campaign for take-off (2004)

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As the Campaign for Take-Off (CTO) came at the end of its implementation in December 2003, aconsortium formed by EREC (European Renewable Energy Council), EUFORES (European Forumfor Renewable Energy Sources), and INSULA (International Scientific Council for Island Develop-ment) was entrusted by the European Commission, Directorate General for Energy and Transport, withthe impact assessment and the organisation of the CTO Closing Conference.

This publication gives an overview of the main features and best performances achieved during thelast five years (1999-2003), period of implementation of the Campaign for Take-Off (CTO). It furtherpresents a general overview of key-success factors for renewable energy sources (RES) implementa-tion, and showcases the most relevant initiatives of which one can draw crucial lessons.

The main purpose of this Guide is to share valuable experience and increase replication potentialthrough the dissemination of the results to key actors who should find inspiration through this docu-ment and learn from the lessons from previously implemented initiatives to replicate them in their ownsphere of potential actions, therefore contributing to speed up the RES market penetration and in-crease public awareness for RES. Key actors include local, regional and national bodies, includingdecision-makers and private entrepreneurs who show interest in safeguarding their environment andsecurity of energy supply by more investment and better planning and foresight in the Renewable En-ergy area.

This publication is a practical and orientating document for the identification of experiences, wherethe expressed opinions and contents are responsibility of the authors and not necessarily reflect anofficial position of the Commission on the subject.

Campaign for Take-OffSHARING SKILLSSHARING SKILLSSHARING SKILLSSHARING SKILLSSHARING SKILLSAND ACHIEVEMENTSAND ACHIEVEMENTSAND ACHIEVEMENTSAND ACHIEVEMENTSAND ACHIEVEMENTS

1999 - 2003

Purpose of the publication

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Legal noticeNeither the European Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of theCommission, is responsible for the use, which might be made of the informationcontained in this publication.

Published byEREC (European Renewable Energy Council), INSULA (InternationalScientific Council for Island Development) and EUFORES (European Forumfor Renewable Energy Sources).

A great number of people have provided information and/or guidance duringthe conception and redaction of this publication. In particular, we would liketo thank the CTO partners and other RES initiative co-ordinators, who havebeen very helpful and shared their valuable experience. Without their support,this work would not have been possible. They substantially contributed todisseminating the results of the Campaign for Take-Off and thereby to theuptake of renewables in Europe.

Edited byJolanda CrettazChristine LinsCipriano MarinArthouros Zervos

With the colaboration of Loïc BlanchardChantal da SilvaGiuseppe OrlandoMarc Timmer

Design: GAIA. Nicolás Sosa García.Printed in Brussels, 2004.

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INDEXINDEXINDEXINDEXINDEX

CAMPAIGN FOR TAKE-OFF.................................................................................................. 5Renewable Energy Partnership: the major tool to reach CTO objectives ................................. 8CTO promotional tools for Renewable Energy Partners ........................................................ 9

TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ENERGY COMMUNITIES ............................................................ 11Renewable Energy Sources deployment at regional and local level ...................................... 12Renewable Energy Sources in Cities ................................................................................ 13Paving the way towards 100 % RE based communities & islands ......................................... 14

OVERVIEW ON MARKET DEVELOPMENTS IN CTO SECTORS ............................................... 15Wind ........................................................................................................................... 15Solar Thermal ............................................................................................................... 17Solar Photovoltaic ......................................................................................................... 18Biomass ........................................................................................................................ 19

CTO REFERENCE INITIATIVES ........................................................................................... 23CTO Impact assessment Methodological approach ............................................................. 23

ACHIEVEMENTS AND LESSONS DRAWN FROM THE CTO ................................................... 27Objectives in key sectors ................................................................................................. 27Main motivations to launch the initiatives ......................................................................... 28Innovative aspects .......................................................................................................... 30Enabling factors ............................................................................................................ 32Challenges .................................................................................................................... 34Replication potential ...................................................................................................... 36

PLANNING AHEAD PUBLIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGN ......................................................... 39Future challenges under the new Campaign for an Energy Sustainable Europe ..................... 39Key political aspects as core conditions to the next Campaign ............................................. 40How to make sure awareness is raised through the next Campaign ....................................... 42Elements of the New Campaign ....................................................................................... 43Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 44

CTO PROGRAMMES, INITIATIVES AND PROJECTS SHOWCASE ........................................... 45Upper Austria: a model for a RE region ............................................................................ 46Fischer: the first factory worldwide supplied by a tri-generation biomass plant ...................... 47Eeklo sustainable energy project ...................................................................................... 48Soltherm Walloon solar thermal action plan ........................................................................ 49Lüchow-Dannenberg energy and climate protection ............................................................. 50Kronsberg, an innovative building area ............................................................................. 51Paul Loebe Haus: sustainable energy public building .......................................................... 52Lübow-Krassow 100% RES supplied region ....................................................................... 53Freiburg Hotel Victoria ................................................................................................... 54Munich RES & RUE alliance .......................................................................................... 55

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Pellworm 100% RES ...................................................................................................... 56Ærø: a renewable energy island ....................................................................................... 57Ålborg: clean city - green city .......................................................................................... 58Samsø: Danish renewable energy island ............................................................................ 59Navarre renewable energy plan ........................................................................................ 60ADEME sustainable energy project ................................................................................... 61Pietersaari: Alholmens Kraft biofuel CHP plant .................................................................. 62Varese Ligure: agricultural conversion and 100% RES ....................................................... 63Province of Chieti: RES and Agenda 21 ............................................................................ 64The Italian sustainable islands programme ......................................................................... 65Heinerscheid wind farm ................................................................................................... 66Delft 100 Blue Roofs project ............................................................................................. 67Soltherm–Europe Initiative .............................................................................................. 68Madeira Green Hotel. 100% RES Supply .......................................................................... 69Gotland: a renewable energy island in the Baltic Sea ......................................................... 70Växjö fossil fuel free ....................................................................................................... 71Barcelona renewable 2004 .............................................................................................. 72Molins de Campos. Mills of the past winds of the future ....................................................... 73Tenerife ITER - Renewable energies and bioclimatics .......................................................... 74El Hierro 100% RES - A Biosphere Reserve island ............................................................. 75Biosphere Hotels: renewable energies to build sustainable tourism ........................................ 76Lausanne Solar City ....................................................................................................... 77Powys Renewable Energy Development Plan ...................................................................... 78Isle of Wight: powering the island through renewable energy ............................................... 79Warmia & Mazury: biomass utilisation for energy purposes .................................................. 80Ingalina-Didziasalis: biofuel boiler house and district heating .............................................. 81Bulgaria National RES Programme .................................................................................. 82Trhove Sviny biomass heating system ................................................................................. 83Alqueva multipurpose project ........................................................................................... 84Slovenia: removing barriers to the increased use of biomass ................................................. 85Poland: from coal to biomass from green urban areas .......................................................... 86Crete: RES large scale implementation ............................................................................. 87

List of photographs, sources and authors .................................................................................... 88

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Campaign forCampaign forCampaign forCampaign forCampaign forTTTTTake-ake-ake-ake-ake-OffOffOffOffOffShort OverviewThe Campaign for Take-Off (CTO) wasthe first European promotion cam-paign for RES launched in 1999 andconcluded in December 2003. It hasbeen an essential part of the strategyoutlined in the “White Paper for aCommunity Strategy and Action Planon renewable energy sources”, as itwas designed to kick-start the imple-mentation of this legislative docu-ment. The White Paper sets an indica-tive target of 12% for the contribu-tion for renewable sources of energyto the European Union´s energy con-sumption by 2010, and contains acomprehensive strategy and actionplan setting out the means to reachthis objective. The key sectors identi-fied by the CTO correspond to maturetechnologies which are consideredcrucial in achieving the WhitePaper’s RES goal but which need aninitial stimulus to accelerate and sub-stantially improve their market pen-etration, thereby developingeconomies of scale and, consequently,reducing costs.

The Campaign for Take-Off aimed tofacilitate the success of the strategyas a whole by stimulating the neces-sary trend towards increased privateinvestment in renewables in a visiblemanner, with an emphasis on near-market technologies - solar, wind andbiomass. The CTO was expected tohave reached its goals by 2003, i.e.to set out a framework for action tohighlight investment opportunitiesand attract the necessary private fund-ing which is expected to make up thelion’s share of the capital required.The Campaign also seeked to encour-age public spending to focus on thekey sectors, which is expected, in theprocess, to trigger private investmentas a result. Lastly, the CTO is knownfor its communication strength bylaunching several types of promo-tional activities.Further to the Commission’s WhitePaper, the following legislative andprogramme expenditure have playeda key role in reaching the CTO objec-tives:

The Directive on the Promotion ofElectricity produced from RenewableEnergy Sources, adopted in Septem-ber 2001, which enabled, for the firsttime, concrete national indicative tar-gets to be agreed with the MemberStates to sustain a substantial in-crease of renewables electricity, pass-ing from 14% in the year 2000 to22,1% in EU-15 (21% in EU-25) by2010;

The Directive on the Energy Per-formance of Buildings, intended to re-alize the cost-effective improvementof energy efficiency and increased useof renewable in new and existing

buildings across the EU MemberStates;

The Directive on the promotion ofbiofuels’ use for transport, adopted inMay 2003, which sets a substantialbut achievable increase of biofuelsconsumption (2% by 2005 and 5,75%by 2010) as a proportion of total pet-rol and diesel consumption;

The Directive on fuels taxationadopted by the end of 2003 to deter-mine an overall tax system for thetaxation of energy products, with aview to improving the functioning ofthe internal market, encouraging be-haviour conducive to protection of theenvironment. Member States mayapply total or partial exemptions orreductions in the level of taxation toenergy products used under fiscalcontrol in the field of pilot projectsfor the technological development ofmore environmentally-friendly prod-ucts or in relation to fuels from re-newable sources, including biofuels.

The 5th Framework Programmecontains a major demonstration com-ponent, together with associatedmeasures, related to RES. Two keyactions related to RES are proposedin the Framework Programme:Key Action 1: Cleaner Energy Sys-tems, including Renewable EnergiesandKey Action 2: Economic and EfficientEnergy for a Competitive Europe.The development of technology closelylinked to the market is essential forthe large-scale implementation ofRES. The demonstration part of the5th Framework Programme will re-duce risks associated with a changeof scale of RES and accelerate theirmarket penetration.

The Campaign

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The CTO was designed to act as acatalyst for the development of prom-ising key sectors in the field of re-newable energy sources: solar, windand biomass technologies. The signalwas meant to be a growing use of re-newables, drawing attention to in-vestment, innovation and sustainablelabour market perspectives. In orderto translate this signal to market ac-tors in tangible objectives, the follow-ing targets were set for each key sec-tor:

1,000,000 kWp photovoltaicsystems.15 million m2 of solar thermalcollectors.10,000 MW of wind turbine gen-erators.10,000 MWth of combined heat and

around Euro 30 billion with some75-80% coming from private sources.Therefore strong commitment from in-dustry and other potential investorswas crucial to the Campaign.

In 1999, the European Commissionestablished the scope and the imple-mentation rules for the CTO introduc-ing the comments and contributionsreceived from the Council and theEuropean Parliament. The Campaignfor Take-Off was decided to be ameans to raise interest among indus-try, investors and the public, as wellas to be a visible vehicle to enablethe uptake of RES in Europe. TheCampaign investment opportunitieswere highlighted by promotional ac-tivities, completed with public fund-ing, both organized in a way to focuson the key sectors in order to increasethe impact and visibility of the con-certed efforts.

At the same time the cooperation withthe Member States’s action is seen tobe a crucial point for the success ofthe campaign. Therefore the coordi-nation between the EU, national andlocal levels of implementation of theRES objectives, in particular the rel-evant programmes and projects atthese levels, are seen to be part of theCommunity-wide Campaign for Take-Off and can therefore benefit in prac-tice from the various promotional ac-tivities. By this the CTO intended to

The Campaign

The 6th RTD Framework Pro-gramme of Research and Technologi-cal Development (2002-2006) adoptedin 2002 allocates 810 million Eurosto technological progress in the fieldof new and renewable energy sourcesand energy efficiency across the Eu-ropean Union and the AccessionCountries;

ALTENER was a Communityprogramme that focused exclusivelyon the promotion of renewable energysources. It was part of the EnergyFramework Programme, being untilthis moment a strong instrument tosupport and monitor the Community.Strategy on RES and, consequentlyits Campaign for Take-Off. Supportto the Campaign under ALTENERprovided funding for the promotionalactions (advertising support for theCampaign for Take-Off, developingproject implementation plans,identifying candidates for specificactions such as the "100 communities",developing specific marketing ...).

The Intelligent Energy for Europe(2003 – 2006) multi-annual energyprogram that entered into force inAugust 2003 and that is intended tosupport the European Union’s policiesin the field of energy as laid down inthe different legislative documentssuch as the White Paper on Transportand other related Communitylegislation.

power biomass installations.1,000,000 dwellings heated by bio-mass1,000 MW of biogas installations.5 million tonnes of liquid biofuels.

These targets proposed to be attainedby 2003 correspond to a limited share(between 15% and 25%) of the over-all 2010 objective put forth in theWhite Paper for the sector in ques-tion. This share takes into account the1999 status of development of theparticular sector, the highest percent-age (25%) for example, being set forwind energy.

In the context of the CTO, the activi-ties to be implemented in these keysectors, were, since the beginning ofthe Campaign, classified accordingto: regional level, local, city, isolatedor rural areas, national, industry andisland, as well as “100% commu-nity” types in three levels - rural, is-lands and city.

For each type of territory an estima-tion of the capacity to be installed hasbeen made and the indicative costsof each application in the territoryconcerned have been estimated. Thesecosts included the average unit costduring the period of the Campaignand the total investment needed.It was estimated that the renewablescapacity promoted in the Campaignrequired investment funding of

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help raising the profile of national,regional and local programmes andprojects, giving widespread publicityand adding a European dimension tonational RES promotion, while at thesame time, the cooperation betweenthe Community and the MemberStates contributed to trigger andcomplement private capital throughtheir activities. At the stage of design-ing the CTO, the Member States wereinvited to provide information on ex-isting and planned RES policies andprogrammes, as well as to communi-cate their preferences for sectors tobe given priority under the CTO.

The promotional measures: Amongthem, the “Renewable Energy Part-nership” is one of the principal in-struments to involve the various ac-tors in the implementation of the CTO.The specific actors identified as be-ing able to play an important role inpromoting and contributing to theCampaign include the following ones:national governments; the regions;municipalities and their distributionutilities; authorities in charge of pub-lic procurement; energy agencies;RES developers and consumers asso-ciations; town and country planningbodies and architects; industry, in-cluding utilities and energy serviceproviders, oil companies, and motormanufacturers; industry associations;farmers associations; forest-based in-dustries and co-operatives; financialinstitutions; domestic and externaltrade associations; non-governmentassociations.

