canada -european union trade agreement (ceta), sustainability impact assessments (sia): final...

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1 EUCanada SIA Final Report Briefing Document Objectives, scope and purpose European Commission Trade Sustainability Impact Assessments (SIAs) analyse the potential impacts of proposed trade liberalisation agreements on all pillars of sustainable development. The Trade SIA is designed to provide trade negotiators and policymakers with an evidencebased ex ante assessment of the potential economic, social and environmental impacts that are likely to arise from a proposed change in trade policy. In this regard, the EUCanada SIA was carried out with the intention of assessing how a Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between the two sides might affect economic, social and environmental issues in the EU and Canada, as well as in other relevant countries. The goal has been to inform policymakers during the ongoing negotiations and provide them with a list of areas that could be sensitive to a CETA as well as ways to enhance and mitigate potential impacts. Evidencebased approach The EUCanada SIA has used a variety of evidence sources to inform the qualitative and quantitative sustainability impact analyses for specific indicators. The sources of evidence include formal modelling (CGE, E3MG and investment gravity modelling) results, and quantitative and qualitative evidence collected from desk research and consultations with stakeholders. Causal chain analysis is applied to the evidence base to identify the significant causeeffect links been the Agreement and its economic, social and environmental impacts. The assessment was undertaken at three levels: (i) macroeconomic assessment; (ii) sectoral assessment; and (iii) crosscutting assessment. The macroeconomic section discusses macroeconomic effects forecasted for Canada and the EU as a whole, and includes a brief discussion of the macroeconomic effects on certain third countries. The sectoral assessment looks in detail at the social, economic and environmental impacts in 3 sectors and 16 subsectors. The 3 sectors and 16 subsectors are: (i) the agriculture, processed agricultural products (PAPs), and fisheries sector, and the subsectors of grains and oilseeds, beef and pork, dairy, other PAPS, beverages, and fisheries; (ii) the industrial products sector, and the subsectors of mining and manufactured metal products (ferrous, nonferrous and fabricated metals), oil and petroleum products, coal, forestbased industries (wood, paper and forestry), automotive and transport equipment, textiles (textiles clothing, leather and footwear); and (iii) the services sector, and the subsectors of transportation, telecommunications, financial, and other business services. The crosscutting assessment analyses 7 key issues: government procurement, intellectual property rights, investment, trade facilitation, labour mobility, free circulation of goods and competition policy. To inform the assessment, four liberalisation scenarios were employed within the modelling framework: Scenario A. Limited liberalisation of agriculture and PAPs resulting in an overall liberalisation of 95% of trade in goods in terms of tariff lines and less ambitious liberalisation of services. The reduction in tariffs is achieved using a sensitive list approach whereby there is no tariff cuts for meat products (incl. beef and pork) in the EU and no tariff cuts for dairy products and ‘other food products’ in Canada; all other agriculture and industrial products are fully liberalised. For services, liberalisation is based on the service trade cost cuts modelled in the 2008 Joint Study, multiplied by a factor of 0.6. Scenario B. Limited liberalisation of agriculture and PAPs resulting in an overall liberalisation of 95% of trade in goods in terms of tariff lines and ambitious liberalisation of services. The reduction in

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Canada -European Union Trade Agreement (CETA), Sustainability Impact Assessments (SIA):Final report on socioeconomic impacts of CETA shows findings based on flawed exclusionary sample that is likely not representative; incomplete evaluation processes; Government of Canada assessments not based on current, valid, nor reliable data; Aboriginal sample not included in data set; sample highly unlikely to be representative given there are over 600+ unique First Nations in Canada and each can make own determinations regarding self-government, land use, oil/gas/coal/agricultural development on Native lands, etc. Thus, SIA final report is not conclusive, definitely not scientific evidence, and proves data was not collected regarding First Nations consultations.

