canada-manitoba soil survey soils of the west interlake area

CANADA-MANITOBASoil Survey

Soils of theWest Interlake Area

Report D-36

1982

SOILS REPORT No . D36 1981--------------------------------------------------------------------

SOILS OF THE WEST-INTERLAKE AREA

by

Glenn Podolsky

CANADA-MANITOBA SOIL SURVEY

AGRICULTURE CANADA

MANITOBA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA--------------------------------------------------------------------

PREFACE

This interim report and map of the detailed field and laboratory study ofthe soils of the West-Interlake area are one in a new series of such soil sur-vey reports covering special interest areas in southern Manitoba . These re-ports reflect the growing concern by various government agencies that supportthe Canada-Manit:oba Soil Survey, that a knowledge of the development and dis-tribution of the soils of Manitoba is the key to understanding their proper-ties, behavior and response to management . This concern requires that soilsbe described both in terms of their basic properties and the nature of the en-vironmental setting in which they are found . Thus, when an area such as thatin the West-Interlake study requires delineation of land of high or low valuefor crop product:ion or for other uses, the basic reference document is an ac-curate and reliable soil map .

The land resource information included in this resurvey covers approximate-ly 10,750 ha of land in the Municipalities of Siglunes Coldwell and St . Lau-rent . It covers only a fraction of the area covered In the former reconnais-sance surveys of Grahamdale (1971) and Fisher-Teulon (1961) . However, theprojected more intensive use of the soils for agriculture and the growing com-petition for other uses of land in the area has created a need for more up-to-date, more accurate and more detailed soil information . The increased exami-nation of soils in the field, the use of current aerial photography, the useof improved methods of studying soils in the laboratory and the accumulatedknowledge of the properties and uses of soils over the years, have all con-tributed to the additional information contained in this new series of reportsand maps .

Durins the course of the resurvey of the West-Interlake area, a large vol-ume of site specific data for the soils mapped in the area was generated, thatfor practical reasons cannot be included in this interim report . These dataare currently beting input into the Canada Soil Information (CanSIS) data bank .This computerized system of data management permits automated manipulation andstatistical evaluation of large volumes of data for soil characterization andinterpretations ., These data will shortly be available on request . In addi-tion, the cartographic file of CanSIS provides a capability to produce derivedmaps of various kinds quickly and inexpensively . The types of derived mapsthat can be gene!rated from the basic soil map include the sixteen interpreta-tions that are provided in tabular form in this report as well as a number ofsingle feature maps for such characteristics as drainage, texture of surfacedeposits, slope, stoniness, distribution of salinity, etc . A packa~e of in-terpretive maps and single feature derivative maps can be made available onrequest to : The Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey, Dept . of Soil Science, Rm . 362,Ellis Bldg ., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2 .

The Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey trusts that this report and accompanyingmap will be of value to all individuals and agencies involved with the use ofland within the map area .

R.E . Smith

Director

Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The report on the soils of the West-Interlake Area was conductedas a joint project of the Manitoba Department of Agriculture and theCanada Department of Agriculture in response to a request from theMunicipal Planning Branch .

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following persons :

R . E . Smith, Director of the Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey for reviewingthe manuscript .

R . DePape and J . Griffiths for compiling and drafting the maps andsketches .

E . St . Jacques, R. Mirza, J . Madden and K. Yeung for laboratory analyses,carried out under the supervision of P . Haluschak .

D . Sandberg for typing and assisting in preparation of the report .

C . Cohen for digitizing the soil map .

The soils were mapped by G . P . Podolsky, assisted by A. Bourrier .

HOW TO USE THIS SOILS REPORT

This report (in the Soils of the West-Interlake area contains information onthe soils of the! area, their origin, their formation, their classification andtheir potential for various uses such as dryland agriculture, irrigation, en-gineering projects- and recreation . The report is presented in four parts :Part I provides a general description of the area ; Part II describes mappingmethodology ; Part III discusses the formation classification and morphologyof soils and Part IV is an interpretive section on soils for various uses .The soil maps are presented in the form of photo mosaic copies and are foundin the accompanying folder .

In order to assist the userfollowing steps are suggested :

Note the map unit symbols that occurpound symbols have their percentileThe denominator indicates associatedtopography stoniness and salinity,map :;ymboiogy, Appendix E .

in retrieving

Step 1 Consult the map section . Select the appropriate map sheet(s) andspecific area .

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

soil information quickly, the

in the area of interest . Com-composition in the numerator .landscape features of erosion,respectively . See Section on

Consult the "Legend of the West-Interlakebols <<re listed alphabetically, givingdrainage and subgroup .

Study", Appendix E. Sym-soil name, soil texture,

Consult the appropriate tables and corresponding guides in Part IVfor interpretive information of identified soil types .

For additional information on the soils, consult Part III where thesoils are described in alphabetical order according to soil name .

Table 1 . SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBANOVEMBER, 1980

Map Project Name (Soil Report No .) Report l Area in Map Unit 2 Survey 3 Map Map4 Land Evaluation5Designation Status Hectares Descrip- Intensity Scale Base & Interpretations

tion Level

Detailed Studies and Surveys

D1 Pasquia (No . 11) Pub . 57,200 a,b,d 3 1 :63,360 Color AD2 Glenlea Research Station Int . 541 a,b 1 1 :7 920 Photo AD3 Morden Experimental Farm Int . 256 a,b 1 1 :H,000 Photo AD4 Onanole Int . 768 a,b 1 1 :7,920 Photo UD5 York Factory Area Int . 768 a 3 1 :63,360 B&WD6 McCreary Tile Drain Project Int . 64 a,b 1 1 :5,000 B&W AD7 Brandon Experimental Farm Pre . 768 a,b 1 1 :7,920 Photo AD8 Portage Potato Farm Int . 480 a,b 1 1 :4,800 Photo AD9 Portage la Prairie (No . 17) Pub . 113,200 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,U,RD10 Morden-Winkler (No . 18) Pub . 71,424 a,b,c 2 1 :20 000 Photo A,I,E U RD11 Deep Lake Int . 1,400 a,b 1 1 :6,b00 B&W

, ,R

D12 Thompson Environmental Int . 32 a,b 1 1 :1,000 B&WStudy

D13 Organic Soil Study of Int . 29,456 a,b 3 1 :63,360 B&W AAlexander L .G .D .

D14 Winnipeg Region Pub . 280,000 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,U,RD15 Brandon Region Pub . 59,600 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,U,RD16 Boissevain-Melita (No . 20) Pub . 262,912 a,b,c 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,U,RD17 Carman Data 35,840 a,b 2 1 :20,000 B&W A,E,R

continuingD18 Orr Lake Int . 20 a,b 1 1 :1 000 B&WD19 Pelican-Rock Lake Data 14,080 a,b 2 1 :2b,000 Photo A,E,R,ID20 West Portage Pre . 88,567 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,I,E,R

continuingD21 Minnewasta Int . 2,560 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID22 Killarney Int . 4,600 a, b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID23 Matlock-Gimli-Riverton Int . 18,400 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID24 Glenboro Int . 5,960 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID25 Sandy Lake Int . 1,720 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID26 Beausejour Int . 10,813 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I,UD27 Rockwood Int . 12,928 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,I,UD28 Oak Lake Int . 1,293 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,ID29 Bird River Int . 2,560 a ,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD30 North Shore Lac du Bonnet Int . 2,400 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD31 Grindstone Point Int . 8,040 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R