Complementary public funding: As abasis for the estimation of the amountof public funding necessary to trig-ger the total investment covered bythe Campaign, the ratio between thetotal RES investment made in the EUin 1998 and the estimated total pub-lic support has been used. The totalinvestment is estimated to be in theorder of 4 billion EURO and the pub-lic support under national and Com-munity programmes is estimated at1,5 billion EURO.Given that the Campaign for Take-Off concerns only mature technologieswhere significant decrease in costs

can be expected through increasedmarket penetration and, thus, econo-mies of scale, an average public sup-port in the range of 20-25% was con-sidered to be appropriate for the keysectors of the CTO.The conclusion is that an indicative

public funding support of 7 billionEURO over the lifetime of the Cam-paign would be needed to trigger thetotal funding amount of 30 billionEURO necessary to achieve the goalsof the Campaign.

The Campaign 7

Estimated indicative public support for the CTO in the EU (1999-2003)

Source: Energy for the Future / Renewable Sources of Energy (Community Strategy Action Plan) - EC*Support primarily in the form of loans

CampaingKey Sectors

Estimated TotalInvestment Costs

billion EURO

Range ofSupport %

Average rateof Support %

Estimated TotalPublic Fundingbillion EURO(indicative)

PV inEU

PV in Developing

Countries*

Solar Collectors

Wind Turbines

Biomass CHP

Domestic heating

Biogas

Biofuels

Total

2.85

(2.45)

35-80

-

45

-

15

20

30

10

25

50

1.2825

-

4.7

10.1

5.5

4.4

1.2

1.25

30.05

0-30

10-40

20-60

0-20

20-40

30-70

0.705

2.02

1.65

0.44

0.3

0.625

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The following actions were the coreof the Campaign for Take-Off:

CTO Renewable Energy Partnership:the major tool to reach CTO objectivesThe Renewable Energy Partnershiphas been developed to involve keyactors in the Campaign. A RenewableEnergy Partnership also strengthensthe necessary co-operation at Commu-nity level.Though not entailing legally bindingobligations, joining the Partnershiprequired strong commitment and asubstantial contribution to the objec-

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

10%

13%

16%

25%

5%

3%

28%

Industry

National

Promotion

Regional

Local communities

Developing Countries

100% Communities

tives of the CTO. Joining proceededthrough a Declaration whereby the in-stitution, organisation or company inquestion stated its willingness to con-tribute to the CTO and described thesubstance of its contribution.Depending on the nature of the Part-ner, contributions may have taken theform of investment or promotional pro-grammes in the key renewable energysectors forming part of the Campaign,or other support measures aimed atraising interest among industry, in-vestors and the public and increas-ing the market penetration of RES.

Eligibility criteria:In principle, every institution, company or organisation, bothpublic and private, that contributed to the Campaign had thepossibility to join the Partnership. Administrative proceduresand guidelines were such as to allow a wide membership ofserious contributors to the Campaign.However, in order to maintain the credibility of the Partnership,the following criteria have been followed:

General guidelines:1. The “programme” put forward had to focus on RES, exclu-sively or partly, and on the key sectors of the CTO.2. The “programme” had to be approved and launched or atleast a deadline for launching fixed.3. Although size was not a determining factor, the “programme”should have nevertheless made a substantial local, regional,national or international impact.4. The “programme” had to be proposed by the main promoter.The “promoter” could be municipalities, regional or nationalauthorities, private organisations, associations or companiesor a group of them.5. The Partnership “promoters” had to submit a detailed de-scription of the “programme” they wished to propose as acontribution to the Campaign. From this description it musthave been clear that the planned actions fulfilled the criteriacontained in the guidelines.

6. As regards the verification of whether the declared projectsin fact materialised, a reporting requirement (relatively light)was foreseen for the “promoters”.7. Compliance with Community, national and local regulationswere compulsory for any action and project to be undertaken inthe framework of the “programme”.

Partnership proposals submitted directly to the Commission:Proposals for a RE Partnership arriving directly to the Com-mission were assessed and approved or rejected according tothe principles agreed (guidelines see above).The Commission sent new RE Partnership candidates lists toMS representatives in the RES Working Group. The lists wereupdated on a regular basis (six months).

Participation:During the period 2000-2003, 125 renewable energy programmesand projects involving more than 700 partner organizations inthe European Union – municipalities, agencies, technological in-stitutes, regional authorities, national institutions, universitiesand enterprises – joined the Campaign as Renewable Energy Part-ners and thereby expressed openly their willingness to contributeto its objectives. Organisations and authorities from the Acces-sion Countries joined the Campaign at an early stage with suc-cessful initiatives at local level or through joint initiatives withother European Union organizations.

CTO RENEWABLE ENERGY PARTNERSHIP

The Campaign8

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CTO promotional tools forRenewable Energy Partners:Renewable Energy Partnerswere encouraged to use theCampaign logo, to be includedin the RE Partnership Cata-logue and participate in theCampaign Awards. In addition“progammes” covered by REPartnerships were dissemi-nated at EU-wide level in theCampaign Advertising. Thevarious actions are specifiedbelow.

Partners could use the logo of the CTOand their relevant activities could beincluded in the other related promo-tional activities, such as the CTOAwards, the annual CTO Catalogue,Advertising activities, etc.

The catalogue of Partners havingmade such a Declaration, includinga description of their specific contri-bution to the CTO was publishedwidely (brochure, Internet etc.). ThePartnership also included the plannedmonitoring of the relevant programmeor action.

A logo was created to symbolize theEU-wide approach of CTO - a singleCampaign at Union level in order tobring all projects joining the Cam-paign together under the same logo.This logo was used by all partnerscontributing to the Campaign in theirprogrammes, projects and other ac-tivities. Programmes and projects eli-gible to use the logo were those thatfell under the criteria specified in thekey sectors of the Campaign and the“100 communities”.

A catalogue funded by ALTENER hasbeen published about once a year bythe Commission summarizing the Part-ners’s programmes and projects join-ing the CTO and documenting theresults, on the basis of data collectedby national partners, and made avail-able to the public both in paper andelectronic format.

The Campaign for Take-Off hasgranted awards to highlight “bestpractices” of the RE Partnerships inaccordance with criteria carefully setand agreed. Awards were attributedto a variety of different types of Part-ners.

Events and publishing:Two conferences were organized tobring together members of the Part-nership to share experience in all ofthe key sectors. The first one tookplace in Toulouse from 23-25 October2000, the second one was the Euro-pean Conference for Renewable En-ergy – Intelligent Policy Options (19-21 January 2004, Berlin). These con-ferences offered the opportunity toshare experience among partners andpromote best practice and synergies.

The Campaign

CTO awards ceremony 2004

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TTTTTowardsowardsowardsowardsowardsSustainableSustainableSustainableSustainableSustainableEnergy CommunitiesEnergy CommunitiesEnergy CommunitiesEnergy CommunitiesEnergy CommunitiesEnergy options are often the core ofboth the development model andeach community’s strengthening ca-pacity. In the case of RES, choicedoes not depend exclusively on thedegree of technological maturity,market conditions, or tax policies,but there are other factors also in-volved, such as involvement of ac-tors, management and partnershipcapability, decision model, andproximity to energy solutions of eachcommunity’s specific requirementsand possibilities.Within the framework of the differ-ent solutions based on renewablesfeaturing the “100% Communities”

idea included in the Campaign, en-ergy resources and supply, besidebeing characterised by thermal andelectric vectors, they also, seeing itas a service, emphasise aspects ofenergy security and quality, and es-pecially the possibilities tostrengthen the endogenous develop-ment capacities of each community.Renewable Energy projects are closeto the final energy consumer and inthe course of the implementation ofthe Campaign they developed closelinks with sectors such as agricul-ture, tourism, clean transport, orwater production. A proximity thatis now creating new prospectives

with better quality of life and envi-ronment, respecting each communi-ty’s means and features.There is a large variety of commu-nities differing in terms of size, popu-lation density, living standards, cli-matic conditions, building styles,cultural patterns, resource availabil-ity and, of course, energy systemcharacteristics. The characteristicsfor local, regional (including ruralareas), city, or islands communitiesare important to understand in or-der to increase successful RES show-cases and increase possibilities oftheir replication.

RE Communities

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Renewable Energy Sourcesdeployment at regional and local levelEurope’s regions and their local com-munities are the closest to the finalenergy consumer. When it comes torenewable energy sources, the workof regional authorities and munici-palities is therefore of outstanding im-portance. Due to their decentralisednature, many renewable energy tech-nologies are closer to the end con-sumer than conventional energy tech-nologies and can therefore be particu-larly well promoted on both regionaland local levels. Furthermore, theyrepresent an excellent opportunity forwealth creation in urban and remoteareas through the creation of jobs andincome for the local population.

In order to further promote renewableenergy sources and demand manage-ment, integrated energy planning atlocal and regional level, incorporat-ing a mix of legal, regulatory, finan-cial, communication and trainingmeasures is necessary. Many regionsin Europe already apply such an in-

tegrated approach which contributesto increasing the security of supplyand minimises the external energy de-pendence. This is especially relevantin times of liberalisation of energymarkets, where the decentralised ap-proach is gaining in importance. Anincreasing number of representativecases are emerging in Europe, lead-ing to substantially high RES shares,even designed to reach 100% of localenergy supply and, resulting from this,to the stimulation of the local/regionaleconomy, while improving the envi-ronment. Cross-border cooperation be-tween regions of different countriesof the European Union and its Acces-sion States has brought forward fruit-ful synergy effects, promoting bestpractices and sharing lessons learnttowards a common objective.

In recent years, the European Com-mission has been placing an in-creased emphasis on capacity build-ing at regional and local level,through the creation of regional andlocal energy agencies. The first agen-

cies date back to the late 1980s andearly 1990s. Nowadays, the Commis-sion is working with around 250 lo-cal and regional energy agenciesspread all over Europe, with the ob-jective of developing and implement-ing a combined energy efficiency andrenewable energy strategy for theirrespective fields of activity.

RE Communities

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Renewable Energy Sources in CitiesNearly 80% of the European popula-tion live, work, and use leisure facili-ties in cities, and almost the half incities with more than 50.000 inhab-itants. Nearly 70% of the energy con-sumption occurs in cities. The devel-opment of sustainable energy strate-gies in urban areas is clearly a prior-ity. It is not only the large numbers ofenergy consumers which is at stake,but also the quality of the urban en-vironment which is of fundamentalconcern, and for which the implica-tions go far beyond the local commu-nity. Apart from environmental con-siderations, a local sustainable en-ergy policy can have major impactson employment, social cohesion, par-ticipation of civil society, and eco-nomic development, as well as on ur-ban governance.

Examples have shown that proactiveRES policies in cities can substan-tially increase the share of RES,thereby improving living conditionsand contributing to reaching the ob-jectives outlined by the United Na-tions in the AGENDA 21 initiative.In Europe, implementation of Agen-das 21 as vector of RES penetrationrelies on the excellent support of theEuropean Sustainable Cities & TownsCampaign, developed after the ap-proval of the Aalborg charter.

More recently, there have been clearsigns of a political commitment to-wards more integrated policies andconcepts aiming to convey sustainableenergy strategies into city policies.Such commitments aim at demonstrat-ing the benefits of a high degree ofdecentralised energy supply throughrecourse to new and renewable en-ergy sources, in combination with aconscious application of leading en-ergy efficiency measures in the vari-ous end-use sectors. Recent Europeanlegislation in the energy field, suchas the Directive on the Energy Per-formance of Buildings, pushes for-ward this integrated approach, andshould open the opportunity for moreefficient consumption through ambi-tious urban rehabilitation.

Several large urban areas across Eu-rope have demonstrated an outstand-ing level of excellence with regard tothe integration of sustainable energyconcepts, including renewable ener-gies. Both in the North and the Southof Europe, several examples illustratehow far awareness of and commitmentto renewable energy solutions can

make cities improve in theirenergy planning and re-source management. Politi-cians, planners, developersand citizens are all keystakeholders in this proc-ess, and can help toachieve a genuine changein the urban energy scene.This session will present ex-

amples of successful achievements insustainable strategies, discuss barri-ers and challenges, assess the impactof policy frameworks and come upwith future needs for public interven-tion on the level of municipal authori-ties, Member States frameworks andEuropean intervention.

RE Communities

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Paving the way towards100 % RE based communities & islandsModern societies are seeking to im-plement integrated development mod-els and infrastructures that will ac-commodate social and economic re-quirements and expectations, respectthe environment and that will be sus-tainable. The integration of all these,sometimes conflicting, elements is acomplex issue and calls for the guid-ance provided by successful examplesof a manageable size, and that canpoint the way forward for larger units.Local energy communities can pio-neer the application of the integratedmeasures which are required to at-tain our global commitments and, asa result, become excellence-models forthe dissemination of such conceptsaround Europe. An increasingnumber of communities in Europe are

committed to reach renewable energyshares which go far beyond the EUglobal objectives: they do not speakof 12% RES share, but are workingto achieve 100% Renewable Energysupply.

Islands and isolated rural communi-ties, particularly in the remote or out-ermost regions of Europe are atpresent highly challenging laborato-ries for the development of 100% RESsolutions, due to their scale, highlycostly or lack of conventional re-sources, abundance of renewable re-sources, need of future energy reli-ability and the environmental andeconomic impacts caused by import-ing conventional energy.

Communities and islands aiming to-wards 100% RES are today facing

the double challenge of firstly hav-ing to consolidate their recently at-tained achievements, and secondly todemonstrate that they have the ca-pacity to contribute to the large-scaledeployment of renewables at a Euro-pean level.

RE Communities

In Europe some pioneer Communitieshave shown the way, and through theCampaign for Take-Off, a number ofpilot communities - regions, cities, andislands aiming at 100% renewableenergy supply, have become Partnerswith the European Commission. Theseshould serve as credible pacemakersshowing to other communities theright way to achieve large-scale de-velopment of 100% RES projects.Their initiatives and strategies rep-resent in many respects the most suc-cessful future energy policies basedon renewables. They serve as essen-tial references in the search for solu-tions to the complex problems andchallenges brought by technologicalinnovation, favourable markets, ap-propriate regulations and social par-ticipation and facilitate the consoli-dation of renewables-based scenarios.

