Canadian Battles

The Battle of The St. Lawrence

• German U-boats penetrated the Cabot Strait and the Strait of Belle Isles

• Destroyed 23 ships between 1942-1944

• Only time inflicted death within Canada's inland boarders

• The battle was 300 km away from Quebec City

The Battle of The St. Lawrence

• St. Lawrence shipping was Canada’s “heartland” to industry

• If the Germans closed down the Gulf of St. Lawrence for shipping would result in a 25 percent decrease in transporting goods

• Ally’s plans for invasion depended on the safe arrival of this merchandise

The Battle of The St. Lawrence

• German submarines attacked merchant vessels as well as Canadian warships

• The goal of the attack was to weaken Great British

• Wanted to prevent civilian population and the army supplies

The Raid on Dieppe: Background

• France• Also called Operation Jubilee• August 19,1942• 5,000 of the 6,100 troops were Canadians• Remaining troops approx. 1,000 British

Commandos and 50 American Rangers• More than 900 Canadians killed • 1,874 taken prisoner

The Raid on Dieppe: Summarizing the Battle

• Major disaster• Failed to achieve any of their objectives• Raid lasted only 9 hours• Suggested Germans had prior knowledge of the

raid• Enemy was alert but not forewarned• Failure was primarily caused by poor and overly

complex planning, inadequate training and insufficient fire

The Raid on Dieppe: Significance

• Many Canadians died

• Pivotal moment in 2nd World War

• Very poorly planned battle

http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt/pics/commando-raid-1.jpg

The Defense of Hong Kong: Background

• Britain decided Hong Kong was too vulnerable to defend

• October 1941, two Canadian battalions, along side British and Indian soldiers were sent to protect Hong Kong

• It was thought that the troops would discourage an attack from Japan

• There was 14 000 men; 1975 Canadians

• December 8 Japan attacked Hong Kong http://www.archersdirect.co.uk/images/china/china_map_hong_kong.jpg

The Defense of Hong Kong: Summary

• First battle Canadian Soldiers fought

• There was limited chance of victory; they did not want to surrender

• Held Hong Kong until December 22

• December 22, Allies ran out of supplies and ammunition and were forced to surrender

• Once surrendered, Allies were taken as POWs; many were tortured and starved

http://www.godfreydykes.info/qe%20burning%20in%20hong%20kong%201972.jpg

The Defense of Hong Kong: Significance

• Canada’s first Battle- soldiers were not well trained and didn’t have sufficient supplies for the Battle

• Many Soldiers taken prisoner

• 290 Canadian Soldiers killed

• 500 wounded • 260 prisoners died • Over ¼ didn’t return home

http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/secondwar/asia/canhk/defence

Juno Beach and the Battle of Normandy :

Background Information • Date Battle Started: June 6, 1944 • Date Battle Ended: August 25,

1944

• Where did this happen: Normandy, France

• How Many Went To Juno Beach: 15,000

• # of Casualties: 1047, including 359 dead on D-Day.

Juno Beach and the Battle of Normandy : What

Happened • The summer of 1944, between the Allied nations and German forces occupying Western Europe. The allied nations made a plan called: Operation Overlord. Canada was to take Juno Beach. Their

destination was a 50-mile heavily-defended coast of Normandy. “Their mission: to establish a beachhead along a five-mile stretch fronting.”

• The Royal Canadian Air Force planed to attack other German held defenses and inland positions. “The Canadians advanced against the best troops the enemy had, but victory would come at a terrible cost. Canadians suffered the most casualties.”

Juno Beach and the Battle of Normandy :

Significance • The Significance of this battle was the turning point in

World War II.

The Italian Campaign: Description

• July 10, 1943- May 8, 1945

• Named for the series of Allied operations held in Italy

• 312 000 Allied casualties ( bad planning, communications, and weather)

• 536 000 German casualties

The Italian Campaign: What Happened?- The Invasions

• Sicily: Allies captured the island and gained experience

• Continental Italy: Allies landed on “toe” of Italy from the sea. (Operation Baytown)

• Rome: Battle of Monte Cassino – 4 battles. Allies seize Rome

• Northern Italy: Gothic Line - Hitler feared breakthrough in the line (lead to Germany) but there was no success.