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Page 1: Canada -European Union Trade Agreement (CETA),   Sustainability Impact Assessments (SIA):  Final report forecast on assumed socioeconomic impacts of CETA

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EU‐Canada SIA Final Report Briefing Document 

Objectives, scope and purpose  

European  Commission  Trade  Sustainability  Impact  Assessments  (SIAs)  analyse  the  potential  impacts  of proposed trade liberalisation agreements on all pillars of sustainable development. The Trade SIA is designed to provide trade negotiators and policy‐makers with an evidence‐based ex ante assessment of the potential economic, social and environmental impacts that are likely to arise from a proposed change in trade policy. In this  regard,  the  EU‐Canada  SIA  was  carried  out  with  the  intention  of  assessing  how  a  Comprehensive Economic  and  Trade  Agreement  (CETA)  between  the  two  sides  might  affect  economic,  social  and environmental  issues  in  the  EU  and Canada,  as well  as  in other  relevant  countries.  The  goal has been  to inform policy‐makers during  the ongoing negotiations and provide  them with a  list of areas  that  could be sensitive to a CETA as well as ways to enhance and mitigate potential impacts.  

Evidence‐based approach 

The  EU‐Canada  SIA  has  used  a  variety  of  evidence  sources  to  inform  the  qualitative  and  quantitative sustainability impact analyses for specific indicators. The sources of evidence include formal modelling (CGE, E3MG and  investment gravity modelling)  results, and quantitative and qualitative evidence  collected  from desk research and consultations with stakeholders. Causal chain analysis  is applied to the evidence base to identify  the  significant  cause‐effect  links been  the Agreement and  its economic,  social and environmental impacts.  

The assessment was undertaken at three levels: (i) macro‐economic assessment; (ii) sectoral assessment; and (iii) cross‐cutting assessment.  

The macro‐economic section discusses macro‐economic effects forecasted for Canada and the EU as a whole, and  includes  a  brief  discussion  of  the  macro‐economic  effects  on  certain  third  countries.  The  sectoral assessment looks in detail at the social, economic and environmental impacts in 3 sectors and 16 sub‐sectors. The 3 sectors and 16 sub‐sectors are: (i) the agriculture, processed agricultural products (PAPs), and fisheries sector, and the sub‐sectors of grains and oilseeds, beef and pork, dairy, other PAPS, beverages, and fisheries; (ii) the industrial products sector, and the sub‐sectors of mining and manufactured metal products (ferrous, nonferrous and  fabricated metals), oil and petroleum products, coal,  forest‐based  industries  (wood, paper and forestry), automotive and transport equipment, textiles (textiles clothing, leather and footwear); and (iii) the services sector, and the sub‐sectors of transportation, telecommunications, financial, and other business services. The cross‐cutting assessment analyses 7 key issues: government procurement, intellectual property rights, investment, trade facilitation, labour mobility, free circulation of goods and competition policy.   

To inform the assessment, four liberalisation scenarios were employed within the modelling framework: 

• Scenario A. Limited liberalisation of agriculture and PAPs resulting in an overall liberalisation of 95% of trade in goods in terms of tariff lines and less ambitious liberalisation of services. The reduction in tariffs  is achieved using a sensitive  list approach whereby  there  is no  tariff cuts  for meat products (incl. beef  and pork)  in  the  EU  and no  tariff  cuts  for dairy products  and  ‘other  food products’  in Canada; all other agriculture and industrial products are fully liberalised. For services, liberalisation is based on the service trade cost cuts modelled in the 2008 Joint Study, multiplied by a factor of 0.6.  

• Scenario B. Limited liberalisation of agriculture and PAPs resulting in an overall liberalisation of 95% of  trade  in goods  in  terms of  tariff  lines and ambitious  liberalisation of  services. The  reduction  in 

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The government is obligated to publish and share such research: (1) Prove this claim that assessments were actually conducted; (2) Part of the process of scientific research is to offer the research findings to the social scientist community for PEER EVALUATION to verify reliability and validity of the findings, and check for errors in statistical analysis, data collection biases, miscalculations, ethics, how big was the sample and how representative was the population sample(s) [especially concerning Indigenous groups on & off reserves], and the process used within the study; (3) prove scientific research methods were implemented nationwide for data collection and analysis to assess social impacts of CETA.
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THEN SHARE THE RESEARCH & SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE PROVING DATA IS (1) VALID, and; (2) RELIABLE Share scientific research methods, random samples demographics, data collections, research findings, statistical analysis, scientific research designs for: 1) SIA & CETA's qualitative data for socioeconomic impacts (individually filled surveys & interviews, ) 2) and your quantitative data along with all else to explain why SIA's assessments are to be viewed as reliable 3) show evidence-derived from scientific research that fracking and such a huge increase in amount of chemical pesticides that will be required for the size of the agricultural expansion proposed under CETA will not negatively impact the environment 4) Release the sample's demographic information you've collected to ensure they are a truly representative group (area of residence, income, age, race, gender, political affiliations, and other details required to be considered and collected in an evidence-based approach of scientific research to ensure they are NOT biased and SIA's research findings wouldn't end up biased by generating and collecting data from a biased sample that creates flawed, unusable research), prove this group can be considered to legitimately represent ALL people living in Canada when SIA applies their opinions wide scale across the entire nation, to try and justify calling the information "evidence-based quantitative data".
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tariffs  is modelled  in the same manner as  in Scenario A, while  liberalisation  in the services  is based on the service trade cost cuts modelled in the 2008 Joint Study.  