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OverOverOverOverOverview onview onview onview onview onmarketmarketmarketmarketmarketdevelopmentsdevelopmentsdevelopmentsdevelopmentsdevelopmentsin CTO sectorsin CTO sectorsin CTO sectorsin CTO sectorsin CTO sectorsIn this section, a brief overview of the market development for each of the three renewable energy sectors in the past 10-12 yearsand projections for 2010 is provided and contrasted. Looking at the annual growth rates between 1995 and 2001 one canconclude that some sectors are far beyond or well in line with the expectations of the CTO objectives. Wind, for example, reachedthe CTO target “10,000 MW” in 2000 and will most likely reach the White Paper target in 2004. At the end of 2003, thesurface of European installed solar thermal capacity has reached the 15 million m2 objective of the Campaign for Take-Off. Onthe other hand some sectors such as biomass lie further behind the expectations.

WindGlobal wind power capacity hasquadrupled over the past five years,growing from 7,600 megawatts (MW)at the end of 1997 to more than 31,000MW at the end of 2002. Around 7,000MW of new wind power capacity wasinstalled globally in 2002 - enoughto power 16 million average Europeanhomes. In other words, the capacityinstalled in 2002 was roughlyequivalent to the entire cumulativeglobal capacity in 1997.As is apparent in Figure 1, 85% ofthis capacity was installed in theEuropean Union (5,870 MW),

representing a 33% increase ininstalled capacity per annum over theprevious year, which saw 4,430 MWof new capacity. The European markethas grown by an average 35% per yearover the past five years, and by theend of 2002, total installed capacityhad reached 23,000 MW in the EU15.In terms of conventional fuel replacedby wind power, the electricityproduction from these 23,000 MW isequivalent to burning 20 milliontonnes of coal in a conventional powerplant. Figure 2 demonstrates the totalinstalled capacities of EU15 countries.

Germany, Spain and Denmarkaccounted for almost 90% of thecapacity installed in 2002. With 3,247MW, Germany accounted for 55%,reaching a total of 12,001 MW by theend of 2002, enough to meet 4.7% ofnational electricity needs. Spainfollowed with 1,493 MW to reach atotal of 4,830 MW. Denmark installed497 MW to reach 2,880 MW, enoughto meet 20% of the country’s electricityneeds. The Netherlands (217 MW) andItaly (103 MW) also reached three-digit figures for installation in 2002.

Source: European Wind Energy Association, 2003

Market Development

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

MW

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

190 215 367 472 814 979 1277 1700 3225 3209 4428

240 338 480 730 1290 1283 1532 2517 3441 3763 6500

EU

WORLD

5871

7271

Figure 1Annual installed wind electricity generation capacity in Europe and the world 1991 – 2002

16

European Union electricity consumptionin 2002 amounted to 2,533 TWh. ByDecember 2002, sufficient wind capacitywas installed to provide approximately2% of this electricity consumption, orapproximately 50 TWh.

Market development withinEuropeEvery country in the EU15 hasinstalled grid connected windcapacity. Outside the EU 15 but stillin the European geotraphical area,markets exist in Norway andSwitzerland in Western Europe, andin Ukraine, Poland, Latvia, CzechRepublic, Russia, Hungary, Estonia,Romania and Turkey in Central andEastern Europe.

Figure 2Europe’s wind capacity - June 2003

Source: European Wind Energy Association, “Wind Directions”

AustriaBelgium

DenmarkFinlandFrance

GermanyGreece

IrelandItaly

LuxembourgNetherlands

PortugalSpain

SwedenUnited Kingdom

EU-15

Table 1

Installed Wind Power Capacities by Member State (MW)

10

4

842

7

6

1,552

29

11

70

2

299

19

249

103

273

3,476

20

4

1,129

12

10

2,081

29

53

103

2

319

38

512

122

319

4,753

30

6

1,443

17

19

2,875

39

73

180

9

361

60

834

174

333

6,453

34

6

1,771

39

25

4,442

112

74

277

10

433

61

1812

220

362

9,688

77

13

2,417

39

66

6,113

189

118

427

10

446

100

2235

231

406

12,886

94

31

2,489

39

78

8,754

272

125

697

15

493

125

3337

290

474

17,313

139

44

2,880

41

145

12,001

276

137

788

16

688

194

4830

328

552

23,056

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (June)219

56

2,916

41

220

12,836

354

137

800

16

803

217

5,060

364

586

24,626

Source: European Wind Energy Association, 2003

Market Development

17

Solar ThermalThe solar thermal market in the EUhas more than doubled compared tothe mid 1990s and is three timesbigger than in the late 1980s. Between1990 and 2001, the average yearlymarket growth has been 13.6%.Apart from other renewables, no otherenergy sector has grown faster thansolar thermal in the last decade. Since2000, the market has clearly passedthe mark of 1 million m2 newlyinstalled collectors per year. After asignificant contraction in 2002,mainly originated in Germany, a newpeak over 1.5 million m2 is expectedfor 2003.

Figure 3 shows the main trends inthe market for glazed collectors (flatplate and evacuated tube). In the late1980s, the market suffered in mostcountries, mainly due to low fossil fuelprices but also because of qualityproblems in solar thermal systems.From the early 1990s, the marketstarted to recover, thanks to higherquality products and installations aswell as to significant financial incen-tives to investment in some countries.Table 2 shows the installed capacitycountry by country, in 2001 - the lastyear for which final data are avail-able. Taking into account the last es-timates, the surface in operation atthe end of 2003 was roughly 11.9 mil-lion m2, corresponding to an averageof 32 m2 per 1,000 inhabitants. Dur-ing the decade from 1990 to 2000,the cumulated surface in operationtripled, growing every year by 11.6%.

An estimated 1.7 million m2 ofunglazed collectors in operation at theend of 2003 must be added. The totalsurface in operation is therefore 13,6million m2. The analysis country bycountry refers to glazed collectorsonly, because in most countries reli-able data on unglazed collectors arenot available. Also, their energy out-put is more difficult to be estimated.Unglazed collectors for swimmingpools are a separate technology andrepresent a minor market in Europe.

Table 2

Installed solar thermal capacity in the EU14 - Glazed collectors only

Market Development

26,534

271,120

3,634,000

2,790,200

224,666

230,750

3,325

335,212

203,877

1,651,814

210,963

7,220

158,226

119,420

9,867,327

3

51

44

264

6

4

1

6

13

203

21

1

18

2

26

11,156

108,476

1,480,650

1,082,598

135,800

138,450

1,496

236,262

85,628

583,743

126,578

2,170

47,638

52,309

4,092,954

Newlyinstalled

Inoperation

In operationper head

Energyoutput

m2 m2 m2/1,000 MWh

2001

Source: ESTIF, 2003 “Sun in Action II”

4,481

26,150

900,000

175,000

46,357

38,500

270

49,327

30,537

160,080

6,000

1,110

21,970

15,230

1,475,012

BelgiumDenmarkGermany

GreeceSpain

FranceIreland

ItalyNetherlands

AustriaPortugalFinlandSweden

UK

EU14

1982

1.400.000

1.200.000

1.000.000

800.000

600.000

400.000

200.000

0

m2

Glazed collectors Glazed collectors (preliminary)

Unglazed collectors Unglazed collectors (preliminary)

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Figure 3Development of Solar Thermal market volume in the UE

Source: ESTIF, 2003 “Sun in Action”

18

Germany is clearly the leading coun-try, representing, alone more than80% of the grid-connected market inEurope, a direct result of the supportschemes launched some years ago.Total installed capacity has increasedfrom 189 MWp in 2001 to 278 MWp

in 2002, of which 92% was grid-con-nected. The Netherlands came secondin Europe with an installed capacityof 28.31 MWp and a growth of 38%over 2001. In Italy, 1.25 MWp of on-grid PV was installed in 2002, whilst

the volume of decentralised systems(off grid) reduced, dropping by 6% ofthe total installed capacity.Spain maintained its fourth positionin 2002, new installed capacity of 3.7MWp (including 2.6 MWp linked tothe grid), brought Spain’s total ca-pacity up to 19.3 MWp. France, theonly other European country to havecrossed the benchmark of 15 MWp ofinstalled capacity, registered an ad-ditional capacity of 3 MWp in 2002.Growth in Austria is also interesting.

According to Arsenal Research, amember of the IEA-PVPS, Austrianinstalled capacity increased by 50%within the space of one year (from 6.7MWp in 2001 to10 MWp in 2002).The cumulative capacity of all Euro-pean Union Member States hadreached 391.6 MWp by the end of2002, an increase of 109.3 MWp overthe previous year. Applications con-nected to the grid now account for asubstantial majority. From 77% ofcumulative capacity in 2001, theyaccounted for more than 80% by theend of 2002.

Solar Photovoltaic

The European market is still verymuch centered on Germany and thereal implication and involvement ofcertain countries of the EuropeanUnion like France, Italy and Spainis sometimes difficult to define.

Table 3PV capacity installed in EU, 2001 and 2002

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Ireland

Finland

Belgium

U.K.

Sweden

Netherlands

Portugal

Spain

France

Denmark

Italy

Austria

Greece

Germany

0%

0%

0%

1%

2%

2%

2%

2%

2%3%

3%

17%

28%

37%

Source: ESTIF, 2003 “Sun in Action II”

National shares of the EU solar thermal area in operationFigure 4

Market Development

Source: EurObserv’ER, “Barometer of Photovoltaic Energy”, Paris, 2003

GermanyItaly

NetherlandsSpain

FranceAustriaSwedenFinland

United KingdomDenmarkPortugal

GreeceBelgium

Total EU-15

175.0

9.1

16.2

5.3

1.0

4.7

0.1

0.2

2.2

1.3

0.5

0.3

0.1

216

14

15

4.3

10.3

12.7

2.0

2.9

2.6

0.5

0.2

0.9

0.8

0.1

66.3

189.0

24.1

20,5

15.6

13,7

6,7

3,0

2,8

2,7

1,5

1,4

1,1

0.2

282.3

Grid-

connectedOff-grid Total

Grid-

connectedOff-grid Total

258.0

10.4

23.7

7.9

1.5

7.9

0.2

0.1

3.6

1.4

0.3

1.0

0.5

316.5

20.0

12.4

4.6

11.4

15.2

2.2

3.1

2.9

0.6

0.2

1.2

1.3

0

75.1

278.0

22.8

28.3

19.3

16.7

10.0

3.3

3.0

4.3

1.7

1.5

2.4

0.5

391.6

Total installed capacity in 2001 (MWp) Total installed capacity in 2002 (MWp)

19

Biomass is available in a variety offorms like solid or wet biomass, veg-etable oil or sugar. These raw mate-rials can follow several conversionroutes using chemical, thermal orbiological processes. Finally biomass/bioenergy can be classified accord-ing to its end use as follows.

Heat production: Combustion of woodfor heat production is the mainbioenergy route in the world, with aconstant drive for the improvementof efficiency and pollutant emissions.Several systems can be considereddepending on the size. Small scaleheating systems for households willtypically use wood logs or pellets.Medium scale users will typicallyburn wood chips in grate boilerswhile large scale boilers will be ableto burn a larger variety of fuels, in-cluding wood waste, refused derivedfuel.

Electricity and cogeneration of heatand power: Combustion is also themain option for the time being but

new technologies are emerging likegasification1 and in the medium termpyrolysis2 that offer advantagesnamely in terms of efficiency and lo-gistics.Biogas from anaerobic digestion3 ismainly used on site for cogenerationapplications. The solid and liquidresidues from the process are oftenused as fertilisers on farm land.

Liquid biofuels: Vegetable oils methylesters, or biodiesel, can be used bothblended with fossil diesel and in pureform. Use in blends between 2 and30% does not require any modifica-tion of the engine. Some minormodifications might be necessarywhen using it at 100%. The accept-ance by car manufacturers is increas-ing. Pure vegetable oils can also beused in blends or in pure form but inthis latter case adaptations of enginesare necessary.The present biomass contribution tothe total world energy demand ap-proaches 14 – 15 % (1,2 billions toe/year) with a much higher contribu-

tion (38%) in developing countries forheating and cooking needs. The po-tential ranges from 2 up to 27 bil-lions toe4. It depends particularly onthe future population growth, the ef-ficiency of food production, the avail-ability of degraded land, the produc-tivity of biomass and competing enduse of biomass (biomaterials) andother competing land use options.In 2000 bioenergy contributed to 51Mtoe, still representing a tiny propor-tion of the White Paper objective Interms of percentage Finland, Swedenand Austria are leaders in Europewhile Finland, Germany and Swedenare the most important contributorsto increase the share of bioenergy forEurope. These countries have the mostfavourable conditions for bioenergydevelopment, mainly due to appropri-ate steering instruments which makebioenergy competitive with fossil fu-els.

Biomass

Source: EUBIONET, 2003, “Biomass survey in Europe”, EUBIONET Summary report, www.eubionet.vtt.fi, 29p

Market Development

Net

herl

ands

Denm

ark

Irel

and

Belg

ium

Germ

any

Fran

ce

Port

ugal

Aust

ria

Swed

en

Finl

and

Figure 5Share of renewable energy source (RES), of which bioenergy, in 2000 5

U.K

.

1.0

1.1 1.

9

2.0

2.5 2.

7

2.9

3.3 4.

5

5.5

9.7

14.0

20.8

Ital

y

Spai

n

Gree

ce

5%

0%

10%

15%

22%

25%

30%Other RES Bioenergy

1.1

20

Wood fuelThe sector of wood supply has changedover the last years in Europe with anincreasing international trade due tolarge scale users especially in North-ern Europe. Trade of biofuels coverswood waste, pellets and wood chipsto reach a level of about 1 Mtoe peryear in 2002/2003, compared to in-significant volume 10 years ago. Thelargest volume is traded from Balticstates to Nordic countries, but alsofrom Finland to other Nordic coun-tries, and within central Europe (es-pecially Netherlands, Germany, Aus-tria, Slovenia, Italy)6.

During the recent past years, themarket for pellets has increasedsharply with almost 2 million tons in2002. 115 pellets production plantshave been identified in Europe in2003 for a capacity exceeding 3 Mil-lion tonnes. Pellets are also importedfrom USA and Canada. Sweden andDenmark are the biggest users but themarket is also growing quickly inAustria, Italy and Germany. Pelletsare used in large scale CHP plants tosubstitute coal and in individual heat-ing systems.

Biomass for electricityThe market : The EU directive for re-newable electricity (2001/77/CE)adopted in October 2001 states indica-tive targets per country to reach onaverage 22 % of renewable electric-ity in 2010 against 13.9 % in 1997.

Figure 5Electricity from renewables in 1999 and indicative targets for 2010 (%)

Luxe

mbo

urg

Source: EUBIONET, 2003, “Biomass survey in Europe”, EUBIONET Summary report, www.eubionet.vtt.fi, 29p.

Market Development

0%

1.4 6.