The Italian Campaign: Significance for Canada

• First major land operation• First major role in the war

after Dieppe• Operation Husky (Sicily)

was the largest sea invasion of the time.

• Compared to invasion of Normandy for size and complexity.

• All 3 Canadian militaries participated. ( Navy, Air Force, and regular troops)

Liberation of the Netherlands Background

The battle took place after D-Day

The Netherlands were finially liberated in March 1945

The Canadian troops were led by General G.D H. Crerar

Liberation of the Netherlands Battles

The Canadians troops fought a hard year against crack German troops

The Canadian Third Division had to capture Caen, France- 1000 died

During winter of 1944-5 troops moved North in France, through Dieppe, and Calais, through Belgium and into the Netherlands

By March 1945, Canadian troops had crossed the Rhine river, pushing the German troops with them

Liberation of the NetherlandsSignificance

an example of an Axis Retreat in the western front

The allies had stopped the Axis advance

The Netherlands were now liberated and free

The Netherlands held a liberation celebreation ecvery 5 years after 1945 until 1990, when it was made indo a national holiday

Now, on May 4 and 5, liberation festivals are held all over the country

Home Front

Canada's Industries Gear Up For War

• When WWII started Canada's industries were still recovering from the depression

• During the War Canada manufactured war products for the allied forces

http://www.nfb.ca/cinerobot/cinerobotheque/IMG428x321_WEB/45/45121/1.jpg

Canada’s Industries Gear Up For War

• From 1939 to 1941 employees in Canada’s industries increased by 50%

• Canadian workers had to relocate to find work so the government built residences around factories

• After the war Canada’s industries never slowed down

http://www.yorktownsquare.com/img/york%20floorola%20products%20inc.jpg

War Materials

• Canadians made various supplies for the war over seas

• Artilery shells• Aircraft• Tank parts• Vehicles• Guns• Ship parts

War Materials Relation

• Without the constant supply of materials soldiers would never had a chance against their enemies

Children at war

• During the war children were very much in danger due to bombing and German invasion. The Germans killed anyone and everyone.

• Most of children up to the age of 16 were evacuated out of the major cities and put in to foster care in houses in the country.

• The rule was you must have 2 people per bedroom or you will be give kids to take in and foster.

www.townfield.doncaster.sch.uk

Children at war (cont)

• Children had half the ration of adults and it caused them to be malnourished and get sick easily.

• Children were also forced to work at a young age to support their families and the war effort.

• The children weren't always treated well at the foster homes.

www.utexas.edu

Conscription Crisis: Description

• The conscription crisis was not as bad in WWII as it was in WWI

• After Normandy invasion in 1944 Canada lacked troops

• Mackenzie King sent 13,000 troops overseas, most of whom were conscripts from the NRMA

• King was against conscription but eventually agreed to send 17,000 more troops

Conscription Crisis: Significance

• This was significant because many men were sent overseas forcing their wives to find work

http://blogs.e-rockford.com/applesauce/files/2008/04/iww_anti-conscription_poster_1916.jpg

Japanese Internment• Ten camps in B.C.• After the bombing on Pearl Harbor, Japanese Canadians were

blamed for everything• 22,000 Japanese Canadians were scattered over B.C.

• In February 1942 any person of Japanese origin were ordered into

‘protected areas’ with only a single suitcase

http://education.eastwestcenter.org/asiapacificed/ph2006/PH2006projects/7_clip_image001.jpg

Significance :This is important because this is the most extreme and most recent case of discrimination that Canada has had. Canada ‘s reputation of a country that welcomes all could have ended during WW2. Japanese Canadians were taken forcibly from their homes and their farms and houses were taken by the government.