Table 1 SUMMARY OF SOIL SURVEY COVERAGE FOR MANITOBA (continued)NOVEMBER, 1980

Map ProjectDesignation

Name (Soil Report No .) Report l Area inStatus Hectares

Map Unit2Descrip-tion

Survey3IntensiLevel

Mapty Scale

Map4Base

Land Evaluation5& Interpretations

D32 Paint Lake Int . 2,880 a,b 2 1 :10,000 Photo A,E,RD33 Cranberry Pertaoa_

~~~Tnt . 80 a .b 1 1 :5,000 Photo A,E,R

D34 ~Dauphin Pre . 6,400 a,b 2 1 :20,U00 Yhoto A,E,x,ID35 South Riding Mtn . Pre . 17,095 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD36 West Interlake Int . 10,036 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,I,RD37 Swan R . Townsite Pre . 7,680 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID38 Hadashville-organic Pre . 6,475 a,b 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,I,RD39 Rat River Pre . 27,972 a,b 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,I,RD40 Falcon L-Brereton L Pre . 25,900 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD41 Quesnel Lake-

North Shore Winnipeg River Data 3,000 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD42 Duck Mountain Data 3,036 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD43 Spruce Woods Data 24,400 3 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,R

continuingD44 McGregor Pre . 3,910 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,RD45 South Central- Data 40,500 2,3 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R

Escarpment continuing 1 :40,000 Photo A,E,RD46 Arborg-Riverton Pre . 2,590 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID47 Roblin Pre . 4,096 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R,ID48 Flin Flon Pre . 5,200 a,b 2 1 :20,000 Photo A,E,R

continuing


Map ProjectDesignation

Name (Soil Report No .) ReportlStatus

Area inHectares

Map Unit2Descrip-tion

Survey3IntensiLevel

Mapty Scale

Map4Base

Land Evaluations& Interpretations

Reconnaissance Surveys

R1 South Western (No . 3) Pub . 709,600 d 3 1 :125,000 B&W AR2 South Central (No . 4) Pub . 967,600 d 3 1 :125,000 B&W AR3 Winnipeg and Morris No . 5) Pub .(No . 1,419,200 d 3 1 :125,000 Color AR4 Rossburn and Virden 6) Pub . 1,372,400 d 3 1 :125,000 Color AR5 Carberry (No . 7) Pub . 967,600 d 3 1 :125,000 Color AR6 West-Lake (No . 8) Pub . 592,800 d 3 1 :125,000 Color AR7 Grandview (No . 9) Pub . 689,200 d 3 1 :125,000 Color AR8 Nelson River Basin (No . 10) Pub . 224,000 b 3 1 :100,000 Color AR9 Fisher and Teulon (No . 12) Pub . 949,200 a,c 3 1 :100,000 Color AR10 Swan River (No . 13) Pub . 316,000 a,c 3 1 :125,000 Color AR11 South Eastern (No . 14) Pub . 749,200 a,c 3 1 :125,000 Color A,FR12 Lac du Bonnet (No . 15) Pub . 764,800 a,c 3 1 :125,000 Color A,F,RR13 Grahamdale (No . 16) Pub . 764,800 a,b 3 1 :125,000 Color A,F,U,R,ER14 Red Rose-Washow Pub . 704,400 a,b 3 1 :125,000 Color A,F

Bay (No . 19)R15R16

Boissevain-Melita (No . 20) Pub .Ste . Rose Pre .

299,520658,800

a,ba,b

23

1 :40 0001 :121,000

PhotoColor

A,I,EA,I,E,R,F

R17 Waterhen Pre . 949,600 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W AR18 Swan Lake Data 599,200 a,b 3,4 1 :125,000 B&W AR19 The Pas Pre . 814,400 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W AR20 Grand Rapids Pre . 800,000 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W AR21 Cormorant Int . 920,000 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W AR22 Wekusko Pre . 1,400,000 a,b 4 1 :125,000 B&W AR23 Pointe du Bois Data 740,000 a,bR24 Roseau River Pub . 45,200 a,b 3 1 :63,360 B&W AR25 Red Deer Lake Pub . 34,860 a,b 2 1 :31 680

BPhoto A

R26 Cross Lake and Norway House Pre . 615,200 a,b 4 1 :1 ,000 B&W A


Map Project Name (Soil Report No .)Designation

Biophvsical and Exploratory Surveys

Reportl Area in Map Unit2 Survey3 Map Map4 Land Evaluation5Status Hectares Descrip- Intensity Scale Base & Interpretations

tion Level

BI Lake Winnipeg, Churchill &Nelson Rivers

Pub . 3,600,000 e 4 1 :250 0001 :50,000

B&W

B2 Churchill Transportation Data 179,000 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WCorridorN.R .I .P . (Northern Resource 11,389,600 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WInformation Project)

B3 54C Hayes River Int . 1,370,300 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB4 54D Kettle Rapids Int . 1,370,300 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB5 5221 Carrol Lake Int . 634,000 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB5 62P Hecla Int . 466,200 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB6 53D Deer Lake Int . 629,700 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB6 63A Berens River Int . 848,500 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB7 53M Knee Lake Int . 1,405,900 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB8 53L Oxford House Int . 1,441,100 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB8 63H Norway House Data 540,800 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB9 SE 1/4 64A Split Lake Int . 342,400 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB9 63P Sipiwesk Int . 1,405,900 f 4 1 :125,000 B&WB10 53E Island Lake Pre . 1,286,900 f 4 1 :125000 B&WEl Surface Deposits & Int . 9 5 1 :1,267,000 B&W

Soils of NorthernManitoba

E2 Exploratory Terrain Int . 9 5 1 :1,000,000 B&WStudy of NorthernManitoba and SouthernKeewatin, N.W .T .

1 .Report StatusPub .-Published Report and MapInt.-Interim Report and MapPre.-Preliminary Map and LegendData-Field Data Only

2.Map .Unit Descriptions Codea-single series and phasesb-series complexes defined as to proportionc-series complexes undefined as to proportiond-associationse-biophysical units (materials and physiography)f-biophysical units (associations & complexes of associations)g-regional and local physiographic units

Table 1

3-Survey Intensity Levels

Code Name Scale Minimum SizeDelineation(ha)

1 Very detailed >1 :12,000 <1 .52 Detailed 1 :12,000 to 1 :40,000 1 .5-163 Semi-detailed 1 :40,000 to 1 :125,000 16 to 2564 Reconnaissance 1 :125,000 to 1 :250,000 256 to 6255 Exploratory 1 :250,000 to 1 :1,000,000 625 to 10,000

4-Published Map Base Code

Photo-PhotomosaicB&W -Black and white lineColor-Colored line

5-Interpretations Code

Inspection Density(Approx . range)>1 per 3 ha1 per 3 to 50 ha1 per 10 to 1000 ha1 per 100 to 110,000 ha1 per 300 to 500,000 ha

A-Agriculture CapabilityE-EngineeringF-ForestryI-Irrigation SuitabilityU-Urban Planning and Community DevelopmentR-Recreation

TOTAL HECTARAGE COVERED

1980 To DateInitial Reconnaissance 18,747,200Initial Detailed 10,500 13,460Reconnaissance 284,800Detailed Resurvey 86,500 1,497,795Biophysical Survey 11,389,600

CONTENTS

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . " " " " "

HOW TO USE THIS SOILS REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " . " " " " " " . iv

PARTpage

1 . GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " 1

Location and Extent . . . . . . .* . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " 1Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Relief and Drainage .

". . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " 1

Geology and Soil Parent Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . " 1Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Surface Deposits and 'Physiographic "Areas . .

.

...

.

...

.

...

."

..

..

. 7. 7

Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

G . METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " " " " " " " 9

Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Units of Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . .Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3 . SOIL DESCRIFTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . " " " " " " . 11

Soil Development"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " . . 11Description of Soil Series . . . . . . . . . . . " . . " " " " " . . 11

Aneda Series (AND) . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . " " " " . . 16Alonsa Series (AOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " . 16Clarkleigh Series (CKG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . " . 16Crane Series (CRN) . . . . . . " . . " " " " " " " " " " " " . 16Davidson Series (DVD) . . . . . " . . . . . . . . " . . " " . " " 11Fairford Series (FFD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " 17Faulkner Series (FKR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " 17Garson Series (GSO) . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . " " " " " " 17Gunton Series (GUO) . . . . " . . " " . . . " . . . " " " " " " " 17Hilbre Series (HIB) . . . . . . . . . . . .

~. . . . " " " " " " 18

Isafold Series (ISF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " 18Inwood Series (IWO) 18Leary Series (LRY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " " 18Lundar Series (LUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " 18Lynx Bay Series (LXB) . . . . . . . . . . " " . . . " " " " " " " 19Marsh (Mh) . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

". . . . . . . . . . 19

Meleb Series (MEB) . . . . . . . . . . . " . . " " " " " " " . 19Narcisse Series (NCS) . . . . " . . 19Sand Beach (Sb) . . . . " . . . . . " " . . " " " " " " " " 20St . Labre Series (SLB) 20Stonewall Series (SWW) 20Sandridge Series (SDE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " 20

4 . USE AND MANAGEMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS . . . . . . . . " " " " " " 21

Introduction" "

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . " " 21Soil Capability forAgriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Dryland Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " . " " " 21tion Suitability . " " " " " " " " " " " " 24

Soil Suitability for Selected Engineering Uses . . . . . . . . . . . 28Definition of Soil Suitability Classes " " "

8"

Soil Suitability Subclasses . . . " . . . . " . " . " " " 28Guides for Assessing Soil Suitability . . . . . . . . . . " " . 28

Soil Suitability for Selected Recreation Uses . 0 . . 6 . " . . . . 31

Appendixpage

A. SOIL CORRELATION OF THE WEST-INTERLAKE AREA WITH THE GRAHAMDALE ANDFISHER-TEULON AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

B . SCHEMATIC CROSS-SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

C . GUIDES FOR EVALUATING SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED USES . . . . . . . 46

D . GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

D . SOIL HORIZON DESIGNATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

ORGANIC HORIZONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*

. 73MASTER MINERAL HORIZONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73LOWER-CASE SUFFIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

D, DESCRIPTION OF LANDFORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

GENETIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Unconsolidated mineral component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Qualifying Descriptors . . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 78Organic component .

~79

GENETIC MATERIAL MODIFIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Particle size classes for unconsolidatedmineral materials . . . 79Fiber classes for organic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : 80SURFACE EXPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Consolidated and Unconsolidated mineral surface classes . . . . . 80Organic surface classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

E . MAP UNIT SYMBOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Compound Map Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Simple Map Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Map Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

LIST OF TABLES

Table

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

page

Summary of Soil Survey Coverage for Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Soil Series of the West-Interlake Area Arranged in Relation to SoilDrainage Class, Subgroup and Parent Material . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Parent Materials and Related Soils of the West-Interlake Study Area . 14

Agricultural Capability Subclass Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5 . Agricultural Interpretations of Soils in the West-Interlake Study Area .25

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

10 .

17 .

18 .

19 .

Codes utilized to identify limitations in evaluating soil suitabilityfor selected Engineering and Recreational Uses(Tables 8 and 9) . . 30

Engineering Description of the Soils and Their Estimated PropertiesSignificant to Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Suitability Ratings and Limitations for Soils in the West-Interlakefor Selected Engineering Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Suitability Ratings and Limitations of Soils in the West-InterlakeArea for Various Recreational Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Correlation of Soils in the West-Interlake Area with Soils of the(1961) Fisher-Teulon and (1971) Grahamdale Areas . . . . . . . . . 41

Land Classification Standards for Irrigation Suitability . . . . . . . 47

Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of topsoil . . . . . . 48

Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of sand and gravel . . 49

Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of roadfill . . . . . . 50

Guide for assessing soil suitability for permanent buildings . . . . . 51

Guide for assessing soil suitability for local roads and streets . . . 52

Guide for assessing soil suitability for trench-type sanitarylandfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Guide for assessing soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfills 54

Guide for assessing soil suitability as cover material for area-typesanitary landfills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

20 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for reservoirs and sewage lagoons-56

21 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields-57

22 .

23 .

24 .

25 .

26,

Guide for assessing soil suitability for playgrounds . . . . . . . . . 58

Guide for assessing soil suitability for camp areas . . . . . . . . . 59

Guide for assessing soil suitability for picnic areas . . . . . . . . 60

Guide for assessing soil suitability for paths and trails . . . . . . 61

Legend for West-Interlake Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

LIST OF FIGURES

Figurepage

1 . West-Interlake Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 . West-Interlake Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 . Relief and Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 . Relief and Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

5 . Geology of Underlying Bedrock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

6 . A Schematic Cross-Section of a Typical Landsca e Adjacent to LakeManitoba in the West-Interlake (The Narrows~ Area . . . . . . . . . 45

7 . Family particle-size classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

8 . Soil Textural Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

PART 1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF AREA

1 .1 LOCATION AND EXTENT

The West-Interlake study area cov-ers an area of approximately 10,750hectares, located along the westernportion of the Interlake district asoutlined in Figures 1 and 2 . Thestudy areas are adjacent to or in thevicinity of Ashern, Moosehorn Bay ,The Narrows, Lundar, Lundar Beach,Oak Point and St . Laurent .

This project is a resurvey of por-tions of the area formerly covered bythe reconnaissance soil surveys ofthe Grahamdale area at 1 :126,000scale (1971) and Fisher-Teulon areaat 1 :100 000 scale (1961) . The pres-ent detailed resurvey was carried outat a scale of 1 :20,000 .

The study area includes portionsof the Municipalities of Siglunes,Coldwell and St . Laurent .

1 .2 LAND USE

The present land use throughoutthe West-Interlake study area is pri-marily agriculture . Recreation pla san important role in areas such asThe Narrows Lundar Beach and St .Laurent . The major service centersare Lundar Ashern and St . Laurentwhich suppiy essential services suchas shopping centers, schools, and ag-ricultural supplies . The availabili-ty and accessibility of these centersare important factors in supportingthe rural farm and non-farm communi-ties in these areas .

Agriculture consists dominantly ofmixed farming including cereal grainsand livestock production . Mixedfarming is a common practise in manyinstances due to the variability inland capability for different uses .Land with adverse qualities such asstoniness and poor drainage are bet-ter suited to livestock productionuntil improvement can be made forgrain and forage production .

Recreational activities such ascottaging, camping, hiking, swimming,boating and fishing are provided inareas such as The Narrows, LundarBeach, Oak Point and St . Laurent onLake Manitoba because of the favora-ble water shoreline, and beach char-acteristics . There is an increasing

concentration of cottages along theshoreline and on lands at greaterdistances from the shoreline . Theseareas afford a desirable and con-trasting setting for urban dwellersin surrounding towns and Winnipeg .

1 .3 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

The principal relief and drainagefeatures of the West-Interlake areaare shown in Figures 3 and 4 .

The highest land of the study areais in the eastern portion where theelevation ran es from 87t ft (267 m)to 900 ft . f274 m) above sea level .From here the area slopes gentlywestward to Lake Manitoba at 813ft .(248 m) A.S .L . The land has adistinctive low ridge and swale to-pography with a general northwest tosoutheast linear orientation . Theridges rise only a few feet above theintervening depressions but they havea major damming effect on the drain-age of the area .

Surface drainage is poorly devel-oped over most of the West-Interlakestudy area . There are no well devel-oped creeks or rivers to providedrainage . With no continuous water-ways in the area, runoff from theridges collects in the adjoining swa-les or in larger swamps and intermit-tent lakes . Although drainage ditch-es provide some drainage improvementis difficult due to the iack of natu-ral channels and the presence of nu-merous ridges perpendicular to theland fall .

1 .4 GEOLOGY AND SOIL PARENTMATERIAL

A surface mantle of unconsolidatedmineral materials covers the bedrockformations throughout the West-Inter-lake area . These unconsolidated ma-terials are composed of rock frag-ments derived from the action of thecontinental ice sheets which com-pletely covered Manitoba in recentgeological times . The ice sheetspicked up and transported huge quan-tities of materials from the bedrockformations over which they passed .When the ice sheets melted, the ma-

- 1 -

terials were deposited as glacial drift in various forms .

Tp 21

Tp 20

Tp 19

To 18

Tp 17

Tp 16

Tp 15

Figure 1 : West-Interlake Study Area

Tp. 26

Tp.25

Tp. 24

R.7 R .6 R.5 R.4 R.3

0 Lily Pay

Lundar~

Beachfl

TI~77

.d. \1

Minnev~akan, lo

r.,

813

\

ODeer Ha

ditch

larkleigh

/

a60 Oak Point

813

O

O

a6

Laurent

Feet Meters

825 251

850 259

875 267

Tp.21

Tp.20

Tp.l9

Tp.l8

Tp.l7

Tp.l6

Tp .l5

rn

Figure 3 : Relief and Drainage

Tp 26

w00GfD

www00co

Tp 25

Tp 24

Tp 23

Geology

The bedrock formations of theWest-Interlake study area are shownin Figure 5 . The area is underlainentirely by Paleozoic limestones anddolostones of the Devonian and Silu-rian Periods . These rock formationscontributed most of the materialsthat make up the surface deposits ofthe area . The bedrock formationstrend in a northwest-southeast direc-tion and generally dip in a westerlydirection .

Surface Deposits and Physiographiceas

The terrain of the West-Interlakearea lies within the Manitoba PlainDivision of the Interior Plains Re-ion of Canada . On the basis of sur-

~ace deposits the area falls into theInterlake Plain section .

The Interlake Plain is a gentlyundulating area of ground moraineconsisting of medium to moderatelyfine textured strongly to extremelycalcareous till derived from lime-stone and granitic rocks . The depthof till is variable throughout thestudy area and in places ~MoosehornBay, The Narrows, Ashern, Lundar) thelimestone bedrock outcrops at thesurface or is covered by onlq a thinmantle . Large areas of the tillplain are characterized by a distinc-tive low ridge and swale topography .A majority of the soils are stony .The area is covered by scrubby aspenwith minor occurence of bur oak anawhite spruce . The trees are stuntedin growth by the high-lime content ofthe soils subsoil salinity and byrestrictea rooting space where thebedrock is close to the surface .Areas of natural grassland occur bor-dering Lake Manitoba, where soil sa-linity and poor drainage have pre-vented tree growth .

1 .5 CLIMATE

In relation to worldwide climaticconditions the West-Interlake arealies within the Dfb(1) region, and isdesignated as dominantly subhumid,cool continental . Due to its loca-tion in the center of the continent agreat distance from the moderatingeffect of the oceans, the summertemperatures are higher, winter

(1) Koppen W . and Geiger, Handbuchder Klimatologie, Bond 1, Teil C,Gebuder Borntradger, Berlin,1936 .

temperatures are lower and annualtemperature range much greater thanthe world average for the same lati-tude .

The mean annual precipitation forthe area is 508 mm with approximately381 mm falling as rain during theperiod of April to October and about127 mm falls as snow during winter .June is the wettest month with 86 .4mm .

The study area has a mean annualtemperature of about 1 .06 degrees C .July is the warmest month with an av-erage temperature of 19 .04 degrees C .January is the coldest month with anaverage temperature of -19 .7 degreesC . The frost-free season (0 de g6rei8C), from May 24 to Septemberabout 115 days .

1 .6 VEGETATION

The West-Interlake area lies with-in the Aspen-Oak and Manitoba Low-lands Sections of the Boreal ForestRegion of Canada or delineated byRowe(2) .

The Aspen-Oak Section includes theSt . Laurent, Oak Point Lundar andThe Narrows portions of the studyarea . Aspen is the most prevalentspecies . A general distribution ofbur oak is also characteristic ofthis section . The most common grassspecies are big and little bluestemand wild rye . The open grasslandareas that occur along Lake Manitobaare a result of poor drainage andsoils salinity . The native vegeta-tion in these areas is dominantlymeadow grasses, reeds, sedges andsalt-toierant species .

The Ashern and Moosehorn Bay por-tions of the study area are part ofthe Manitoba Lowlands Section . Whileaspen is still the dominant speciesin these areas, black spruce and ta-marack are prevalent in the poorlydrained positions . Significant whitespruce and jack pine occur on thebetter drained ridges . In local are-as where the limestone bedrock is ator near the surface, trees cannotsurvive and dry grassland species,such as spear grasses and Potentillaform a sparse vegetative cover .

(2) Rowe, J.S . 1972 . Forest Regionsof Canada . Publication No . 1300,Dept . of the Environment, CanadaForestry Service, Ottawa .

- 7 -

0

KIC

DEP \DA

0

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oMoosehorn$FB -1

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71%,DW 1\ r-\,11J C f~

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Manitoba

Longruth0

/OakPoint

o St .Laurent

DEP

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R .7 R .5r i

R.3

Tp.26

Tp.24

Tp . 22

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MESOZOICJ Jurassic : Amaranth , Reston , Melita -Formations.

Shales , Sandstone , Limestone , Dolomite

PALEOZOICD Devonian : DSR - Souris River , DDB - Dawson Bay ,

DW - Winnipegosis , DEP - Elm Point , DA -Ashern Formations . Limestone , Dolostone andMinor Red Shale

S Silurian : Interlake Group , SFB - Fisher Branch

Formation . Dolomite

0 Ordovician : OS - Stonewall Formation . Dolomite

1

oLundar

Figure 5 : Geology of Underlying Bedrock

PART 2

METHODOLOGY

2 .1 MAPPING

Soil mapping was conducted by ex-amining so31 profiles to depths ofone meter along selected traverses ineach section . In cultivated or ac-cessible areas the soils were exam-ined at about 150 meter intervalsalong each traverse ; two traverseswere made per section of land . Sitesadjacent to the traverse and alongroad allowances were also examined toprovide additional ground truthingand to help locate soil boundariesbetween sections . This field methodprovided approximately 25 to 30 in-spection sites per section or onesite per 10 ha .

Boundaries delineating the varioussoil types in the map area were com-piled on an air photo mosaic at ascale of 1 :20,000 or 3 inches equalone mile .

es . Where different soils orexternal properties occur in intri-cate patterns and in such small areasthat it is not pratical to show themseparately because of map scale, theyare combined to form compound or com-plex mapping units . The dominant andsignificant kinds of related but un-like soil series and phases that oc-cur in such units are indicated inpercentile proportions .

Very often, it is desirable to in-dicate by map unit symbol, minor var-iations in certain Intrinsic proper-ties of soils or landscape featuresthat deviate from the normal . Thesevariants or phases of series usuallyaffect soil management . In theWest-Interlake study, the effect offour such properties and features areindicated . These are erosion, slopeclass, degree of stoniness and salin-ity . The degree or magnitude of eachis designated in the following man-ner :

2 .2 UNITS OF MAPPING

The basic unit of mapping in theWest-Interlake area is the soil se-ries . It is defined as a naturallyoccurring soil body such that anyprofile within that body has a simi-lar number and arrangement of hori-zons, whose color, texture, struc-ture, consistence thickness,reaction and composition are within anarrowly defined range . Any addi-tional features of the landscape orsurface expression are expressed asphases and include degree of erosionof the soil profile, slope class,stoniness or salinity .

The delineation of map units,whether they be single soil series orsoil series complexes, is not exact ;they vary with local topography ,drainage, erosion and soil profileproperties . The decision to outlineand label any given area is based oninterpretation and extrapolation ofobserved soil and landscape featuresand air photo interpretation . Thedelineation of soil boundaries servesto separate soils having propertiesand conditions which are significantfor potential use as field managementunits .

Delineated areas that are homoge-neous in soil properties and externalfeatures are labelled as a simple orpure mapping unit . This area, howev-er, may contain a small proportion,usually less than 15 percent, of re-iated but unlike soil series or phas-

Erosion

x - none or only very slight ero-sion

1 - weakly eroded2 - moderately eroded3 - severely eroded0 - overblown

Slope Class

x - slope classes a-b, i .e . lessthan 2 percent slope isconsidered normal for thesoil series

c - 2 to 5 percent sloped - 5 to 9 percent slopee - 9 to 15 percent slopef - 15 to 30 percent slopeg - 30 to 45 percent slope

Stoniness

x - non stony1 - slightly stony2 - moderately stony3 - very stonp4 - exceedingly stony5 - excessively stony

Salinity

x - non salines - slightly salinet - moderately salineu - strongly saline

The convention employed to indi-cate these features in the map symbolis as follows :

If none of the above propertiesare observed to be significant, themap symbol representing the pure oruna£fected soil series is used alonewithout modifiers .

If one or more phase features areused the appropriate letter or num-ber Is placed below the soil seriessymbol in one of four designated lo-cations in the map unit symbol . Thedesignated order is erosion, slopeclass, stoniness and finally, salin3-ty . If a particular feature is notobserved to be significant, an x isused in its appropriate designatedlocation in the map symbol .

For example, the compound map unitcoded :

Soil Series Percent of map unit

7 :3 I'llAND - GUI)

/erosion

x~.£x

topography

stoniiness

salinity

Is interpreted to mean that 70percent of the mapping unit consistsof Aneda (AND 7) series, having mini-mal or no erosion (x), gentl sloping(c) topography, moderate (2~ stoni-ness, no salinity (x) ; and 30 percentGunton (GUO 3) series having no ero-sion (x), gently slo ing (c) topogra-phy, very ston (35 surface condi-tions and no (x~ salinity .

Definitions of the erosion, topog-raphy, stoniness and salinity classesare given in the Glossary .

2 .3 SAMPLING

During the course of field inves-tigations and mapping, soil sampleswere taken at selected locations forsoil characterization salinity andirri ation suitabi,ity studies .E1ghf profiles were described in de-tail and sampled for soil characteri-zation analysis . For the salinitystudies soils were sampled in areaswhere salinity was suspected to be aproblem at 10 to 25 cm and 50 to 60cm depths for electrical conductancemeasurements and soluble salt analy-sis .