0

14.0

29.0

5.4

12.5

10.0

20.1

13.1

29.4

14.4

21.0

5.3

13.2

19.6 25

.0

16.1

5.7

4.4

9.0

70.0

78.1

10.1

39.0

30.5

31.5

48.5

60.0

2.0

10.0

Irel

and

Uni

ted

King

dom

Belg

ium

Germ

any

Net

herl

ands

Ital

y

Denm

ark

Spai

n

Gree

ce

Fran

ce

Port

ugal

Aust

ria

Swed

en

Finl

and

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%1999 2010

Biomass for heatThe market: Heat represents 90% ofthe use of solid biofuels which makesit a key market for bioenergy, and aswell for renewables, as it representsthe important share (50%) of the to-tal energy demand in Europe7. Sev-eral experts and associations havepointed out the lack of appropriatelegislation tools and policies to sup-port market development, specially adirective on heat would be welcome.The market is more developed wherebiomass is competitive with fossil fu-els due to the taxation systems andwhere district heating systems are op-erating, like in Scandinavian coun-tries and more recently in Austria.Cogeneration of heat and power is de-veloped on a large scale in Finland(7,370 MW thermal in 2000Eurobserv’ER 2001 ) and Sweden.The Finnish Alholmens Kraft plant isthe largest biofuelled cogeneration

plant in the world(240 MWe, 550MWth).

21

Biomass for liquid biofuelsThe market: after the twentieth cen-tury has seen other fuels, especiallypetrol and diesel, developing morewidely that biofuels (despite knownfor a long time), due to the large andcheap supply of their main feedstock,crude oil, nowadays liquid biofuelsapplications are expanding again.This is partly due to European andnational environmental, energy andagricultural policies.The Commission Green Paper for thesecurity of energy supply (November2000) introduced the objective of 20%of traditional fuels substituted by al-ternative fuels for toad transport by2020.

As mentioned above the White Paperon RES mentions a target of 18 Mtoefor 2010.

A Directive for promoting liquid bio-fuels (2003/30/CE) has been adoptedin May 2003 with indicative objec-tives for members states. The mini-mum level of biofuels as an energyproportion of all gasoline and dieselsold on the market is 2% by the endof the year 2005 and 5.75% by 2010(corresponding to about 18-20 Mtoe).Member States should also be ableto apply reduced rate on excices du-ties for pure or blended biofuels withthe directive on fuels taxation.

1 Gasification is a thermal treatment of bio-mass with an oxydation agent (air for ex-ample) with a limited amount of oxygen,that results in mixtures of gases (contain-ing CO and H2) that can be used for energypurposes.2 Pyrolysis is a thermal degradation of woodin absence of oxygen (dry wood is heatedup to 500-600 °C in a very short time inflash pyrolysis) resulting into a liquid, orbio-oil.3 Anaerobic digestion is a biological processthat converts biomass into biogas in ab-sence of oxygen. The gas consists mainly ofmethane and carbon dioxide.4 Hoogwijk M;, Faaij A., van den Broek R.,Bernedes G., 2002, “The global potentialof biomass energy”, in : proceeding of the12th conference on Biomass for Energy, In-dustry and Climate Protection, 17-21 June2002, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, p 27-30.5 Kopetz H. gives other figures : 17,3%bioenergy for Sweden and 10,8% for Aus-tria. (in : Kopetz H., 2003, “Bioenergy inEurope”, in : proceeding of Bioenergy 2003conference, 2-5 September 2003,Jyvälkylä, Finland).6 AEBIOM, 1999, “The European heat mar-ket and the Kyoto protocol”, position paperby the European Biomass Association(AEBIOM), available on : www.ecop.ucl.ac.be/aebiom, 19 p.7 Alakangas E., Vesterinen P., 2003, “Tradeof solid biofuels in Europe”, in : proceedingof Bioenergy 2003 conference, 2-5 Septem-ber 2003, Jyvälkylä, Finland, p 129 – 134.

References

Market Development

Table 4Liquid biofuels in the EU (Mtoe)

Bioethanol

Biodiesel

1995 2000

0.28

0.08

0.36

0.70

0.20

0.90

Source: Kopetz H., 2003, “Bioenergy inEurope”, in: proceeding of Bioenergy 2003conference, 2-5 September 2003, Jyvälkylä,Finland, p 21-24.

The liquid biofuels market has devel-oped significantly since 1995 (Table4) but major efforts have to be investedin order to reach the White Papergoals.

23

Privately owned wind turbines (<2MW)Small commercial wind farms(<5MW)Large commercial wind farms (5-100 MW)Utility owned wind farms (5-100MW)Wind niche marketsStand alone, wind-diesel, wind-desalination, telecommunication, ice pro-duction, hybrids)Domestic hot water production (2.4-10 m2)Large collective solar systemsHospitals, hotels, collective housing, sportfacilities (>100 m2)Space heating (20-50 m3)District heating (>500 m2)Air conditioning and industrialprocess heatingPV building facadesCommercial buildings, Institutional pub-lic buildings, Tourism, Sport, recreationalFacilities

CTO Impact assessmentMethodological approach

CTO RCTO RCTO RCTO RCTO ReferenceeferenceeferenceeferenceeferenceInitiativesInitiativesInitiativesInitiativesInitiatives

Representative CTO-related initiativesand projects have been selected tak-ing into account that one of the Cam-paign’s basic objectives was to cre-ate scenarios favourable to the devel-opment of RES within the EuropeanUnion, based on the possibility toshare Skills and Achievements of thepartnerships which have been join-ing the campaign since its beginning.The initiatives, programmes, andprojects included in this study com-ply with a general, pragmatic crite-rion of the overall project: to havesome reference elements available toanalyse the effect of the Campaign,as well as a reference range of pilotexperiences contributing to RE con-solidation and promotion.

RE Sectoral coverageA first criterion identifies thoseprojects that have significantly con-tributed to Renewable Energy Tech-nology key sectors, for which specifictargets had been set during the cam-paign in the areas of Solar Thermal,Solar PV, Wind energy and Biomass.Furthermore, different technologicalsectors of application and marketniches have been taken into account:

Selected experiences also include as-pects related with the barriers inter-vening against RE development, pub-lic acceptance, and markets stabil-ity.Taking into account the above con-siderations, the following differentgroups of criteria have been super-imposed to proceed to the selection ofinitiatives.

CTO - References

24

PV Roof top systemsIndividual houses, Apartments, Buildings,Schools, Tourism, Sport FacilitiesCombined heat and powersmall scale <1MWmedium scale 1-20 MWlarge scale >20 MWDwellings heated by biomassindividual domestic heating (logwood,woodchip, pellet systems)central heating unitsdistrict heating plantsBiogas installationslarge centralised plantsfarm scale plants

Biofuels

Criteria concerning contentWith regard to the contents of eachprogramme, project and initiative, thefollowing quantitative and qualitativeaspects have been considered as se-lective criteria:

Substantial RES development: Theinitiative contributed significantlyto RES development and/or hasgiven a positive impetus in the re-spective area.Energy and environmental impacts:Obtention of environmental benefitsor correction of impacts, includingbest practices of integration.Replication potential: The initiativecan be relatively easily replicated,especially those bringing new solu-tions for sectors with great poten-tial. The approach can be adaptedto different contexts; the initiativeis of model character and can serveas an example for other actors whoare potentially interested to takeaction in the field of RES in gen-eral or a specific technology in par-ticular.Strong involvement of target groupor direct impact on society: The peo-ple concerned by the initiative areinvolved in the project. The degreeof implication is evaluated.Visibility of approach: The initia-tive is presented in a highly visibleway and it is well documented, sothat it is possible for other inter-ested parties to obtain informationand have access to its follow-up.Innovative financing concept: Thefinancing aspect of the initiative isclear and innovative.Barriers: Development of projectsgiving important information on ex-isting barriers and their possibleovercoming.

Selection and evaluationMore than 300 cases throughout Eu-rope have been analysed in the firstphase of the selection process. Thoseinitiatives illustrate most relevantactions (projects, programmes andinitiatives) with high replication po-tential and measurable results, takenat the different levels, that contributeto speed up RES market penetrationin Europe. Through a matrix appli-

Type of CommunityConsidering that, in addition to thekey sectors, a stated goal of the CTOas presented in the White Paper wasthe identification of “100 communi-ties” aiming at 100% of RES supply,this criterion was introduced to in-clude those initiatives representativeof the different categories into whichthe “100 communities” are subdi-vided:Urban communities: they includeprojects and programmes of interestalready developed: blocks of build-ings, neighbourhoods in residentialareas, villages, towns, large cities.Rural communities: programmes de-veloped in small rural areas, prov-inces, and regions.Isolated communities: isolated areas,islands (small, medium, large), andautonomous areas, acting as labora-tories for feasibility analysis and de-velopment of experiences aiming at100% RES.

Dimension and Geographical coverageThe idea to reach the highestrepresentativity of EU Member Stateswas based not only on a criterion ofproportional distribution, but it alsocomplied with the need to show dif-ferent realities of both market condi-tions and potential resources within

the European Union. Furthermore, anumber of initiatives were chosen fromCentral and Eastern EuropeanCountries.Territorial dimension wasalso taken into account in the selec-tion process, through including ref-erence actions at national, regional,and local levels. The most appropri-ate territory for each segment was alsoidentified.

Type of Partnershipand actors involvedThis criterion of selection aimed toguarantee a wide representation ofinitiatives, according with the type ofpartnership and the variety of differ-ent actors capable to take part in eachprocess: industry (including utilitiesand energy service providers, oil com-panies and manufacturers), RES de-velopers, national and regional gov-ernments, local authorities, energyagencies, authorities in charge ofpublic procurement, consultants, en-gineers, architects, planners, farmerassociations and co-operatives, asso-ciations and agents of relevant sec-tors (industry, tourism, services), non-governmental associations, financialinstitutions...Other initiatives were selected be-cause of the specific interest they havewith regard to the creation of newpartnerships in favour of RES, suchas those in the tourism sector or theemerging water-energy binomial.Actions and actors involved in RESpromotion have been taken into ac-count as an independent segment.

CTO - References

25

cation of the evaluation criteria, arepresentative sample of cases hasbeen selected.

Final selectionThe same methodology was appliedfor the final selection of initiativeswhich are documented in the finalchapter of this guide. In this sec-ond stage, some more exhaustive in-formation was obtained through in-depth interviews with the initiatorsof the respective projects. Box 2contains an overview of the maintopics covered by the questionnaire, which contributed to confirm andcomplete the information of theprojects. It has to be consideredthat a few relevant and high qual-ity initiatives have not been in-cluded, because an important cri-terion in the selection process wasthe high “replication” potential,among which only initiatives witha high degree of “will” to sharetheir experience for replication inother European countries and re-gions were taken into account.

The last chapter of the guide con-tains a synopsis of each selectedinitiative, including the presenta-tion of the main motivations, theenabling factors and the challengesfaced during the implementationof the project.The matrix (Box 1) shows the fi-nal selection of initiatives, givingan overview of the different sec-tors and areas where they havebeen developed.

CTO - References

It was the objective of the in-depth interview carried out to understand the underlying motivations anddriving forces to initiate and implement the RES actions. The set of questions covered the following topics:

Direct energy, environmental, eco-nomic and social objectives of initia-tiveMotivations to launch the initiativeDifficulties encounteredFacilitating elementsImpact on public opinion

Box 2

Involvement of key-target groups inthe starting and implementationprocessLessons learntReplication potentials and achieve-mentsPerception of the RES situation

The outcome of this analysis is docu-

mented in a one-page description for

each case study and is supposed to

spread information about the crucial

elements for success of RES projects

and to encourage replication of RES

project implementation.

1 Upper Austria: a model for a RE region 2 Fischer: biomass powered factory 3 Eeklo sustainable energy project 4 Soltherm Walloon action plan 5 Lüchow-Dannenberg 6 Kronsberg, an innovative building area 7 Paul-Löbe-Haus - Berlin 8 Lübow–Krassow: 100% RES region 9 Hotel Victoria - Freiburg10 Munich RES & RUE alliance11 Pellworm 100% RES12 Ærø: a renewable energy island13 Ålborg: clean city - green city14 Samsø: Danish renewable energy island18 ADEME Sustainable Energy Project19 Pietarsaari: biofuel CHP plant20 Crete: RES large scale implementation21 Varese Ligure 100% RES22 Chieti: RES and Agenda 2123 Italian sustainable islands programme24 Heinerscheid wind farm25 Delft 100 Blue Roofs project26 Soltherm Europe initiative27 Madeira Green Hotel. 100% RES28 Alqueva multipurpose project29 Gotland renewable energy island30 Växjö fossil fuel free31 Barcelona renewable 200432 Navarre Renewable Energy Plan33 Molins de Campos (Majorca)34 Tenerife-ITER. RES and bioclimatics35 El Hierro 100% RES36 Biosphere Hotels37 Lausanne Solar City38 Powys RE Development Plan39 Isle of Wight40 Warmia–Mazury. Biomass for energy41 Poland - From coal to biomass42 Slovenia. Increasing the use of biomass43 Ingalina-Didziasalis: biofuel heating44 Trhove Sviny biomass heating system45 Bulgaria–National Programme

on RES (NPRES)

RESW

indSolar Therm

alPV

Biom

assR

egionLocal level

CityR

uralN

ationallevelIndustry

IslandProm

otion

Austria

Austria

Belgium

Belgium

Denmark

Denmark

Denmark

France

Finland

Greece

Italy

Italy

Italy

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Netherlands

Portugal

Portugal

Sweden

Sweden

Spain

Spain

Spain

Spain

Spain

Spain

Switzerland

United K.

United K.

Poland

Poland

Lithuania

Czech Rep

Bulgaria

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

Germany

Box 1

Slovenia

27

AchievementsAchievementsAchievementsAchievementsAchievementsand Land Land Land Land Lessonsessonsessonsessonsessonsdrawn from the CTOdrawn from the CTOdrawn from the CTOdrawn from the CTOdrawn from the CTOExperience accumulated during theCampaign has to be analysed undertwo criteria. Firstly by comparingresults with the objectives outlined,in particular those regarding REScoverage, RES market developmentand technological capability, withoutforgetting aspects related with inno-vation in all its dimensions, a con-stant feature of CTO. Secondly, CTOallowed exploring new dimensions inthe framework of an integrated viewfor the development of renewables inEurope. Therefore, lessons that canbe extracted also involve other di-mensions dealing with the role andpromotion of renewables, with regardto their social, economic, and envi-ronmental sides.

The analysis of the initiatives dem-onstrated in general that the localcommunities benefit from promoting

and developing the market penetra-tion of RES. Several Community pri-orities and concerns such as environ-ment, job creation, local and regionaldevelopment for a strong economicand social cohesion have been posi-tively influenced by it. As well, themain energy policy issues such as thesecurity of supply, the improvementof the energy balance and the reduc-tion of energy dependency, the envi-ronmental implications of energy pro-duction and use and competitivenesshave benefited from the uptake ofRES.

