CANADA

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE • Canada occupies most of northern North America, sharing land borders with the

contiguous United States to the south and with state and territory of Alaska to the northwest, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, north borders the Arctic Ocean. Of its total area (including its waters), is the second largest country in the world, after Russia. For its land area, ranks fourth (land area is the total area minus the area of lakes and rivers).

• Canada has ten provinces and three territories: (The capitals are identified by parentheses). Alberta (Edmonton), British Columbia (Victoria), Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown), Manitoba (Winnipeg) 'Nova Scotia (Halifax), Ontario (To

• ronto), Quebec (Quebec), Saskatchewan (Regina), Newfoundland (St-John's ) Northwest Territories (Yellowknife) Yukon (Whitehorse) and Nunavut (Iqualuit).

• Canadian territories are surprisingly diverse: fertile plains suitable for agriculture, vast mountain ranges, lakes and rivers. In the far north, the Arctic tundra is then natural forests.

• The climate has many variants. Remain frozen icecaps north of 70 making a strong contrast with the lush vegetation of the western coast of British Columbia. However, Canada has generally four distinct seasons, especially along the U.S. border.

• In summer, maximum temperatures can reach 35 ° C during the day, while in the winter, the minimum normal-25oC. During spring and fall are less drastic.

HISTORY, LANGUAGE AND ECONOMY

• The land occupied by Canada was inhabited by various groups of Aboriginal people for millennia. From the late fifteenth century, British and French expeditions numerous explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the French and Indian War.

• In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies Canada was formed as a dominion of four provinces. This started a collection of provinces and territories and a process of autonomy from the United Kingdom.

• Canada consists of ten provinces and three territories. It is governed as a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. It is a bilingual nation with English and French as official languages at the federal level.

• Canada is an industrial nation and pioneering technologically advanced, largely self-sufficient in energy due to its relatively large deposits of fossil fuels and nuclear power generation wide and hydropower. Being one of the most developed countries, has a diversified economy, making it independent of its large deposits and abundant natural resources and trade, particularly with the United States and Mexico.

CURRENCY

The Canadian dollar is divided into 100 cents.

RELIGIONThe Christian religion is

to most Canadians. Other religions are Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism.

EDUCATION• Varying from province to province, the school

education system consists of six to eight years of primary education, four to five years of secondary education and three to four years of higher education.

FLAG AND COAT OF ARMS

WORLD WARS• Canadian soldiers in the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917.

Because Britain still maintained control of foreign nationals, as agreed at the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into Mundial.51 War Volunteers sent to the Western Front subsequently became part of the Body The body Canadiense.51 deployed by the country played an important role in the conflict, as in the battles of Vimy Ridge and other major battles of the guerra.51 Of the approximately 625,000 volunteers around 60,000 were killed and another 173,000 were wounded. Recruitment crisis of 1917 erupted when conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden imposed conscription, despite opposition from speaking Quebecers francesa.51 In 1919, Canada joined the League Nations of the United Unido51 separately and in 1931, the Statute of Westminster affirmed the independence nacional.53

WORLD WARS•

The Great Depression brought turmoil throughout the country. In response, the Federation of Community Cooperative (CCF) in Alberta and Saskatchewan enacted many measures to achieve a welfare state (started by Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950. Canada declared war on Germany independently during World War II, during the tenure of Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, three days after he did the UK. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939.Montreal's Olympic Stadium was built for the 1976 Olympic Games, the first of the three that have been held in the country.With more than 550 meters, the CN Tower is one of the tallest structures in the world and is an icon of the city of Toronto.

Canadian troops played important roles in the 1942 Battle of Dieppe in France, the Allied invasion of Italy, the landing and the Battle of Normandy and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944.51 The government provided asylum and protection for the royalty of the Netherlands when was occupied by Nazi Germany, and that helped in the subsequent release of the country.55 The Canadian economy grew as military equipment manufacturing industry to Canada, UK, China and the Soviet Union. Despite another recruitment crisis in Quebec, the nation ended the war with one of the largest armed forces in the world and the second richest economy todas.56 57 In 1945, after the war, the country became one of the founding members of the United Nations Organization.

FLORA AND FAUNAMain article: Flora and fauna of Canada.

Given its enormous size, the country has a varied topography and important differences in climate, providing a very diverse flora and fauna. Much of the Canadian territory is covered by forests of timber, highlighting the pine, cedar and maple and there are also large areas dominated by grasslands. The fauna is very similar to that of Northern Europe and Asia, so it may encounter bears, wolves, coyotes, cougars, among other carnivorous animals. In the Arctic wildlife is typical of the tundra and live there variety of seals and polar bears, while in the flora dominated by mosses and lichens. In some regions may see beavers, porcupines, numerous moles and rodents. Some areas of Canada also are home to antelope, deer and elk.

EUROPEAN COLONIZATION (1)• Main article: New France.

The Death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West (1771), represents the general's death in battle of the Fields of Abraham in Quebec, which occurred in 1759.