PART 3

SOIL DESCRIPTIONS

3 .1 SOIL DEVELOPMENT

The principal factors affectingsoil formation are climate, relief,drainage, vegetation and parent ma-terial . Soils exhibit definite mor-phological characteristics reflectingtheir environment . Through observa-tion of these characteristics, it ispossible to classify soils into natu-ral units and infer their genesis orthe processes involved in their for-mation .

Only slight climatic differencesoccur throughout the West-Interlakearea, but they are sufficient to pro-duce change in the dominant vegeta-tive associations and genetic soiltypes . Variation in microclimatewithin short distances due to differ-ences in topography, aspect anddrainage is significant in soil de-velopment . Ridges or more steeplyslopinl areas are usually locallyarid since a large part of the pre-cipitation runs off . Depressions arelocally humid as they collect waterand are wetter and cooler than sur-rounding soils . The macro and microclimate determine the kind of vegeta-tion under which soils develop . Thevegetation in turn affects the amountof, and the manner in which organicmatter is added to the soil . Theclimate also determines the micro-or-ganism activity, the rate of produc-tion and decomposition of organicmatter, the rate and extent of miner-al weathering and the rate at whichproducts of weathering are accumulat-ed in, or are removed from the soil .

The texture, mineralogical compo-sition and age of the soil materialaffect the kind of soil that devel-ops . Because of the extremely calca-reous nature of the parent materialsin the West-Interlake area and theyouthfulness of the area, most of thesoil development is weak and the pro-files are shallow . Soils found onextremely calcareous parent materialusually develop shallower profilesthan those found in less calcareousparent material under similar condi-tions .

In the southern portion of theWest-Interlake area Chernozemic RegoBlack soils have developed under

arassland and the Dark Cray soils un-er forest-grassland vegetation . Or-

ganic matter is added to the soil inthe form of grass roots and leaves,and accumulates in the surface hori-zons giving them a dark color . Theshallowness and lack of B horizon in

the Rego Blacks (Isafold and Lundarseries) is attributed to youthfulnessand the calcareous nature of thesoil . The surface mineral horizonsof the Dark Gray soils are high inorganic matter but exhibit varyingdegrees of leaching and developmentof a B horizon due to cooler subhumidclimatic conditions and forest vege-tation . These soils are typified bythe Aneda and Inwood series .

The northern part of the studyarea has Eluviated Eutric Brunisolsassociated with the Dark Gray soilson the extremely calcareous till .These soils are mapped as Fairfordand Hilbre . Profile development isthin on these soils because of youth-fulness and the extremely calcareousparent material . Certain segments ofthe study area have soil developmentwhich has resulted in the formationof eluvial and illuvial horizonscharacteristic of Gray Luvisol soils .

A large percentage of the map areaconsists of poorly drained Gleysolicsoils in which soil development hasbeen influenced by the accumulationof runoff water in depressional areasof the landscape . These soils areunder the influence of excessivemoisture conditions for much of theyear . Most of the poorly drainedsoils of the West-Interlake area areHumic Gleysols characterized by athin mesic peat surface horizon un-derlain bq a dark colored mineral ho-rizon high in organic matter . Clark-leigh and Meleb are characteristicsoils which have developed on ex-tremely calcareous till .

3 .2 DESCRIPTION OF SOIL SERIES

A convenient reference table onthe relationship of soil series inthe West-Interlake area to the soildrainage class, subgroup and parentmaterial is provided in Table 2 . Amore comprehensive grouping of soilsand parent materials is presented inTable 3 .

The soil series for the study areaare described in alphabitical orderand include a general description ofthe genetic profile type, texture,parent material, topography anddrainage . A general statement on thedistribution, surface runoff, stoni-ness and vegetation is included . Ad-ditional information on the suitabil-ity and management of each soil foragricultural, engineering and recrea-

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tional uses is given in Section IV of a typical landscape in relation tothis report . parent materials, vegetation drain-

age and topography is exempiified byThe position of selected soils in a cross-section in Appendix B .

Ow

Table 2 . Soil Series of the West-Interlake Area Arranged in Relation to Soil Drainage Class, Subgroup, and Parent Material

Parent MaterialsSoil Glacial Till Till/Limestone Rock Fluvial Fluvial/Till Lacustrine Lacustrine/Till OrganicDrainage Subgroup medium to med . to mod . fine sand and gravel sand and gravel coarse coarse Mesic FenClass mod . fine over Till

Orthic Gray Luvisol Garson (GSO) St . Labre (SLB)

Well Eluviated Eutric Brunisol Fairford (FFD) Hilbre (HIB)

Orthic Dark Gray Aneda (AND) Stonewall (SWW) Leary (LRY) Gunton (GI10) Davidson (DVD)

Orthic Black Narcisse (NCS)

Rego Black Isafold (ISF) Alonsa (AOS)

Dark Gray, lithic Sandridge (SDE) Lynx Bay (LXB)

Gleyed Dark Gray Inwood (IWO) Faulkner (FKR)

Imperfect

Gleyed Rego Black Lundar (LUR)

Rego Humic Gleysol Clarkleigh (CKG)Meleb (MEB)

Poor

Poor to Terric Mesisol Crane (CRN)verypoor

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TABLE 3

Parent Materials and Related Soils of the West-Interlake Study Area

1 . Soils developed on loamy, stony extremely calcareous glacial till andwater modified till .

a) Well to moderately well drained

* Garson series (Orthic Gray Luvisol) GSO

* Aneda series (Orthic Dark Gray) AND

* Fa_irford series (Eluviated Eutric Brunisol) FFD

* Isafold series (Rego Black) ISF

b) Imperfectly drained

* Inwood series (Gleyed Dark Gray) IWO

* Lundar series (Gleyed Rego Black, carbonated) LURc) Poorly drained

* Clarkleigh series (Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated) CKG* Meleb series (Rego Humic Gleysol, carb .) MEB

2 . Soils developed on strongly to extremely calcareous, stony, loamy tillunderlain by limestone bedrock within 1 meter.

a) Well drained

* Hilbre series (Eluviated Eutric Brunisol) HIB

* Stonewall series (Orthic Dark Gray) SWW

* Nakcisse series (Orthic Black, lithic, 0-50 cm) NCS

* Alunsa series (Rego Black) AOS

* Sandridge series (Dark Gray, lithic, 0-50 cm) SDE

b) Imperfectly drained

* Faulkner series (Gleyed Dark Gray) FKR

3 . Soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous outwash and beachdeposit ;3 .

a) Well drained

* Leary series (Orthic Dark Gray) LRY

4 . Soils developed on strongly calcareous outwash and beach deposits overlimestone bedrock which occurs within 1 meter of the surface .

a) Well drained

* Lynx Bay series (Dark Gray, lithic) LXB

5 . Soils developed on strongly calcareous outwash and beach deposits over-lying eXtremely calcareous, loamy stony till .

a) Well drained

* Gunton series (Orthic Dark Gray) GUO

6 . Soils developed on moderately to strongly calcareous sandy outwash andlacustrine deposits .

- 14 -

a) Well drained

* Davidson series (Orthic Dark Gray) DVD

7 . Soils developed on 25 to 100 cm of moderately to strongly calcareouscoarse textured deposits over extremely calcareous, stony, loamy till .

a) Well drained

* St . Labre series (Orthic Gray Luvisol) SLB

8 . Organic soils developed on 40 to 160 cm of mesic fen peat, underlain byloamy glacial till .

a) Poorly to very poorly drained

* Crane series (Terric Mesisol) CRN

9 . Miscellaneous soils and materials. Soils developed on stratified, cal-careous, sandy to sandy-skeletal beach and bar deposits of recent ori-gin .

a) Rapid to imperfectly drained

* Sand Beach (Orthic Regosol) Sb

10 . Shallow peat and muck deposits over undifferentiated materials .

a) Poor to very poorly drained

* Marsh (Rego Gleysol) Mh

b) Limestone and Dolostone Rock Outcrop

* Rock (Regosol) R

Aneda Series (AND)

The Aneda series consists of wellto moderatelp well drained OrthicDark Gray soils developed on extreme-1y calcareous, stony glacial till .The surface texture ranges from asandy loam to loam . The topographyis irregular, very gently to gentlysloping . Surfa~2e runoff is moderateand permeability is medium to moder-ately slow . The vegetation consistsmainly of aspen with occasional burroak .

The Aneda soil is characterized bya thin neutral, slightly acid par-tially decomposed leaf mat, and adark gray Ahe horizon of 3 to 10 cmthick and underlain by a dark yellow-ish brown Btj horizon of 6 to 12 cmthick . The extremely calcareous Chorizon is very pale brown and mayhave a somewhat platy, fissile struc-ture . The Bt horizon' is not as welldeveloped as the Garson soil ; thesubsoil characteristics of both se-ries are very similar .

Alonsa Series (AOS)

The alonsa series consists of welldrained and moderately well drainedRego Black soils developed on thinextremely calcareous glacial and wa-ter-modified till over limestone be-drock at depths of 0 .5 to 1 .0 meter .Surface textures vary from sandy loamto loam . They occupy the welldrained ridges and knolls . The to-pography is level to irregular, gen-tly sloping . These soils were devel-oped under tall grasses, semi-openbur oak and stunted popiar . Thesoils are moderately to very stony ;some areas have been cleared, butmost of these soils remain under nat-ural vegetation .

The solum and parent materials aresimilar to the Isafold series exceptthat bedrock occurs within one meterof the surface .

The solum consists of an Ah hori-zon 12 to 20 cm thick, very dark grayin color : granular, friable and mild-ly alkaline in reaction . The textureis variable ranging from sandy loamto clay loam, but dominantly loam .This surface grades sharply intolight gray to white extremely calca-reous glacial till .

Clarkleigh Series (CKG)

The Clarkleigh series consists ofRego Humic Gleysol, carbonated soilsdeveloped on extremely calcareous,medium textured water-worked till andincludes soils developed on a verythin mantle (less than 15 cm) of la-custrine sediments over the till .Surface textures range from sandyloam to clay . These soils occupy thelevel to depressional positions ofthe irregular very gently slopingtill plain . Runoff is slow to veryslow ; permeability is impeded becauseof a high water table . Stoniness isvariable depending on the degree ofwater-working and the depth of thelacustrine mantle . The native vege-tation consists dominantly of meadowgrasses, sedges, reeds with some wil-low, swamp birch or black poplar .These soils may be saline in areas ofdischarge or where lateral seepageoccurs .

The Clarkleigh soil is character-ized by a moderately to strongly cal-careous, thin partially decomposedpeat layer 5 to 10 cm, and a thinvery dark gray Ah horizon 7 to 20 cm;remnant calcareous shells of aquaticorganisms are usually present . Athin transitional gray to dark grayAC horizon is present above a whitelime accumulation layer . Gravellyand cobbly lag deposits may occur inthe material as a result of waterworking and sorting . The parent ma-terials are similar to the Lundar andInwood series .

Crane Series (CRN)

The Crane series consists of verypoorly drained organic soils devel-oped on shallow deposits of mesic fenpeat and underlain by extremely cal-careous medium textured till . TheCrane series is a Terric Mesisol witha thin fibric surface layer underlainby dominantly mesic fen peat whichgrades into more decomposed humic fenor aquatic peat above the mineralsubstrate . The underlying till sub-strate occurs between 40 and 160 cmof the surface .

The Crane soils occur in the de-pressional positions adjacent to theAneda-Inwood soils and are often as-sociated with Meleb series . The na-tive vegetation is dominantly sedge,weed-grass with some willow and swampbirch .

Davidson Series (DVD)

The Davidson series consists ofwell to moderately well drained Orth-ic Dark Gray soils developed on mod-erately calcareous, sandy, deltaicand beach deposits . Surface texturesvary from sandy loam to medium sand .The topography is irregular, verygently to gently sloping ; runoff ismoderate ; permeability is rapid . Thedepth of sand is usually one to twometers to the underlying clay ortill . The native vegetation is domi-nantly aspen with occasional whitespruce or jackpine .

The Davidson soil is characterizedby a dark gray Ahe horizon 16 to 24cm thick and a very dark grayishbrown Bm horizon . A lime carbonatelayer may be present at 30 to 50 cmdepth . Internal drainage is good asindicated by the absence of iron mot-tling within one meter .

Fairford Series (FFD)

The Fairford series consists ofwell drained Eluviated Eutric Bruni-sol soils, developed on extremelycalcareous glacial till . Surfacetexture varies from loam to clayloam . These soils occupy much of thewell drained land in the InterlakeTill Plain. They occur commonly withGarson soils . The topography is verygently sloping to gently sloping .The native vegetation is aspen, jackpine, and white spruce . The Fairfordsoils are very stony . A representa-tive profile is described below :

The solum of Fairford soil is gen-erally less than 20 cm, characterizedby a thin (less than 25 cm brokenlight-colored eluvial Ae horizon or aseveral cm thick Aej horizon overly-ing a thin weakly developed texturalB horizonj . The AeJ' horizon isslightly acid or neutral, and the Bhorizon is neutral .

Faulkner Series (FKR)

The Faulkner series consists ofimperfectly drained Gleyed Dark Graysoils developed on extremely calcare-ous loamy glacial till overlyinglimestone bedrock at depths of 0 .5 to1 meter . These soils are similar tothe Inwood series in chemical andphysical characteristics . The sur-face texture varies from sandy loamto sandy clay loam . They occupy theintermediate slopes in associationwith the Stonewall or Sandridge se-ries . Runoff is slow, and permeabil-ity is moderately slow . These soilsare moderately to very stony .

The soils is characterized by ashallow solum with a thin LH horizonof 4 to 7 cm a thin dark gray Ahehorizon 3 to 1 .5 cm thick, a weaklydeveloped Bt horizon 4 to 15 cm,thick which grades sharply into theextremely calcareous loamy till . Us-ually fine yellowish brown mottlesare present below the solum .

Garson Series (GSO)

The Garson series consists of verythin, moderately well to welldrained, Orthic Gray Luvisol soilsdeveloped on extremely calcareous,stony, glacial till . The surfacetexture varies from loamy fine sandto loam . The topography is irregularvery gently to gently sloping . Sur-face runoff is moderate and permea-bility is medium to moderately slow .The vegetation consists mainly of as-pen with occasional bur oak .

The Garson soil is characterizedby a thin neutral to slightly acidleaf mat, a distinct gray Ae horizon4 to 11 cm thick, and a dark yellow-ish brown Bt horizon 6 to 10 cmthick . The extremely calcareous Chorizon is very pale brown and mayhave a somewhat platy or fissilestructure .

Gunton Series (GUO)

The Gunton series consists of verythin, well to moderately welldrained, Orthic Dark Gray soils de-veloped on thin sandy and gravellyoutwash overlying water-worked ex-tremely calcareous stony glacialtill . The solum Is similar to theLeary series having a surface textureranging from loamy fine sand to finesandy loam . The thickness of themoderately coarse upper layer rangesfrom 15 to 40 cm and changes abruptlyto stratified gravelly and sandy de-posits which vary in thickness from10 to 60 cm . The topography is ir-regular, very gently to gently slop-ing . Surface runoff is moderate and

germeability is rapid in the uppereposits and moderate to moderately

slow in the underlying loamy till .Vegetation consists of bur oak,grasses, herbs, hazel and some aspen .

The Gunton series is characterizedby a thin partially decomposed leafmat derived from deciduous tree and

Irass vegetation, a dark gray Ah orhe horizon of variable thickness de-

pending on the uniformity of the mod-erately coarse layer, and a brown todark yellowish brown Bm or Bt horizonwhich usually terminates at the con-tact of the gravelly layer . The

17 -

underlying loamy glacial till is palebrown and varies in structure fromweak fine granular to somewhat platyor fissile .

Hilbre Series (IiIB)

The Hilbre series consists of welldrained Eluviated Eutric Brunisolsoils developed on .5 to 1 m of ex-tremei

limestoneglacial till over-

lying limestone bedrock . The topog-raphy is very gently sloping togently slopin$ . The vegetation isaspen, jack pin~~ and white spruce .

The solum of Hilbre soils is gen-erally less than 20 cm characterizedby a thin light colored eluvial Aehorizon or several cm thick Aej hori-zon overlying a thin weakly devel-oped B horizon . T~e Hilbre soilscorrelate with Fairford rock sub-strate phase soils in previously pub-lished soil survey reports .

lsafold Series (ISF)

The Isafold series consists ofmoderately well drained Rego Blacksoils developed on extremely calcare-ous loamy glacial till . The surfacetexture varies widely from sandy loamto clay due to the inclusion of soilswith a thin mantle of lacustrine sed-iments up to 15 cm thick over thetill . ''hese soils occupy the welldrained ridges and knoll position ofgently sloping ridge and swale topog-raphy . Runoff is moderate and perme-ability is moderate to moderatelyslow . The native vegetation consistsof mixed prairie grasses, with semi-open stands of stunted aspen and buroak . These soils are moderately tovery stony and few areas can be cul-tivated without: intensive stone re-moval .

Inwood Series (IWO)

The Inwood series consists of im-perfectly drained Gleyed Dark Graysoils developed on extremely calcare-ous loamy textured till and water-worked till . The dominant surfacetexture is loam, but textures rangefrom gravellp Sand to clay because ofsorting and loral deposition as gla-cial Lake Agassiz receded from thearea . Minor but significant areas ofgravelly and cobblylag deposits alsooccur in the material . These areasare very hard to separate from theunmodified ti11 because they are veryshallow, occur in random pattern, andusually have the same landform as thesurrounding till .

These Inwood soils occur on theintermediate and lower landscape po-sition on very gently to irregularridge and swale topography . Runoffis slow ; permeability is moderatelyslow . The groundwater table is nearthe surface during the spring runoff .Inwood soils are generally stony ; theamount of stones increases in areasof more severe water working . Thenative vegetation is dominantly as-pen " with some rose, willow, meadow-pra~rie grasses and herbs .

All Inwood soils are leached butthe degree of leaching is variablewithin small areas . Dark gray soilshaving weakly developed B horizonswith some translocated clay and or-ganic matter are intermixed withsoils lacking a distinct B horizon(Rego Dark Gray soils) . Inwood soilsare usually characterized by a shal-low solum with a thin LH horizon athin Ahe horizon 3 to 7 .5 cm thick, aweakly developed Bt or Bm horizon 4to 15 cm thick which grades sharplyinto light gray, extremely calcareoustill .

Leary Series (LRY)

The Leary series consists of wellto excessively drained Dark Graysoils developed on coarse gravelbeach and outwash deposits . Commonlythere is a thin sandy surface mantleover the coarser material . Surfacetextures range from loamy fine sandto sand . The topography is very gen-tly sloping usually in the form oflong low, narrow ridges . Surfacerunotf is moderate ; permeability israpid to very rapid . Vegetation con-sists of bur oak, grasses, chokecherries and saskatoons .

The Leary soil is characterized bya dark gray Ah or Ahe horizon that isvariable in thickness depending onthe uniformity of the sandy surfacemantle . The brown to dark yellowishbrown Bm commences at the contact ofa gravelly coarser layer and may havea Tiorizon with slight clay accumula-tion and clay coating around the peb-bles and sand grains . The parent ma-terial consists of pale brown,stratified layers of coarse sand andgravel .

Lundar Series (LUR)

The Lundar series consists of im-perfectly drained carbonated GleyedRego Black soils developed on ex-tremely calcareous loamy and watermodified till . In some areas thesesoils may have a very thin mantle oflacustrine sediments over the till .

id

The surface texture ranges from siltyclay loam to silty clay . This soiloccupies the intermediate positionbetween the ridge and swale sequence .The topography is level to very gen-tly sloping, runoff is moderatelyslow, and permeability is moderatelyslow . The native vegetation consistsof native grasses, aspen, black pop-lar and some willow . These soils us-ually are very stony .

The Lundar soil is characterizedby a thin very dark gray Ah horizongrading directly into the gleyed, ex-tremely calcareous parent material .The A horizon is moderately alkalineand contains considerable lime carbo-nate .

Lynx Bay Series (L%B)

The Lynx Bay series consists ofmoderately well drained Orthic DarkGray soils developed on moderately tostrongly calcareous outwash and beachdeposits over limestone bedrock . Thesolum is similar to the Gunton orLeary series ; properties of the out-wash and beach deposits are similarto those of the Leary series . Thetopography is very gently sloping toirregularly gently sloping . Permea-bility is rapid in the coarse tex-tured outwash and moderate in thefractured permeable limestone withina meter of the surface . The surfacetextures range from medium sand tofine sandy loam. Native vegetationconsists of aspen, bur oak and nativegrasses .

Marsh (Mh)

The Marsh consists of very poorlydrained, carbonated Rego Gleysolsoils developed on lacustrine clay orthin mucky loam deposits over ex-tremely calcareous till and/or moder-ately calcareous clay . These soilsoccur on level to depressional areasthat are covered with water and areusually saturated for most of theyear . The native vegetation consistsentirely of reeds and sedges .

These soils have a thin surfacelayer of either muck or mineral ma-terial high in organic matter contentand are underlain by strongly gleyed,olive gray mineral materials . A verythin Ahg horizon, less than 2 .5 cmthick, may be present below the mucksurface layer .

Marsh soils are undifferentiatedwith respect to texture and composi-tion of their parent material . Theyalso are much more poorly drainedthan other Gleysolic soils .

Meleb Series (MEB)

The Meleb series consists or poor-1y drained carbonated, Rego HumicGleysol soils developed on extremelycalcareous, stony glacial till . Athin peat covering of 10 to 30 cm maybe present and underlain by texturesranging from sandy loam to clay dueto some inwash in the level to de-

Mressional topographic position .

y occur in association with theGarson, Aneda and Inwood soils . Thenative vegetation is dominantly mead-ow grasses sedges and herbs with in-clusions ol willow, black poplar andsome aspen .

The Meleb soil profile consists ofa thin layer of fen peat overlying athin dark gray Ah horizon 6 to 10 cmthick alkaline and calcareous, andunderlain by a light gray to white,extremely calcareous till . In soilsthat have had some inwash or sortingthe Ah horizon terminates at the con-tact of the modified sediments andunderlying till . A thin

deor

cobbly lens may occur at the contact .

Narcisse Series (NCS)

The Narcisse series are OrthicBlack, lithic phase soils developedon a thin (0-50 cm) mantle of strati-fied extremely calcareous, medium-textured till over limestone bedrock .The surface textures range from sandyloam to clay loam . The Narcissesoils are found on well-drained siteswhich are locally arid due to the lowwater-holding capacity of the thintill deposits over the rock . The to-pography is level to very gentlysloping . Permeability is moderatethroughout the till but is impeded atthe bedrock . These soils are exceed-ingly stony . The vegetation consistsmainly of grasses and open stands ofstunted aspen, oak and jack pine .

The solum of the Narcisse soils isthin (10-20 cm) . A thin to disconti-nuous leaf mat is underlain by ablack to very dark gray A horizon anda dark grayish brown B horizon . TheB horizon may be calcareous due toincomplete dissolution and removal ofsmall particles of limestone . Agravelly lens of variable thicknessmay occur between the till and theunderlying bedrock .

Narcisse soils are usually associ-ated with Fairford, Faulkner and Rockoutcrop .

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Sand Beach (Sb)

Sand beaches are stratified sandyridges of recent origin . Hey arepresently in the process of formationin relatively sheltered locationsalong the Lake Manitoba shoreline .The material varies from relativelypure deposits of fine and mediumsand, to gravelly deposits containingmany large rounded stones and peb-bles . Drainage varies from poor torapid, depending upon the topographicposition and level of the adjacentlake waters . These areas have ~ittleor no profile development, and there-fore are considered ~o be Orthic Re-gosols . These soil areas have no ag-riculture of forestry value, but

0

Erovide excellent recreational sites .ome sand beaches support scatteredstands of willow, aspen, and grasses .

St . Labre Series ( SLB )

The St . Labre series consists ofmoderately well to well drained Orth-ic Gray Luvisol soils developed onmoderately to strongly calcareousmoderately coarse to coarse textureasandy lacustrine deposits overlyingextremely calcareous, loam to claytextured till deposits . The surfacelayers range from a fine sand to loa-my sand and average about 30 to 60 cmin thickness . The topography is ir-regular, very gently sloping . Runoffis moderately rapid . Permeabilityranges from moderately rapid to slow .The native vegetation consists of buroak, grasses, some aspen, choke cher-ry, and saskatoon .

The St . Labre soil is character-ized by a thin partially decomposedleaf mat, a thick light gray to grayAe horizon within the sandy overlayand a thin moderately developed tex-tural B horizon either within thesandy layer or in the finer texturedsubstrate . A pebble line may be en-countered at the contact of the ex-tremely calcareous loam to clay loamtill .

Stonewall Series (SWW)

The Stonewall series consists ofmoderately well to well drained Orth-ic Dark Gray soils developed on lessthan one meter (50 to 100 cm) of ex-tremely calcareous, loamy till overlimestone bedrock . These soils havea similar solum to the Sandridge andAneda series but differ in the depthto bedrock . The topography is irreg-ular, gently sloping runoff is mod-erate ; and permeabi~ity is moderatein the loamy till and variable in thefractured, permeable limestonebedrock . The native vegetation con-sists of trembling aspen, bur oak,hazel, forbs and native grasses .

The soil is characterized by athin moderately decomposed leaf mat ;a thin (4 to 8 cm) dark gray friableA horizon, and a thin (I2 to 20 cm)granular brown B horizon . The solumis normaily less than 25 cm thick .The physical characteristics of thesolum and parent material are similarto the Aneda series .

Sandridge Series (SDE)

The Sandridge series consists ofmoderately well drained Dark Gray,lithic phase soils developed on thinextremely calcareous (less than 56cm) till over limestone bedrock .These soils are similar to the Stone-wall soils whose parent materialranges from 50 to 100 cm over lime-stone bedrock . Topography is irregu-lar, gently sloping ; runoff is moder-ate . Permeability is moderately slowin the loamy till and variable in thefractured permeable bedrock below .The native vegetation consists of buroak, trembling aspen, hazel, and oc-casional jack pine .

The soil is characterized by a so-lum less than 25 cm thick, having athin, leaf mat, a thin dark graysomewhat blotched A horizon of 4 to 6cm thick and a granular grayish brownB horizon with some clay and organiccoatings on the peds . These soilshave similar physical and chemicalproperties as'the Aneda and Stonewallsoils, differing only in the depth ofglacial till to limestone bedrock .

PART 4

USE AND MANAGEMENT INTERPRETATIONS OF SOILS

4 .1 INTRODUCTION

This section provides predictionsof performance or soil suitabilityratings for various uses of soilsbased on field observations of soiland landscape characteristics labo-ratory data and on observations ofsoil behavior under specified condi-tions of land use and management .Suitability ratings or interpreta-tions are intended only to serve asguides for planners and managers .Caution with an understanding of thelimitations of the soil map must beexercised when applying suitabilityratings to soil map units . The valueof any rating or interpretation de-pends upon the nature and compositionof individual map unit delineationswhich in turn depends on the scale ofmapping and intensity of groundtruthing employed in the survey .

There are two kinds of mappingunits employed in the resurvey ofsoils in Nlanitoba .

They are simple mapping units andcompound mapping uni s .