Starting from an in-depth analysis,main successes and barriers in rela-tion with CTO objectives are shown,grouped into lines of action and mostimportant factors, and glossing theseconclusions with the relevant refer-ences of the cases selected.

Objectives in key sectorsAs we could observe in the chapteraddressing market analysis for eachof the three renewable energy sectors,the degree of accomplishment of theinitiative’s objectives has been vari-able in each of these areas, with out-standing results recorded in most ofthe initiatives, including wind energy,and several spectacular actions in theimplementation of solar thermal insome geographic regions that ex-ceeded the initial objectives.With regard to the objectives outlinedin each initiative, we can concludethat the most decisive factors for suc-cess have been:

Project supported through a solidtechnological proposal and with agood feasibility analysis.High degree of cooperation and in-tegration of the several actors in-volved in each initiative.High public acceptation of the ini-tiatives.

On the contrary some problems havebeen detected in those initiatives de-pending on unfavourable factors suchas:

Starting from little realistic orunachievable objectives.Conflicts in the implementation ofunripe technological solutions.Existence of adverse market con-ditions or scarce confidence in in-vestments.Low technical skill.Loss of the political support guar-anteed at the starting moment.Economic changes or crisis at lo-cal or regional level.

Achievements and lessons

28

Among the examples that show theinfluence of these factors in relationwith the objectives outlined in eachinitiative, we can mention the follow-ing ones.In the Upper Austria case, theproactive attitude of the regional gov-ernment, together with the confidenceobtained in previous phases, allowedto develop the ambitious Energy 21strategy, which set the target of reach-ing 1,000,000 m² of solar thermalcollectors by 2010 - equalling nearly1 m² per inhabitant. Of this objec-tive, it has been achieved 0.47 m2/1000 until this moment, which is agood indicator of success. However,in the case of the Walloon Region(Belgium) setting an objective of200,000 m2 of solar thermal collec-tors installed by 2010, those targetswere quickly considered not to be re-alistic. Experience showed how im-portant it is to concretise the objec-tives, differentiating long-term strat-egies from immediate phases. This isthe case of a few large-scale initia-tives, where an ambitious strategyaiming at 100% RES was designed,but without differentiating explicitlythe phases to follow, which could bringto a loss of confidence.

Main motivations to launch the initia-tivesAmong the main motivations that con-tributed to launching CTO initiatives,the following need to be emphasised:

Relying to main actors’ good knowl-edge basis of the capacity to ex-ploit the existing RES potential.The determining role of SustainableDevelopment Plans in several ini-tiatives with a special emphasis onAgenda 21 development.Existence of clear political commit-ment, an action plan which com-prises a mix of measures targetingat different market actors.Establishment of new environmen-tal objectives by the different ac-tivity sectors, especially industryand building: fuel replacement andreduction of emissions.Clear will to generate new localjobs.Marketing qualification and im-provement of some activity sectors

in the framework of clean produc-tion. This would also be the case oftourist sector.Existence of local environmentalconscience and reaction of popula-tion and social collectives againsthigh-impact conventional energysources.A view of RES as new vector foreconomic diversification, especiallyfor rural areas.A need for productive reconversionof some areas.Contribute to meeting the EU´sKyoto targets for CO2 emission re-duction.

Determination of objectives in en-ergy policies at national or regionallevel.Creation of new market niches, e.g.production of electricity or heat start-ing from RES at competitive prices.To reduce dependency on energyimports

Exploitation of RES potential in com-petitive conditions has been a deter-mining factor in initiatives with highpublic participation such as those ofEeklo or Heinerscheid, basically ori-ented to a common exploitation ofwind resources, or in those where,


29

such as in the Region of Warmia,wood fuels represent a very importantpotential.Solid political decisions have in a fewoccasions been the catalyst for ambi-tious projects such as the “Fossil FuelFree” of Växjö, where the municipal-ity unanimously decided to stop us-ing fossil fuels. A similar case wasthe Ingalina initiative (Sweden),where the regional administration setthe objective to reduce the use of heavyfuel oil (mazout) and to start to uselocal fuel as biomass. Political will isalso expressed through exemplarybehaviours that can be used as a ref-erence, such as the Paul Löbe Haus,which can be considered as an ex-ample of coherence in public actioncriteria regarding building, support-ing the principle of preaching throughexamples. Processes of sustainableurban renovation supported by theadministration are a different side ofthis dimension, as it is demonstratedby the Barcelona 2004 project.Environmental motivation is clearlyidentified in cases such as the Mu-nich initiative, where the RE Part-nership created involves the membersof the already existing “Munich Ecol-ogy Alliance”, which included crafts-men’ organisations, industry, NGOs,banks, administrative authorities, aswell as the municipal utility companyand the Munich Energy Agency. Oneof the key factors in Austria and Ger-many is also the opposition to nuclearpower rising in the 80s from a major-ity of citizens, which helped to a largeextent to prepare the ground of ac-tion for a local RES initiative. AtLüchow we see how the initiativearises from a growing debate concern-ing the possible building of a finaldisposal of nuclear waste in a smallvillage of the district.The framework created through sus-tainable development plans andputting into practice local Agendas21 have been other important vectorstowards new initiatives within CTO,as well as important vehicles for RESdevelopment in Europe. It is worthmentioning here the case of Ålborg,based on promoting environmentalawareness since the initiative “CleanCity - Green City”, the energy dimen-

sion of Isle of Wight’sAgenda 21, the long-term plan for energy sus-tainability on Götland,the Agenda 21 of Chieti,or the El Hierro 100%RES initiative, whichbased its programme onthe planning strategyarisen from its declara-tion as a UNESCO Bio-sphere Reserve. Thesemotivations are comple-mentary to the initiatives seeking toredirect development models in cri-sis, such as the successful case ofVarese Ligure with its SustainableProject.Availability of technical reconversionor technological opportunities alsoplayed an important role. Severalcases benefited from the fact that thetraditional heating systems were com-ing to the end of their life, and that itwas therefore the right time to makea decision on the new heating systemand to propose a more environmentalenergy system at the same time. Thisis for instance the example of the in-dustry Fischer who needed to replaceits 30 year-old system of a steam boilerin conjunction with a back-up boiler,fired by heavy heating oil to supplythe heat demands.Most initiatives included the creationof new jobs as an initial factor ofmotivation. The experience in several

areas showed that this was right. Forexample, the German district ofLüchow-Dannenberg with its highunemployment rate and facing thedifficult situation of educated peopleleaving the district chose to re-acti-vate the formerly successful agricul-ture and forestry sectors, mainly bypromoting biomass, using among oth-ers a clever system of a central biogasinstallation to provide electricity to5000 households using waste prod-ucts coming from the starch factorsand from the nearby farmers. Theexample of Æro shows another inter-esting motivation based on the ideaof creating a stabilised niche of greenjobs.Market reasons, such as productionof electricity at a competitive price,have been determining factors incases such as the development of theBiofuel CHP plant at Pietarsaari, andin special circumstances such as is-


30

lands or regions isolated from the grid,where RES turn to be the best solu-tion because of its nature.With regard to the establishment ofRES programmes with precise objec-tives, we need to mention the case ofthe State-Region contracts (CPER) topromote RE and EE measures in theFrench overseas departments. TheNavarra Energy Plan is also an ex-cellent example of sustainable energypolicy with a regional scope, wherevery ambitious objectives have beenachieved in each phase. In a firststage, in the year 2000, the 40% ofthe region’s electricity needs was cov-ered by wind energy – nearly dou-bling the original target. In 2002,installed renewable energy capacityproduced 55% of the electricity con-sumed. This boost was achieved bythe clear objectives of the regionalEnergy Plan, broad social acceptanceof wind energy facilities, and privatepromoters. The Navarra Energy PlanTargets for 2005 foresees yet again adoubling of RES electricity capacity,including the doubling of wind in-stalled capacity and expansion insolar photovoltaic and solar thermalgeneration – aiming towards a 97%green electricity coverage by 2005.

Innovative aspectsAspects regarding innovation in allits dimensions, both technological andnot, have decisively marked the con-tents of the Campaign with very crea-tive and viable solutions.With regard to financing, appearanceor generalisation of new concepts andsolutions stand out, such as:

Development of new public privatepartnerships schemes with a highsocial participation for RES exploi-tation.Appearance of very imaginativeand effective communitarian fi-nancing systems.Generalisation of tools such asGuaranteed Solar Results (GSR)and Third Party Financing.Reorienting exceptional tax instru-ments towards RES sector.

Other factors to be emphasised are:Opening energy-related decision-making to citizen’s consultation.Technological innovation in the im-plementation of RET in new activ-ity sectors, beside energy.Innovating commitment of the in-dustrial sector to develop specificsolutions.Generalisation of quality and envi-

ronmental standards as a vector ofinnovation.Development of multi-functionaland integrated solutions.

In a state of technological maturity,financing aspects and organisation ofviable partnerships generally requirethe highest doses of innovation in thefield of renewables. Importantlyenough is the investment decisionsthat depend both on the level of fi-nancial support and on the stabilityof promotion schemes, since investorsrequire a return on their investmentwith an acceptable level of risk. Thisimplies that support mechanismsshould not be changed too frequently,and that they should be underwrittenfor an adequate period of time to se-cure the expected returns on invest-ment, in order to encourage new in-vestments in renewable electricitygeneration.

The Soltherm-Europe initiative is anexcellent case of innovation with re-gard to the generalisation of viablefinancing and partnership solutions,having made use of private-publicpooling, solar contracting, Guaran-teed Solar Results (GSR), and ThirdParty Financing.


31

Independently from the support sys-tems chosen at national level, publicprivate partnerships are an effectivemeans of bundling among other fi-nancial resources. There is also thepossibility to involve the local com-munity in a private-public pooling,by offering shares with high enoughdividends, offering direct economicbenefits and give the feeling to thecommunity that it owns at least a partof the RES installation. One of themost successful cases is probably theone of the municipality of Eeklo. Situ-ated in the Flemish region of Bel-gium, this municipality offered thepossibility to deliver direct benefitsto the residents through selling themshares at 250 Euro each and with 6%dividends. The other successful exam-ple is the one of the rural area ofPowys who sold shares from the com-munity wind turbine. This served notonly to generate income but also toraise local confidence in the turbinesthrough participation.On the same line we can mention com-munity’s participation in theHeinerscheid Wind Farm. The inter-ested parties founded the WandparkGemeng Hengsicht S.A. with a capi-tal of 3,200,000 Euro, divided into12,800 shares at 250 Euro each. Thelocal council is the legal holder of22.5% of the shares and aims to sell20% to the local community. Thiskeeps the community involved withand concerned for the success of thewind farm.Likewise, in Slovenia a private-pub-lic pooling enabled to involve localcommunity directly into several bio-mass-based district-heating systems,largely sponsored by UNDP and GEF.At the same time a Biomass EnergyFund was set up to distribute projectfunds to those applying through callsfor tender. On Æro, the wind turbinesand some of the district heatingprojects are funded by the sale ofshares directly to the island residents.The same philosophy reigns in the ElHierro 100% RES project.A supportive programme of guaran-teed quality standards and certifica-tion showed to be a successful inno-vation in two cases in particular:ADEME developed in the framework

agreement (2000-2006) with the 26regions of France annexed to theState-Region contracts (CPER) a pro-gramme of support of RE technolo-gies and EE measures. In order to al-low a long-term sustainable market de-velopment, it was important to demon-strate that the programme offered guar-antees thorough quality standards andcertification, thus enabling the partner-ships through the CPER contracts tohave the RE sectors structures, organ-ised and certified.On its side, the Walloon RegionalGovernment of Belgium developed avoluntary “Soltherm” agreement(among what a “Soltherm” qualifi-cation system for SMEs to developtheir know-how) for producers andinstallers to ensure quality, as a meansto prepare supply and demand tomatch and choose solar thermal forthe water systems.

Especially in the industry, implemen-tation of environmental measures canbe very challenging and brings manybenefits in return. This can be eco-nomically more profitable in somecases, and at the same time offers theopportunity to make the companyknown. A well-known case is theFischer factory (world leader in skiand aeroplane components) who be-came the first factory worldwide tohave been able to cover its heat andcooling needs with a tri-generationbiomass plant. This has been enabledby an “energy contracting” arrange-ment concluded between the opera-

tor of the biomass plant and the skiproducer.

In the building sector we find veryinnovative aspects in some initiativessuch as the Paul-Löbe Haus that dem-onstrated the importance of consider-ing the multi-functionality of PV sys-tems. In this sector the exemplaryexperience of Kronsberg, an innova-tive building area, stands out for theconcerting system developed. The con-certed approach in this case took placeamong the Council, the environmen-tal and consumers groups, as well aswith investors, architects and hous-ing companies, resulting in the de-sign of an energetically sustainablecity with parameters comparable tostandard market costs.

Implementation of energy solutionsbased on renewables started to beturned into a factor of innovation forcompetitivity in emerging sectors withhigh potential such as tourism. TheBiosphere Hotels experience, redrewhotel certification systems and qual-ity standards including renewables asa compulsory requisite, combiningtherefore accommodation quality withRES. At a local level, we find theGreen Hotels experience of Madeira,where a new tourist concept includ-ing renewables as a fundamental as-pect of marketing and accommoda-tion quality is promoted. A similarsingle case is the Hotel Victoria inFreiburg, which differentiates theRES dimension in its offer, an impor-


32

tant factor that contributed to its in-ternational recognition through theachievement of several internationalawards.Within the innovation framework, thecampaign brought new and imagi-native alliances in the support of re-newables. This is the case of the“Molinos de Campos” project on theisland of Majorca, which aims to re-cover more than one hundred oldwindmills, developing an advancedtechnological project for its reconver-sion in wind farm connected to thegrid. This solution will generate a tri-ple effect: heritage and traditionallandscape recovery, development ofa new tourist product and energy val-orisation of windmills.Finally, one of the most outstandingeffects arisen under the Campaign isthe development of 100% RES ini-tiatives, which have been basicallycarried out on islands, such asGötland, Samsø, Æro, Pellworm, andEl Hierro. This last case is a reallyisolated island, non-connected to thegrid, where an ambitious projectbased in the combination of wind en-ergy and a hydropower solution forstoring and generation. It is a projectthat includes in its conception a new,future dimension of the renewablesin Europe: water production throughRES-powered desalination.CTO’s innovating experience is thenadvancing towards a new dimension,situated beyond the conception of the

traditional energy market, and madeconcrete through the contribution ofRET solutions as factor of competitivityin multiple activities and as qualityindicator in important sectors such asindustry or in the conception of theurban habitat.