What were they like?• Forced to live in a cramped house with 10 other families with one

stove• Some camps didn’t have enough room for everyone so tents were

put up• Houses were panel board, no insulation, rickety walls and maybe a

stove• During the harsh cold winters many Japanese put lanterns under

their beds to try and keep warm. • Japanese Canadians rights were stripped from them, issued special

clothes, humiliated, put behind barb wire fences and forced to work manual labor

http://www.discovernikkei.org/nikkeialbum/sites/www.discovernikkei.org.nikkeialbum/files/filemanager/public/active/15/3-7_lg.jpg

http://www.discovernikkei.org/nikkeialbum/sites/www.discovernikkei.org.nikkeialbum/files/filemanager/public/active/15/3-9_lg.jpg

Propaganda: Description

• Canadians were not mentally prepared for World War two. With a lack of preparation Canadians were frazzled to find both men and women to help out.

• “ Wartime Information Board (WIB), undertook an extensive propaganda campaign "to dampen cynicism" and stimulate support for the war.”

• The popularity of the posters became a very important tool to enlist people.

http://poster-posters.com/pics/ww2/propaganda/here.jpg

http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwexmss/images/March2007OffCampus/book-WWII-Hitler.jpg

http://julia.hanovercomputer.com/toy/nov01/catalog/Uncle%20Sam/pict0082.jpg

Propaganda: Significance

• Propaganda has been used to shape and mold the benefits of the propagator.

• Thanks to propaganda, it makes the

opposing side believe that they are wrong.

• Propaganda made this war, it got men and women to enlist, it got people angry so they would want to fight, and it got the opposing side want to fight as well.

http://web.uccs.edu/history/student%20presentations/heidi/derfur.jpg

http://z.about.com/d/history1900s/1/0/p/S/wwiip243.jpg

http://vantech.vsb.bc.ca/ss/pm/ss11/online/ss11/history/work.jpg

Science & Technology

• Canada was a great centre of wartime research

• Scientist were quite young• World War 2 saw a great

deal of scientific and technical innovation

• A bunch of corporations undertook research in weapons, atomic energy, radar, nutrition, medicine and other areas

• Many of the scientists that worked in other countries were Canadian

Science & Technology

• Much research done in World War 2 found civilian uses after the war and has helped shape today's modern world

• The research and discoveries made during this pivotal time in history are still used to this day

• The research that many corporations undertook helped win the battle and improved the life of people in the years that followed

Victoria Cross: Definition

• Highest British medal rewarded for Gallantry

• instituted 1856 by Queen Victoria

• Total recipients: 94 (most in WW1)

Victoria Cross: Significance

• Rewarded for conspicuous bravery in the presence of an enemy or other courageous acts

• Recognizes the brave acts of those who fought the enemy courageously

• The cross motivates everyone to stand up for what is right and to show their bravery

International Battles

Barbarossa: Events of the battle

• Over 4 million troops of Axis Powers invaded the USSR along an 1800 mile front

• Operation goal: rapid conquest of the European part if the Soviet Union

Barbarossa: Description

• Happened on June 22, 1941• Named after Emperor Frederick Barbarossa

Major part of the war on the Eastern Front• German: Unternehmen Barbarossa, codename

for Nazi, Germany and Axis Powers invasion of the Soviet Union during WWII

• West of a line connecting the cities of Arkhangelsk and Astrakan: referred to as the A-A line

The Operation

http://worldshistory.informbank.com/articles/events/operation-barbarossa-military.htm

The Battle of BerlinBy: Allie Abell and Garrett Shoemaker

• One of the most important battles of WWII.

• Only a couple of weeks long, including two massive Soviet assaulting groups.

• These groups assaulted the German capital Berlin from the east and south.

• Hitler committed suicide, by taking cyanide and shooting himself.

• Berlin’s city defenders surrendered on May 2nd, 1945.

The Battle Of BerlinBy: Allie Abell and Garrett Shoemaker

• Fighting was still occurring until the official surrender on May 8th, 1945.

• In the battle alone; 1,000,000 troops and civilians were either killed, captured or wounded.

• 2,000 tanks and 1,000 aircraft were destroyed.

• This was one of the most devastating battles.