Simple mapping units are usuallyoccupied by one kind of soil series,the properties of which vary withinvery narrow limits . Often as notthey contain minor inclusions of re-lated but unlike soil types . Theproportion of such unlike soils tendsto increase as the intricacy of soilpattern increases or as the intensityof ground truthing decreases . In anyevent, such mapping units are usuallynamed after the dominant soil seriesand any available information aboutthe soil series is applicable to theentire mapping unit . Predictionsconcerning soil conditions and behav-ior can be done confidently .

Compound mapping units on the oth-er hand usually contain significantproportions of two or more unlikesoil series . These soils are relatedgeographically but cannot be mappedor delineated separately because of acombination of such factors as theintricacy of soil pattern, map scaleand survey effort . In many compoundmap units, differences in soil typesand other characteristics are strong-ly contrasting . Dominant, subdomi-nant and minor (if strongly contrast-ing) soil series are identified andthe relative proportion that each oc-cupies within a single map delinea-tion is specified . In compound mapunits, interpretation or suitabilityratings can only be applied to thatportion of the mapping unit occupied

by each identified soil series . Inorder to apply interpretations tofield conditions it is essentialthat users determine where each iden-tified soil series in the mappingunit occurs in the landscape . Infor-mation contained in the legend accom-panying the soil map and other sec-tions of the report is useful forthis purpose .

A second type of compound mappingunit is called a soil complex . Thiscompound mapping unit usually con-tains two or more related but unlikesoil series which occur in unspeci-fied proportions . In most cases, thedifferences in soil profile and othercharacteristics are not strongly con-trasting . Soil complexes are oftenemployed in the mapping of organicsoil areas . In such areas groundtruthing is limited to such a degreethat the proportions of constituentsoil series within each map unit del-ineation is not possible to deter-mine . Complexes are often used inthe mapping of beach and outwash de-posits . Here, soil profile variabil-ity occurs over such short intervalsof distance that they cannot be shownseparately nor can their relativeproportions be adequately determinedin compound units without excessiveand expensive ground truth effort .Interpretations applied to such unitscannot be employed with the same de-gree of confidence as in the case ofsimple or more specifically definedcompound mapping units .

In this section, interpretive soilinformation is provided ~or the fol-lowing land use evaluations :

1 . Agriculture

a) dryland farming capability

b) irrigation suitability

2 . Engineering Uses

3 . Recreation Uses

4.2 SOIL CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE

Dryland Agriculture

Soil capability classification fordryland agriculture is based on eval-uation of both internal and externalsoil characteristics that influencesoil suitability and limitations foragricultural use . In this classifi-cation, mineral soils are grouped

Z1 -

into capability classes, subclassesand units based on their limitationsfor dryland farming, risk of damagewhen the soils are used and the waythey respond to nanagement(3) . Thereare seven capability classes, each ofwhich groups soils together that havethe same relative degree of limita-tion or hazard for agricultural use .The limitation becomes progressivelygreater from Class 1 to Class 7 . Theclass indicates the general suitab3r'1~~"of the soils for agriculture .The first three classes are consid-ered capable of sustained productionof common field (,rops, the fourth ismarginal for sustained arable cul-ture, the fifth is suitable only forimproved permanent pasture the sixthis capable of use only for nativepasture while the seventh class isfor soils and land types consideredincapable of use for arable agricul-ture or permanent pasture .

Organic soils within the map areaare rated for "potential" agricultur-al ca ability after the method ofLeeson~4) . Capability ratings of or-ganic soils for agriculture must rec-ognize that most organic soils havelittle or no value for agriculture intheir native state and their poten-tial is only achieved through recla-mation or development implementedwith varying degrees of difficulty .Capability class definitions for or-ganic soils are the same as for min-eral soils . They are however, iden-tified on maps and tables with theprefix "0" .

Soil Capabilitq subclasses are di-visions within crasses wn-rc-h groupsoils with similar kinds of limitaPtions and hazards for agriculturaluse . The various kinds of limita-tions recognized. at the subclass lev-el are defined in Table 4 .

Soil capability units are divi-sions wi i n Erie subclass categorythat groups soils together that willsimilarly to a given management in-put .

Anon . 1965 . Land capability clas-sification for agriculture ReportNo . 2, Canada Land Inventory,Canada Dept . Regional EconomicExpansion, Ottawa . 16 pp .

(4) Leeson, Bruce et al . 1969 . Anorganic soil capability classifi-cation for agriculture and astudy of the organic soils ofSimcoe County Soil Sci . Dept .,Ontario Agricultural College,Guelph, Ontario .

A summary of the soils in theWest-Interlake area showing their ma-jor characteristics and their inter-pretive classification for drylandagriculture is presented in Table 5 .

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TABLE 4

Agricultural Capability Subclass Limitations

Adverse climate : This subclass N Salinity : Designates soilsdenotes a significant adverse which are adversely affected byclimate for crop production as

"the presence of soluble salts ..,

cli-compared to the medianmate which is defined as one P Stoniness : This subclass iswith sufficiently high growing made up of soils sufficientlyseason temperatures to bring stony to significantly hinderfield crops to maturity andwith sufficient precipitation

tillage, planting, and harvest-ing operations . Stony soils

to permit crops to be grown are usually less productiveeach year on the same land than comparable non-stonywithout a serious risk of par- soils .tial or total crop failures .

R Consolidated bedrock : ThisUndersirable soil structure subclass includes soils whereand/or low permeability : This the presence of bedrock nearsubclass is used for soils dif- the surface restricts their ag-ficult to till, or which absorb ricultural use. Consolidatedwater very slowly or in which bedrock at depths greater thanthe depth of rooting zone is 1 meter from the surface is notrestricted by conditions other considered as a limitation, ex-than a high water table or concept on irrigated lands where asolidated bedrock . greater depth of soil is desir-

able .Erosion : Subclass E includessoils where damage from erosion T Topography : This subclass isis a limitation to agricultural made up of soils where topogra-use . Damage is assessed on the phy is a limitation . Both theloss of productivity and on the percent of slope and the pat-difficulties in farming land tern or frequency of slopes inwith gullies . different directions are impor-

tant factors in increasing theLow fertility : This subclass is cost of farming over that ofmade up of soils having low smooth land, in decreasing thefertility that either is cor- uniformity of growth and matur-rectable with careful manage- ity of crops, and in increasingment in the use of fertilizers the hazard of water erosion .and soil amendments or is dif-ficult to correct in a feasible W Excess water : Subclass W isway. The limitation may be due made up of soils where excessto lack of available plant nut- water other than that broughtrients, high acidity or alka- about by inundation is a limi-linity, low exchange capacity, tation to their use for agri-high levels of carbonates or culture . Excess water may re-presence of toxic compounds . sult from inadequate soil

drainage, a high water table,Inundation by streams or lakes : seepage or runoff from sur-This subclass includes soils rounding areas .subjected to inundation causingcrop damage or restricting ag- X - Cumulative minor adverse char-ricultural use . acteristics : This subclass is

made up of soils having a mod-Coarse wood fragments : In the erate limitation caused by therating of orpnic soils, woody cumulative effect of two orinclusions in the form of more adverse characteristicstrunks, stumps and branches which singly are not serious(>10 cm diameter) in sufficient enough to affect the class rat-quantity to significantly hind- ing .er tillage, planting and har-vesting operations .

Moisture limitation : This sub-class consists of soils wherecrops are adversely affected bydroughtiness owing to inherentsoil characteristics . They areusually soils with low water-holding capacity .

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Irrigation SuitFLbility

Irrigation suitability of soils isdetermined by evaluating the natureof both internal and external soilcharacteristics(5) . The classifica-tion of soils f.-'or irrigation suita-bility consists of two categories :class and subclcass .

The suitability class groups soilshaving Tb-9 same'---re1mm34e suitabilityor degree of limitation or hazard forirrigation use . Four classes areutilized grading from Class 1, whichis very good to Class 4, which ispoor . The four classes are :

permeability, topography ora combination of theseproblems .

------------

The suitability subclass identi-fies soils w s mi ar n s of lim-itations and hazards related to bothinternal and external soil character-istics . The internal characteristicsinclude both permanent and non-perma-nent properties ; the permanent prop-erties are those that will not changeover time whereas the non-permanentproperties may be altered with timeby specific management . The proper-ties which affect irrigation suita-bility of soil are listed as follows :

Class 1 - Very good : These are soils i . Internal Characteristicsof fine sandy loam to clayloam 'texture which are well a) Permanent - Texture, uni-suited for irrigation use . formity and depth of geolo-The soils have good water gic deposit, hydraulic con-retention capacity, good ductivity and water storagepermeability, low salt con- capacitytent, good drainage and low

lgenera gradient of land b) Non-permanent - Structure,surface . drainage, fertility, reac-

tion, salinity, exchange-Class 1 - Good : These are soils of able sodium

loamy fine sand to lightclay texture which are mod- t . External Characteristicserately well suited for ir-rigation use . Slight limi- a) Topography, erosion, stoni-tation to use results from ness, vegetative coversoil factors such as waterholding capacity, permea- The classification criteria forbility, depth of material, irrigation suitability are summarizedsalt content, topographic in Table 11 . Appendix C . The soilsfactors such as slope and of the West-Interlake area are evalu-pattern or drainage re- ated for irrigation suitability instrictions arising from Table 5surface drainage and depthto water table .

Class 3 - Fair : These are coarse orfine textured soils whichare fair to marginallysuitable because of someunfavourable characteris-tics that limit productionand cause management prob-lems under irrigation use .Soil, topographic or drain-age factors are more re-strictive than in Class 2 .

Class 4 - Poor : These are soils thatare considered poor to un-suitable for irrigation usebecause of severe drainageproblems, impermeable geo-logic material, salinity,

l -' h ldivery ow water ng caopacity, very rapid

(5) PFRA . 1964 . Handbook for theclassification of irrigation landin the prairie provinces . Pre-pared by Committee of the CanadaDept . of Ariculture . PFRA, Regi-na, Sask . !2 pp .

- L4 -

Table 5 . Agricultural Interpretations for Soils in the West-Interlake Study Area

Map Symbol Soil Name, Texture, PhaseAgriculturalCapability(Dryland)

IrrigationSuitability

AND Aneda, loam 2X 3SAND/xx2x Aneda, moderately stony 3P 3SAND/xx3x Aneda, very stony 4P 3S

AND/xx4x Aneda, exceedingly stony 5P 4S

AOS Alonsa, loam 4R 4SAOS/xx3x Alonsa, very stony 4RP 4S

AOS/xx4x Alonsa, loam, exceedingly stony 5P 4S

CKG Clarkleigh, clay loam 5W 4D

CKGp Clarkleigh, peaty 5W 4DCKG/xxlx Clarkleigh, slightly stony 5W 4DCKG/xxxs Clarkleigh, slightly saline 5W 4DCKG/xxls Clarkleigh, slightly stony, slightly saline 5W 4DCKG/xx2x Clarkleigh, moderately stony 5W 4D

CKG/xx2s Clarkleigh, moderately stony, slightly saline 5W 4D

CKG/xx3x Clarkleigh, very stony 5W 4D

CKG/xx3s Clarkleigh, very stony, slightly saline 5W 4D

CRN Crane, mesic peat 05WD 4D

DVD Davidson, fine sand 4M 3SDVD/xx3x Davidson, very stony 4MP 3SDVD/xx4x Davidson, exceedingly stony 5P 3S

FFD Fairford, loam 2X 3S

FFD/xx2x Fairford, moderately stony 3P 3SFFD.xx3x Fairford, very stony 4P 3SFFD/xc3x Fairford, gently sloping, very stony 4P 3SFFD/xx4x Fairford, exceedingly stony 5P 4SFFD/xc4x Fairford, gently sloping, exceedingly stony 5P 4SFKR Faulkner, loam 4R 4SFKR/xx3x Faulkner, very stony 4RP 4SFKR/xx4x Faulkner, exceedingly stony 5P 4SFKR/xx5x Faulkner, excessively stony 6P 4S

GSO Garson, loam 2X 3SGSO/xx2x Garson, moderately stony 3P 3SGSO/xx3x Garson, very stony 4P 3SGSO/xx4x Garson, exceedingly stony 5P 4SGUO Gunton, loamy sand 5M 4SGUO/xc3x Gunton, gently sloping, very stony 5M 4SGUO/xx4x Gunton, exceedingly stony 5MP 4S

Table 5 . cont'd



HIB Hilbre, loam 4R 4SHIB/xx4x Hilbre, exceedingly stony 5P 4SHIB/xx5x Hilbre, excessively stony 6P 4S

ISF Isafold, loam 2X 3SISF/xxlx Isafold, slightly stony 2P 3SISF/xx2x Isafold, moderately stony 3P 3SISF/xx3x Isafold, very stony 4P 3SISF/xc3x Isafold, gently sloping, very stony 4P 3SIWO Inwood, loam 2W 4SDIWO/xx2x Inwood, moderately stony 3P 4SDIWO/xx3x Inwood, very stony 4P 4SDIWO/xc3x Inwood, gently sloping, very stony 4P 4SDIWO/xx4x Inwood, exceedingly stony 5P 4SD

LRY Leary, loamy sand 5M 4SLRY/xx3x Leary, very stony 5M 4SLUR Lundar, loam 2W 4SDLUR/xxxs Lundar, slightly saline 3N 4SDLUR/xxlx Lundar, slightly stony 2P 4SDLUR/xx2x Lund<ir, moderately stony 3P 4SDLUR/xx2s Lundar, moderately stony, slightly saline 3NP 4SDLUR/xx3x Lund<ir, very stony 4P 4SDLUR/xx3s Lundar, very stony, slightly saline 4P 4SDLXB Lynx Bay, loamy sand 5MR 4s .LXB/xc3x Lynx Bay, gently sloping, very stony 5MR 4SLXB/xx4x Lynx Bay, exceedingly stony 6PR 4SLXB/xc4x Lynx Bay, gently sloping, exceedingly stony 6PR 4S

Mh Marsh 7W 4DMEB Meleb, clay loam 5W 4DMEBp Meleb, peaty 5W 4DMEB/xx2x Meleb, moderately stony 5W 4DMEB/xx3x Meleb, very stony 5W 4DMEB/xx4x Meleb, exceedingly stony 5WP 4SD

NCS Narcisse, loam 5R 4SNCS/xx3x Narcisse, very stony 5RP 4SNCS/xx4x Narc :isse, exceedingly stony 5RP 4SNCS/xx5x Narcasse, excessively stony 6P 4S

Table 5 . cont'd



Sb Sand Beach, sand 7MW 4SSb/xcxx Sand Beach, gently sloping 7MW 4S

SLB St . Labre, loamy sand 4M 3SSLB/xx4x St . Labre, exceedingly stony 5P 4SSWW Stonewall, loam 4R 4SSWW Stonewall, exceedingly stony 5P 4S

SDE Sandridge, loam 5R 4SSDE/xx5x Sandridge, excessively stony 6P 4S

Zz Water 7W 4D

the severity of the combined effectsof several soil properties on suita-bility for a particular use will re-sult in downgrading an evaluation .This is left to the discretion of theinterpreter . It is incorrect to as-sume that each of the major soilproperties influencing a particularuse has an equal effect . Class lim-its established for rating the suita-bility of individual soil propertiestake this into account . For a se-lected use, therefore, only thosesoil properties which most severelylimit that use are specified .

Engineering description of thesoils and their estimated propertiessignificant to engineering are pro-vided in Table 7 . These data in ad-dition to information contained inother sections of the report havebeen used to rate the soils accordingto their suitability for ten selectedengineering uses in Table 8 . Whenusing these interpretations, consid-eration must be given to the follow-ing assumptions :

1 . Interpretations are based onpredictions of soil behaviorunder defined conditions ofuse and management as speci-fied in the preamble to eachof Tables 12 through 25 (Ap-pendix C) .

G . Soil ratings do not includesite factors such as nearnessto towns and highways, watersupply, aesthetic values, etc .

:i . Soil ratings are based on nat-ural, undisturbed soil .

4 . Soil suitability ratings areusually given for the entiresoil, but for some uses, they

may be based on the limita-tions of an individual soilhorizon or other earthy layer,because of its overriding im-portance . Ratings rarely ap-ply to soil depths greaterthan 1 to 2 meters, but insome kinds of soils, reason-able estimates can be givenfor soil material at greaterdepths . It should be notedhere that the term "soil" hasbeen used throughout the re-port in the pedologic senseand differs in concept fromthat commonly used by engi-neers .

5 . Poor and very poor soil rat-ings do not imply that a sitecannot be changed to remove,correct or modify the soillimitations . The use of soilsrated as poor depends on thenature of the limitationswhether or not the soHlimitation can be altered suc-cessfully and economically,and on the scarcity of goo~sites .

6 . Interpretations of map unitsdo not eliminate the need foron-site evaluation by quali-fied professionals . Due tothe variable nature of soils,and the scale of mapping,small, unmappable inclusionsof soils with different .prop-erties may be present in anarea where a development isplanned . The need for or im-portance of on-site studiesdepends on the use to be madeof the soil and the kinds ofsoil and soil problems in-volved .

TABLE 6

Codes utilized to identify limitations in evaluating soil suitability forselected Engineering and Recreational Uses(Tables 8 and 9)

a subgrade properties

b thickness of topsoil

c coarse fragments on surface

d depth to bedrock

e erosion or erodibility

f susceptibility to frost hazard

g contamination hazard of groundwater

h depth to seasonal water table

i flooding or inundation

thickness of slowly permeablematerial

k permeability or hydraulicconductivity

1 shrink-swell properties

m moisture limitations or deficit

n salinity or sulphate hazard

0 organic matter

p stoniness

q depth to sand or gravel

r rockiness

s surface texture

t topographic slope class

u moist consistence

w wetness or soil drainage class

z permafrost

4 .4 SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED

This section provides interpreta-tions of the soil suitability forrecreational development . All typesof soil can be used for recreationalactivities of some kind .

Soils and their properties deter-mine to a large degree, the tppe andlocation of recreational facilities .Wet soils are not suitable for camp-sites, roads, playgrounds or picnicareas . Soils that pond and dry outslowly after heavy rains presentproblems where intensive use 3s con-templated . It is difficult to main-tain grass cover for playing fieldsand golf courses on droughty soils .The feasibility of many kinds of out-door activities are determined by

other basic soil properties such asdepth to bedrock, stoniness, topogra-phy or land pattern, and the abilityof the soil to support vegetation ofdifferent kinds as related to itsnatural fertility .

The suitability of the varioussoil series and phases for selectedrecreation uses is shown in Table 9according to four classes Good,Fair, Poor and Very poor defined pre-viously in the section on EngineeringUses . Subclasses are employed toidentify the kind of limitation orhazard for a particular use . An ex-planation of subclass symbols areprovided in Table 6 .

The guidelines for various recrea-tion uses are presented in AppendixC, Tables 22 to 25 .

00wmnw

4:

Table 7 . Engineering Description of the Soils and Their Estimated Properties Significant to Engineering . 0fD

MapSymbol

SoilSeries

Depthcm USDA

Classification 7

Unified AASHO No . 10(2.0)mm

Passing

No . 40 No . 200(0 .42) ( .074)mm - mm

Permea-bilitycm/hr

Reaction SulfateHazard

Dispersion Shrink-Swell Depth towater table

brt~'

C/1 O

AND Aneda 0-25 L-CL CL-ML A-5 70-90 65-80 45-65 1 .5-5 .1 6 .5-7 .0 none low moderate more thanw0

0025-75 L-SiL CL-ML A-4 70-85 60-80 40-60 1 .5-5.1 7 .8-8.2 low low moderate 1.5 m

Mwrt

AOS Alonsa 0-25 L-CL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 70-90 65-80 45-65 1 .5-5.1 6 .5-7 .2 none low moderate more than25-75 L-SiL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 70-85 60-80 40-60 1 .5-5 .1 7 .6-8 .0 none low moderate 1 .5 m75+ Limestone Bedrock rt En a

O WCKG Clarkleigh 0-20 CL ML to CL A-4 80-90 75-80 40-70 .5-2 .0 7 .4-7 .8 low low moderate seasonal

O h-` L=J20-100 SiL-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 80-90 75-80 40-70 .5 7 .6-8 .2 moderate low moderate at surface W

tZj vCRN Crane 0-100 Mesic peat - - - - - - 6 .0-7 .0 low low - at surface 0 0)

(IQ :3100+ L-SiL CL to ML A-4 to A-6 70-85 60-80 40-60 .25-1 .5 7 .8-8 .2 low low moderate Iw p.

M 1-3DVD Davidson 0-25 LFS SM A-2-4 100 70-85 25-45 15 .2-25 .4 6 .0-6 .5 none low none below M :3,

25-110 LFS-FS SM A-2-4 to A-3 95-100 90-100 20-40 15.2-25.4 7 .0-7 .5 none low none 1 .5 m "'t (D110+ C CH A-7-6 100 95-100 70-90 .2 7 .6-8 .0 none low high FwF+w::I ri

00FFD Fairford 0-13 L-CL CL-ML A-4 85-95 80-90 50-70 1 .5-5.1 6.5-7 .0 none low moderate 1 .5 m til

13-90 L CL-ML A-4 75-85 70-80 50-70 1 .5-2 .5 7 .5-8 .0 low low moderate rtw

FKR Faulkner 0-25 L-CL CL to ML A-5 70-90 65-80 45-65 2-6 .4 6 .5-7 .2 low low moderate seasonal25-85 L-SiL ML to CL A-4 70-85 60-80 40-60 2-6 .4 7.6-8.0 low low moderate 1 m rt85+ Limestone Bedrock a

GSO Carson 0-20 L-CL CL to ML - 70-85 65-80 45-65 1 .5-5.1 6.8-7 .2 none low moderate 2m20-100 SiL-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-7-6 70-85 65-80 40-60 .5-5.1 7 .6-8.2 low low moderate O

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Table 7, Cont'd

Classification Y, Passing

MapSymbol

SoilSeries

Depthcm USDA Unified AASHO No . 10 No . 40

(2.0) (0 .42)mm mm

No . 200( .074)mm

Permea-bilitycm/hr

Reaction Sulfate DispersionHazard

Shrink-Swell Depth towater table

GUO Gunton 0-25 LFS-FSL SM A-2-4 to A-4 80-90 70-85 20-30 12 .7-25 .4 6.6-7 .2 none low low greater25-75 Gr-LS Gp to GGT A-1 50-80 15-30 1-5 50 .8 7 .6-8.0 none low none than 2 m75+ L-SiL CL to ML A-4 to A-6 70-85 60-80 40-60 .1- .5 7 .8-8.2 low low moderate

BIB Hilbre 0-60 L-CL CL A-4 to A-6 85-95 80-90 60-80 1 .3-3 .8 7 .0-7 .5 low low moderate 2 m60+ Rock - - - - - - - - - - '

ISF Isafold 0-20 L-CL CL to CH A-6 to A-7-5 75-90 65-80 50-70 1 .5-5 .1 7 .2-7 .6 none low moderate 2 m20-100 L-SiL CL A-4 70-85 60-80 45-65 1 .5 7 .6-8 .0 low low moderate

IWO Inwood 0-20 L-CL CL to CH A-6 to A-7-5 75-90 65-80 50-70 1 .5-5 .1 7 .0-7 .2 none low moderate seasonal20-100 L-SiL CL A-4 70-85 60-80 45-65 1 .5 7 .6-8 .0 low low moderate 0.5 m

LRY Leary 0-25 LMS-MSL SM A-2 75-95 - 10-20 15 .2-30.5 6.5-7 .4 none low none 2 m25-75 GrLS-FGr GW to Gp A-1 - - 0-2 50 .8 7 .6-8.2 none law none75+ Strat . Cs- GW to Gp A-1 20-75 - 0-2 50 .8 7.6-8.2 none low none

FGr

LUR Lundar 0-25 L-CL CL A-6 to A-7-6 85-95 75-90 50-80 1 .5-5 .1 7.4-7.8 low low moderate seasonal25-100 L-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 85-95 75-90 50-75 1 .5 7.8-8.2 moderate low moderate .5 " m

Lynx Bay 0-45 SiL-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 75-90 70-85 50-70 0.5-6 .35 6.8-7.4 low low moderate 2 m45+ fractured and permeable limestone bedrock

MEB Meleb 0-15 L-CL OL to OH A-4 to A-6 80-95 70-80 50-70 1 .5-5 .1 7 .6-8 .0 low low moderate seasonal15+ -L-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 80-95 70-80 50-70 .5 7 .8-8 .2 moderate low moderate at surface

Table 7 . Cont'd

Classification I Passing

(

LA:

MapSymbol

SoilSeries

Depthcm USDA Unified AASHO No . 10

(2 .0)mm

No . 40(0.42)mm

No . 200( .074)mm

Permea-bility Reactioncm/hr

SulfateHazard

Dispersion Shrink-Swell Depth towater table

Mh Marsh 0-25 Muck and OL A-4 100 100 80-100 2.5-5 .0 7 .5-8 .0 none to low moderate at surfaceSiL moderate

25-50 SiL ML A-4 100 100 80-100 2.5-5.0 7 .5-8.0 none to low moderatemoderate

50+ L Till ML-CL A-4 to A-6 90-100 70-90 50-70 1.0-5 .0 8.0-8.5 none to low tomoderate moderate

NCS Narcisse 0-45 L ML A-5 to A-6 70-90 65-80 50-70 2 .5-5.0 7 .0-7 .5 none low moderate 1 .5 m45+ Rock - - - - - - - - - - -

Sb Sand 0-100 S and Gr SP,GP, A-1 to A-2 50-100 15-50 0-15 25+ 7 .0-8 .0 none low low 0 .1 mBeach GMorSM

SDE Sandridge 0-20 SiCL-CL CL A-6 to A-7 85-95 80-90 45-80 1 .3-5 .0 6 .5-7 .0 low low moderate 2 m20-45 SiL-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 80-95 70-80 35-70 1 .3-5 .0 7 .6-8 .2 low low moderate45+ Limestone bedrock

SLB St . Labre 0-60 FS-LFS SM to SW A-2-4 100 90-100 5-30 12.7-25 .4+5 .6-6 .0 none low low 2 m60-75 LFS-FSL SM to SP A-2 to A-4 100 90-100 5-35 5 .1-12 .7 6 .6-7 .2 none low low75+ L-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 80-95 70-85 50-70 1 .5 7.6-8.2 low low moderate

SWW Stonewall 0-25 SCL-CL CL A-6 to A-7 85-95 80-90 45-80 1 .3-5.1 6.5-7.0 low low moderate 2 m25-90 SiL-SiCL ML to CL A-4 to A-6 80-95 70-80 35-70 2 .5 7 .6-8.2 low low moderate90+ Limestone bedrock

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TABLE 9 . SUITABILITY RATINGS OF SOILS FOR RECREATIONAL USES

MAP SYMBOL , Play Picnic Camp Paths And Permanent BldgsAND PHASE SOIL NAME Ground Area Area Trails Without Basements

[11] [12] [13] [14] [4]

AND Aneda Fs Fs Fs Fs FaAND /xx2x Aneda Fsp Fs Fap Fs FaAND /xx3x Aneda Pp Fsp Pp Fsp FpAND /xx4x Aneda Pp Pp Pp Pp PpAOS Alonsa Fd Fs Fs Fs FdAOS /xx3x Alonsa Pp Fsp Pp Fsp FdpAOS /xx4x Alonsa Pp Pp Pp Pp PpCKG Clarkleigh Pw Pw Pw Pw PwCKGp Clarkleigh Vsw Vsw Vsw Vsw VawCKG /xxlx Clarkleigh Pw Pw Pw Pw PwCKG /xxxs Clarkleigh Pwn Pwn Pwn Pwn PwnCKG /xxls Clarkleigh Pwn Pwn Pwn Pwn PwnCKG /xx2x Clarkleigh Pw Pw Pw Pw PwCKG /xx2s Clarkleigh Pwn Pwn Pwn Pwn PwnCKG /xx3x Clarkleigh Pwp Pw Pwp Pw PwCKG /xx3s Clarkleigh Pwp Pwn Pwp Pwn PwnCRN Crane Vws Vws Vws Vws VwaDVD Davidson Fs Fsm Fs G GDVD /xx3x Davidson Pp Fsp Pp Fp FpDVD /xx4x Davidson Pp Pp Pp Pp PpFFD Fairford Fs Fs Fs Fs FaFFD /xx2x Fairford Fsp Fs Fsp Fs FaFFD /xx3x Fairford Pp Fsp Pp Fsp FpFFD /xc3x Fairford Pp Fsp Pp Fsp FpFFD /xx4x Fairford Pp Pp Pp Pp PpFFD /xc4x Fairford Pp Pp Pp Pp PpFKR Faulkner Fdw Fw Fw Fw FwFKR /xx3x Faulkner Pp Fwp Pp Fwp FwpFKR /xx4x Faulkner Pp Pp Pp Pp PpFKR /xx5x Faulkner Vp Vp Vp Vp PpGSO Garson Fs Fs Fs Fs FaGSO /xx2x Garson Fsp Fs Fsp Fs FaGSO /xx3x Garson Pp Fsp Pp Fsp FapGSO /xx4x Garson Pp Pp Pp Pp PpGUO Gunton Pq Fsm Fs G GGUO /xc3x Gunton Pqp Fsp Pp Fp FpGUO /xx4x Gunton Pqp Pp Pp Pp PpHIB Hilbre Fd Fs Fs Fs FdHIB /xx4x Hilbre Pp Pp Pp Pp PpHIB /xx5x Hilbre Vp Vp Vp Vp PpISF Isafold Fs Fs Fs Fs FaISF /xxlx Isafold Fs Fs Fs Fs FaISF /xx2x Isafold Fsp Fs Fsp Fs Fa

TABLE 9 . SUITABILITY RATINGS OF SOILS FOR RECREATIONAL USES

MAP SYMBOL Play Picnic Camp Paths And Permanent BldgsAND PHASE SOIL NAME Ground Area Area Trails Without Basements

[11] [12] [13] [14] [4]

ISF /xx3x Isafold Pp Fsp Pp Fsp FapISF /xc3x Isafold Pp Fsp Pp Fsp FapIWO Inwood Fws Fws Fws Fws Faw

IWO /xx2x Inwood Fwp Fws Fws Fws FawIWO /xx3x Inwood Pp Fwp Pp Fwp FwpIWO /xc3x Inwood Pp Fwp Pp Fwp FwpIWO /xx4x Inwood Pp Pp Pp Pp PpLRY Leary Pqm Fsm Fs G GLRY /xx3x Leary Pqp Fmp Pp Fp Fp

LUR Lundar Fws Fws Fws Fws Faw

LUR /xxxs Lundar Fwn Fwn Fwn Fwn Fan

LUR /xxlx Lundar Fws Fws Fws Fws FwaLUR /xx2x Lundar Fsw Fws Fws Fws FawLUR /xx2s Lundar Fwn Fwn Fwn Fwn Fwn

LUR /xx3x Lundar Pp Fwp Pp Fwp FwpLUR /xx3s Lundar Pp Fwn Pp Fwp FwpLXB Lynx Bay Pdq Fsc Fsc Fc PdLXB /xc3x Lynx Bay Pdp Fp Pp Fp PdLXB /xx4x Lynx Bay Pdp Pp Pp Pp PdpLXB /xc4x Lynx Bay Pdp Pp Pp Pp PdpMh Marsh Vw Vw Vw Vw VwMEB Meleb Pw Pw Pw Pw PwMEBp Meleb Vws Vws Vws Vws VaMEB /xx2x Meleb Pw Pw Pw Pw PwMEB /xx3x Meleb Pwp Pw Pwp Pw PwMEB /xx4x Meleb Pwp Pwp Pwp Pw PwNCS Narcisse Fd Fs Fs Fs FdaNCS /xx3x Narcisse Pp Fp Pp Fp FdpNCS /xx4x Narcisse Pp Pp Pp Pp PpNCS /xx5x Narcisse Vp Vp Vp Vp PpR Rock Vr Vr Vr Pr VrSb Sand Beach Psw Fis Piw Ps Piw

Sb /xcxx Sand Beach Psw Fis Piw Ps Piw

SLB St . Labre Fms Fs Fs G GSLB /xx4x St . Labre Pp Pp Pp Pp PpSWW Stonewall Fd Fs Fs Fs FdaSWW /xx4x Stonewall Pp Pp Pp Pp PpSDE Sandridge Pd Fs Fs Fs PdSDE /xx5x Sandridge Vp Vp Vp Vp PpZz Water Vw Vw Vw Vw Vw

Appendix A

SOIL CORRELATION OF THE WEST-INTERLAKE AREA WITH THE GRAHAMDALE ANDFISHER-TEULON AREAS

The West-Interlake soil study re-places small portions of the )places

and the (1971) Graham-daie studies . This resurvey benefitsfrom advantages, derived through moreintensive examination of soils in thefield, use of a larger mapping scaleto permit delineation of numerous im-portant local soils, use of modernaerial photographs and use of im-proved methods of studying soils inthe laboratory .