Enabling factorsThe most frequent factors that allowedthe development of RES objectives inlocal communities have been:

Support of national, regional, orlocal authorities to initiatives in-cluded in the Campaign.Creating «demand» for sustainableenergy products and services: en-ergy information and awarenessraising, energy advice.Identification and awareness crea-tion of availability and exploitationcapability of local resources.Promotion of measures regardingthe supply side: training & educa-tion, R&D, quality control.Support by local and regional in-stitutions for the development of pi-lot initiatives.Market liberalization, e.g. facilitat-ing the direct sale of electricity toprivate consumers.Public awareness support by inter-national initiatives such as ClimateAlliance or Sustainable Cities, in-cluding recognitions by Interna-tional organisations.Technical support was provided bythe Energy Agencies.Support to the development of fea-sibility studies by local authorities.Demonstration of good examples topromote market access.Readily accessible procedures tosupport decision-making (from pre-diagnosis to guidance, from diag-nosis to preliminary study orproject).People’s commitment at all levels.Existence of favourable legislation,including tax measures.

Several enabling factors to be con-sidered are referenced within the“White Paper for a Community Strat-egy and Action Plan“, which includesa guide for any local initiative in itsfirst steps of implementation. Further-more, many analysed projects befit-ted from a financial contributionthrough the ALTENER programme ofthe European Commission, as well asthrough similar projects such asSAVE and THERMIE, which playedan essential role in the starting ofseveral CTO initiatives. Together withthe mentioned communitarian pro-grammes, complementary support bynational governments and local au-thorities have been essential factorsat the time to guarantee the final re-sult of the initiative, as it was clearlyshown in far-reaching cases such asthe initiative of Varese Ligure.In several cases the patronage com-ing from an energy agency or organi-zation enables to have advisory ca-pacity in the implementation phaseof a project. This was the case for theIsle of Wight (UK) who benefits fromthe advisory support of the GötlandEnergy Agency of Sweden for instancein the implementation of its target toreach 67 MW from renewables by2010. Or also the two Lithuaniantowns Ignalina and Didziasalis thatwere able to install a biofuel boilerand district heating thanks to the sup-port of the Swedish National EnergyAdministration (STEM) who was im-plementing the Swedish InternationalClimate-Related Energy Program.Existence of legislation favourable toRES, including tax measures, clearlydemonstrated their efficacy and ca-pability to create a critical marketmass in some European countries(e.g. Renewable Energies Act by theGerman Government). Nevertheless,experience accumulated during theCTO allowed discovering that somelegislative initiatives at local and re-gional level can play an equally use-ful role. This would be the case of theBarcelona Renewable 2004 initiative.Since July 2000, the Barcelona CityCouncil has implemented a law con-cerning the use of solar energy. Ac-cording to this «solar by law», all newbuildings as well as those subject to


33

general refurbishment, are obliged touse solar energy for 60% of their sani-tary hot water supplies. The Univer-sal Forum of Cultures Barcelona 2004has been used as international show-case of this initiative, and the Forumsite has been designed complying withthis law on energy sustainability. Asimilar operation of support has beencarried out in Kronsberg, on the oc-casion of the World Exposition, whichmeant a large scale launching of theproject. Another example of favour-able proactive legislation that shouldserve as an example to other regionalgovernments is found in Flanders,where transportation of Green Elec-tricity over the low-voltage distribu-tion net is free of charge.In some cases, a technical constrainton the traditional energy system usedcan play in favour of RES. For ex-ample, in Germany, solar thermal wasintroduced in the context where wa-

ter systems were coming to the end oftheir life, and therefore needed to bereplaced or drastically revised. Thiscreated a niche for solar thermalwater systems with a peak at this pre-cise moment of sudden high need.Technical support provided by theEnergy Agencies, showed to be a de-termining factor for the success ofexperiences such as the project ofenergy source diversification carriedout by the Provincial Agency of Chieti.This way allowed demonstrating thatit is more interesting sometimes to relyon the support of local agencies thanon a direct contribution to projects,such as on Götland and Pellworm, orin the case of Austria, where morethan 15,000 energy advice sessionsare carried out annually.Beside technical assistance, a majorfactor of success has been the promo-tion of actions based on citizens’ par-ticipation within the project develop-

ment process. In the Samsø projects,importance is placed on people’s com-mitment at all levels, especially po-litically, technically, and financially.Bodies responsible of the initiative,Foreningen Samsø Energi-ogMiljøkontor and SamsøEnergiselskabet, which were estab-lished to promote participation of resi-dents, play an important role in thisprocess. For example, SamsøEnergiselskabet consists of repre-sentatives of Samsø municipality, theCommercial Council, the Farmer’sAssociation, and Foreningen SamsøEnergiog Miljøkontor, and its secre-tariat widely provides general infor-mation. Residents take both benefitfrom and responsibility for projects byparticipating them.Public awareness support, startingoften from transnational initiatives,has been an essential enabling fac-tor in experiences such as the one of


34

Lüchow, the RES & RUE Alliance inthe city of Munich, or the Solar Cityinitiative in Lausanne.In some rural areas of Europe, theeconomic situation is under stress:educated people leave the countrysideto find more attractive jobs in biggerurban centres. The farming and for-estry sectors suffer from the hard eco-nomic conditions. It can be very op-portune to look to develop RES lo-cally available, and make the regionless dependent on energy imports,reactivated the local economy andfavourable impacts on the job situa-tion. Such a case is Lüchow-Dannenberg, where an “energy andclimate protection” discussion groupproposed to use the wind and biomasslocally available. Especially use ofbiomass helped the forestry and thefarming sectors a lot.

ChallengesThe most relevant challenges detectedcan be grouped in the following cat-egories:

Economic barriers.Technical barriersLack of public awareness.Reticence by citizens’ movementsand local authorities to some RET’senvironmental and landscape im-pacts, such as wind energy.Complicated planning procedures.Complex or misdirected subsidypolicies.Actual economic problems and theresulting tax policy.

One of the main obstacles to the up-take of RES is definitely the economiccost. It is clear that the increases inproduction capacities lead to signifi-cant reductions of costs. However thistakes a long time and does not solvethe immediate problem of having RESstill being in average a more expen-sive source of energy than conven-tional energy. The section “innovativeaspects” mentioned above gives anoverview of some tools used for thefinancing of the initiatives. Below isan attempt to remind the differentlevels of programme and legislation

support existing (European, interna-tional, regional), and the section alsostresses a few important criteriaAlready well-established sources offinancing to overcome the economicbarrier are the Member States’ sup-port schemes, the possibility to makeuse of European aid (such as benefit-ing from the financial support com-ing from the ALTENER and SAVEprogrammes as well as the IntelligentEnergy for Europe Programme(2003-2006), also from internationalaid (such as from the World Bank/GEF programme, Development banks,non-governmental organizations,etc..), and lastly from other types ofpublic funding such as regionalfunds.Several of the initiatives presented inthis project indirectly benefited fromEuropean financial support pro-gramme in the past, mainly underALTENER II. The Intelligent EnergyProgramme for Europe (2003-2006)will take over for the next years.


35

As for World Bank/GEF funds, inPoland, a joint implementation ini-tiative aligned on the Kyoto instru-ments to reduce greenhouse gases ledto the replacement of two old coal-burning tanks with a wood fired heat-ing system.Economic challenge can otherwise beovercome if local energy communitiestake clear long-term commitment tomassively develop RES (often up to100%): if investors are well informedof this plan and of the solid measuresaccompanying such an objective, se-curing returns on investment, they feelencouraged to invest in RES.This is a particularly interesting op-tion for isolated areas, such as islandsor remote rural areas, which needotherwise to import conventional en-ergy at a higher cost than averagecost in the rest of the regions.The ways to overcome those barriersat local and regional level can be tooffer tax relief schemes. However thissolution has proven to be successfulfor investments by householders insmall scale renewable electricity gen-erators, but do discourage investmentsby developers who do not become thefinal owners of the renewable elec-tricity generators, and therefore can-not claim the tax relief at the time oftheir investment.In the sector of biofuel transport, theDirective on biofuels recently adoptedgives the possibility to apply fiscaladvantages for encouraging the useof renewable energy and improvingenergy efficiency in their countries,therefore this should enable to inte-grate RES in the transport sector too,a sector often still neglected.A number of financial incentiveschemes are beginning to emerge ata national or regional level in the EUin the heating and cooling sector. Atlocal level new approaches are beingdeveloped, such as the solar ordi-nances which have been approved bynumerous Spanish municipalities,and these could for example be usedas a model to be followed in othercountries.

Beside the above considerations, othermajor barriers in developing RES-electricity in Europe are:

Administrative procedures for plan-ning and building approvals:A long and complicated administra-tion procedure can impede a projectdeveloper to start the implementationadministrative body. Sometimes, thewaiting period can be several years.A way to overcome this barrier is toclarify the responsibilities of the dif-ferent authorities in charge to givetheir opinion during a RES licensingprocess, or also to put the customthrough that “no response” receivedwithin a time frame is considered tobe a positive answer. The legislationframework needs to be adapted ac-cordingly to issue guarantees of ori-gin, to ensure transparency of gridconnection costs, and to facilitateaccess to electricity grids at each ofthe required voltage levels

Technical Barriers – Grid Issue:In some cases grid access was diffi-cult to achieve. However, the Direc-tive on the promotion of electricityproduced from renewable energysources in the internal electricitymarket has ruled out the path to fol-low to accomplish the full integrationof renewable energy in the existinggrid system in Europe. The Directiverequires member states to take the

necessary measures to grant guaran-teed access to the transmission anddistribution of electricity from renew-able energy sources. Where appropri-ate, member states have to give pri-ority access to renewable energysources. Furthermore European-wide,network operators will be obliged toset up transparent cost calculationsfor distribution. The fees have to benon-discriminatory.

Political challenges:The initial monopoly is still importantin some countries, despite the state-ments that the liberalization processof the electricity market is on-going.In Varese Ligure, for instance, it wasdifficult to install the wind turbinesbecause of the need to find agreementwith the national utility. Another ele-ment playing a key role in a few coun-tries is the strong anti-RES lobby suchas coming from the nuclear and otherconventional energy fuels. There is noneed to say that the political will de-pends if the local population is suffi-ciently motivated to push forward re-newable energy projects.

Lack of public awareness:All projects demonstrated that thelocal level is the driving force, the


36

place where the actual realization ofthe project occurs. For this, the groundneeds to be prepared by creating apositive perception of RES and of aparticular project, while addressingthe underlying motivations of the ac-tion such as protection of the envi-ronment, security of supply and mostlyalso the positive impact onemployment for the region.To achieve the broadest spread ofawareness, all groups or individuals,who might have an impact on renew-able energy projects currently or inthe future, should be targeted througha variety of awareness strategies.Some of the most often used actionsare as follows:

The future generation - the schoolchildren - should be at the centreof awareness building activities.The local press should be involvedat an early stage. In general localpress relies on information fromtheir surroundings. Therefore astandard press release including in-formation about the CTO and its un-derlying motivations could bedrafted and distributed by the lo-cal project partner. The projectpartner should add project specificinformation.

The local players responsible for theproject realization should informthe local politicians as well as thenational and European politiciansof their constituency of the projectin order to build the bridge fromthe local level to the national andEuropean level in the political sec-tor and to further generate interestin renewable energy sources.

Furthermore, other local players suchas Municipalities, NGO’s, politicalparties, and citizens should be ad-dressed to ensure a maximum ofagreement and awareness building.

Replication potentialReplication is an essential facilitat-ing mechanism to spread the positiveinformation about local RES projects,contributing to raise awareness. Oneof the biggest contributions of CTO tothe promotion of renewables in Eu-rope has precisely been the huge po-tential of replication of the initiativesand projects launched, as well as thedevelopment of appropriate instru-ments to guarantee disseminationthrough specialised networks or cen-tres. At this level, CTO has been oneof the best showcases to promote thisdimension.

With regard to replication, the mostshowy and effective cases have beenthose involving islands, where it wasclearly shown that islands such asSamsø, Pellworm or Götland, whichdeveloped a considerable activity intheir environment, in parallel to thedevelopment of each initiative, lead-ing to an extensive reply through rep-lication with similar projects. Theireffect was so important that it wentbeyond the European borders. Theprojects of Samsø and Götland havebeen looked up by and replicated invery far regions such as Japan, Aus-tralia, and Pacific Ocean islands. Asimilar effect was produced by the ElHierro 100% RES initiative, whosewind-hydropower project has alreadystarted being replicated on Crete andMadeira.Some indicators of the important rep-lication potential of CTO initiatives


37

can be shortly seen in the followingcases:

EEKLO project is a replication ofmany others of its kind in Germanyand Denmark.Many municipalities, includingCopenhagen, have taken up theÅlborg model.The responsible hotels network (BH)considerably enlarged its field ofaction in only two years, also rely-ing on the support of the campaign“A New Sun for Tourist Destina-tions” carried out by ICAEN.Extension of the experience ofVarese Ligure to seven more mu-nicipalities.Heinerscheid initiative generated alarge process of consultations byother municipalities, and a similarproject is being carried out nearKehmen.Delft’s 100 Blue Roofs experiencehad quick and important repercus-sions on cities such as Rotterdamand The Hague.After the Växjö Fossil Fuel Freedeclaration, the initiative was fol-lowed by several cities, in Swedenand in the rest of Europe, and theexperience is now being imple-mented by the Iwate Prefecture (Ja-pan).Inspired by the example of the PVstadium of Lausanne, another PVstadium was inaugurated in 2002in Basel.In the case of Trhove Sviny, themodel project helped to start simi-lar projects in Czech republic andwas replicated in many towns andvillages.


The experience of Kronsberg is notonly a basic reference for Germanyand other countries, but it is atpresent an actual standard in theinnovation of building areas.The case of Austria (cf. Gleisdorfcase study) shows that it is equallyimportant to set up networks insideof a region by motivating key po-litical actors of communities to setup a discussion group and bringlocal population together to com-monly find solutions to install REsystems in their municipality.

The function of replication of success-ful CTO initiatives is strengthenedthrough the activities of specialisedcentres and the work of networks.ITER is an excellent examples of thefirst case, as well as the Soltherminitiative that has also developed ref-erence databases on replicableprojects.European networks such as enabledthrough the CTO Renewable EnergyPartners network, or also other net-works specialised in one type of com-munity or technology for instance (ex:Energie-Cités, a European networkof sustainable cities; or FEDARENE,a European network of regional en-ergy and environment agencies; oralso INSULA, the International Sci-entific Council for Island Develop-ment) has proven to play a crucialrole in accelerating the demonstra-tion of successful RES communityexamples. It is more and more cru-cial to create bridges with the newlyacceded countries that look for ad-vice and patronage in the implemen-tation of their own projects.