• Europeans first came to America when the Vikings settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland around 1000, after the failure of that colony, the next attempt to explore the Canadian territory was made up 1497, when the Italian navigator Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) explored the Atlantic coast of North America in the service of England. In 1534, Jacques Cartier was the same on behalf of Francia. French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent European settlement in the region: Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608.Among the French colonists New France, Canadiens settled in the St. Lawrence River Valley, while the Acadiens in the Maritimes today. French fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes area, Hudson Bay and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. The Beaver Wars broke out over control of trade pieles.

• The English established fishing positions advanced in Newfoundland around 1610 and established the Thirteen Colonies to sur. A series of four intercolonial wars erupted between 1689 and 1763. In 1713, the mainland of Nova Scotia came under British rule with the Treaty of Utrecht. Later, at the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris, France ceded Canada and most of New France to Great Bretaña.

EUROPEAN COLONIZATION (2)• The Royal Proclamation of 1763 separated the province of Quebec in New France and

annexed Cape Breton Island to New Escocia.12 In 1769, San Juan Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a colony separada.To avoid conflict in Quebec, the British passed the Quebec Act of 1774, which expanded the territory of Quebec to the area of the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. In these places was restored French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies and influenced the revolution began estadounidense.

• In the Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized the independence of the United States, ceding the territories south of the Great Lakes. About 50,000 supporters fled the British occupation of the United States to Canadá.37 With this change, New Brunswick was separated from Nova Scotia to reorganize the new settlements of English supporters in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking immigrants in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada speaking (later the Province of Quebec) and Anglo-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each the right to choose their own Assembly legislativa.

• Canada (Upper and Lower) was the main front in the War of 1812, fought between the United States and the British Empire. After the war, large-scale immigration from Britain and Ireland began in 1815. so that, from 1825 to 1846, 626,628 European immigrants landed at ports canadienses.40 By 1891, between one quarter and one third of all Europeans who immigrated to the country, had died of disease infecciosas.27 During the nineteenth century, the timber industry surpassed the fur trade in economic importance.

EUROPEAN COLONIZATION (3)• Fathers Confederación41 an amalgamation of the Charlottetown and Quebec

Conferences.

• The desire for responsible government resulted in the aborted Rebellions of 1837. Subsequently, the Durham Report recommended the introduction of responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians in culture británica. The Act of Union 1840 merged the Canadas in the United Province of Canada. In 1849, responsible government was established for all British provinces Norteamérica. The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the dispute over the Oregon boundary, extending north to the border along latitude 49 ° N. This opened the way for the foundation of two British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858) . In addition, the local government began a series of exploratory expeditions to claim Rupert's Land and the region Arctic.

LANGUAGES (1)• Main article: Languages of Canada.

See also: Bilingualism in Canada, Canadian English and Canadian French.Notre-Dame-des-Victoires in historic Basse Ville de Quebec. Québec's population is predominantly francophone, with a minority of English-speaking population.

The two official languages of Canada are English and French. Official bilingualism is defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Official Languages Act and the Official Language Rules, which are applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages. English and French have equal status in federal courts, in parliament and in all federal institutions. Canadian citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official languages of minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territorios.

English and French are the mother tongues of 59.7% and 23.2% of the population, respectively, 172 and the languages most spoken at home by 68.3% and 22.3% of the population, respectivamente.173 98.5% of Canadians speak English or French (67.5% speak English only, 13.3% speak French only, and 17.7% both) .

LANGUAGES (2)• The Charter of the French language established French as the official language in Quebec.175

Although more than 85% of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial concentrations in Ontario, Alberta and southern Manitoba, the province being Ontario which has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.176 New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority, which constitutes 33% of the population. There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern New Scotland, on Cape Breton Island and in the central and western part of the Island Prince Eduardo.177

• Other provinces have no official languages as such, but in addition to English, French is used as a language of instruction in the courts and other government services. Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec allow English and French are used in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status but is not fully cooficial.178 Eleven Aboriginal language groups, made up of more than 65 dialects distintos.179 Of these, only Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway have a population of fluent speakers big enough to be considered able to survive long plazo.180 Several aboriginal languages have official status in the Territories Noroeste.181 Inuktitut is the language of the majority of the people of Nunavut, and one of three official languages in that territorio.182

• Over six million people in Canada have a non-official language as their mother tongue. Among the most widely spoken non-official languages in the country are: Chinese (mainly Cantonese; 1,012,065 mother tongue speakers), Italian (455,040), German (450,570), the Punjabi (367,55).

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uwn_0nonIa0&feature=player_detailpage

FOOD

• The food is multicultural and there are also fast food franchises. The most common are for example the syrup of moose and the mufins

ROK MOUNTAIN• In their mountains live animals such as

moose, bear, buffalo, deer, wolves, foxes, and goats.

FIN

David- Julia- Lluis Elena – Miguel -Sara