper represents a clear,concise, andfactual outline andinterpretation of the development, design, test, oranalysis under consideration and that it is acontribution in the field of agriculturalengineering.

3. Ageneralpaperon education, research, orextension is pertinent to major changes incurriculum, research, or extension or toforward-looking developments in theseareas.

4. A technical note, of one journal page orless, on equipment development, technique of measurement, or method ofanalysis will have an application for otherworkers in the field of agriculturalengineering.

MANUSCRIPTThe manuscript should be typed double-

spacedon paper 8V2X II inches (21.6 x 27.9cm)with margins notlessthan 1V4 inches (3.3cm). The first page should contain only thetitle, authors' names, addresses (includingpostal codes), and contribution number whereapplicable. Tables and captions for illustrations should be on separate pages, placed afterthe text. Manuscript paper with numberedlines ispreferred. The original and two copiesare required.

The title of the paper should be capitalizedand centered on the page; it should give anaccurate description of the article, using keywords that can be used for computer-indexing.

ORGANIZATIONThe papershould be organized to conform

with present Journal practice. Research andtechnical papers must include a short abstractsection of about 200 words.

Major headings — Center on the page withall words in capital letters.

Subheadings — Start at left-hand margin,capitalize first letter of major words.

Sub-subheadings — Start at left-handmargin, in lower case except first letter of firstword, and underline.

Technical and detailed information shouldbe included only in the form of description,table, graph, chart,orphotograph. Ingeneral,

planned to fit, afterreduction, intoa space 58mm wide (one column) or 122mm wide (twocolumns). The original should be not morethan three times the size of final figure. Thenumber of engravings required, and thereforethe cost to the author, can be reduced if two ormore drawings can be grouped together. Foridentification, the figure numberand author'sname should be written on the lower leftcorner with soft pencil.

Line drawings should be carefully made inIndia ink on white drawing paper or tracinglinen. Letters, numerals, labels and axiscaptions should be made in capital size with astencilor letteringset, not typewritten. Lettersand numerals must be at least IV2 mm highand preferably 2 mm high in final form.Curves on graphs must be 0.3 mm wide afterreduction. Axes and grid lines should beclearly visible but inconspicuous; a width of0.2 mm after reduction is suggested. Figurenumbers and captions should be typed on aseparate page, not on the original illustrations.When a paperis submitted forpublication, theoriginal illustrations need not be provided solong as the copies are of such quality thatreviewers can understand them. Originaldrawings must be provided when the paper isaccepted for publication.

ILLUSTRATIONSEither original drawings or clean, glossy

photographs are acceptable for illustrations.An illustration or group of them should be

DISCUSSIONSDiscussions may be submitted on any paper

or technical note published in the Journal for aperiod ofnot more than four months followingpublication. Discussion ofapaper ortechnicalnote is open to anyone who has significantcomments or questions about the content ofthepaper/technicalnote. Adiscussionwillnotbe accepted for publication if it containsmaterial readily found elsewhere, is purelyspeculative, introduces personalities orotherwise falls below the standards of atechnical paper in a professional journal.Authors will be given an opportunity to replyto discussions.

The format for discussions differs fromthose of papers in that figures are to beidentified by capital letters to avoid confusionwith the original paper. The discusser shouldrefer to himself as "the writer" or "I" and tothe author of the original paper as "theauthor." The first page shows the title of theoriginal paper with a footnote to identify theauthor, volume, page and date. Name andaddress of the writer of the discussion followthe title.

Discussions will be reviewed by theEditorial Board and possibly the reviewers ofthe original paper. The length of a discussionis restricted to one journal page. Lengthydiscussions will be returned for shortening, orthe writer may be encouraged to submit apaper or technical note.

CANADA ACCURAL O—HKtNC, VOL. Z3. NO. I. SUMMER ,98,