Regional and national energy agen-cies represent another vector of repli-cation. They offer consultancy adviseto the local population to ensure lo-cal results. They can also play a co-ordinator role to implement RES inall regions of a country. ADEME hasbeen able to use the contractualframework offered by the 26 regionsof France annexed to the State-Re-gion contracts (CPER) to implementits actions at local levels, whilespreading the successful experiencesto the rest of the regions of Francemore efficiently and at a lower cost.With the ManagEnergy program theEuropean Commission created a Eu-ropean wide network and thus, ex-change of information. ManagEnergypromotes co-operation between localand regional energy agencies throughworkshops, study tours and onlineevents on energy saving and renew-able energy. The website features de-tails of over 400 energy agencies andanother 500 organisations, who canprovide valuable expertise and ad-vice on established energy projectsand technologies.

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The following text is the result of presentations and debatesthat took place during the Conference “Renewables 2004”,within the specific session dedicated to the CTO.

The “European Conference for Renewable Energy – IntelligentPolicy Options” is organised at the end of the Campaign for Take-Off, the ambitious public awareness campaign launched by theEuropean Commission in 1999 to foster the development of re-newable energy sources in Europe.The Campaign for Take-Off sets quite ambitious targets for eachof the renewable energy sectors to serve as benchmarks for deci-sion makers and planners, to disseminate successful initiatives inEurope, to spread best-practice and raise critical awareness ofdecision makers at local, regional, national and European level.The Campaign for Take-Off was a co-ordinated tool to implementrecent EU legislation affecting renewable energy development,such as:

- White Paper “Energy For the Future: Renewable Sources ofEnergy”- Green Paper: Towards a European strategy for the security ofenergy supply- Directive on the Promotion of Electricity produced from Re-newable Energy Sources- Directive on the energy performance of buildings- Directive for the Promotion of biofuels’ use for transport

It was designed to act as a catalyst for the development of prom-ising key sectors in the field of renewable energy sources. At theend of the Campaign, it is evident that the set objectives werereached or even surpassed in some sectors (wind, PV), whereasothers are still lagging behind (solar thermal, biomass). Wind, forexample, reached the CTO target of “10,000 MW” already in2000.In the context of the Campaign for Take-Off, the activities to beimplemented in these key sectors were, since the beginning, classi-fied according to: regional level, local, city, isolated or rural areas,national, industry and island as well as “100 community” typesin three levels - rural, island and city.125 renewable energy programmes and projects involving morethan 700 partner organisations in the European Union and inAccession Countries have joined the Campaign for Take-Off asRenewable Energy Partners in 2000–2003 and thereby expressedopenly their willingness to contribute to its objectives. These light-house initiatives serve as credible pacemakers showing to othercommunities the right way towards a sustainable energy future.Accordingly, the CTO Session at the Berlin conference was struc-tured as follows:

Panel 1a: Experience in the utilisation of Renewable Energy Sourcesin cities – How feasible is it to develop Renewable Energy genera-tion in an urban environment?Panel 1b: Renewable Energy Sources deployment at regional andlocal level – From dependency to security of supply: How far andfast can regions improve their energy mix?Panel 1c: Paving the way towards 100 % Renewable Energy basedcommunities & islands: utopia or ambitious reality?In each of these panels, high-level panellists contributed with theirexperience and know-how to identify the key-elements for suc-cessful RES implementation in the respective areas. They dis-cussed the motivations and difficulties encountered in the imple-mentation of renewable energy projects as well as shared lessonslearnt with the conference delegates.The discussions clearly showed the importance of the regional andlocal level as due to their decentralised nature, many renewableenergy technologies can be particularly well promoted on theselevels.Furthermore, it was well illustrated that in order to further pro-mote renewable energy sources and demand-side management,integrated energy planning incorporating a mix of legal, regula-tory, financial, communication and training measures is crucial.Apart from environmental considerations, a decentralised sus-tainable energy policy can have major impacts on employment,social cohesion, participation of civil society and economic devel-opment.In islands and remote rural communities, which are often con-fronted with high costs or a lack of conventional resources andthe related environmental problems, 100 % RES solutions arebeing successfully developed to guarantee security of supply andcontribute to the protection of the environment as well as eco-nomic welfare.The analysed cases all demonstrate that integrated policies andconcepts aiming at increasing the share of renewable energysources in combination with a conscious application of leadingenergy efficiency measures in the various end-use sectors are themost successful. Recent European legislation in the energy field,such as the Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings,pushes forward this integrated approach.Any further action or campaign should therefore reflect this inte-grated approach and cover both the demand and supply side. Thenewly launched “Public Awareness Campaign for an Energy Sus-tainable Europe” will embrace both energy efficiency and renew-able energies and will allow partners to join the common effort ofimplementing programmes and initiatives in Europe and beyond.

CONCLUSIONS OF THE EUROPEAN CONFERENCE “RENEWABLES 2004” - BERLINSharing Skills and Achievements to foster Renewable Energy Development in Europe

38 Achivements and lessons

39

Future challenges under the newCampaign for an EnergySustainable Europe

Planning aheadPlanning aheadPlanning aheadPlanning aheadPlanning aheadPublicPublicPublicPublicPublicAwareness CampaignAwareness CampaignAwareness CampaignAwareness CampaignAwareness Campaign

Carrying further the lessons learntfrom the Campaign for Take-Off(1999-2003)Observing the reach and importanceof the initiatives within the CTO, wecan confirm that it has been a funda-mental element of the strategy out-lined in the White Paper on Renew-able Energy Sources. It also playeda major role in bringing the toolsadopted at Community level to thelocal level, such as the Renewableelectricity Directive, the biofuels Di-rective, or the more recent ones re-garding energy performance build-ings, energy services and co-genera-tion. On the one hand the new PublicAwareness Campaign to be launchedin the frame of the newly multi-an-nual Community programme “Intel-ligent Energy for Europe” (2003-2006) will continue what has beendeveloped under the first Campaign,that is to say raising the awarenessof decision makers at local, regional,national and European level, spread-ing best-practice, ensuring a stronglevel of public support and stimulat-ing the necessary trends towards anincrease in private investment in re-newables. On the other hand, the newCampaign also contains some addi-tional elements: first of all, the 25Member States as well as the candi-date countries will be targeted to im-plement the Campaign. The new cam-

paign extends its scope to cover thepromotion of energy efficiency and en-larges its approach to embrace newpromotion methods and effective com-munication tools.The reasons for having a new Cam-paign after the first one ended in 2003are even more important now, withthe strengthened political frameworkthat formally encompasses and moreclosely links renewable energies to

rational use of energy. Both elementsare equally important to the meas-ures adopted during the last years inthe fields of energy security, sustain-able development and environmentalobjectives. However, in order to fa-cilitate the successful implementationof the new Public Awareness Cam-paign, it is crucial to keep in mindsome key aspects that were broughtto our attention by the previous Cam-paign and things that need to betaken into account when preparingthe next milestones for further pen-etration of both clean energy and in-crease in sustainable use of energyvia the new Campaign.

Awareness Campaign

40

Fostering the uptake of renewableenergiesThe Campaign for Take-Off was de-signed to act as a catalyst for the de-velopment of promising key sectors inthe field of renewable energy sourcesby setting objective targets for 2003.The Campaign is considered havingbeen highly successful in providingclear benchmarks for progress andpolicies and for providing clear sig-nals for decision makers at all levelsto take up similarly ambitious targets.Set objectives were reached or evensurpassed in some sectors (wind, PV),whereas others are still lagging be-hind (solar thermal, biomass). Windis the most successful example, sinceit has already reached the CTO tar-get of “10.000 MW” in 2000. Never-theless, on the other extreme, we findan unequal development in sectorssuch as solar thermal where, for ex-ample, the huge differential existingbetween some countries and regionsis not justified by market reasons orby exploitable potential. Acting uponthe factors that lead to these gaps inthe development of RES will be thena task of the new Campaign.

Energy Planning and targetingPioneer regions, cities, and munici-palities in Europe owe their successin achieving a genuine change intheir energy supply mix to reliable,coherent, and ambitious energy planscovering a coherent portfolio of themain parameters determining energy-related decision making. It was wellillustrated that an integrated energyplanning incorporating a mix of le-gal, regulatory, financial, communi-cation, and training measures is cru-cial in order to further promote re-newable energy sources and demand-side management. It was acknowl-edged that a European Campaign isan effective tool to raise awarenesson these parameters, to showcasethose pioneer programmes and initia-tives and to stimulate replication.With regard to planning, some con-ventional views of the energy sectorhave hindered integration of energysustainable solutions and maximumpenetration of renewables, because ofthe lack of effective connections withthe development of different sectoralpolicies.

Integrating policies and concepts forsustainabilityA substantial increase in the use ofrenewable energies is essential toachieve sustainable development atlocal, national, European, and glo-bal levels. To increase the use of re-newables forms part of the strategyof the European Union for sustain-able development, climate changeprevention, economic growth, andsocial cohesion.On this line, it is already clear thatenergy dimension is the core of sev-eral fundamental options influencingsustainable development. As an ex-ample, relationship existing betweenRES and RUE and the introductionof coherent policies in key sectors ofsustainable development, such astransport, building or water, is moreand more evident.Evaluation of the CTO projects dem-onstrates that integrated policies andconcepts aiming at increasing theshare of renewable energy sources incombination with a conscious appli-cation of leading energy efficiencymeasures in the various end-use sec-tors are highly successful. Europeanlegislation in the energy field, suchas the Directive on the Energy Per-formance of Buildings, or newly de-signed support areas, such as the 6th

Key political aspects as coreconditions to the next Campaign

Awareness Campaign

41

RTD Framework Programme’s CON-CERTO area and horizontal areas ofthe Intelligent Energy-Europe Pro-gramme, promote and support this in-tegrated approach.The CTO has also shown that it is nec-essary to integrate all dimensions ofrenewable energy development (so-cial, political, environmental, educa-tional, and sectoral dimensions) in theframework of the different sustainabledevelopment options, and not only thepurely technological or market ones.

Developing the potential of renewableenergy generation in urban environ-mentsUrban areas represent the largestgroup of energy consumers in Europe.Several large urban areas acrossEurope have demonstrated an out-standing level of excellence with re-gard to the integration of sustainableenergy concepts, including renewableenergies. It has been shown that im-proving living conditions, as well asqualification and regeneration of de-clining areas, are objectives linkedto RES implementation, for instancein the framework of the developmentof Local Agendas 21. The discussionagreed that planning sustainable en-ergy strategies with a short- medium-and long-term perspective is an ur-gent priority for decision makers, inorder to provide clear signals to theprivate sector and those facilitatinginvestment. Integrated concepts cov-ering all main commodities, publicservices and building standards,which include energy efficiency andrenewable energy equipment, werepresented and strongly recommendedby the City Authorities. Progressively,a new integrated conception of habi-tat prevails, where renewables playa new, fundamental role, alwayswithin the framework of the basicobjective aiming to increase the wel-fare of European citizens.

Improving the energy mix at local andregional levelThe close involvement of citizens inenergy decisions and the creation ofextensive partnerships between thedifferent actors involved were dem-onstrated to be favourable conditions

Awareness Campaign

for RES especially at a local level.The decentralised nature of RES hasbeen a precondition of success, bring-ing RES closer to the private sectorand to the citizens. Experience hasshown that RES can be instrumentalin revitalising rural and industrialareas by creating new local markets,expertise and employment. Localpolicy can have a considerable im-pact in reducing CO2 emissions, if theobjectives, the targets and the topdown message are precisely formu-lated. The transfer of know-how be-tween the regions, with specificallydeveloped technology, will contributeto a balanced EU and Member Statesenergy mix. The creation of Partner-ships between the different actors andthe European Commission has impor-tantly contributed to stimulating theimplementation of RES at local andregional levels. Outstanding examplesof RES implementation in the regionsneeds now to become part of the“business as usual” activities acrossthe EU, in an integrated conceptaligned with measures towards a trueintensification of energy efficiency.The panels acknowledged the contin-ued necessity to tackle sustainableenergy concepts directly in reach ofthe local communities and to fosterexchange and knowledge transferthroughout Europe in a pro-activeway.

Paving the way towards 100% Renew-able energy based communitiesAn increasing number of communi-ties in Europe head for a 100% re-newable energy basis. Islands andremote rural communities have dem-onstrated throughout the campaignthat they can be considered as highinterest laboratories for all types ofrenewables. In these communities therenewables option was favoured dueto the difficulty to get at conventionalresources and their high supply costs,compared to their RES potential. Itis in these areas where 100% RESinitiatives had stronger developmentand true repercussion, decisively con-tributing to guarantee security of sup-ply and protection of the environment,as well as economic welfare. One ofthe most relevant conclusions is that

islands and isolated communities canand should turn themselves into ex-ceptional showcases and demonstra-tion centres of sustainable energycommunities’ viability. Main successfactors reported were leadership andclear policy frameworks. In particu-lar, for islands and remote rural com-munities, utilisation of renewable en-ergy sources and investing in bestavailable energy efficiency technol-ogy. Campaign’s innovative featuresallowed the search of new marketniches for RES development and con-tributed with an extensive ensembleof cases to the replication capacity ofprojects and initiatives, which has tobe strengthened in the future. Today,the Campaign allows showing notonly innovating solutions in the fieldof RES, but also their application toemerging sectors within industry, con-struction, transport, or other fieldssuch as tourism, services, and waterproduction. Likewise, its innovatorspirit reached advanced and imagi-native formulas of financing and man-agement, which will help lifting stillexisting barriers to RES development.Future Community action is consid-ered essential to fill gaps in level ofawareness and to produce replicationof best practices throughout Europe.