In the reconnaissance map of the1971 GrahamdalE! study at a scale of1 :126,720 or one half inch equals onemile, the basic map unit componentemployed was the soil series . It wasimpossible to separate closely relat-ed soils in areas of complex land-scapes at this scale . Hence, themapping units often consisted of twoor more soil series, i .e . a soil com-plex . The soil complexes were namedaccording to the soil series theycontained and were shown on thesoil map by appropriate symbols . Theproportion of the soil series in asoil complex was indicated on thesoil map in deciles (compound unit) .Several defined complexes occur inwhich the complex was named after thedominant soil series, but sub-domi-nant members did not appear onthe map .

largel compound types . They wereidenti~ied and described employingthe soil series, as in the Grahamdalestudy, the currently accepted basicunit of soil classification . Howev-er, in certain areas of the Fisher-Teulon study soil series frequentlyform complex landscape patterns andit was often impossible to show eachseries separately on the small scalesoil map . Where this occured, soilcomplexes of two or more seriesformed the mapping units . The soilseries and complexes of the Fisher-Teulon study were equivalent to manyof those in the Grahamdale study .

The West-Interlake area maps atthe scale of 1 :20,000 or 3 inchesequals approximately one mile differsconsiderably from the Grahamdale andFisher-Teulon soil maps . The largescale and more intensive examinationof soils in the field has permittedthe delineation of more preciselydefined simple and compound mappingunits whose components, soil seriesor phases of soil series, have lessvariability in terms of profile char-acteristics and related landscapefeatures . In particular, differencesin the stratigraphy of surface depos-its, depth and type of soil profile,degree of erosion slope or relief,stoniness and salinity were empha-sized .

The scale of the detailed recon-naissance map of the 1961 Fisher-Teu-lon study at 1 :100,000 or 5/8 of aninch equals one mile, was slightlylarger than the Grahamdale soil map .This scale was also not large enoughto permit delineation of importantlocal soils . Mapping units were

The correlation of the currentsoil series of the West-Interlakestudy with the former soil series andcomplexes of the Grahamdale and Fish-er- studies is outlined in Ta-ble 10 .

0OK

rr1-4O

O

Tab1e10. Correlation of Soils in the West-Interlake Area with Soils of the (1961) Fisher-Teulon and (1971) Grahamdale Areas~-h 0tA F+-04

En

West-Interlake Grahamdale (1971) Fisher-Teulon (1961) T 1-'Map Soil Name and Series Complex Series Complex orSymbol Subgroup Association

Aneda Carson Orthic Dark GarsonOrthic Dark Gray Gray member Assoc .

Orthic Dark StonewallGray member complex

AOS Alonsa Isafold, rock Isafold, rockRego Black, lithic substrate substrate

CKG Clarkleigh Clarkleigh ClarkleighRego Humic Gleysol

CRN Crane Crane Crane Shallow peat,Terric Mesisol Chatfield

complex

DVD Davidson Berlo Pine RidgeOrthic Dark Gray

Remarks j ~ ...HOAC ~+

Garson assoc. includes well to imperfectlydrained genetic soil types ranging fromDark Gray Chernozems thru Eluviated EutricBrunisols to Gray Luvisols . Definition of O Othe parent material of the Carson assoc . and QrtStonewall complex is the same as for Aneda. 1

I-.H

Rock substrate phase of the Isafold series . ~~ rSoil profile and parent material definitions ~~ L=7are unchanged .

0 OSoil profile and parent material descriptions 47 7rare equivalent .

Shallow peat and Chatfield complex are undefinedshallow organic soil complexes having a signifi-cant inclusion of peaty Rego Humic Gleysols ona wide range of mineral soil parent material .Crane series parent material is shallow, usuallyless than 1 .5 meters, mesic fen peat overlyingstony extremely calcareous loamy textured till .

In the Fisher-Teulon area Pine Ridge mappingunits probably include Davidson soils as didBerlo mapping units in the Grahamdale area .

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Tab1e10 . Cont'd

West-Interlake

Map Soil Name andSymbol Subgroup

Grahamdale (1971)

Series Complex

Fisher-Teulon (1961)

Series Complex orAssociation

FFD Fairford Fairford StonewallEluviated Eutric complexBrunisol

Faulkner Inwood, rock Inwood Inwood-NarcissGleyed Dark Gray, substrate complexlithic

GSO Garson Garson Garson Garson assoc .Orthic Gray and complexLuvisol

GUO Gunton Leary, Leary complex Orthic Dark Leary complex,Orthic Dark Gray till substrate Gray member till substrate

HIB Hilbre Fairford, Stonewall rockEluviated Eutric rock substrate substrate phasBrunisol

ISF Isafold, Isafold Isafold Isafold assoc .Rego Black and complex

Remarks

The Fairford series inthe Grahamdale is equivalent to West-Interlake .Fairford correlates with Stonewall complexin Fisher-Teulon .

e In the Fisher-Teulon study the Inwood-Narcissecomplex recognizes limestone bedrock being closeto the surface.

Soil profile and soil parent material definitionsare unchanged .

Leary till in the Fisher-Teulon study is acomplex of Orthic Dark Gray, Dark Gray Luvisol,Eluviated Eutric Brunisol and Gray Luvisol soils .Its parent material description is the same asGunton .

Stonewall rock substrate is the neareste equivalent to Hilbre in Fisher-Teulon .

Parent material definition of the Isafoldassociation is the same in all studies . Thename has been retained for the well drained,Rego Black member . Isafold series are thesame for Grahamdale and West-Interlake .

Table lO.Cont'd

West-Interlake

Map Soil Name andSymbol Subgroup

Grahamdale (1971)

Series Complex

Fisher-Teulon (1961)

Series Complex orAssociation Remarks

IWO Inwood Inwood Inwood Garson complex Soil profile and soil parent material definitionsGleyed Dark Gray and assoc . are unchanged.

LRY Leary Leary Leary Orthic Dark Leary complex Leary in West-Interlake and Grahamdale are theOrthic Dark Gray Gray member same soil series . Leary in Fisher-Teulon is a

genetic soil type complex .

LUR Lundar Lundar Lundar Lundar complex Lundar series are equivalent in all studies .Gleyed Rego Black

LXB Lynx Bay Leary Leary Orthic Dark Leary complex The nearest equivalent to Lynx Bay would be LearyOrthic Dark Gray, Gray member with a rock substrate phase .lithic

MEB Meleb Meleb Meleb Garson assoc . Soil profile and parent material of the MelebRego Humic Gleysol and complex series in this and the Fisher-Teulon and

Grahamdale areas are equivalent .

NCS Narcisse Narcisse Narcisse Soil profile and parent material definitions areOrthic Black, unchanged.lithic

SLB St . Labre Berlo Pine Ridge St . Labre was not recognized in the Fisher-TeulonOrthic Gray till substrate till substrate study . It is closely related to Pine Ridge tillLuvisol substrate phase.

SWW Stonewall Garson, rock Orthic Dark Stonewall The rock substrate phases of the Stonewall complaOrthic Dark substrate Gray member complex in the Fisher-Teulon and the Garson series in theGray, lithic Grahamdale are the nearest equivalents.

Table 10 .Cont'd

West-Interlake Grahamdale (1971) Fisher-Teulon (1961)

Map Soil Name and Series Complex Series Complex orSymbol Subgroup Association Remarks

SDE Sandridge Garson, rock Orthic Dark Stonewall Similar to Stonewall above .Orthic Dark substrate Gray member complexGray, lithic

Mh Marsh Marsh Marsh complex Profile and parent material definitions areRego Gleysol complex unchanged .

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Appendix C

GUIDES FOR EVALUATING SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SELECTED USES

Table ],j,Land Classification Standards for Irrigation Suitability .

Land Characteristics Subclass Class 1 - Very Good

SOILS STexture

very coarse textured v Fine sandy loams tovery fine textured h clay loams

Water holding capacitylow available moisture capacity q 40 to 60 sat . X

>15cm storage in 1 .2m<lOcm/hr . hydrauliccond .

Geological Depositshallow deposit over sand or .9m or more of finegravel k sandy loam or

heavier

shallow deposit over >3m of permeableimpervious substrata b material

Salinity and Alkalinityl~2 a <4 ms/cm in 0- .6m<8 ms/cm below .6m<6 S .A.R .

EXTERNAL FEATURESStones - rock clearing r None to light

clearingTopography , T g <1% and 0 .1% in

Slope general gradientexcess gradient (0-3X slope)

DRAINAGE Drestricted outlet No problem

anticipated

water table

Criteria for gravity (flood) irrigation requirements .Estimated adjustments to slope criteria for overheador sprinkler type irrigation methods .

below 2 .4m mostof year

Class 2 - Good

Loamy fine sand tolight clay

35 to 65 sat . x>12.5cm storage in 1 .2m<12.5cm/hr . hydrauliccond .

.6m or more of finesandy loam orheavier, or .75m plusof loamy fine sandor sandy loam

>2m of permeablematerial

< 4 ms/cm in 0- .6m<12 ms/cm below .6m<8 S .A.R .

Light to medium clearing

<3% in generalgradient(3-5X slope)

Moderate drainageproblem anticipatedbut may be improvedat relatively low cost

could be above 1 .5m fora short period, thenrecedes to 2 .4m orlower

Class 3 - Fair

Sand to permeableclay

25 to 75 sat . x>7 .5cm storage in 1 .2m<17 .5cm/hr . hydrauliccond .

.5m or more of sandyloam or heavier, or .6mplus of loamy sand

>lm of permeablematerial

<8 ms/cm in 0- .6m<15 ms/cm below .6m<12 S .A.R .

Light to heavy clearing

<5% in generalgradient(5-lOZ slope)

Moderate to severedrainage problemanticipated but maybe improved by ex-pensive but feasiblemeasures

within 1 .5m mostof year

Class 4 - Poor

Gravel toclay

<25 op'V5 sat . Z< 7 . 5cmgyorage in 1 .21> 17 .5cm/hr . hydrauliccond .

< .5m of sandy loamor heavier, or .6mof loamy sand orsand

< lm of permeablemr terial> 8 ms/cm in 0-.6m>15 ms/cm below .6m>12 S.A.R .

Excessively stony

>5% in generalsgradient(>lOZ slope)**

Drainage improve-ment not consideredfeasible

within In mostof year

1 If sufficient gypsum is present in the soil, the S .A.R . may be lowered by leaching thesoil (a very slow process), and the hydraulic conductivity may then improve .

2 The degree of salinity may vary widely within short distances, and there may be no clejindication of the area occupied by each salinity class . Unless a very detailed nappinjand sampling program is carried out, it is impossible to estimate the acreage occupiedby each salinity class .

x , , , . . - .,q .:Table 12. " Guide -for~assessing,soil suitability~as source of topsoil .

. - --- - -- ~ - .The term "topsoil" includes soil -materials used- f6 cover"barren surfaces exposed during conatruction, and materials used to improvesoil conditions on lawns, gardens, flower beds, etc. The factors to be considered include not only the characteristics of thesoil itself, but also the ease or difficulty.of excavation, and where removal of topsoil is involved, accessibility to the site .

S;W �,~c11/ Ttomp Degree of Soil SuitabilityAffecting

Use Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

u

i "

~ Moist Consistence?/

''Flooding

Very friable, :,. r,ar~~Loose, firmfriable

None " May flood occasionallyfor~short periods

Very firm

Frequent flooding

Cemented

Constantly flooded

w Wetness?/ Wetness *is not determining if better than very poorly drained . Very poorly drainedand permanently wetsoils

t Slope 0-5X 5-9% 9-15Z >15X

p Stoniness?/ Stones 10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0 .1-2 m apart Stones 0.1 m apart(Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5)

c Coarse fragments?/ : <3X 3-15% 15-35% >35xpercent, by volume

s Texture?/ FSL, VFSL, L, SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, SC if S, LS, C and SiC if Marl, .SL, SC if 1:1 clay 2 :1 clay is dominant ; 2 :1 clay is dominant . diatomaceous earthis dominant c and sic if 1 :1 clay organic soils3/

is dominant

b Depth of Topsoil-41 >40 cm . 15-40 cm 8-15 cm <8 cm

n Salinit~' of E . C . 0-1 E .C . 1-4 E . c . 4-8 E.C . >8Topsoil?/ '

1/ The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

?/ For an explanation of texture, consistence, stoniness, coarse fragments andDescribing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

3/ Non-woody organic materials are assessed as good sources for topsoil if

soil drainage classes, see the Manual for

mixed with or incorporated into mineral soil .

- The remaining soil material (at least 8 cm) must be reclaimable after the uppermost soil is removed .

5/ E .C . = Electrical Conductivity (millisiemens/cm) .

Table 13. Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of sand and gravel .

The purpose of this table is to provide guidance for assessing the probable supply as well as quality of the sand or gravelfor use as road base material and in concrete . The interpretation pertains mainly to the characteristics of the soilsubstratum to a depth of 150 cm, augmented by observations made in deep cuts as well as geological knowledge where available .

Symboll/ ItemsAffecting

Use

Degree of Soil Suitability

Good - G Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

a Unified Soil _ SW SW-SM SMGroup SP SP-SM SW-SC All other groups

SP-SC and bedrockGW GP-GM GMGP GW-GM GP-GC

GW-GC

h Depth to Seasonal Not class determining if deeper than 50 cm 50 cmWater Table

q Depth to Sand <25 cm 25-75 cm?/ >75 cm?/and Gravel

p Stoniness3/ Not class determining if atones >.5 m apart Stones 0 .1-0 .5 m apart Stones <0.1 m apart(Class 0, 1, 2 and 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)

d Depth to Bedrock >100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm


?/ Rated good if it is known that the underlying gravel or sand deposit is thick (>100 cm) .

3~ For an explanation of stoniness and rockiness, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil SurveyCommittee, 1978) .

Table 14 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as source of roadfill .

Fill material for buildings or roads are included in this use . The performance of the material when removed from its originallocation and placed under load at the building site or road bed are to be considered . Since surface materials are generallyremoved during road or building construction their properties are disregarded. Aside from this layer, the whole soil to adepth of 150-200 cm should be evaluated. Soil materials which are suitable for fill can be considered equally suited for roadsubgrade construction .

Symboll/

a

Items Degree of Soil SuitabilityAffecting

Use?/ Good - G Fair - F Poor - P

Subgrade3/

a . AASHO group 0-4 5-8 >8index4J

b . Unified GW, GP SW, SP, CL (with P.I .6/ <15)

Very Poor - V

CL (with P.I.6/ of OL, OH and Ptsoil classes

1 Shrink-swellpotential

f Susceptibilityto frost action-/-----------

SM, GC3/ and SCS/

Low

Low

and ML

Moderate

Moderate

1 Yr more), CH and

High

High

t Slope 0-15X 15-30x 30-45X >45x

p Stoniness-9/ Stones >2 m apart Stones 0 .5-2 m apart Stones 0 .1-0 .5 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart(Class 0, 1 and 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)

r Rockiness9./ Rock exposures Rock exposure 10-35 m Rock exposure 3.5-10 m Rock exposures <3.5 a>35 m apart and apart and cover 10-25X apart and cover apart and covercover <lOx of of the surface 25-50Z of the surface 50-90Z of the surfacethe surface

w Wetness-91 Excessively drained Imperfectly drained Poorly drained Very poorly drainedto moderately or permanently wet soilswell drained

d Depth to >100 cm 50-100 cm 20-50 cm <20 cmBedrock

h Depth to Seasonal >150 cm 75-150 cm 50-75 cm <50 cmWater Table

The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

The first three items pertain to soil after it is placed in a fill ;condition before excavation for road fill .

the last six items pertain to soil in its natural

This item estimates the strength of the soil material, that is, its ability

Use AASHO group index only where laboratory data are available for the kind

to withstand applied loads .

of soil being rated; otherwise, use Unified soil groups .Downgrade suitability rating to fair if content of fines is more than about 30 percent.

P .I . means plasticity index.

Upgrade suitability rating to fair if MH is largely kaolinitic, friable, and free of mica .

Use this item only where frost penetrates below the paved or hardened surface layer and where moisture

9/capillary movement is sufficient to form ice lenses at the freezing front .

transportable by

in the FieldFor an explanation of stoniness, rockiness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils(Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

Table 15 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for permanent buildings'/ .

This guide applies to undisturbed soils to be evaluated for single-family dwellings and other structures with similar foundationrequirements . The emphasis for rating soils for buildings is on foundation requirements ; but soil slope, susceptibility toflooding and other hydrologic conditions, such as wetness, that have effects beyond those related exclusively to foundationsare considered too . Also considered are soil properties, particularly depth to bedrock, which influence excavation and

construction costs for the building itself and for the installation of utility lines . Excluded are limitations for soilcorwivity, landscaping and septic tank absorption fields .

Sy.bol-.K/ ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

Degree of Soil

Fair - P

Suitability 3/

Poor - P Very Poor - V

w Wetness4/ With Basements :"

With Basements : With Basements : With Basements :Very rapidly, Moderately well Imperfectly, poorly, Permanently wet soils .rapidly and well drained. and very poorly drained. Without Basements :drained. Without Basements : Without Basements : Permanently wet soils .Without Basements : Imperfectly drained . Poorly and very poorlyVery rapidly, drained .rapidly, well andmoderately welldrained.

h Depth to seasonal With Basements : With Basements : With Basements : With Basements :Water Table >150 cm 75-150 cm 25-75 cm <25 cm

Without Basements : Without Basements : Without Basements : Without Basements :>75 ® 50-75 cm 25-50 cm <25 cm

i Flooding None None Occasional flooding Frequent flooding(once in 5 years) (every year)

t Slopes/ 0-9x 9-15x 15-30x >30X

a Subgradeb/

a . AASHO group 0-4 5-8 >gindex~,

b . Unified soil (;W, GP' SW' SP, CL (with P .I .B/ <15) CL (with P .I .B/ of 15 OH, OL and Ptclasses SM and GC and and ML or more), CH and MH

SC

f Potenti ~} 1 Frost Low (Fl, F2) Moderate (F3) High (F4)Action9'

p Stoniness-4/ Stones >10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0 .1-2. m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart(Class 0 to 1), (Class 10 ) (Class 310/ to 4) (Class 51°/)

r Rockinesa4/ .11/ Rock exposures Rock exposures 30-100 m Rock exposures <30 m Rock exposures too>100 m apart and apart and cover 2-lOX apart and cover >10X frequent to allowcover <22 of of the surface of the surface location of permanentthe surface buildings

d Depth to With Basements : With Basements : With Basements : With Basements :Bedrochil/ >150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

Without Basements : Without Basements : Without Basements :>100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

By halving the elope limits, this table can be used for evaluating soil suitability for buildings with largebut with foundation requirements not exceeding those of ordinary three-storey dwellings .

?/ The symbols are used to indicate the nature of the, limitation .

3/ Some soils assessed as fair or poor may be good sites from an aestheticpreparation and/or maintenance .

4/ For an explanation of rockiness, stoniness and(Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

floor areas,

or use standpoint, but they will require more site

soil drainage classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils

5/ Reduce the slope limits by one half for those soils subject to hillside slippage .

in the Field

6/ This item estimates the strength of the soil, that is, its ability to withstand applied loads . When available, AASHO GroupIndex values from laboratory tests were used ; otherwise the estimated Unified classes were used .

~/ Group index values were estimated from information published by the Portland Cement

8/ P .I . means plasticity index .

Association (PCA, 1962), pp . 23-25 .

9/ Frost heave only applies where frost penetrates to the assumed depth of the footings and the soilfrost action classes are taken from the United States Army Corps of Engineers (1962), pp . 5-8 .

10/Rate one class better for buildings without basements .

is moist . The potential

11/Rate one class better if the bedrock is soft enough so that it can be dug with light power equipment such as backhoes .

51

Table 1 6 , Guide for assessing soil suitability for local roads and streets-11 . --- --

This guide applies to soils to be evaluated for construction and maintenance of local roads and streets . These are improved roads

and streets having some kind of all-weather surfacing, commonly asphalt or concrete, and are expected to carry automobile traffic

all year . They consist of : (1) the underlying local soil material (either cut or fill) called the subgrade ; (2) the base

material of gravel, crushed rock, or lime or soil cement stabilized soil called the subbase ; and (3) the actual road surface

or pavement, either flexible or rigid . They also are graded to shed water and have ordinary provisions for drainage . With

the probable exception of the hardened surface layer, the roads and streets are built mainly from the soil at hand, and cuts

and fills are limited, usually less than 2 meters . Excluded from consideration in this guide are highways designed for fast-

moving, heavy trucks .

Properties that affect design and construction of roads and streets are : (1) those that affect the load supporting capacity and

stability of the subgrade, and (2) those that affect the workability and amount of cut and fill . The AASHO and Unified

Classification give an indication of the traffic supporting capacity . Wetness and flooding affect stability . Slope, depth of

hardrock, stoniness, rockiness, and wetness affect the ease of excavation and the amount of cut and fill to reach an even grade .

Symbol?/ ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

Degree of Soil

Fair - F

Suitability


w wetness-!' Very rapidly, Imperfectly drained Poorly and very Permanently wet soils

rapidly, well poorly drainedand moderately

- well drained

i Flooding None Infrequent Occasional Frequent

(once in 5 years) (once in 2-4 years) (every year)

t Slope 0-9Y. 9-15% 15-30% >30%

d Depth t~~ >100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

Bedrock~~

a Subgrad0-/

a . AASHO group 0-4 5-8 >8index'!

Unified soilb GW GP SW, SP, CL (with P .I .B/ <15) CL (with P .I .B/ of 15 OH, OL and Pt.classes

,SM , GL)/ and SG~/ and ML or more), CH and MR

f Susceptibility to Low (Fl, F2) Moderate (F3) High (F4)

Frost Heave-9/ .

Stoninese3/ Stones >2 m apart Stones 0 .5-2 m apart Stones 0 .1-0 .5 m apart Stones <0.1 m apartp

(Class 0 to 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)

r Rockiness3/ Rock exposures Rock exposures 30-100 m Rock exposures <30 m Rock exposures too.

>100 m apart and apart and cover 2-10% apart and cover >10% frequent to permit

cover <2% of the of the surface of the surface location of roads and

surfacestreets

1/These guidelines, with some adjustment of slope and rockiness limits, will also be useful .for assessing soils for use as

parking lots ._2/

3/Symbols are used to indicate the nature of the limitation .

For an explanation of stoniness, rockiness and soil drainage classes, see the Canada Soil Information System (Canada Soil

Survey Committee, 1978) .4/

Rate one class better if the bedrock is soft enough so that it can be dug with light power equipment and is

rippable by machinery .

5/This item estimates the strength of soil materials as it applies to roadbeds . When available, AASHO Group Index values from

laboratory tests were used ; otherwise, the estimated Unified classes were used . The limitations were estimated

assuming that the roads would be surfaced . On unsurfaced roads, rapidly drained, very sandy, poorly graded soils

may cause washboard or rough roads-

_7/

9/

Group index values were estimated from information published by the Portland Cement Association (PCA, 1962) pp . 23-25 .

Downgrade to moderate if content of fines (less than 200 mesh) is greater than about 30 percent .

P .I . means plasticity index .

Frost heave is important where frost penetrates below the paved or hardened surface layer and moisture transportable

by capillary movement is sufficient to form ice lenses at the freezing point . The susceptibility classes are taken from

the United States Army Corps of Engineers (1962) pp . 5-8 . -

52

Table 17. Guide for assessing soil suitability for trench-type sanitary landfillsl/ .

The trench-type sanitary landfill is a sanitary landfill, in which dry garbage and trash is buried daily in an open trench and coveredwith a layer of soil material . Suitability of the site is dependent upon the potential for pollution of water sources through groundwatercontact with the refuse, or leachate arising from the site . Those properties affecting ease of excavation of the site must be supplementewith geological and hydrological knowledge to provide subsurface soil and groundwater data to a depth of at least 3 to 4 .5 m, a commondepth of landfills .

w

Symbol?/ ItemsAff i

Degree of Soil Suitabilityect ngUse Good - G3/ Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

h Depth to Not class determining if more than 180 cm 100-180 cm <100 cmSeasonal HighWater Table

w Wetness4/ Not class determining if better than imperfectly Imperfectly drained Poorly and very poorlydrained drained or permanently

wet soils

i Flooding None Rare Occasional Frequent

k Permeability5/ <5 cm/hr <5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr >15 cm/hr

t Slope 0-15% 15-30X 30-45X >45%

s Soil Texture4/~6/ SL, L, SiL, SCL SiCL7/, CL, SC, LS sic, C Muck, peat, gravel, sand(dominant to adepth of 150 cm)

d Depth to Hard >150 cm >150 cm 100-150 cm < 100 cmBedrock Rippable >150 cm 100-150 cm 100-150 cm <100 cm

p Stoniness4/ Stones >10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0 .1-2 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart(Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5)

r Nature of Bedrock Impermeable Highly permeable, fractured,easily soluble

Based on soil depth (120 cm) commonly investigated in making soil surveys .


If probability is high that the soil material to a depth of 3 to 4 .5 m willby an appropriate footnote, such as "Probably good to a depth of 3.5 m", or

4/For an explanation of stoniness, texture and soil drainage classes, see theSoil Survey Committee, 1978) .

5/ Reflects ability of soil to retard movement of leachate from the landfills ;

6/ Reflects ease of digging and moving (workability) and trafficability in the

not alter a rating of good or fair, indicate this"Probably fair to a depth of 3 .5 m" .

Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada

may not reflect a limitation in arid and semiarid areas .

immediate area of the trench where there may not besurfaced roads .

7/ Soils high in expansive clays may need to be given a suitability rating of poor .

Tablel8 .~ Guide for assessing soil suitability for area-type sanitary landfills .

In the area-type sanitary landfill refuse is placed on the surface of the soil in successive layers . The daily and final covermaterial generally must be imported . A final cover of soil material at least 60 cm thick is placed over the fill when it is completed .

The soil under the proposed site should be investigated so as to determine the probability that leachates from the landfill canpenetrate the soil and thereby pollute water supplies .

Symboll/ ItemsAffecting.

Use

Degree of Soil

Good - G Fair - F

Suitability

Poor - P ery Poor - V

h Depth to Seasonal > 150 cm 150-100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cmWater Table?/

w Wetness?/,3/ Rapid to moderately Imperfectly drained Poorly drained Very poorly drainedwell drained or permanently wet soils

i Flooding None Rare Occasional Frequent

k Permeability4/,5/ Not class determining if less than 5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr >15 cm/hr

t Slope 0-9% 9-15I 15-30% >30X


?/ Reflects influence of wetness on operation of equipment .

3/ For an explanation of drainage, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

4/ Reflects ability of the soil to retard movement of leachate from landfills ; may not reflect a limitation in arid and semiarid areas .

5/ Due to possible groundwater contamination, impermeable bedrock is considered poor and permeable bedrock is rated very poorfor area-type sanitary landfills .

Table 19 . Guide for assessing soil suitability as cover material for area-type sanitary landfills .

The term cover material includes soil materials used to put a daily and final covering layer on refuse in area-type sanit5,rylandfills . This cover material may be derived from the area of the landfill or may be brought in from surrounding areas .


Use Good - G

Degree of Soil

Fair - F

Suitability-

Poor - P-

Very Poor - V

u Moist Consistence?/ Very friable, Loose, firm Very firm Cementedfriable

s Texture?/~3/ SL, L, SiL, SCL SiCL, CL, SC, LS sic, C Muck, peat, sand,gravel

d Depth to bedrock4/ >150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