Battle of Britain: Definition

• Took place between August and September 1940

• One of the most famous battles of the Second World War

• The Germans wanted to control the English Channel so the British Navy would not attack

Battle of Britain: Significance• First battle in history to be fought entirely

in the air

• End of turning point, start of push back

• Objective was to land 160 000 soldiers along a forty-mile coastal stretch

• Germans outnumbered RAF 4 to 1

• 2800 aircrafts

Battle of the Atlantic: Background Information

• Battle lasted for 6 years ( longest battle in WW2!)

• Began on September 3, 1939- with the sinking of the Montréal ss asthenia

• Trade from north America to the united kingdom was threatened

• Germany had control of entire coast of Europe

• Germany was trying to destroy the lifelines of Britain

Battle of the Atlantic: significance

• Considered to have been won by the allies in 1943• Training, air cover, more and better equipment came

during this battle• 24 RNC vassals were destroyed

D-Day:Summary

• In 1944 allied forces planed an attack on German-occupied France- “Operation Overlord”

• Landing points were planed for 5 points on Normandy Beach including Juno, Sword, Gold, Omaha, and Utah Beach

• The attack was planed for June 5, but because of weather conditions it was postponed to the next day

http://www.cbc.ca/news/dday/gfx/map_dday.gif

D-Day: Significance

• First step in Allied attempt to defeat Nazi Germany

• Not a complete success -German gun positions were not knock out by bombardments leaving Allies in there line of fire

• Landing was completed, giving Allies a foot hold in Europe where they could begin to push back Germans

• Many casualties suffered

http://www.orbitcast.com/archives/d-day.jpg

Dunkirk

May 1940, during the Fall of France is when it happened

British expeditionary force was surrounded by Germans

The Germans didn’t attack, so 338226 trained men escaped in 900 boat

Also called Miracle of Dunkirk

The Germans then took control of Dunkirk

The allies bombed Dunkirk during German occupation

France

DunkirkFleeing troops

Dunkirk•

Over 40000 vehicles and lots of heavy equipment was left behind during the escape

This stuff was deemed less valuable then the trained solders

It is still a mystery as to why the Germans didn’t attack the troops while they fled

EL Alamein: Description

• Fought in deserts of North Africa in El Alamein, 150 miles west of Cairo

• Sand storms • Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery commanded British. • Erwin Rommel commanded Germans.• Germans were highly outnumbered• “Devil’s Garden”-a mine field laid by the Germans which was 5 miles

wide and littered with a huge number of anti-tank and anti-personnel mines.

Caleb Fahey

El Alamein: Significance

Stopped Germans from controlling the Suez canalStopped the German advancementTurning point in North AfricaGermans retreated in 1942By reinforcing the defensive line from the coast to the impassible Qattara Depression Montgomery was sure Rommel could not advance further into Egypt

http://galen-frysinger.com/North%20Africa/alamein09.jpg

Atomic bombing• Attacked Hiroshima on August 6 1945 and

Nagasaki on August 9 1945

• Was nicknamed the Manhattan project

• The first bomb created 13 kilotons of TNT.

• The second bomb created 21 kilotons of TNT

• The reason the attacked the two cities was because they were major shipping areas

• The second bomb created a firestorm where winds as strong as 1005 km/h blew into the fire which engulfed anyone that was within 4.4 square miles away

Atomic bombing

• The bombing of Japan was important to the war because the bombing forced the Japanese to surrender

• If the Japanese had not surrendered the Americans would have bombed them an approximate amount of eight more times

Invasion of Sicily: Events

The Invasion of Sicily began on July, 9, 1943 and ended on August, 17, 1943. The invasion was codenamed Husky, and involved the allies taking Sicily from the axis (Nazi Germany and Italy). It was primarily a airborne attack but was fallowed by 6 weeks of land combat. Casualties and captures accumulated from Canadian, Italian, German, American, and British solders resulting in 29,000 dead and 140,000 captured.

www.historyplace.com/.../ww2-pix/sicily-ship.jpg

Invasion of Sicily: Relation to WWIISicily was a ground breaking battle for Hitler, it

was a strategic disadvantage in opposing the allies.