• Scenario  C.  100%  liberalisation  of  goods  and  less  ambitious  liberalisation  of  services,  using  the services trade cost cuts employed in the 2008 Joint Study multiplied by a factor of 0.6.  

• Scenario D. 100%  liberalisation of goods and ambitious  liberalisation of services, using the services trade cost cuts employed in the 2008 Joint Study.  

A key part of the SIA is consultations with stakeholders. The study website, email and phone updates, and the arranging of civil society meetings in Brussels and a local workshop in Canada were used to create awareness of  the  SIA  and  elicit  feedback  from  stakeholders.  In‐depth  consultations were  undertaken  via  interviews, soliciting  written  comments  on  drafts  of  study  reports  and  the  implementation  of  steering  committee meetings. In the course of the study, more than 350 civil society organisations, trade associations, academic institutions  and  government  agencies were  contacted  to  participate  in  consultations.  Feedback  that was presented  to  the  study  team was  closely evaluated and, as  relevant,  included directly  into  the SIA  report. Alternative  feedback was closely considered as a  ‘stakeholder concern,’ and  the  length and breadth of  the analysis  devoted  to mentioning  these  concerns was  determined  by  their  appropriateness/relevance  and frequency of being mentioned by stakeholders.   

Additional key assumptions and hypotheses 

Based on discussions with Contracting Authority, it was assumed that ‘everything is on the table’ in the CETA negotiations.  It  is  unclear  how  comprehensive  the  final  agreement  will  be,  but  in  formulating  the liberalisation scenarios it was assumed that full removal of tariffs was a feasible outcome. 

Every quantitative model employs assumptions, and the models used in this study are no different. The CGE model,  for example, assumes perfect competition and, thus, constant returns to scale  in some sectors and monopolistic competition  in other sectors; profit and utility maximising behaviour of firms and households, respectively; and  full employment.  In the baseline scenario, the model assumed a successful completion of the Doha Negotiations, and  thus made  important assumptions about  tariff  liberalisation, domestic support and  export  subsidies  for  agriculture  in  developed  and  developing  economies.  The  assessment  of  services liberalisation played a key role  in the SIA and  in modelling different degrees of services  liberalisation, a key assumption was  the  cut  in  services  trade  costs.  Given  the  lack  of  data  on  the  specific  costs  incurred  in services trade between Canada and the EU, the SIA uses the estimates employed in the 2008 Joint Study.   

A  number  of  assumptions  as  to  the  legalities,  both  general  and  specific,  of  issues  involving  cross‐cutting issues in CETA were made in the report. These were informed by consultations with stakeholders and subject to scrutiny by DG Trade. 

Major impacts identified 

The analysis finds that the CETA will lead to overall gains in welfare, real GDP, total exports and real wages in both  Canada  and  the  EU  over  the  long‐term. While  these  gains  are  expected  under  the  four  scenarios modelled  in the economic assessment, the gains are expected to be higher under an agreement that offers the highest degree of  tariff  and  services  liberalisation. Third  countries  are estimated  to experience minor degrees  of  welfare  loss  as  a  result  of  the  Agreement,  though  the  overall  impact  on  these  countries  is insignificant. 