c Coarse fragments?/ <157 15-35% >35I

p Stoniness?/ Stones >10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart Stones 0 .1-2 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart(Class 0 and 1) (Class 2) (Class 3 and 4) (Class 5)

t Slope <9I 9-15I 15-30I >30I

w Wetness?/ Not class determining if better than poorly Poorly drained Very poorly draineddrained or permanently wet

soils


3/

4/

For an explanation of consistence, texture, coarse fragments, stoniness and soil drainage classes, see the Manual forDescribing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

Soils having a high proportion of non-expansive clays may be given a suitability rating one class better than is shownfor them in this table .

Thickness of material excluding topsoil, which will be stockpiled (see guide for topsoil) .

Table 20 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for reservoirs and sewage lagoons .

Factors affecting the ability of undisturbed soils to impound water or sewage and prevent seepage are considered for evaluatingsoils on their suitability for reservoir and lagoon areas . This evaluation considers soil both as a vessel for the impoundedarea and as material for the enclosing embankment . As the impounded liquids could be potential sources of contaminationof nearby water supplies, e .g . sewage lagoons, the landscape position of the reservoir as it affects risk of flooding must alsobe considered .

Symbol'-`I ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G

Degree

Fair - F

of Soil Suitability

Poor - P_

Very Poor - V

h Depth to Water >150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cmTable?/

i Flooding3/ None None Subject to infrequent Subject to frequent highflooding (once in 50 level floodingyears)

k Soil Permeability 0-0 .5 cm/hr 0 .5-5 cm/hr 5-15 cm/hr >15 cm/hrt Slope 0-2x 2-5X . 5-9X >9Xo Organic Matter <27 2-lOX 10-30x >30Xc Coarse Fragments-4/ <20% 20-35x >35X

<25 cm in diameter,x by volume

p Stoniness4/, >25 cm <3y 3-15X 15-50Z >50%diameter, percent (Class 0, 1 and 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)of surface area

d Depth to Bedrock5/ >150 cm 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cm

Thickness of >100 cm 50-100 cm 50-25 cm <25 cmSlowly PermeableLayer

a SubgradeUnified Soil GC, SC, CL, & CH GM, ML, SM & MH SW & SP OL, OH & PtClasses GP, GW


If the floor of the lagoon has nearly impermeable material at least 50 cm thick, disregard depth to water table .Disregard flooding if it is not likely to enter or damage the lagoon (floodwaters have low velocity and depth less than 150 cm) .For an explanation of coarse fragments and stoniness classes, see the Manual for Describing Soils in the Field (Canada SoilSurvey Committee, 1978) .

5/ Surface exposures of non rippable rock are rated very poor . If underlying bedrock is impermeable, rating should be oneclass better .

Table 2] . Guide for assessing soil suitability for septic tank absorption fields .

This guide applies to soils to be used as an absorption and filtering medium for effluent from septic tank systems . Asubsurface tile system laid in such a way that effluent .from the septic tank is distributed reasonably uniformly into thenatural soil is assumed when applying this guide . A rating of poor need not mean that a septic system should not beinstalled in the given soil, but rather, may suggest the difficulty, in terms of installation and maintenance, which canbe expected .


Use Good - G

Degree of Soil-Fair - F

Suitability


k Permeability?/ Rapid to moder- Moderate Slow Very slowately rapid

Percolation Rate3/ About 8-18 min/c.3/ 18-24 min/cm Slower than 24 min/cm(Auger holemethod)

h Depth to Sea onal~

>150 cm5./ 100-150 cm 50-100 cm <50 cmWater Table4

i Flooding Not subject to Not subject to flooding Subject to occasional Floods every yearflooding flooding (once in

5 years)

t Slope 0-9X 9-15X 15-30X >30%

d Depth to Hard >150 cm 100-150 cm6/ 50-100 cm <50 cmRock, bedrock orother imperviousmaterials


The suitability ratings should be related to the permeability of soil layers at and below depth of the tile line .

Soils having a percolation rate less than about 8 min/cm are likely to present a pollution hazard to adjacentwaters . This hazard must be noted, but the degree of hazard must, in each case, be assessed by examining theproximity of the proposed installation to water bodies, water table, and related features . The symbol g is used toindicate this condition . Refer to U.S . Dept . of Health, Education and Welfare (1969) for details of this procedure .

4/

5/

Seasonal means for more than one month . It may, with caution, be possible to make some adjustment for theseverity of a water table limitation in those cases where seasonal use of the facility does not coincide withperiod of high water table .

A seasonal water table should be at least 100 cm below the bottom of the trench at all times forrated Good (U.S . Dept . of Health, Education and Welfare, 1969) . The depths used to water

the

soilstable are based

on an assumed tile depth of 50 cm . Where relief permits, the effective depth above a water table orincreased by adding appropriate amounts of fill .

rock can be

6/ Where the slope is greater than 9%, a depth to bedrock of 100-150 cm is assessed as poor .

Table 22. Guide for assessing soil suitability for playgrounds .

This guide applies to soils to be used intensively for playgrounds for baseball, football, badminton, and for other similarorganized games . These areas are subject to intensive foot traffic . A nearly level surface, good drainage, and a soiltexture and consistence that gives a firm surface generally are required . The most desirable soils are free of rock outcropsand coarse fragments .

Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, except as influenced by moisture, butis an important item to consider in the final evaluation of site .

Symbol!' ItemsAffecting

Use Good - G


Fair - F Poor - P

w Wetness?/ Rapidly, well and Moderately well Imperfectly drainedmoderately well drained soils subject soils subject todrained soils with to occasional seepage seepage or pending,no pending or or pending of short and poorly drainedseepage . Water duration and imperfectly soils . Taater tabletable below 75 cm drained soils . Water above 50 cm duringduring season table below 50 cm season of use .of use . during season of use .

i Flooding None during season Occasional flooding . Floods every yearof use . May flood once every during season of

2-3 years during use .season of use .

k Permeability Very rapid to Moderately slow Very slow .moderate . and slow .

t Slope 0-2X . 2-5X 5-9x

d Depth to >100 cm 50-100 cm3/ <50 cm3/Bedrock

c Coarse frafments Relatively free of <20X coarse fragments . >20X coarse fragments .on surfaceL ./' coarse fragments .

p Stoninese?l Stones >10 m apart . Stones 2-10 m apart . Stones 0 .1-2 m apart .(Class 0 to 1) (Class 2) (Class 3, 4)

r Rockiness?/ Rock exposures Rock exposures 30-100 m Rock exposures <30 m>100 m apart and apart and cover about apart and cover >lOXcover <2$ of the 2-lOX of the surface . of the surface .surface .

s Surface Soil SL, FSL, VFSL, L SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, LS SC, SiC, CS/ ; S, SiTexture?/+4/

q Depth to Sand >100 cm 50-100 cm <50 cmor GraveL/

m Useful Moisture-7/ Water sto ; age Water storage capacity8/ Water storage capacity!/cepacity8/ >15.0 7 .5-15 cm and/or moderate <7 .5 cm and/or lowcm and/or adequate rainfall and/or moderate rainfall and/or highrainfall and/or evapotranspiration . evapotranspiration .low evapotrans-piration .

1/ The symbols are use,.i to indicate the nature of the limitation .

?/ See also definitionii for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural cndSoils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table include gravels and cobbles .

3/ Downgrade to a very poor suitability rating if the slope is greater than 5% .

soil drainage classes

surface wetness,of topsoil .

4/ Surface soil texturf~ influences soil :atings as it affects foot trafficability,Adverse soil textures may be partially or completely overcome with the addition

5/ Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair .

Very Poor - V

Very poorly drained andpermanently wet soils .

Prolonged floodingduring season of use .

>9X

Stones <0 .1 m apart .(Class 5)

Rock outcrops toofrequent to permitplayground location .

Peaty soils ; S end LSsubject to blowing .

in the Manual for Describing

dust, and maintenance .

Depth to sand or gravel is considered a limitation in that levelling operations may expose sand or gravel, therebybringing about adverse surface textures and undesirable amounts of coarse fragments . The addition of topsoilafter the levelling process would overcome this limitation .

This item attempts to evaluate the adequacy of moisture for vegetative growth . It incorporates the concept of supplythrough rainfall, lcss through evapotranspiration, and storage within the rooting zone . In soils where the water tableis within rooting depth for a significant portion of the year, water storage capacity may not significantly influencevegetation growth .

Consult glossary for definitions o_° terms u>ed .

5$

Table2 3 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for camp areas .

This guide applies to soils to be used intensively for tents and camp trailers and the accompanying activities of outdoor

living . It is assumed that little site preparation will be done other than shaping and levelling for campsites and parking

areas . The soil should be suitable for heavy foot traffic by humans and limited vehicular traffic . Soil suitability for

growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, but is an important item to consider in the final evaluation

of site .

Back country campsites differ in design, setting and management but require similar soil attributes . These guides should

apply to evaluations for back country campsites but depending on the nature of the facility the interpreter may wish to adjust

the criteria defining a given degree of limitation to reflect the changed requirement . For example, small tentsites may allow

rock exposures greater than 10 m apart to be considered a slight limitation .

Symbol'/ ItemsAffecting


Use Good - G Fair - F

Wetness?/ Very rapidly, Moderately well drained

rapidly, well and soils subject tomoderately well occasional seepage ordrained soilswith no seepageor ponding . Water

ponding and imperfectlydrained soils with noseepage or ponding .

table below Water table below75 cm during 50 cm during seasonseason of use . of use .

i Flooding None Very occasional floodingduring season of use .Once in 5-10 years .

k Permeability Very rapid to Moderately slowmoderate inclusive . and slow .

t Slope 0-9% 9-15X

s Surface Soil SL, FSL, VFSL, L SiL, SCL, CL, SiCL, LS,Texture?/ 3/ and sand other than

loose sand .

coarse Fraes5/on Surface l=/ ,

0-20% 20-50X

p

- -

Stoniness?/ " 6/ Stones >10 m apart Stones 2-10 m apart(Class 0 and 1) (Class 2)

r Rockiness?/>6/ No rock exposures Rock exposures >10 mapart and cover <25%of the area .


Poor - P

Imperfectly drainedsoils subjecf toseepage or pondingand poorly drainedsoils . Water tableabove 50 cm duringseason of use .

Very Poor - V

Very poorly drainedand permanently wet soils .

occasional flooding Flooding during every

during season of use . season of use .Once in 2-4 years .

Very slow .

15-30X >30x

SC, SiC, C4/ ; Si Peaty soils ; loose sandsubject to blowing .

>50X

Stones 0.1-2 m apart Stones < 0 .1 m apart(Class 3 and 4) (Class 5)

Rock exposures <10 m Rock exposures tooapart and cover >25x frequent to permitof the area . campground location .

?/ See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for

Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

3/ Surface soil texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, dust, and soil permeability .

4/ Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair .

5/ Coarse fragments for the purpose o£ this table include gravels and cobbles . Some gravelly soils may be rated as having slight

limitations if the content of gravel exceeds 20% by only a small margin, providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soil matrix, or

(b) the fragments are less than 2 cm in size .

6/ Very shallow soils are rated as having a limitation for rockiness and/or stoniness .

Table 24 . Guide for aseensing soil suitability for picnic areas .

This guide applies to soi-s considered for intensive use as park-type picnic areas . It is assumed that most vehicular trafficwill be confined to the access roads . Soil suitability for growing and maintaining vegetation is not a part of this guide, exceptas influenced by moisture, but is an important item to consider in the final evaluation of site .

Symboll/ ItemsAffecting -

Use Good - G

w Wetness?/ Very rapidly,rapidly, welland moderatelywell drained soilsnot subject toseepage or ponding .Water table below50 cm duringseason of use .

i Flooding None duringseason of use .

t Slope 0-9%

s Surface Soil SL, FSL, VFSL, LTexture2_ -

c Coarse Fragments 0-20%on Surface_2/

p Stoniness?/ Stones >2 m apart(Class 0 to 2)

r Rockiness?/ "S/,6/ Rock exposuresroughly 30-100or more m apartand cover < 10%of the surface .

m Useful Moisturc-7/ Water storagecapacity8/ >15 cmand/or adequaterainfall and/orlow evapotrans-piration .


Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - V

Moderately well drained Imperfectly drained Very poorly drained andsoils subject to occasional soils subject to permanently wet soils .seepage or ponding and seepage or ponding .imperfectly drained soils Poorly drained soils .not subject to ponding or Water table aboveseepage . Water Table 50 cm and often nearabove 50 cm for short surface for a monthperiods during season or more duringof use . season of use .

May flood 1 or 2 times Floods more than 2 Prolonged floodingper year for short times during season during season of use .periods during season of use .of use .

9-15% 15-30X >30%

SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, LS, SC, SiC, C4/ ; Si Peaty soils ; loose sandand sand other than subject to blowing .loose sand .

. 20-50% >50%

Stones 1-2 m apart Stones 0 .1-1 m apart Stones <0.1 m apart(Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)

Rock exposures roughly Rock exposures <10 m Rock exposures too10-30 m apart and apart and cover >25% frequent to permitcover 10-25% of of the surface . location of picnic areas .the surface .

Water storage capacity8/ Water storage capacitya/7 .5-15 cm and/or moderate <7 .5 cm and/or lowrainfall and/or moderate rainfall and/or highevapotranspiration . evapotranspiration .

The symbols are used tc~ indicate the nature of the limitation .

See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for DescribingSoils in the Field (Car .ada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) . Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table, include gravels and cobbles .Some gravelly soils ma) be rated as having a slight limitation if the content of gravel exceeds 20% by only a small margin providing(a) the gravel is embecded in the soil matrix, or (b) the fragments are less than 2 cm in size .

5/

6/

Surface soil texture ir .fluences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, dust and soil permeability .

Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair .

Very shallow soils are rated as having severe or very severe limitations for stoniness or rockiness .

The nature and topograFhy of the bedrock exposures may significantly alter these ratings . As such, on-siteinvestigations will be necessary in map units containing bedrock when these are considered as possible sites .

/ This item attempts to evaluate the adequacy of moisture for vegetative growth . It incorporates the concept of supplythrough rainfall, loss through evapotranspiration, and storage within thewithin rooting depth fcr a significant portion of the year, water storagevegetation growth .

a/ Consult glossary for definitions of terms used .

60

rooting zone . In soils where the water table iscapacity may not significantly influence

Table2 5 . Guide for assessing soil suitability for paths and trails .

It is assumed that the trails will be built at least 45 cm wide and that obstructions such as cobbles and stones will be removed

during construction . It is also assumed that a dry, stable tread is desirable and that muddy, dusty, worn or eroded trail treads

are undesirable . Hiking and riding trails are not treated separately, but as the design requirements for riding trails are more

stringent, a given limitation will be more difficult to overcome . Poor or very poor suitability does not indicate that a trail

cannot or should not be built . It does, however, suggest higher design requirements and maintenance to overcome the limitations .

Symbol-'/ Items?/Affecting

Use Good -.G

sTexture-3/'4/ SL, FSL, VFSL, LS,

L

c entCoarse 1;ag 0-20x~Conten / 6t_

P Stoniness4/ Stones > 2 m apart(Class 0 to 2)

w Wetness-4/ Very rapidly,rapidly well, andmoderately welldrained soils .Water table below50 cm duringseason of use .

r Rockinesa4/+7/ Rock exposures>30 m apart andcover <lOx of thesurface .

t SlopeY 0-15X

i Flooding Not subject toflooding duringseason of use .


Fair - F Poor - P Very Poor - n

SiL, CL, SiCL, SCL SC, SiC, CS/ ; Sand, Peaty soils ; loose sand

Si subject to blowing

20-50z >50Z

Stones 1-2 m apart Stones 0 .1-1 m apart Stones <0 .1 m apart

(Class 3) (Class 4) (Class 5)

Moderately well drained Poorly and very poorly Permanently wet soils .

soils subject to drained soils . Water

occasional seepage and table above 50 cm andponding and imperfectly often near surface fordrained soils . Water a month or more duringtable may be above season of use .50 cm for short periodsduring season of use .

Rock exposures 10-30 m Rock exposures <10 m

apart and cover 10-25X apart and cover >25X

of the surface . of the surface .

Rock exposures toofrequent to permitlocation of paths and trails .

15-30X 30-60X >60I

Floods 1 or 2 times Floods more than 2during season of use . times during season

of use .


Subject to prolongedflooding duringseason of use .

?/ The items affecting use listed in this table are those which have been shown to cause significant differences

in trail response . Elevation, aspect, position on slope, and snow avalanching may have slight affects or influence

trail management and should be considered in the final site evaluation . Items such as vegetation, fauna, and

scenic value are not considered in the guidelines (Epp, 1977) .

3/ Texture refers to the soil texture which will form the tread texture . This is the surface texture on level areas

but may be a subsurface texture on slopes . Textural classes are based on the less than 2 mm soil fraction . Texture

influences soil ratings as it influences foot trafficability, dust, design or maintenance of trails, and erosion hazards .

4/ See also definitions for coarse fragments, rockiness, stoniness, textural and soil drainage classes in the Manual for

Describing Soils in the Field (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978) .

S/ Moderately well and well drained SC, SiC and C soils may be rated fair .

Coarse fragments for the purpose of this table, include gravels and cobbles . Gravels tend to cause unstable footing when

present in high amounts, and are also associated with increased erosion . Cobbles (and stones) must be removed from the

trail tread, increasing construction and maintenance difficulties . Some gravelly soils may be rated as having a slight

limitation if the content of gravel exceeds 202 by only a small margin providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soil

matrix or (b) the fragments are less than 2 cm in size .

The type of rock outcrop (flat lying vs cliffs), and the orientation of the structure (linear cliffs vs massive blocks) can

greatly alter the degree of the limitation . Each site with a Rockiness limitation based on the percent rock outcrop above

should be evaluated on its own merits and the degree of limitation should then be modified appropriately if necessary .

Slope in this context refers to the slope of the ground surface, not the slope of the tread .

Appendix D

GLOSSARY

AASHO classification (soil engineer-

tig~ofsoilmaterialsaandfsoilaggregate mixtures for highwayconstruction used by the Ameri-can Association of State High-way Officials .

Acid soil - A soil having a pH lessMn 7 .0 .

Acidity - (Alkalinity) - The degreeof a-=yof the soil ex-pressed in pH values . See Re-action, soil .

Alluvium - A general term for all de--F~sits of rivers and streams .

Bulk density - The weight of oven dryso 05 degrees Cdivided byits volume at field moistureconditions, expressed in gramsper cubic centimeter .

Buried soil - Soil covered by an al-lZV'rWl, loessial, or other de-posit, usually to a depthgreater than the thickness ofthe solum .

Calcareous soil - Soil containingsTrMc~nF calcium carbonate

(often with magnesium carbo-nate) to effervesce visiblywhen treated with hydrochloricacid .

Arable soil - Soil suitable for plow-ing and cultivation .

Association - A sequence of soils ofu the same age, derived

from similar parent material,and occuring under similar cli-matic conditions but showingdifferent characteristics dueto variations in relief and indrainage .

1./3 Atmosphere Moisture - The mois-` ure percen~g -on dry weight

basis of a soil sample that hasbeen air dried, screened, satu-rated and subjected to a soilmoisture tension of 345 cm ofwater through a permeable mem-brane for a period of 48 hours .It approximates the soil mois-ture retention capacity .

Available nutrient - That portion of-Wiy -61eme't[~or compound in the

soil that can be readily ab-sorbed and assimilated by grow-ing plants .

Available soil moisture - The portion-'-or wafer 3`n a soil that can be

readily absorbed by plantroots : generally considered tobe that water held in the soilup to approximately 15 atmos-pheres pressure .

Bearing capacity - Capacity of soil-inmo ist to wet conditions) to

support loads such as build-ings, people, vehicles, and an-imals .

Bedrock - The solid rock that under-lies soil and regolith or thatis exposed at the surface .

Boulders - Stones which are larger-Uran 60 cm in diameter .

Calcium Carbonate Equivalent - Refers-Fo-Tfierp en o car Donates in

the soil expressed on the basisof calcium carbonate . Termsused to express the carbonatecontents of soils are :

noncalcareous . . . . . . <lYweakly calcareous . . . . 1-5ymoderately calcareous . .6-15ystrongly calcareous . . 16-25Iv . strongly calcareous . 26-40yextremely calcareous . . . >40I

Capillary fringe - A zone of essen-tially-saturated soil justabove the water table . Thesize distribution of the poresdetermines the extent and de-gree of the capillary fringe .

Carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) -e ratio or"'-the weight of or-

ganic carbon to the weight oftotal nitrogen in a soil or inan organic material .

Cation Exchange _Capacitytp~ (CEC) - Ame u e tal--.1FMount ofexchangeable cations that canbe held by a soil . Expressedin milliequivalents per 100g ofsoil .

Clay - As a soil separate, the miner-al soil particles less than0 .002 mm in diameter : usuallyconsisting largely of clay min-erals . As a soil texturalclass soil materials that con-tain /+0 or more percent clay,less than 45 percent sand andless than 40 percent silt .

Cobbles - Rock fragments 8 to 25 cmTn diameter .

Color - Soil colors are compared witha Munsell color chart . The

- bL -

Munsell system specifies therelative degrees of the threesimple variables of color : hue,value and chroma . For example :lUYR 6/4 means a hue of l0YR avalue of 6, and a chroma of 4 .

Complex (soil) - A mapping unit used-~n ~Zs''diled and reconnaissance

soil surveys where two or moresoil series that are so inti-mately intermixed in an areathat it is impractical to sepa-rate them at the scale of map-ping used .

Concretions - Hard grains, pellets ornodules from concentration ofcompounds in the soil that ce-ment soil grains together .

Conductivity electrical - A physicalqu t measures thereadiness with which a mediumtransmits electricity . It isexpressed as the reciprocal ofthe electric resistance (ohmsor millisiemens per cm at 2~degrees C of a conductor whichis one cm long with a crosssectional area of one squarecm . it is used to express theconcentration of salt in irri-gation water or soil extracts .

Consistence (soil) - The mutual at-rac ionoT the particles in a

soil mass, or their resistenceto separation or deformation .It is described in terms suchas loose, soft, friable, firm,hard, sticky, plastic or ce-mented .

Consumptive use factor (CU) - The ra-tio ofconsumpt'I-v6use of waterby a crop to potential evapo-transpiration . and transpira-tion . An actively growing cropthat completely covers the soilover a large area and that hasan ample supply of readilyavailable soil water has a con-sumptive use factor of 1 .0 .

Consumptive use of water - The sum ofe depthsof w er transpired

by the plants and evaporatedfrom the soil surface and fromintercepted precipitation . Itmay be less or greater than po-tential evapotranspiration .

Contour - An imaginary line connect--rng points of equal elevation

on the surface of the soil .

Cover - This term 4enerally has oneof the following meanings :

1 . Vegetation or other ma-terial providing protec-tion

l . In forestry, low growingshrubs and herbaceonslants under trees

(i .e ., ground cover vrs .tree cover)

s . Any vegetation producinga protective mat on orjust above the soil sur-face .

Creep (soil) - Slow mass movement ofsai-r- and soil material downrather steep slopes primarilyunder the influence of gravitybut aided by saturation wit~water and by alternate freezingand thawing .

Decile portion - A one-tenth portion .As Useu- in this map symbol A7B3 means that the A soils coverseven tenths and the B soilscover three tenths of the mapunit .

Delta - An alluvial or glaciofluvialfan shaped deposit at the mouthof a river that empties into alake or sea .

Deflocculate - To separate or toea up soil aggregates into

individual particles by chemi-cal or physical means or both .

Degradation (of soils) - The changing-or a soiT-Fo- a -more highly

leached and more highly weath-ered condition, usually accom-panied by morpological changessuch as the development of aneluviated light colored (Ae)horizon .

Dispersion - Is rated high, moderateor low depending on how readilythe soil structure breaks downor slakes because of excessmoisture . A rating of high in-dicates that soil aggregatesslake readily ; a rating of lowindicates that aggregates areresistant to dispersion and re-main clumped together .

Drainage (soil) - (1) The rapidityand ex ent of the removal ofwater from the soil by runoffand flow through the soil tounderground spaces . (2) As acondition of the soil, it re-fers to the frequency and dura-tion of periods when the soilis free o~ saturation .

Drainage in soil reports isdescribed on the basis of actu-al moisture content in excessof field capacity (that mois-ture retained after soil is al-lowed to drain) and length ofthe saturation period within

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the plant root zone . The termsare as follows :

Very rapidly drained - Water isremoved from "fTiesorl very rap-idly in relation to supply .Excess water flows downwardvery rapidly if underlying ma-terial is pervious . There maybe very rapid subsurface flowduring hea.vy rainfall providedthere is a steep gradient .Soils have very low availablewater storage capacity (usuallyless than 2.5 cm) within thecontrol section and are usuallycoarse in texture, or shallow,or both . Water source is pre-cipitation .

Rapidly drained - Water is re-move from the soil rapidly inrelation to supply . Excess wa-ter flows downward if underly-ing material is pervious . Sub-surface flow may occur on steepradients during heavy rain-all . Soils have low available

water storage capacity (2 .5-4cm) within the control section,and are usually coarse in tex-ture, or Shallow, or both . Wa-ter source is precipitation .

Well drained - Water is removedfrom the soil readily but notrapidly . Excess water flowsdownward readily into underly-ing pervious material or later-ally as subsurface flow . Soilshave intermediate available wa-ter storage capacity (4-5 cm)within the control section, andare genel-ally intermediate intexture and depth . Watersource if; precipitation . Onslopes subsurface flow may oc-cur for short durations but ad-ditions are equaled by losses .These soils are usually free ofmottles within 100 cm of thesurface but may be mottled be-low this depth. Soil horizonsare usually bright colored .

Moderatelv well drained - Waters remover from -I'Mesoil some-

what slowly in relation to sup-ply. Excess water is removedsomewhat Slowly due to low per-viousness, shallow water table,lack of gradient, or some com-bination of these . Soils haveintermediate to high waterstorage capacity (5-6cm) withinthe control section and are us-ually me(iium to fine in tex-ture . Soils are commonly mot-tled in the 50 to 100 cm depth .Colors are dull brown in thesubsoil with stains and mot-tles .