After battling through Sicily for approximately two months, the Allies finally succeeded in pushing Nazi Germany forces back to the mainland. The fall of Palermo led to the collapse of Benito Mussolini's government in Rome.

Which further affected some of the outcome of WWII by naming Mussolini among the founders of Italian fascism, which included elements of nationalism, social progress and anti- communism in combination with censorship and state propaganda.

http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-73266/German-Junkers-Ju-87-Stuka-dive-bomber

Iwo Jima Background

• The Battle of Iwo Jima was fought between the United States and the Japanese Empire

• The Battle occurred on February 19, 1945 and lasted till March 26, 1945

Iwo JimaEvents Of The Battle

• 30,000 Americans bombarded the small island with heavy aerial bombings and shelling from ships

• Japanese who had survived the shellings, anticipated their arrival and withheld fire until the beaches were lined with soldiers

• Still the Americans fought hard and killed 20,000 of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers who started in battle

Iwo JimaRelation To World War 2

• Given the large amounts of Casualties and the large amounts of money spent, the capturing of the island was pointless

• No Military base of any kind would have been useful on the island

Normandy

Back round Information• “Operation Overload”• Capture Carentan, Saint-lo, Caen, and

Bayeux on day 1 • Two Mulberry Beach Heads were

towed across English channel • The British Landed 314,547 men,

54,000 vehicles, and 102,000 tons of supplies

• America Landed 314,504 men, 41,000 vehicles, and 116,000 tons of supplies

• The Allies took Cherbourg in August 1944

• Assault led to major territory gains by the Allies

http://www.uscg.mil/History/gifs/LCVP_at_Normandy.jpg

Normandy (cont.)

• At Falaise the Allied tried one big last push to destroy the Germans

• The Americans pushed from the south and French pushed from the north

• The Germans tried to make one last offensive to hold back the Allies

• Eventually the Germans retreated From trying to take the coast

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_Gap

Operation Market Garden

• September 17, 1944 – September 25, 1944

• Purpose of the operation was to cross the Rhine River, the last barrier into Germany

• The operation was to be accomplished by airborne units seizing and holding several bridges up the Rhine river

• The operation looked to be successful with the capture of the Waal bridge

• It fell apart as other units couldn’t take there objectives

• The result of the battle was victory for Germany and total defeat for the allies

• Allies suffered 17-19 thousand casualties

• Germans suffered 8 thousand casualties

Pearl Harbor: Description

• On December 7, 1941Japan made a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

• Two aerial attack waves which totaled 353

• Many American ships in the Harbor were damaged beyond repair

• When Japan invaded Manchuria and French Indochina, US limited supplies to Japan under Export Control Act

Description Continued• When supplies

were limited Japan was angered

• Japan felt that by neutralizing US pacific fleet they could protect Japan’s advance into Malaya

http://blogs4brownback.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/attack_on_pearl_harbor_japanese_planes_view.jpg

Relation to WW2

• WW2 began because of this battle

• Japan declared war on US and Britain

• US declares war on Japan

• Nazi Germany and fascist Italy declare war on US

• Significant because many people were killed and was the beginning of the Second World War.

Battle For Stalingrad

• Happened August 19th 1942 lasted until February 2nd 1943

• Germany wanted to attack Russia and Moscow seemed to obvious so they decided to attack Stalingrad because its was a major industrial city and a vital transportation route between the Caspian and Northern Russia http://www.uh.edu/engines/assault_6.jpg

Battle For Stalingrad

• Hitler had a plan called Operation Blau, which was to split the army in two. One part going straight into Russia and the other going south toward Stalingrad

http://www.thailand.mid.ru/0img/gpw/image008.jpg

Battle For Stalingrad

• German forces pushed into Stalingrad

• When winter came Germans that were new to the conditions got stuck in Volga River area, and lost thousands to malnutrition, frostbite, and disease resulting in soviet victory.

• Due to the destructive battle Stalingrad was left in pieces.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Stalingrad_aftermath.jpg