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*FRACKING* on NATIVE lands = There appears to have been little or no consultations with stakeholders; furthermore when Natives did not consent, developers IGNORED them. (*ELSIPOGTOG NATION, New Brunswick, Canada)
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I think this is pure speculation. Economic forecasts don't predict social wellbeing; they're a guess. There is no scientific evidence to prove this claim. There are too many social policies to consider, and these are constantly challenged with funding cutbacks that threaten wellbeing of the large middle & low income class. Each province's health coverage; welfare program; low-income housing; education systems; environmental protections; quality of government leadership; and MUCH more, all contribute to impact welfare of citizens. Economic policy is one piece of a MUCH bigger picture regarding determinants of health; a nation's GDP cannot accurately predict individuals' wellbeing.
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I think they are covertly referring to First Nations, Metis, and the Inuit as "Third Countries" - a cultural group whose wellbeing is certainly NOT insignificant; but this sentence of the report reflects the history of institutionalized racism by the government of Canada's attempt at genocide and continued systemically racist treatment of Indigenous populations.
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WAIT A MINUTE! ONE workshop was held in Canada to elicit feedback from stakeholders? ONLY ONE???? Wtf!!! What kind of bullshit is this, Harper?
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At the sectoral level, the greatest gains in output and trade appear to be stimulated by services liberalisation and  by  the  removal  of  tariffs  applied  on  sensitive  agricultural  products.  Both  Canada  and  the  EU would benefit  from  a CETA  that provided  a high degree of  liberalisation  in  the  services  sector, particularly with respect  to  transport,  telecom  and  business  services.  The  formal modelling’s  inability  to  account  for  the impact  from  investment  liberalisation and measures that  facilitate the movement of professionals suggests that  gains  for  both  sides  could  surpass  those  estimated.  In  terms  of Agriculture  and  PAPs,  Canada  could realise significant gains from notable  improvements  in access to the EU market for beef and pork products, while this would also likely negatively impact domestic producers and processors in the EU. Alternatively, EU dairy producers could experience significant increases in output and exports with the full removal of tariffs in Canada;  though  this would  likely  coincide with decreases  in production  and employment  in  the Canadian dairy  sector.  For  a  number  of  agriculture  and  agri‐food  products  –  beef,  pork  and  other  processed  food products – the overall impact would likely be heavily influenced by the rules or origin (RoO) that are agreed to under  the CETA.  In  terms of  industrial products,  the  low existing  tariffs applied on EU‐Canada  trade  in merchandise would likely limit the impact the CETA will have. Investment liberalisation could lead to greater EU  investment  in Canadian  industries  such  as oil  and mining,  though  it does not  appear  that  the  current restrictions have overly  inhibited  investment. The  auto  and  textiles  industries  in both  the EU  and Canada would likely benefit from the removal of tariffs and other non‐tariff barriers. For both products, the rules of origin agreed to in the text of the CETA will influence the impact.  

The CETA could have a positive social  impact where  it  includes text devoted to better  implementation and ratification of the  ILO’s Core Labour Standards and Decent Work Agenda. Canada, specifically, could see  its standards  and  rights  improved  with  respect  to  collective  bargaining  and  freedom  of  association  with provisions  that  require  ratification of  the  ILO’s Convention 98, which provides  legally binding measures on such rights. In terms of the environment, increased agricultural production could lead to a greater degree of intensification and use of chemical  inputs, while  increased beef production could  lead  to greater herd size and production of methane. The environmental  impact associated with energy and extractive  industries  is likely to be  limited, though  it could be exacerbated  if the agreement  leads to significant  increases  in FDI  in Canada’s oil sands and mining industries. Increased trade would likely increase the GHG emissions associated with  transport,  though  this  could  be mitigated  should  the  CETA  replace  land  transport  (notably  between Canada and the U.S.) with maritime transport and facilitate the development of Canada’s short sea shipping industry.  

A  number  of  key  impacts  are  identified  in  the  areas  of  government  procurement  (GP)  and  intellectual property rights (IPR). A GP chapter in CETA will have a variety of economic impacts that are positive for some and negative  for others, particularly  felt  in  terms of government  savings, market  share, employment, and quality and decency of work. Potential social impacts are mixed, and a GP Chapter in CETA would likely have mixed environmental impacts, although the full extent of these impacts is unclear without further details of CETA.  In  terms of  IPR,  it  is assumed  that CETA will  lead  to an upward harmonisation and call primarily  for change in Canadian IPR laws. IPR‐related provisions of CETA could have a minor positive economic impact on Canadian GDP  growth,  and may have  a minor positive  impact on  European GDP. An  IPR  chapter  in CETA would also have economic impacts on employment and policy space. Raising levels of IPR protection is likely to have some social impacts but unlikely to have significant environmental impacts.  