Imperfectly drained - Water isremove from the soil suffi-ciently slowly in relation tosupply to keep the soil wet fora significant part of the grow-ing season . Excess water movesslowly downward if precipita-tion is major supply . If sub-surface water or groundwater,or both, is main source, flowrate may vary but the soil re-mains wet for a significantpart of the growing season .Precipitation is main source ifavailable water storage capaci-ty is high " contribution bysubsurface ~low or groundwaterflow or both, increases asavaiiable water storage capaci-ty decreases . Soils have awide range in available watersupply texture, and depth, andare gieyed phases of welldrained subgroups . These soilsgenerally gave mottling belowthe surface layers and general-ly have duller colors withdepth, generally brownish graywith mottles of yellow andgray .

Poorly drained - Water is re-mwed-sosloc3t'y in relation tosupply that the soil remainswet for a comparatively lar4epart of the time the soil isnot frozen . Excess water isevident in the soil for a largepart of the time . Subsurfaceflow or groundwater flow orboth, in addition to prec~pita-tion are main water sources ;there may also be a perched wa-ter table, with precipitationexceeding evapotranspiration .Soils have a wide range inavailable water storage capaci-tp , texture, and depth, and aregleyed subgroups, Gleysols, andOrganic soils .

Very poorly drained - Water isremoved from tHesoil so slowlythat the water table remains ator on the surface for thegreater part of the time thesoil is not frozen . Excess wa-ter is present in the soil forthe greater part of the time .Groundwater flow and subsurfaceflow are major water sources .Precipitation is less importantexcept where there is a perchedwater table with preci~itationexceeding evapotranspiration .Soils have a wide range inavailable water storage capaci-tv . Texture . and denth . and areeither Gleysolic or-Organic .

Dryland farming - The practice ofcrop production in low rainfallareas without irrigation .

- 64 -

Eluvial horizon - A horizon from-whic ma erial has been removed

in solution or in water suspen-sion .

Eolian - Soil material accumulatedthrough wind action .

Erosion - The wearing away of the-rand surface by detachment and

transport of soil and rock ma-terial through the action ofmoving water, wind or othergeological processes . The rat-ings of erosion are :

Erosion 1 slightly eroded -soil with a suffi-cient amount of theA horizon removedthat ordinary til-lage will bring upand mix the B hori-zon or other lowerlying horizons withsurface soil in theplow layer .

Erosion 2 moderately eroded -soil with all ofthe A -horizon and apart of the B orother lower lyinghorizons removed .The plow layer con-sists mainly of theoriginal horizonsbelow the A or be-low the originalplow layer .

Erosion 3 severely eroded -soils have practi-cally all of theoriginal surfacesoil removed . Theplow layer consistsmainly of C horizonmaterial, especial-ly on knolls andsteep upper slopepositions .

Evapotranspiration - The combinedloss o water from a givenarea, and during a specificperiod of time, by evaporationfrom the soil surface and tran-spiration from plants .

Field Moisture Equivalent - The mini-mum moisture con ent at which adrop of water placed on asmoothed surface of the soilwill not be absorbed immediate-ly by the soil, but will spreadout over the surface and giveit a shiny appearance .

Flood plain - The land bordering astream, built up of sedimentsfrom overflow of the stream andsubject to innundation when thestream is at flood stage .

Fluvial deposits - All sediments pastan-& present deposited by flow-ing water, Including glacioflu-vial deposits .

Frost heave - The raising of the sur-TFE-ecaused by ice in the sub-soil .

Friable - Soil aggregates that aresoft and easil crushed betweenthumb and foreyinger .

Glaciofluvial deposits - Materialmove y glaciers and subse-quently sorted and deposited bystreams flowing from the melt-ing ice . These deposits arestratified and map occur in theform of outwash plains, deltas,kames, eskers and kame terrac-es .

Gleyed soil - An imperfectly or poor-ly'7trained soil in which thematerial has been modified byreduction or alternating reduc-tion and oxidation . Thesesoils have lower chromas ormore prominent mottling or bothin some horizons than the asso-ciated well-drained soil .

Gleysolic - An order of soils devel-oped under wet conditions andpermanent or periodic reduc-tion . These soils have lowchromas or prominent mottlingor both, in some horizons .

Granular Structure - Soil structure-15' w-h3-cTi -E[e individual grains

are gouped into small block-like aggregates with indistinctor round edges (spheriodal) .

Gravel - Rock fragments 2 mm to 7 .5cm in diameter .

Ground Moraine - An unsorted mixtureo ro ct-s, boulders sand, siltand clay deposited' by glacialice . The predominant materialis till, most of till isthought to have accumulated un-der the ice by lodgment, butsome till has been let downfrom the upper surface of theice by oblation . Resorting andmodification may have takenplace to some extent by wave-action of glacial melt waters .The topography is most commonlyin the form of undulatingplains with gently slopingsells and enclosed depressions .

Groundwater - Water beneath the soily ce, usually under condi-

tions where the voids are com-pletely filled with water (sat-uration) .

-65-

Halophytic vegetation - vegetationME growsnaturally in soilshaving a high content of vari-ous patts . It usually hasfleshy leaves or thorns and re-sembles desert vegetation .

Horizon (soil) - A layer in the soilprolir" approximately parallelto the land surface with moreor less well-defined character-istics that have been producedthrough the operation of soilforming processes .

Horizon boundary - The lower boundary-'or each nurizon is described by

indicating its distinctness andform. The distinctness dependson the abruptness of verticalchange (thickness) . The Formrefers to the variation of theboundary plane .

Distinctness -abrupt--2ess than 2 cmclear - 2 to 5 cmgradual - 5 to 15 cmdiffuse - more than 15 cm

Form -m6 th - nearly plainwavy - packets are wider thandeepirregular - pockets are deeperthan widebroken - parts of the horizonare unconnected with otherparts

Humic layer - A layer of highly de-composed organic soil materialcontaining little fibre .

Hydraulic Conductivity - Refers toTiTe e ect ve ow velocity ordischarge velocity in soil atunit hydraulic gradient . It isan approximation of the permea-bility of the soil and is ex-pressed in cm . per hour .

Hydrologic cycle - The conditionstTirougTF-wT'iich water naturallypasses from the time of precip-itation until it is returned tothe atmosphere by evaporationand is again ready to be pre-cipitated .

Hydrophyte - Plants growing in water-or dependent upon wet or satu-

rated soil conditions forgrowth .

Illuvial horizon - A soil horizon inwhich material carried from anoverlying layer has been pre-cipitated from solution or de-posited from suspension . Thelayer of accumulation .

Immature soil - A soil having indis-

tinct or only slightly devel-oped horizons . Also called ju-venile soil .

Impeded drainage - A condition that-~Fin e~Fie movement of water

by gravity through the soils .

Inclusion - Soil type found within amapping unit that is not exten-sive enough to be mapped sepa-rately or as part of a complex .

Infiltration - The downward entry ofwater into the soil

Irrigation- The artificial applica-on of water to the soil for

the benefit of growing crops .

Irrigation requirement (IR) - Referso e amount of water exclu-

sive of effective precipitationthat is required for crop pro-duction .

Lacustrine deposits - Material depos-~3 o settled out of lake

waters and exposed by loweringof the water levels or eleva-tion of the land . These sedi-ments range in texture fromsand to clay and are usuallyvarved (layered annual depos-its) .

Landscape - All the natural featuressuch as fields, hills forest,

water, etc ., which distinquishone part of the earth's surfacefrom another part .

Leaching - The removal from the soil~~' materials in solution .

Liquid limit ( upper plastic limit) -e water conten corresponding

to an arbitrary limit betweenthe liquid and plastic statesof consistency of a soil . Thewater content at this boundaryis defined as that at which apat of soil cut by a groove ofstandard dimensions will flowtogether for a distance of 1 .25cm under the impact of 25 blowsin a standard liquid limit ap-paratus .

Lineal shrinkage - This is the de-c ease in one dimension ex-pressed as a percentage of theoriginal dimension of the soilmass when the moisture contentis reduced from a stipulatedpercentage (usually field mois-ture equivalent) to the shrink-age limit .

Mapping Unit - Any delineated area-shown on a soil map that is

identified by a symbol . A map-

-66-

ping unit may be a soil unit, amiscellaneous land type, or asoil complex .

horizons .

The particle-size classesfor family groupings are as

Marsh - Periodically flooded or con- follows :tinually wet areas having thesurface not deeply submerged . Fragmental Stones, cobbles andIt is covered dominently with gZ'avet-with too little fine

ltsedges, cattails, rushes or arg-o fill intersticesearthother hydrophytic plants . er than 1 mm .

Mature soil - A soil having well-de- Sandy-skeletal Particles coar-ed soil horizons produced -ger -ttwff-2--m occupy 35% or

by the natural processes of more by volume with enough finesoil formation . earth to fill interstices larg-

er than 1 mm ; the fraction fin-Mesophyte - Plants requiring interme- er than 2 mm is that defined

alate moisture conditions and for the sandy particle-sizeare not very resistant to class .drought .

Loamy-skeletal Particles 2Microrelief - Small-scale local dif-

dfmm=ZS cm occupy 35% or more by

thh fil i hinginclue ences in relie ne earenougvo ume w tmounds, swales or hollows . to fill interstices larger than

1 mm ; the fraction finer than 2Milliequivalent (me) - One-thousandth mm is that defined for the loa-

o an equiva?ent . An equiva- my particle-size class .lent is the weight in grams ofan ion or compound that com- Clayey-skeletal Particles 2bines with or replaces one gram mm-Z5 cm occupy 35% or more byof hydrogen . The atomic . or volume with enough fine earthformula weight divided by va- to fill interstices larger thanlence . 1 mm; the fraction finer than 2

mm is that defined for theMottles - Irregularly marked spots or clayey particle-size class .

streaks, usually yellow or or-ange but sometimes blue . They Sandy The texture of the fineare described in order of abun- ear includes sands and loamydance (few common, many) size

-fi di Asands, exclusive of loamy very

fine sandnd nd verficonum, coarse) anne, me( yne sa atrast (faint, distinct, promi- textures ; particles 2 mm- 25 cmnent) . Mottles in soils indi- occupy less than 35% by volume .cate poor aeration and lack ofgood drainage . Loamy The texture of the fine

earth includes loamy very fineOutwash - Sediments "washed out" be- sand, very fine sand, and finer

yond the glacier by flowing wa- textures with less than 35%ter and laid down in thin beds clay ; particles 2 mm-25 cm oc-or strata . Particle size may cupy less than 35% by volume .range from boulders to silt .

Coarse-loamy . A loamy particleOvendry soil - Soil that has been size th-at-Tias 15% or more by-a'ried-alt 105 degrees C until it weight of fine sand (0 .25-0 .1

has reached constant weight . mm) or coarser particles, in-cluding fragments up to 7 .5 cm,

% 'Parent material - The unaltered or clay inand has less than 18essential unaltered mineral the fine earth fraction .or organic material from whichthe soil profile develops by Fine-loamy . A loamy particlepedogenic processes . size that- has 15% or more by

weight of fine sand (0 .25-0 .1Particle size, soil - The grain size mm) or coarser particles, in--d'ist-ri`bution of the whole soil cluding fragments up to 7 .5 cm,

including the coarse fraction . and has 18-35I clay in the fineIt differs from texture, which earth fraction .refers to the fine earth (lessthan 2mm) fraction only . In Coarse-silty . A loamy particleaddition, textural classes are size !EhaF--has less than 15% ofusually assigned to specific fine sand (0 .25-0.1 mm) orhorizons whereas soil family coarser particles including

7 d h~particle-size classes indicate cm, anfragments up to . asa composite particle size of a less than 18I clay in the finepart of the control section earth fraction .that may include several

67

Fine-silty . A loamy particles3ze Ma-F-has less than 15% offine sand (0 .25-0 .1 mm) orcoarser particles includingfragments tap to 7 .~ cm, and has18-35y clay, in the fine earthfraction .

Clayey . The fine earth con-tains 35% or more clay byweight and particles 2mm-25 cmoccupy less than 35% by volume .

Fine-clayey. A clayey particles3z ~has 35-607 clay inthe fine earth fraction .

Very-fine-c:layeq A clayeyprticte"s]_zef1~at has 60% ormore clay in the fine earthfraction .

Fed - An individual soil aggregate- such as granule, prism or block

formed by natural processes (incontrast with a clod which isformed artificially) .

Pedology - Those aspects of soil sci-ence involving constitution,distribution genesis and clas-sification ol soils .

Percolation - The downward movemento water through soil . specif-ically, the downward flow ofwater in saturated or nearlysaturated soil at hydraulicgradients of 1 .0 or less .

Permafrost -

i . Perennially frozen ma-terial underlying thesolum .

2 . A perennially frozensoil horizon .

Permafrost table - The upper boundaryo 'perma rost, usually coinci-dent with the lower limit ofseasonal thaw (active layer) .

Permeability - The ease with whichand air pass through the

soil to all parts of the pro-file . It is described as rap-id, moderate or slow .

pH - The intenSity of acidity andalkalinity, expressed as thelogarithm of the reciprocal ofthe H + concentration . pH 7 isneutral, lower values indicate,acidity and higher values alka-linity .

Phase , soil - A soil phase is a unitoT soil outside the system ofsoil taxonomy . It is a func-tional unit and is used at anycategorical level from Order to

Series . It is used tocharacterize soil and landscapeproperties that are not used ascriteria in soil taxonomy . Themajor phase differentiae are :slope, erosion, deposition,stoniness, texture, salinity,and calcareousness .

Plastic Limit - The water contentcor epnding to an arbitrarylimit between the plastic andthe semisolid states of consis-tency of a soil .

Plasticity Index - The numerical dif--reY'enc¬-Me-tween the liquid and

the plastic limit . The plas-ticity index gives the range ofmoisture contents within whicha soil exhibits plastic proper-ties .

Potential evapotranspiration (PE) ----~The Md'xi"MUof -Vater

capable of being lost as watervapor, in a given climate, by acontinuous stretch of vegeta-tion covering the whole groundand well supplied with water .

Profile, soil - A vertical section ofthe surl through all its tiori-zons and extending into the pa-rent material .

Reaction, soil - The acidity or alka--73niTy-of a soil . Soil reac-

tion classes are characterizedas follows :

extremely acid . . . pH < 4 .5very strongly acid . 4 .5 to 5 .0strongly acid . . . 5 .1 to 5 .5medium acid . . . . 5 .6 to 6 .0slightly acid . . . 6 .1 to 6 .5mildly alkaline . . 7 .4 to 7 .8mod . alkaline . . . 7 .9 to 8 .4strongly alkaline 8 .5 to 9 .0very strongly alkaline . .> 9 .0

Regolith - The unconsolidated mantleof weathered rock and soil ma-

terial on the earth's surface .

Relief - The elevation of inequali-ties of the land surface whenconsidered collectively .

Runoff - The portion of the totalprecipitation on an area thatflows away through stream chan-nels . Surface runoff does notenter the soil . Groundwaterrunoff or seepage flow from

froundwater enters the soil be-ore reaching the stream .

Saline Soil - A nonalkali soil con-taing soluble salts in suchquantities that they interferewith the growth of most cropplants . The conductivity of

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the saturation extract isgreater than 4 millsiemens/cm(ms/cm), the exchangeable-sodi-um percentage is less than 15,and the pH is usually less than8 .5 . Approximate limits of sa-linity classes are :

non-saline . . . . 0 to 4 ms/cmslightly saline . 5 to 8 ms/cmmod . saline . .9 to 15 ms/cmstrongly saline . . > 15 ms/cm

Salinization - The process of accumu-a n of salts in the soil .

Salt-Affected Soil - Soil that hasBEEN aaveY'sely modified for thegrowth of most crop plants bythe presence of certain typesof exchangeable ions or of so-luble salts . It includes soilshaving an excess of salts, oran excess of exchangeable sodi-um or both .

Sand - A soil particle between 0 .05and 2 .0 mm in diameter . Thetextural class name for anysoil containing 85 percent ormore of sand and not more than10 percent of clay .

Saturation Percentage - The moisture-percentage a saturated soil

paste, expressed on an oven dryweight basis .

100

90

70

60.Vi- SpZWV 40acd30

20

1000

--FinrnSilty

.4. .L.oaraeSilty

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9o 100PER CENT SAND

(and gravel where applicable)

Figure 7 : Family particle-sizeclasses

Series , soil - A category in the Can-ad an System of Soil Classifi-cation . It consists of soilsthat have soil horizons similarin their differentiating char-acteristics and arrangement inthe profile, except for surfacetexture and are formed from aparticular type of parent ma-terial .

Shrinkage limit - This is the mois-ture con ent at which an equi-librium condition of volumechange is reached and furtherreduction in moisture contentwill not cause a decrease inthe volume of the soil mass .

Shrinkage ratio - This is the ratio-between e volume change and a

Seepage -

1 . The escape of waterdownward through thesoil .

2 . The emergence of waterfrom the soil along anextensive line of sur-face in contrast to aspring where wateremerges from a localspot .

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corresponding change inmoisture content . It equalsthe appar~~nt specific gravityof the dried so31 .

Silt - (a) Individual mineral parti-cles of soil that range in di-ameter between 0 .05 to .002 mm .

silt contains greater than 80percent silt and less than 12percent clay .

Slickenside - Smoothed surfaces along-p'Iaries of weakness resulting

from the movement of one massof soil against another insoils dominated by swellingclays .

Sodium-Adsorption Ratio (S .A .R .) - AratioF5r.303"xtrac-fsand ir-rigation waters used to expressthe relative activity of sodiumions in exhange reactions withsoil . Where the ionic concen-trations are expressed as mil-liequivalents per litre .

Soil - The uncon:aolidated mineral ma-terial on the immediate surfaceof the earth that "serves as anatural medium for the growthof land plants . Soil has beensubjected to and influenced bygenetic and environmental fac-tors of : harent material, cli-mate (inc:tuding moisture andtemperature effects), macro-and micro-organisms, and topog-raphy, all acting over a periodof time .

Solum - The upper horizons of a soilabove the parent material andin which the processes of soilformation are active . It usu-ally comprises the A and B ho-rizons .

Stones - Rock fragments greater than25 cm in diameter .

Stoniness - The relative proportionof-stones in or on the soil .

The classes of stoniness aredefined as follows :

(b) Soil of the textural class

Stones 0 . 1!tonsto~ny -- Land hav-ing ess tl~an~~1% of surfaceoccupied by stones .

Stones 1 . Slightly stony ----Land lhf-sur-face occtipied by stones .Stones 15-~30 cm in diameter,10-30 m apart . The stones of-fer only slight to no hindranceto cult ivat:ion .

Stones 2 . Moderately stony --Land ~faiTin¬; 0 .1-3A f

uY'face

occupied try stones . Stones

15-30 cm in diameter, 2-10 mapart . Stones cause some in-terference with cultivation .

Stones 3 . Very stony -- Landafing 3-157.7--oT suMace occu-

pied by stones . Stones 15-30cm in diameter, 1-2 m apart .There are sufficient stones toconstitute a serious handicapto cultivation .

Stones 4 . Exceedingly stony --aL~Taving15=

5. o surf'ace

occupied by stones . Stones15-30 cm in diameter, 0 .7-1 .5 mapart . There are sufficientstones to prevent cultivationuntil considerable clearing hasbeen done .

Stones 5 . Excessively stony --aLhaving mo e than 507. of

surface occupied by stones .Stones 15-30 cm in diameter,less than 0 .7 m apart . Theland is too stony to permitcultivation .

Storage Capacity - Refers to the max-imum amount of readily availa-ble water that can be storedwithin the rooting zone of acrop in a given soil . Forpractical irrigation purposes50 percent of the total soiiwater between field capacityand wilting point may be con-sidered as readily available .

Stratified materials - Unconsolidatedsand, s an clay arranged instrata or layers .

Structure - The combination or ar-rangement of primary soil par-ticles into secondary soil par-ticles, units or peds whichare separated from adjoiningaggregates by surfaces of weak-ness . Aggregates differ ingrade (distinctness) of devel-opment . Grade is described asstructureless (no observableaggregation or no definite or-derly arrangement amorphous ifcoherent, single-grained ifnoncoherent), weak, moderate,and strong . The aggregatesvary in class (size) anaredescribed as fine, medium,coarse and very coarse . Thesize ciasses vary according tothe type (shape) of structure .The types of structure are :

Granular - Having more or lessrounded aggregates withoutsmooth faces and edges

Platy - Having thin, plate-likeWggY~gates w3th faces mostlyhorizontal

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Blocky - Having block-like ag-gregates with sharp, angularcorners

Subangular blocky - Havingblock-=e aggregates withrounded and flattened faces androunded corners By conventionan aggregate is described inthe order of grade, class andtype e.g . strong, medium,bloc~Cp and moderate, coarse,granular . In the parent mater-ial of soils the material withstructural shapes may be desig-nated as pseudo-blocky pseudo-platy etc. In strat~fied ma-teriais, a bed is a unit layerdistinctly separable from otherlayers and is one or more cmthick but a lamina is a similarlayer less than 1 cm thick .

Soil Survey - The systematic examina-r'i3ii, description, classifica-tion, and mapping of soil in anarea .

Sulfate Hazard - Refers to the rela--fiv~gree of attack on con-

crete by soil and water con-taining , various amounts ofsulfate ions . It is estimatedfrom electrolyte measurementsand salt analysis on selectedprofiles and soil samples, andby visual examination of freegypsum within the profile dur-ing the course of soil investi-gation .

Texture soil - The relative propor--t'lonsof" the fine earth (less

than 2 mm .) fraction of asoil . Textural classes are us-ually assigned to specific ho-rizons whereas family particlesize classes indicate a compos-ite particle size of a portionof the control section that mayinclude several horizons .

The size range of the con-stituent primary particles areas follows :

Diameter (mm)Very coarse sand . . . .2 .0-1 .0Coarse sand . . . . . .1 .0-0 .5Medium sand . . . . . 0 .5-0 .25Fine sand . . . .0 .25-0 .10Very fine sand . . . .0 .10-0 .05Silt . . . . . . . . 0 .05-0 .002Clay . . . . . . . . < 0 .002Fine clay . . . . . . < 0 .0002

Till , glacial - Unstratified glaciale3'-posites consisting of clay,sand, gravel, and boulders in-termingled in any proportion .

Tilth - The physical condition ofsoil as related to its ease oftillage, fitness as a seedbed,

and its impedance to seedlingemergency and root penetration .

Topogra hy - Refers to the percentslope and the pattern or fre-quency of slopes in differentdirections . A set of 10 slopeclasses are used to denote thedominant but not necessarilymost abundant slopes within amapping unit . Letters are usedfor multiple slopes (irregularsurface) .

Slope Slope Percent Approx .Class Name slope degrees1 level 0-0.5 02 nearly level .5-2 .5 .3-1 .53 very gentle 2-5 1-34 gentle 6-9 3 .5-55 moderate 10-15 6-8.56 strong 16-30 9-177 very strong 31-45 17-248 extreme 46-70 25-359 steep 71-100 35-4510 very steep >100 >45

Underground runoff - (or seep-- age - ater f-lowing towards

stream channels after infiltra-tion into the ground .

Unified Soil Classification System--Tengineer ng - c assTfrc-a-

tion system based on the iden-tification of soils accordingto their particle size, grada-tion plasticity index and liq-uid iimit .

Urban Land - Areas so altered or ob-sfructed by urban works orstructures that identificationof soils is not feasible .

Variant soil - A soil whose proper--ties are believed to be suffi-

ciently different from otherknown soils to justify a newseries name, but comprisingsuch a limited geographic areathat creation of a new seriesis not justified .

Varve - A distinct band representingthe annual deposit in sedimen-tary materials regardless oforigin and usually consistingof two layers, one thick lightcolored layer of silt and finesand laid down in the springand summer, and the other athin, dark colored layer ofclay laid down in the fall andwinter .

Water balance, soil - Is the dailyWffi-Gut-of readily available wa-ter retained by the soil . Thedaily soil-water balance is de-creased by the amount that thedaily consumptive use exceedsthe daily rainfall . When daily

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PER CENT SAND ::

Texture Class ClassGroup Symbol Name

Coarse S SandLS Loamy sand

Moderately SL Sandy loamcoarse LVFS Loamy very

fine sand

Medium Si SiltSil Silt loamL LoamVFSL Very fine sandy

loam

Moderately SCL Sandy clay loamfine Cl, Clay loam

SiCL Silty clay loam

Fine SC : Sandy clayC ClaySic Silty clay

Very fine HC Heavy clay

rainfall exceeds theconsumptive use the daily bal-ance increases ty the amount ofthe difference unless thesoil-water balance is at stor-age capacity, in which case theexcess is assumed to be lost byrunoff or deep percolation .

Water table - (groundwater surface ;FYeewater surface- groundwaterelevation) Elevation at whichthe pressure in the water iszero with respect to the atmos-pheric pressure .

Water-holding capacity - The abilityof-asoirfoHold water . Thewater-holding capacity of sandysoils is usually considered tobe low, while that of clayeysoils is high . It is often ex-pressed in cm of water per 30cm depth of soil .

Weathering - The physical and chemi-cardisintegration, alteration

and decomposition of rocks andminerals at or near the earth'ssurface by atmospheric agents .

xero~ - Plants capable of surviv-extended periods of soil

drought .

Figure 8 : Soil TexturalClasses

Appendix D

SOIL HORIZON DESIGNATIONS

ORGANIC HORIZONS

Organic horizons are found in Or-ganic soils, and commonly at the sur-face of mineral soils . They may oc-cur at any depth beneath the surfacein buried soils, or overlying geolo-gic deposits . They contain more than17% organic carbon (approximately 30%organic matter) by weight . Twogroups of these horizons are recog-nized, 0 horizons and the L, F, and Hhorizons .

0

characterized by an accumula-tion of organic matter inwhich the original structuresare easily discernible .

F This is an organic horizon

Thisopedand

is an organic horizon devel-mainly from mosses, rushes,woody materials .

HOf The fibric horizon is the

least decomposed of all theorganic soil materials . Ithas large amounts of well-preserved fiber that arereadily identifiable as tobotanical origin. A fibrichorizon has 40y or more ofrubbed fiber by volume and apyrophosphate index of 5 ormore . If the rubbed fibervolume is 75% or more, thepyrophosphate criterion doesnot apply .

Om The mesic horizon is the in- MASTER Mtermediate stage of decompos-tion with intermediate Mineramounts of fiber bulk densi-

t -h idi i-t dconb

tainw iy an wa er o ng capac y ge

ty . The material is partly horizonsaltered both physically andbiochemically . A mesic hori- A Thiszon is one that fails to meet rizothe requirements of fibric or faceof humic . remo

andOh The humic horizon is the most situ

highly decomposed of the or- ter,ganic soil materials . It has

characterized by an accumula-tion of partly decomposed or-ganic matter . The originalstructures in part are diffi-cult to recognize . The hori-zon may be partly comminutedby soil fauna as in moder, orit may be a partly decomposedmat permeated by fungal hy-phae as in mor .

This is an organic horizoncharacterized by an accumula-tion of decomposed organicmatter in which the originalstructures are indiscernible .This material differs fromthe F horizon by its greaterhumification chiefly throughthe action of organisms . Itis frequently intermixed withmineral, grains, especiallynear the junction with themineral horizon .

INERAL HORIZONS

al horizons are those thatless than 30% organic matterht as specified for organic.

is a mineral horizon or ho-ns formed at or near the sur-in the zone of leaching or