Several key impacts are identified in the areas of investment and competition policy. The economic impact of CETA as a whole on investment in Canada will likely be positive, and could be of a ‘notable’ magnitude. As a 

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whole,  there will  likely be some positive, and potentially some negative, social and environmental  impacts from  such  investment. Regarding  investor‐state dispute  settlement  (ISDS)  specifically,  the  conflicting  costs and benefits of  such  a mechanism make  it doubtful  that  its  inclusion  in CETA would  create  a net/overall (economic,  social  and  environmental)  sustainability  benefit  for  the  EU  and/or  Canada.  In  terms  of competition policy, if CETA removes discriminatory practices of the Canadian liquor control boards this would support economic gains by encouraging  competition. Removal of discriminatory practices by  the Canadian Wheat Board could  improve sales and wages of competitive wheat farmers. No significant negative  impacts or unclear impacts are predicted for liberalisation in international letter delivery in Canada and revising state aid policies, respectively.  

Some impacts are identified in the areas of trade facilitation, labour mobility and free circulation of goods. It is unlikely  that  there will be  significant  economic,  social or  environmental  impacts  from  trade  facilitation reform  under  CETA.  Labour mobility  provisions  in  the  CETA  focused  on workers  in  professional  business services  could  result  in  economic  gains  in  the  form  of  a more  efficient  allocation  of  skills  and  increased productivity in Canada and the EU, as well as increase innovation that could lead to social and environmental benefits. Provisions in CETA allowing freer circulation of goods, which will likely focus on the agriculture and agri‐foods  sector  given  the  barriers  in  that  sector,  could  result  in  positive  economic  impacts  through  an improvement in Canada’s productivity performance and allowing benefits to EU exporters. 

Policy recommendations 

In order to minimise potential negative impacts and maximise positive impacts, it is recommended that CETA: (i) Establish an appropriate timetable for the phased reductions  in tariffs and non‐tariff barriers. (ii) Form a special group of officials from both sides to deal with rules of origin. (iii) Develop a framework to formalise enhanced regulatory cooperation and regular dialogue on SPS and TBT issues. (iv) Collaborate on sustainable fishery  practices.  (v)  Remove  investment  restrictions  on  telecom,  but  do  so  in  a  way  that  includes  an appropriate phase‐in period while allowing Canada to continue to form and  implement policies that ensure cultural objectives can be met. (vi) Streamline the visa process for professionals seeking to temporarily work in Canada or the EU and create a mechanism  for  fostering mutual recognition agreements  for professional qualifications and credentials.  (vii) For GP, explicitly allow  for Social Considerations  in Public Procurement, including fair wages, and create a monitoring body to oversee that these allowances are not being abused; allow for green procurement policies in all ‘standard’ forms in the General Notes of both Canada and the EU in the GP Chapter and include other specific language for environment protection; explicitly allow set‐asides for Aboriginals in Canada’s schedule in the GP Chapter; do not include a full‐stop prohibition on GP offsets for municipalities, but  rather  include  an  ‘offset  justification provision’ pertaining  exclusively  to municipalities. (viii) For IPR, duplicate the language of TRIPs agreement article 7, 8, 13, and 30 as well as the language of the Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health in the introduction of CETA’s IPR chapter; cooperate to ensure agreed norms on enforcement become  recognised globally as minimal  standards and cooperate  in multilateral  fora  (WHO, WIPO, WTO, etc.),  in plurilateral  settings  (OECD, ACTA, etc.) and bilaterally  in  the respective agreement with  third parties; and  the EU and Canada should cooperate  to  fast‐track marketing approvals  for  those  drugs  already  approved  by  the  respective  regulatory  agencies.  The  CETA  should furthermore  foresee  in a  comprehensive GI protection.    (viv)  For  investment,  consider excluding  investor‐state dispute settlement (ISDS) from CETA and instead use a state‐state enforcement mechanism like that in the recent US‐Australia FTA; consider a number of key issues when drafting dispute settlement expropriation language;  emphasis  domestic  dispute  settlement  even  if  ISDS  is  included  in  CETA;  exclude  'essential  and basic' public  services  from  investment  commitments;  create a dispute  settlement monitoring body/forum. (vv) For overarching  issues,  include a Trade and Sustainable Development Chapter  in CETA and within  that chapter establish an effective monitoring body; ensure CETA allows usage of domestic policy  tools  to  limit 

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I strongly disagree. Unless if the reasoning here is based on the fact that most living things will die, including many humans, directly as a result of carcinogenic, radioactive wastewater leaching into our drinking supply as a result of fracking + the increase in chemical pesticides required to produce enough beef & pork to feed all of the EU!!! Then I can see how this might actually have some truth because it's reasonable to believe the environmental damage caused by this reckless CETA will leave only the wealthy elite who manage to survive, and it seems unlikely the 1% wealthy elite would call for "significant economic, social, or environmental reform - after all, they are only 1% so they can't really be called 'significant'. WTF!!!
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Page 5: Canada -European Union Trade Agreement (CETA),   Sustainability Impact Assessments (SIA):  Final report forecast on assumed socioeconomic impacts of CETA

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alcohol abuse; and create a clean energy partnership  initiated between the EU and Canada, which could be modelled off of existing programs. 

Limitations in the design and execution of the SIA   

One  significant  limitation  in  executing  an  ex‐ante  assessment  that  is  informative  for  policy‐makers  and stakeholders  is the  limited knowledge of what provisions will be ultimately  included  in an Agreement. This complicated assessments of many cross‐cutting  issues, which closely depend on  legal provisions. Generally, this  complicated  the  SIA  and  required  redirection of  resources  at  various points  throughout  the  study,  as officials intermittently released information as to which areas they would like to see more or less detail.  

Additional limitations were encountered in data gathering, particularly in the investment, portfolio flows and labour mobility modelling, as a lack of data at times limited the ability to make a quantitative assessment. For investment,  this  limitation  was  detrimental  to  the  overall  quantitative  analysis.  Data  limitations  further surfaced within  the CGE  framework, as  the GTAP model uses highly aggregated groupings, which made  it impossible  to usefully model  rules of origin or determine  the  impact on  specific products within  a broad category  (e.g. medium‐quality  wheat  in  the  context  of  the  estimated  impact  on  ‘wheat’).  Some  of  the regional  aggregations  promoted  by  the  Contracting  Authority  also  lacked  utility;  for  example,  combining diverse countries such as Russia, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey  into a single grouping  limited  the useful interpretation one could make from the CGE estimates for this group.  

Delays encountered  in the formal approval of such things as modelling scenarios also  limited the time that could be devoted  to  analysis  and other  important  activities. At  the  same  time,  it  is noted  that  the  initial liberalisation of services proposed by the study team produced unrealistic outcomes, necessitating that they be redesigned. Further, the design and execution of the SIA was somewhat complicated by the appearance of sometimes  competing  requests  within  the  Steering  Committee  (e.g.  simultaneous  requests  for  more information/a  shorter  report;  or  more  economic  analysis  on  a  sector/less  economic  analysis  and  more stakeholder feedback).  

Suggestions for further investigation  

Further  study  is  suggested  in  a  number  of  areas:  (i)  An  ex  poste  study  to  determine  the  level  of implementation of  ILO Core Labour Standards at the provincial  level  in Canada and  in Member States. (ii)  If investment  is  liberalised,  assessing  the  relating  impacts  on  Canadian  cultural  objectives.  (iii)  A  study  on whether  the  framework  established  by  CETA  is  effective  in  promoting Mutual  Recognition  Agreements between Canada and the EU. (iv) A study to assess if the liquor control boards in Canada are complying with their obligations under CETA and other agreements. (v) Study on any potential negative impacts on beef and pork producers in the EU, and dairy producers in Canada . (vi) A study on cost of compliance with RoO under CETA,  and whether  RoO  are  encouraging  transhipment.  (vii)  A  study  on whether  CETA  is  contributing  to increased  output  in  the  oil  sands  and mining,  and  any  related  environmental  impacts.  (viii)  Study  on  the impact of privatisation of water sources that might in the long‐term indirectly result from CETA. (viv) A study on  the efficiency and effectiveness of state‐state dispute settlement vs.  ISDS, or vice versa, and any other hybrid mechanism.  (vv) A  study  assessing  the  utility  of  offsets  in GP. A  series  of  ex  poste  studies  on GP allowances  for  policies  on  fair  wages  and  Social  Considerations  in  Public  Procurement,  Aboriginal  and minority business set‐asides, as well as green procurement  

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"impacts on cultural objectives" = specifically talking about Natives, but may also include reference to other cultures; Canadian, French, multiculturalism
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Just one study for a trade agreement of this size? wtf!!!!
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ex poste studies = after the damage is done