val of materials in solutionsuspension or of maximum inaccumulation of organic mat-or both . Included are :

the least amount of fiber, 1 .the highest bulk density, andthe lowest saturated water-holding capacity . It is verystable and changes very lit-tle physically or chemically 2 .with time unless it isdrained . The humic horizonhas less than 10% rubbed fi-ber by volume and a phro-phosphate index of 3 or less . 3 .

LFH These organic horizons developedprimarily from leaves, twigs,woody materials and a minor com-ponent of mosses under imperfect-ly to well drained forest condi- 4 .tions .

L This is an organic horizon

horizons in which organicmatter has accumulted as aresult of biological ac-tivity (Ah) ;

horizons that have beeneluviated of clay, iron,aluminum, or organic mat-ter, or all of them (Ae) ;

horizons having character-istics of 1) and 2) abovebut transitional to under-lying B or C (AB or A andB) ;

horizons markedly dis-turbed by cultivation orpasture (Ap) .

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B This is a mineral horizon or ho-rizons characterized by one ormore of the following :

1 . an enrichment in silicateclay, iron, aluminum, orhumus, alone or in combi-nation (Bt,Bf,Bfh,Bhf, andBh) ;

Z . a prismatic or columnarstructure that exhibitspronounced coatings orstainings and significantamount of exchangeable Na(Bn)a

3 . an alteration by hydroly-sis, reduction, or oxida-tion to give a change incolor or structure fromhorizons above or below,or both, and does not meetthe requirements of 1) and2) above (Bm,Bg) .

C This is a mineral horizon or ho-rizons comparatively unaffectedby the pedogenic processes opera-tive in A and B excepting (i)the process of gfeying, and (i )ithe accumulation of calcium andmagnesium carbonates and more so-luble salts (Cca,Csa,Cg, and C) .Marl and diatomaceous earth areconsidered to be C horizons .

R This is consolidated bedrock thatis too hard to break with thehands or to dig with a spade whenmoist and that does not meet therequirement of a C horizon . Theboundary between the R layer andoverlying unconsolidated materialis called a lithic contact .

W This is a layer of water in Gley-solic, Organic, or Cryosolicsoils . It : is called a hydriclayer in Organic soils .

LOWER-CASE SUFFIXES

b Buried soil horizon .

c A cemented (irreversible) pedo-genic horizon . The ortstein of aPodzol, anc: a layer cemented bycalcium cart~onate and a duripanare examples .

ca A horizon with secondary carbo-nate enrichment where the concen-tration of lime exceeds thatpresent in the unenriched parentmaterial . It is more than lOcmthick, and if it has a CaC03equivalent of less than 15 per-cent it should have at least 5percent more CaC03 equivalentthan the parent material (IC) .If it has more than 15 percent

CaC03 equivalent it should have1/3 more CaC03 equivalent thanIC . If no IC is present, thishorizon is more than 10 cm thickand contains more than 5 percentby volume of secondary carbonatesin concretions or soft, powderyforms .

cc Cemented (irreversible) pedogenicconcretions .

e A horizon characterized by theeluviation of clay, iron, alumi-num, or organic matter alone orin combination . When dry, it isusually higher in color value by1 or more units than an underly-ing B horizon . It is used with A(Ae) .

f A horizon enriched with amorphousmaterial, principally A1 and Fecombined with organic matter . Itusually has a Rue of 7 .5YR orredder or its hue is lOYR nearthe upper boundary and becomesyellower with depth . When moist,the chroma is higher than 3 orthe value is 3 or less . It con-tains 0.6% or more pyrophosphate-extractable A1+Fe in texturesfiner than sand and 0 .4% or morein sands (coarse sand, sand, finesand, and very fine sand) . Theratio of pyrophosphate-extracta-ble Al+Fe to clay (less than0 .0002mm) is more than 0.05 andorganic C exceeds 0 .5y . Pyro-phosphate-extractable Fe is atleast 0 .3%, or the ratio of or-ganic C to pyrophosphate-extrac-table Fe is less than 20 or bothare true . It is used' with Balone (Bf), with B and h (Bhf),with B and g (Bfg) , and with oth-er suffixes . The criteria for"f" do not apply to Bgf horizons .The following horizons are dif-ferentiated on the basis of or-ganic carbon content : Bf - 0.5%to 5% organic carbon . Bhf-morethan 5% organic carbon .

g

74

A horizon characterized by graycolors, or prominent mottling, orboth, indicative of permanent orperiodic intense reduction .Chromas of the matrix are gener-ally 1 or less . It is used withA and e (Aeg) ; with B alone (Bg) ;with B and f (Bfg) ; with B, h,and f (Bhfg) ; with B and t (Btg)with C alone (Cg) ; with C and ~(Ckg) ; and several others . Insome reddish parent materialsmatrix colors of reddish hues and'high chromas may persist despitelong periods of reduction . Inthese soils horizons are desig-nated as g If there is gray mot-tling or if there is markedbleaching on ped faces or alongcracks .

Aeg This horizon must meet thedefinitions of A,e, and g .

Bg These horizons are analo-gous to Bm horizons butthey have colors indicativeof poor drainage and peri- Cg,odic reduction . They in-clude horizons occurringbetween A and C horizons inwhich the main features are(i) colors of low chroma,that is : chromas of 1 orless, without mottles onped surfaces or in the ma- h A htrix if peds are lacking ; mator chromas of 2 or less in (Ahhues of lOYR or redder, on witped surfaces or in the ma- f (trix if peds are lacking ,accompanied by more promi- Ahnent mottles than those inthe C horizon; or huesbluer than 10Y, with orwithout mottles on ped sur-faces or in the matrix ifpeds are lacking . (ii)colors indicated in (i) anda change in structure fromthat of the C horizons .iii) color indicated in~i) and illuviation of clay Ahetoo slight to meet the re-quirements of Bt ; or accu-mulation or iron oxide tooslight to meet the limitsof Bgf . (iv) colors indi-cated in (i) and removal ofcarbonates . Bg horizonsoccur in some Orthic HumicGleysols and some OrthicGleysols .

Bfg, Bhf , Bt a d thersWnuse~ in ~~iy o~ t~ese comb~-

nations the limits set forf, hf, t, and others mustbe met .

Bgf The dithionite-extractableFe of this horizon exceedsthat of the IC by 1% ormore . Pyrophosphate-ex-tractable Al + Fe is lessthan the minimum limitspecified for 'f' horizons .This horizon occurs in FeraGleysols and Fera HumicGleysols, and possibly be-low the Bfg of gleyed Pod-zols . It is distinguishedfrom the Bfg of gleyed Pod-zols on the basis of theextractability of the Feand A1 . The Fe in the Bgfhorizon is thought to have.accumulated as a result ofthe oxidation of ferrousiron . The iron oxideformed is not associatedintimately with organicmatter or with A1, and itis sometimes crystalline .The Bgf horizons are

usually prominently mot-tled, with more than halfof the soil material occur-ring as mottles of highchroma .

Ckg, Ccag, Csg Csag When gis used with 6 alone, orwith C and one of the low-er-case suffixes k, ca, s,or sa, it must meet the de-finiton for C and for theparticular suffix .

orizon enriched with organicter . It is used with A alone) ; or with A and e (Ahe) ; orh B alone (Bh) ; or with B andBhf) .

A horizon enriched with or-ganic matter that eitherhas a color value at leastone unit lower than the un-derlying horizon or con-tains 0 .5% more organiccarbon than the IC, orboth . It contains lessthan 17% organic carbon byweight .

An Ah horizon that has un-dergone eluviation as evi-denced, under natural con-ditions, by streaks andsplotches of differingshades of gray and often byplaty structure . It may beoverlain by a darker-col-ored Ah and underlain by alighter-colored Ae .

Bh This horizon contains moreihan l0 8ri~nic cagbon,ess t an pyrop osp-

hate-extractable Fe andhas a ratio of organic car-bon to pyrophosphate-ex-tractable Fe of 20 or more .Generally the color valueand chroma are less than 3when moist .

Bhf Defined under 'f' .

Used as a modifier of the suffix-es e, f, g, n and t to denote anexpression ol but failure tomeet, the specified limits of thesuffix it modifies . It must beplaced to the right and adjacentto the suffix it modifies . Forexample Bfgj means a Bf horizonwith weak expression of 4leying ;Bfjgj means a B horizon with weakexpression of both 'f' and 'g'features .

J

Aej It denotes an eluvial hori-zon that is thin, disconti-nuous or slightly discerni-ble .

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Btj It is a horizon with some tivities, such as cultivation,illuviation of clay, but logging , habitation, etc . It isnot enough to meet the lim- used with A and 0 .its of Bt .

s A horizon with salts, includingBtgj,Bied

Horizons that mot-tled

gypsum which may be detected ascr stals r i fy o ve ns, as sur acecriteria of Bg . crusts of salt crystals, by de-

Bfj It is a horizon with somepressed crop growth, or by thepresence of salt-tolerant plants .accumulation of pyrophosp- It is commonly used with C and k

hate-extractable Al and Fe (Csk), but can be used with anybut not enough to meet the horizon or combination of horizonlimits of Bf . and lowercase suffix .

Bntj or Bnj Horizons in which sa A horizon with secondary enrich-development of solonetzic B ment of salts more soluble thanproperties is evident but calcium and magnesium carbonatesinsufficient to meet the in which the concentration otlimits for Bn or Bnt . salts exceeds that present in the

k Denotes the presence of carbo-nate, as indicated by visible ef-fervescence when dilute HM isadded . Most often it is usedwith B and m (Bmk) or C (Ck) andoccasionally with Ah or Ap ~Ahk,A~pk) : or organic horizons Ofk,

m A horizon slightly altered by hy-drolysis, oxidation, or solution,or all three, to give a change incolor or structure, or both . Ithas :

i . Evidence of alteration inone of the followingforms :

a) Higher chromas and red-der hues than the un-derlying horizons .

b) Removal of carbonateseit:her partially (Bmkjor completely (Bm) .

2 . Illuvi.ation, if evident,too slight to meet the re-quirements of a Bt or apodzol.ic B .

3 . Some weatherable minerals .

4 . No ceuLentation or indura-tion and lacks a brittleconsistence when moist .This suffix can be used asBm, Bn.gj, Bmk, and Bms .

n A horizon in which the ratio ofexchangeable Ca to exchangeableNa is 10 or less . It must alsohave kthe following distinctivemorphological characteristics :prismatic or columnar structure,dark coatings on ped surfaces,and hard to very hard consistencewhen dry . It is used with B, asBn or Bnt .

A horizon disturbed by man's ac-

unenriched parent material . Thehorizon is 10 cm or more thick .The conductivity of the satura-tion extract must be at least 4ms/cm and must exceed that of theC horizon by at least one-third .

t An illuvial horizon enriched withsilicate clay . It is used with Balone (Bt), with B and g (Btg),with B and n (Bnt), etc .

Bt A Bt horizon is one thatcontains illuvial layer-lattice clays . It formsbelow an eluvial horizon,but may occur at the sur-face of a soil that hasbeen partially truncated .It usually has a higher ra-tio of fine clay to totalclay than IC . It has thefollowing properties :

1 . If any part of aneluvial horizon re-mains and there isno lithologic dis-continuity betweenit and the Bt hori-zon, the Bt horizoncontains more totaland fine clay thanthe eluvial hori-zons, as follows :

a) If any part ofthe eluvial hori-zon has less than15% total clay inthe fine earthfraction (2mm)the Bt horizonmust contain atleast 3% moreclay, e .g .,Ae 10%clay-Bt minimum13% clay .

b) If the eluvialhorizon has morethan 15% and less

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than 40% totalclay in the fineearth fraction,the ratio of theclay in the Bthorizon to thatin the eluvialhorizon must be1 .2 or more,e.g ., 20% clayincrease in theBt over Ae .

c) If the eluvialhorizon has morethan 40% totalclay in the fineearth fraction,the Bt horizonmust contain atleast 8% moreclay than theeluvial horizon,e.g . Ae 50% clapBt at least 58/clay .

2 . A Bt horizon must beat least 5 cm thick .In some sandy soilswhere clay accumula-tion occurs in thelamellae, the totalthickness of the la-mellae should bemore than 10 cm inthe upper 150 cm ofthe profile .

3 . In massive soils theBt horizon shouldhave oriented claysin some pores andalso as bridges be-tween the sandgrains .

4 . If peds are present,a Bt horizon showsclay skins on someof the vertical andhorizontal ped sur-faces and in thefine pores or showsoriented ciays in 1%or more of the crosssection, as viewedin thin section .

5 . If a soil shows alithologic discon-tinuity between theeluvial horizon andthe Bt horizon orif only a plow layer

overlies the Bt ho-rizon, the Bt hori-zon need show onlyclay skins in somepart, either in somefine pores or onsome vertical andhorizontal ped sur-faces . Thinsections should showthat some part ofthe horizon hasabout. ly or more oforiented clay bod-ies .

Btj Btj and Btg are defined un-der j and g .

u A horizon that is markedly dis-rupted by physical or faunal pro-cesses other than cryoturbation .Evidence of marked disruptionsuch as the inclusion of materialfrom other horizons, absence ofthe horizon, etc . must be evidentin at least half of the crosssection of the pedon . Such tur-bation can result from blowdownof trees, mass movement of soilon slopes, and burrowing animals .It can be used with any horizonor subhorizon with the exceptionof A or B alone ; e .g . Aeu, Bfu,BCu .

x A horizon of fragipan character .A fragipan is a loamy subsurfacehorizon of high bulk density andvery low organic matter content .When dry, it has a hard consis-tence and seems to be cemented .When moist it has moderate toweak brittleness . It frequentlyhas bleached fracture planes andis overlain by a friable B hori-zon . Air dry clods of fragic ho-rizons slake in water .

y A horizon affected by cryoturba-tion as manifested by disruptedand broken horizons � incorpora-tion of materials from other ho-rizons and mechanical sorting inat least half of the cross sec-tion of the pedon. It is usedwith A, B, and C alone or in com-bination with other subscripts,e .g . Ahy, Ahgy, Bmy, Cy, Cgy,Cygj, etc .

z A frozen layer . It may be usedwith any horizon or layer, e .g .Ohz, Bmz, Cz, Wz .

Appendix D

DESCRIPTION OF LANDFORMS

GENETIC MATERIALS

Unconsolidated mineral component

The unconsolidated mineral compo-nent consists of clastic sedimentsthat may or may not be stratified,but whose partic:les are not cementedtogether . They are essentially ofglacial or posl:-glacial origin butinclude poorly consolidated andweathered bedrock .

Anthropogenic - Man-made or man-modi--r'iea materials, including those

associated with mineral exploi-tation and waste disposal .

Colluvial - M~issive to moderately-well stratified, nonsorted to

poorly sorted sediments withany range of particle sizesfrom clay to boulders andblocks that have reached theirpresent position by direct,gravity-induced movement .

They are restricted to prod-ucts of mass-wasting wherebythe debris is not carried bywind, wate:r, or ice (exceptingsnow avalanches) .

Eolian - Sediment, generally consist-ing of medium to fine sand andcoarse silt particle sizes,that is well sorted poorlycompacted, and may s~ow inter-nal structures such as crossbedding or ripple laminae, ormay be massive . Individualgrains may be rounded and showsigns of frosting .

These materials have beentransported and deposited bywind action .

Fluvial - Sediment generally consist--Tng of gravel and sand with a

minor fraction of silt andclay . The gravels are typical-ly rounded and contain interst-itial sand . Fluvial sedimentsare commonly moderately to wellsorted and display stratifica-tion= but massive, nonsortedfluvial gravels do occur .These materials have beentransported and deposited bystreams and rivers . Finer tex-tured Fluvial deposits of mod-ern rivers are termed Alluvium .

Lacustrine - Sediment generally con-ing of either stratified

fine snad, silt, and clay de-posited on the lake bed ; ormoderately well sorted and

stratified sand and coarser ma-terials that are beach and oth-er nearshore sediments trans-ported and deposited by waveaction .

These are materials that ei-ther have settled from suspen-sion in bodies of standingfresh water or have accumulatedat their margins through waveaction .

Marine - Unconsolidated deposits ofclay, silt, sand, or gravelthat are well to moderatelywell sorted and well stratifiedto moderately stratified (insome places containing shells) .They have settled from suspen-sion in salt or brackish waterbodies or have accumulated attheir margins through shorelineprocesses such as wave actionand longshore drift .

Morainal - Sediment generally con-sisting of well compacted ma-terial that is nonstratifiedand contains a heterogeneousmixture of particle sizes, of-ten in a mixture of sand, silt,and clay that has been trans-ported beneath beside, on,within and in tront of a gla-cier and not modified by anyintermediate agent .

Saprolite - Rock containing a highproportion of residual siltsand clays formed by alteration,chiefly by chemical weathering .

The rock remains in a cohe-rent state= interstitial grainrelationships are undisturbedand no downhill movement due togravity has occurred .

Undifferentiated - A layered sequenceo more an three typed of ge-netic material outcropping on asteep erosional escarpment .

Volcanic - Unconsolidated pyroclasticsediments . These include vol-canic dust, ash, cinders, andpumice .

Qualifying Descriptors

These have been introduced toqualify the genetic materials and tosupply additional information aboutthe mode of formation or depositionalenvironment .

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Glacial - Used to qualify nonglacialgenetic materials or processmodifiers where there is directevidence that glacier ice ex-erted a strong but secondary orindirect control upon the modeof origin of the materials ormode of operation of the pro-cess . The use of this qualify-ing descriptor implies thatglacier ice was close to thesite of the deposition of a ma-terial or the site of operationof a process .

Glaciofluvial - Fluvial materialss ow ng clear evidence of hav-ing been deposited either di-rectly in front of or in con-tact with glacier ice .

Glaciolacustrine - Lacustrine materi-ted in contact withals

glacial ice .

_Glaciomarine - Materials of glacial-ort*laid down in a marine

environment,~l~as a result ofsettling from melting, floatingice and ice shelves .

both nutrients and pH than thepeats associated with bogs .

Swamp - A swamp is a peat-covered orpeat-filled area . The peatsurface is level or slightlyconcave in cross section . Thewater table is frequently at orabove the peat surface . Thereis strong water movement frommargins or other mineral sourc-es . The microrelief is hum-mocky, with many pools present .The waters are neutral orslightly acid . The dominantpeat materials are shallow todeep mesic to humic fOrest andfen peat .

GENETIC MATERIAL MODIFIERS

Material modifiers are used toqualify unconsolidated mineral andorganic deposits . Particle-sizeclasses serve to indicate the size,roundness, and sorting of unconsoli-dated mineral deposits . Fiber class-es indicate the degree of decomposi-tion and fiber size of organicmaterials .

Organic component

The organic component consists ofpeat deposits containing >30% organicmatter by weight that may be as thinas 10 cm if they overlie bedrock butare otherwise greater than 40 cm andgenerally greater than 60 cm thick .The classes and their definitionsfollow .

B BogN FenS Swamp

Bog - A bog is a peat-covered orpeat-filled area, generallywith a high water table . Sincethe surface of the peatland isslightly elevated, bogs are ei-ther unaffected or partly af-fected by nutrient-rich ground-waters from the surroundingmineral soils . The groundwateris generally acidic and low innutrients (ombrotrophic) . Thedominant peat materials aresphagnum and forest peat, un-derlain, at times, by fen peat .

Particle size classes forunconso?i3abedmineral materials

Blocky : An accumulation of angularparticles greater than 256mm in size .

Bouldery :An accumulation of roundedparticles greater than 256mm in size .

Clayey :

Cobbly :

An accumulation of particleswhere the fine earth frac-tion contains 35% or more

andyparOtiOcOlesmgreater thanh2mm are less than 35% by vol-ume .

An accumulation of roundedparticles having a diameterof 64-256 mm .

Gravelly :An accumulation of roundedparticles ranging in sizefrom pebbles to boulders .

Fen - A fen is a peat-covered or Loamy : An accumulation of particles- peat-filled area with a high of which fine earth fraction

water table, which is usually contains 35% or less clayat the surface . The dominant (<0 .002 mm) by weight andmaterials are shallow to deep, particles greater than 2 mmwell to moderately decomposed are less than 35% by volume .fen peat . The waters are main-ly rich in nutrients (minero- Pebbly : An accumulation of roundedtrophic) and are derived from particles having a diametermineral soils . The peat mater- of 2-64 mm .ials are therefore higher in

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Rubbly : An accumulation of angular pression also indicates the manner infragments having a diameter which unconsolidated genetic materi-of 2-2_`i6 mm . als relate to the underlying unit .

Sandy : An accumulation of particlesof which the fine earthfraction contains more than Consolidated and Unconsolidated70% by weight of fine anad mineral sur ace c assesor coarser particles . Par-ticles greater than 2 mm oc- Apron - A relatively gently slope atcupy less than 35% by vol- the foot of a steeper slope andume . formed by materials from the

steeper, upper slope .Silty : An accumulation ofparticles

of which the fine earth Blanket - A mantle of unconsolidatedfraction contains less than materials thick enough to mask15% of fine sand or coarser minor irregularities in the un-particles and has less than derlying unit but still con-35% clay. Particles greater forming to the general underly-than 2 mm occupy less than ing topography .35% by volume .

Fiber classes for organic materials

Fan - A fan-shaped form similar tothe segment of a cone and hav-ing a perceptible gradient fromthe apex to the toe .

The amount of fiber and its dura-bility are important characterizingfeatures of organic deposits in thatthey reflect on the degree of decom-position of the material . The preva-lence of woody materials in peats isalso of prime importance .

Fibric :The least decomposed of allorganic materials ; there is alarge amount of well-preservedfiber that is readily identi-fiable as to botanical origin .Fibers retain their characterupon rubbing .

Mesic : Organic material in an inter-mediate stage of decompostion ;intermediate amounts of fiberare present that can be iden-tified as to their botanicalorigin .

Humic : Highly decomposed organic ma-terial ; small amounts of fiberare present that can be iden-tified as to their botanicalorigin . Fibers can be easilydestroyed by rubbing .

Woody : Organic material containingmore than 50% of woody fibers .

SURFACE EXPRESSION

The surface expression of geneticmaterials is their form (assemblageof slopes) and pattern of forms .Form as applied to unconsolidated de-posits refers .~pecifically to theproduct of the iiiitial mode of originof the materials . When applied toconsolidated materials form refersto the product of their modificationby geological processes . Surface ex-

Hummocky - A very complex sequence of-sropes extending from somewhat

rounded depressions or kettlesof various sizes to irregularto conical knolls or knobs .There is a general lack of con-cordance between knolls or de-pressions . Slopes are general-ly 9-70y (5-35 degrees) .

Inclined - A sloping, unidirectionalsurface with a generally con-stant slope not broken by mark-ed irregularities . Slopes are2-70I (1-35 degrees) . The formof inclined slopes is not re-lated to the initial mode oforigin of the underlying mater-ial .

Level - A flat or very gently slop-ing, unidirectional surfacewith a generally constant slopenot broken by marked elevationsand depressions . Slopes aregenerally less than 27 (1 de-gree) .

Rolling - A very regular sequence ofmoderate slopes extending fromrounded, sometines confinedconcave depressions to broad,rounded convexities producing awavelake pattern of moderaterelief . Slope length is often1 .6 km or greater and gradientsare 5reater than 5% (3 de-grees .

Ridged - A lon , narrow elevation ofthe sur~ace, usually sharpcrested with steep sides . Theridges may be parallel, subpar-allel, or intersecting .

Steep - Erosional slopes greaterthan 70% (35 degreesj, on both

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consolidated and unconsolidatedmaterials . The form of a steeperosional slope on unconsoli-dated materials is not relatedto the initial mode of originof the underlying material .

Terraced - Scarp face and the hori-zontal or gently inclined sur-face (tread) above it .

Undulating - A very regular sequenceor gentle slopes that extendsfrom rounded, sometimes con-fined concavities to broadrounded convexities producing awavelike pattern of low localrelief . Slope length is gener-ally less than 0 .8 km and thedominant gradient of slopes is2-5y (1-3 degrees) .

Veneer - Unconsolidated materials toothin to mask the minor irrigu-larities of the underlying unitsurface . A veneer will rangefrom 10 cm to 1 m in thicknessand will possess no form typi-cal of the materials's genesis .

Organic surface classes

Blanket - A mantle of organic materi-als that is thick enough tomask minor irregularities inthe under-lying unit but stillconforms to the general under-

lying topography .

Bowl - A bog or fen occupying con-cave-shaped depressions .

Domed - A bog with an elevated, con-vex, central area much higherthan the margin . Domes may beabrupt (with or without a fro-zen core) or gently sloping orhave a stepped surface .

Floating - A level organic surfaceassociated with a pond or lakeand not anchored to the lakebottom .

Horizontal - A flat peat surface not-brMen by marked elevations and

depressions .

Plateau - A bog with an elevated,-flat central area only slight-

ly higher than the margin .

Ribbed - A pattern of parallel or re-ticulate low ridges associatedwith fens .

Sloping - A peat surface with a gen-erally constant slope not bro-ken by marked irregularities .

Veneer - A thin (40 cm-lm) mantle oforganic materials which gener-ally conforms to the underlyingtopography . They may or maynot be associated with discon-tinuous permafrost .

Appendix E

MAP UNIT SYMBOLOGY

Compound Map Units

Series Symbol Percentileof map unit

xc 3xLUR8- _CKG2

xxlx xxls

/Slope Class Degree of Stoniness Degree of Erosion Degree of Salinity(gently sloping) (very stony) . . (none or minimal) (weakly saline)

In a compound unit where two series share the same denominator, thephases apply to both series accordingly .

Simple Map Units

ANDxc2x i

Slope Class De~gree of Stoniness A series with no significant phase features(gently sloping) (moderate)

Degree of Erosi on Stoninessx non-eroded or minimal x non-stony1 slightly eroded 1 slightly stony2 moderately eroded 2 moderately stony3 severely ercded 3 very stonyo overblown 4 exceedingly stony

Slope Class5 excessively stony

x 0-2% level to very gently sloping Degree of Salinityc 2-5% gently sloping x non-salined 5-9% moderately sloping s weakly salinee 9-15% strongly sloping t moderately salinef 15-30% steeply sloping u strongly salineg 30-60I very steeply slopingh over 60% extremely sloping

LUR

82

00

Table 26 . Legend for West-Interlake Study Area

Soil Soil SurfaceSymbol Name Texture Drainage Subgroup

AND Aneda Loam Well Orthic Dark GrayfDQC

AOS Alonsa Loam Well Rego Black, lithic

aCKG Clarkleigh Clay loam Poor Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonatedCKGp Clarkleigh Clay loam Poor Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated, peaty MCRN Crane Mesic peat Poor to very poor Terric Mesisol

OK

DVD Davidson Fine sand Well Orthic Dark GrayW

FFD Fairford Loam Well Eluviated Eutric Brunisol K ~7IH b0FKR Faulkner Loam Imperfect Gleyed Dark Gray, lithic :j L-4

GSO Garson Loam Well Orthic Gray Luvisol K NN

GUO Gunton Loamy sand Well Orthic Dark Gray

fDHIB Hilbre Loam Well Eluviated Eutric Brunisol, lithic

rfISF Isafold Loam Well-mod . well Rego Black

a.IWO Inwood Loam Imperfect Gleyed Dark Gray

14

aLRY Leary Loamy sand Well Orthic Dark Gray fDwLUR Lundar Loam Imperfect Gleyed Rego Black

LXB Lynx Bay Loam Well Orthic Dark Gray, lithicMh Marsh Mucky loam Poor to very poor Rego GleysolMEB Meleb Clay loam Poor Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonatedMEBp Meleb Clay loam Poor Rego Humic Gleysol, carbonated, peatyNCS Narcisse Loam Well Orthic Black, lithic

Table 26 " Cont'dSoil Soil Surface

Symbol Name Texture Drainage Subgroup

R Rock

Sb Sand Beach Sand Rapid to poor Orthic Regosol

SLB St . Labre Loamy fine sand Well Orthic Gray Luv.isol

SWW Stonewall Loam Well Orthic Dark Gray, lithic

SDE Sandridge Loam Well Orthic Dark Gray, lithic

Zz Water

canada-manitoba soil survey soils of the west interlake area

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