Committing key stakeholders to theEuropean Renewable Energy TargetsOne of the main vehicles of the CTOto attract the commitment of key mar-ket stakeholders, planners, and deci-sion makers at all levels in Europe,

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Having taken into consideration thepolitical recommendations above,some parameters closely linked to the“Awareness” approach are worthstressing in this part, as they will con-tribute largely to the effectiveness ofthe next Public Awareness EuropeanCampaign. Awareness will only leadto large-scale replication of local ini-tiatives throughout Europe (and there-fore bringing us closer to fulfilling theobjectives set by Europe for 2010 andbeyond) if it is accompanied by astrong communication and marketingapproach that coordinates a large-scale network at European level,while taking into account the localspecificities, and at the same time asstrengthening an integrated approachof bringing together all actors essen-

tial to launch an initiative at locallevel.The European level indeed plays akey role by acting as an umbrella,disseminator of the projects takingplace at local level. By bundling theminto a common program of visibility,it gives greater strength and cohesionto the local action and will bring ben-efits to the local community (for in-stance an increase in tourism to theregion). Dissemination enables infor-mation to be more far reaching and,as it reaches other regions of Europe,to convince the local population andgive useful advice when taking thefirst steps towards sustainable energyuse and the implementation of sus-tainable use of energy programmes.Yet it is important to stress that cul-

How to make sure awareness israised through the nextCampaign

tural or political particularities at re-gional level can constrain the opti-mal propagation of the message.Therefore it is important to stresswhich factors of success in an initia-tive are universally applicable, andwhich ones are more specific to a cer-tain social, political or economic con-text. Great skills and knowledge fromthe European social, political andeconomic environment, at its globallevel, but also at its more local level,are therefore an essential requirementto make sure that awareness dissemi-nation is adapted to the local actors,the end-group targeted by this Aware-ness Campaign.Another important aspect is to createand strengthen links with key localactors politicians or media personali-ties and work out a communicationformula, which will successfully reachthe local population and illustrate tothem the importance of and the op-portunity presented by their partici-patory role into this environmentallyfriendly process that encompasses aninitiative at European level. The in-formation should provide indicationsof both the time-framework of imple-mentation and the approximate costs.In addition, as demonstrated by thecases evaluated in this impact assess-ment, it often plays a key role to en-courage decisions to organize renew-able energy and energy efficient ac-tions if all local players (technicians,financiers, politicians, and the me-dia) are sensitised to the energy is-sues and coordinate their action tospread a common message on possi-bilities to launch such projects.Within this context, an important as-pect of the forthcoming Campaignshould be centred in making avail-able at all levels those successful caseswith more possibilities of replication.It should enable a large Europeanshowcase of energy sustainable ini-tiatives and projects, making their vi-ability and possibility of replicationreadily accessible. Likewise, the gen-eration of this knowledge shouldreach not only the classic range ofenergy markets, but also the differ-ent sectors of activity, generating theappropriate interfaces, as we couldlearn from the CTO.

Awareness Campaign

was the ‘Renewable Energy Partner-ship’ scheme. Member States, regions,cities, municipalities, industries andtheir associations were called uponto join the network by signing up tostrong commitments and tangible tar-gets. 130 renewable energy pro-grammes and projects involving morethan 700 partner organisations in theEU, in Accession Countries and be-yond – have successfully joined theCampaign in 2000–2003. These light-house initiatives serve as crediblepacemakers to other communities.They acknowledged the true benefitof forming part of a committed Euro-

pean network and the unique visibil-ity of their initiatives to a large Euro-pean public was facilitated by theCampaign Measures.

NOTE: Those key aspects have been sum-marised into the conclusions presented ina document available at EREC that cameout at the end of the first day of the “Euro-pean Conference for Renewable Energy –Intelligent Policy Options” (19-21 Janu-ary 2004).

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Elements of the New CampaignVery ambitious targets having beenset (12% renewables for 2010; 22%electricity generated from RE by2010, a share of biofuels of 5,75% bythe same year, and the rationaliza-tion and stabilization of the energydemand to achieve an indicative an-nual reduction in energy intensity byan additional 1% per year above thebusiness as usual forecast) means thatmajor supplementary promotionalaction is required at all levels – Eu-ropean, national, regional and local.The European Commission decidedtherefore to launch a wide promo-tional campaign on the theme ‘Sus-tainable Energy’. This Public Aware-ness Campaign launched in the frameof the new multiannual Communityprogramme “Intelligent Energy –Europe”, 2003-2006 (EIE), shallcover the EU Member States, Acces-sion countries, and Candidate coun-tries and is intended to last for fouryears, building on experience gainedwith the EC Renewable Energy Cam-paign for Take-Off (1999-2003). Thescope to be covered is the promotionof energy efficiency and its approachwill be enlarged from that of the CTOto embrace new promotion methodsand effective communication tools.This Public Awareness Campaigncomplements the activity developedin the frame of other EC promotioninitiatives in the energy field, for in-stance “Managenergy”, but does notintend to duplicate nor overlap them.The Public Awareness Campaign foran Energy Sustainable Europe makesa contribution across all the four fieldsof the “Intelligent Energy – Europe”Programme. For this reason it quali-fies as a horizontal key action withinthe Programme. Its aims are the:

Improvement of energy efficiencyand the rational use of energy inparticular in the buildings and in-dustry sectors;Promotion of new and renewableenergy sources for centralised anddecentralised production of electric-ity and heat and their integrationinto the energy systems;

Initiatives related to the energy as-pects of transport, including the di-versification of fuels, the promotionof renewable fuels and energy effi-ciency in transport;Initiatives related to the promotionof energy efficiency and renewableenergy sources in the developingcountries.

AimAimAimAimAimThe Public Awareness Campaign foran Energy Sustainable Europe aimsto bring about a change in the be-haviour of the main players con-cerned, so that they commit them-selves to move towards efficient, cleanand sustainable energy productionand consumption schemes based onsolid foundations and thereby makean explicit contribution to:

the Community efforts designed toraise the part of renewable energyin energy consumption in the EUtowards reaching 12% by 2010and, notably, 21% electricity fromrenewable energy sources and5.75% of biofuels for transport;stabilise and rationalise energyconsumption in order to achieve anadditional 1% reduction of energyintensity above the business asusual scenario;promote clean and energy efficienttransport.

Changing behaviour through aware-ness activities is a 6-step process,starting with raising “awareness ofthe problem”, followed by the “ac-ceptance of personal/corporate in-volvement”, an “attitudes” phase, the“intention” to change behaviour, the“experimental behaviour” and, fi-nally, the “habitual behaviour”. Dif-ferent promotion/communicationmethods and tools are requiredthroughout this process.Set for a period of four years, thePublic Awareness Campaign for anEnergy Sustainable Europe will pro-vide indicative objectives to measureprogress and serve as benchmarks fordecision-makers and planners, dis-seminate the results of successfulprojects, spread best practices, pro-mote exchanges of experience andknow-how and support activity de-signed to encourage European citi-zens, companies and organisations toinvest in technologies and practicesthat allow them save money whilsthaving a positive impact on the envi-ronment. It draws upon a defined setof tasks which are comprised of pro-

Awareness Campaign

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ConclusionsRenewable energy development is in-creasingly recognized as a success-ful way to increase energy autonomy,

Awareness Campaign

motional tools, such as sustainableenergy partnerships, organisation ofsustainable energy weeks, awardscompetitions, web-portal, annualevent of the Campaign, etc. The vari-ous promotion initiatives shall covera selected range of public awarenesstopics and shall be linked into a bal-anced programme co-ordinated withexisting initiatives at local, regional,national and European levels.

The Public Awareness Campaign foran Energy Sustainable Europe setsout a framework for action to high-light investment opportunities andattract the necessary private funding,which is expected to make up the li-on’s share of the capital required. TheCampaign also seeks to encouragepublic spending to focus on the keyfields and, in the process, to comple-ment private investment.Given this market approach, whichis the predominant feature of the Cam-paign, a strong commitment from in-dustry and other potential investorsis clearly crucial, and forms the pri-mary objective of the promotion and

communication plan and operationsto be put forward. The close involve-ment of the Member Sates is of equalimportance, both in communicatingthe ideas, aims and milestones of thePublic Awareness Campaign for anEnergy Sustainable Europe, and infocusing their relevant renewableenergy and energy efficient pro-grammes and schemes, including inthe transport sector, on its objectives.Such a central renewable energy andenergy efficiency public-private part-nership will strengthen the existingco-operation between the public sec-tor at Community level and in theMember States.Addressing the whole spectrum of in-dividual citizens, companies and or-ganisations in their role as consum-ers and producers of energy will re-quire the future tenderers of the newCampaign to work closely throughand with intermediary actors like in-dustrial associations, manufacturers’associations, networks of local/re-gional authorities, networks of agen-cies and other promotion networks,environmental groups, retailers’groupings, consumer associations,professional associations, etc.

improve the security of the energysupply in Europe, including econo-mies of transition, and in developingcountries, where it also helps to pro-vide access to energy in support ofpoverty eradication and thus createseconomic development. Renewablesform part of the European Unionstrategy and the strategies other coun-tries for sustainable development, cli-mate prevention, economic growthand social cohesion. They contributeespecially to reaching the objectivesset under the Lisbon Strategy and theBarcelona Objective. This messageneeds to be transferred to the Mem-ber States and to the respective deci-sion-takers and to the State’s popu-lation.

A relation of trust has to be estab-lished throughout all levels of action(European, national and local) andthe dialogue has to remain activebetween those actors to guaranteemutual consultation and integrationof the expectations and barriers com-ing from the different levels.However well established and main-tained the Campaign will be, achiev-ing good results remains dependenton how the major policies are imple-mented. For instance, Member Stateswill have to find support from theCommission to implement the meas-ures adopted at Community level toensure that every State applies themeasures jointly adopted. Addition-ally, the setting of targets for growthand accompanying them with a sta-ble policy framework for security ofinvestment is equally important, as itis the creation of a level playing field;the further tackling of administrativeand grid barriers through strict en-forcement of regulatory frameworks;the creation of a frameworks for ac-celerating the growth of market forgreen heat; and to expand financialsupport for research and development(R&D).

4545CTO - Showcase

CTOCTOCTOCTOCTOProgrammes,Programmes,Programmes,Programmes,Programmes,Initiatives and ProjectsInitiatives and ProjectsInitiatives and ProjectsInitiatives and ProjectsInitiatives and ProjectsShowcaseShowcaseShowcaseShowcaseShowcase

45Showcases

4646 CTO - Showcase

Main innovative aspectsOne main novel aspect of the Upper Aus-trian energy strategy is that it combinesmeasures creating a demand for sustain-able energy products and services while atthe same time offers measures to meet thecreated demand appropriately.

Enabling factorsA number of well targeted support pro-grammes were implemented in order toreach different target groups using differ-ent measures and targeting at the supplyand the demand side, including for exam-ple:

Creating «demand» for sustainable en-ergy products and services: energy in-formation and awareness raising, en-ergy advice (15,000 energy advice ses-sions annually), seminars, conferences...Supply side: training & education, R&Dprogramme, regional TPF-programme,quality control.

ChallengesOne of the main challenges was to con-tinue the successful development to reachthe really ambitious objectives of the En-ergy 21 strategy and to bring the positivemarket development also to other sectors. Asan example, the ambitious aim in the biomasssector is to double modern biomass heatinginstallations till 2010.In the year 2000, the Energy 21 strategy setthe target of reaching 1,000,000 m² of solarthermal collectors by 2010 - equalling nearly1 m² per inhabitant!

Replication potentialThe approach taken in Upper Austria canserve as an example for other regions andcountries in Europe that a strategic approachbased on a strong political commitment anda clear action plan can lead to a significantchange in energy production and consump-tion.

UPPER AUSTRIAa model for aRE REGION

Contact: Christine Öhlinger •O.Ö EnergiesparverbandLinz, Upper Austria • Austria • Tel: + 43-732-7720-14380

Email: [email protected] • Website: www.esv.or.at

A very proactive regional government putinto place a regional energy strategy in1994. It continued in 2000 with a secondphase called «Energy 21» which sets com-plementary objectives, consisting of 25concrete measures following a timetable.Thanks to this programme, the share ofrenewable energy sources (RES) increasedin Upper Austria from 25 % in 1993 tomore than 30% currently of the primaryenergy consumption.

Main aims and motivationsThe main aim of the Upper Austrian en-ergy strategy is that based on clear politi-cal commitment, an action plan which com-prises a mix of measures targeting at dif-ferent market actors, should be conse-quently implemented. The implementationof the action plan is done by the regionalenergy agency O.Ö. Energiesparverband,which is very close to the market actors.Besides the environmental benefits, theenergy strategy also brings clear economicadvantages for the region. Currently morethan 10,000 jobs are secured by renew-able energy sources. A network of compa-nies working in the field of sustainableenergy has been established in the region,where 133 partners are co-operating.These green energy businesses achieve a

total turn-over of more than 235 million•and employ around 2,000 people.

The initiativeIn 1994 concrete goals to reduce fossil fuelconsumption by increasing both energy effi-ciency and the use of RES by 2000 were setand a comprehensive energy action plan wasdeveloped and implemented, which led to asignificant market development of renewableenergy sources and the achievement of thepolicy goals set by the energy strategy.In the year 2000, the Upper Austrian Gov-ernment unanimously passed the secondphase of the regional energy strategy, the«Energy 21», including again ambitious ob-jectives to be met by the implementation of aclearly specified action plan consisting of 25concrete measures.O.Ö. Energiesparverband, the regional en-ergy agency of Upper Austria is responsiblefor the implementation of most of the meas-ures included in the action plan.

As a result of the implementation of the en-ergy strategy, the share of RES increasedfrom 25 % to more than 30 %, featuring aleading position in modern biomass installa-tions but also a number of other RES instal-lations, e.g. solar thermal, PV plants, smallhydro power plants, wind power plants, etc…

Achievement by the end of 2002 in biomass

A leading position in modern biomass installations:

15,100 modern wood heating installations (852 MW)32 % of all Austrian wood chips installations200 biomass district heating plants4,500 wood pellets central heating installations27 % of all Austrian wood pellets installations12 large pellet producing companies15 companies producing biomass boilers & stoves

Achievements in other sectors

650,000 m² solar thermal collectors (7/2003), 470 m²/1000 inhabitants600 PV plants (2,600 kWp)> 500 small hydro power plants (< 10 MW)17 wind power plants (7/2003), 14.4 MW> 30 biogas and > 30 sewage gas plantsgeothermal energy (50 MW), one plant for electricity generation

CTO - Showcase 47CTO - Showcase

FISCHERthe first factory worldwide

supplied by a tri-generationbiomass plant

Contacts: Helmut Roithmayer • Scharoplan GmbHRainerstraße • 4020 Linz • Austria • Tel: +43-732-668-009E-mail [email protected]

In February 2001 Fischer, the world mar-ket leader in ski and aeroplane components,opened a tri-generation biomass plantwhich supplies two production facilitieswith heating, cooling and electricity. Fischerbecame the first factory worldwide to havebeen able to cover its heat and cooling needswith such a system for the production proc-ess and regulation of the building tempera-ture, as well as being provided with elec-tricity by such a system.

Main motivationsFor 30 years, Fischer had been using asteam boiler in conjunction with a back-upboiler, fired by heavy heating oil to supplythe heat demands. This system was cheapbut very environmentally unfriendly. Whenit came to replace the old system by a newsystem, the environmental concerns and thebeliefs that renewable energy sources willbecome increasingly important in futureconvinced Fischer to invest in research andinnovation and to become the first factoryworldwide to be supplied by a tri-genera-tion biomass plant.

Project detailsUsing the waste of the wood industry (inparticular bark, woodchips and sawmillwastes) and the agricultural sector, thebiomass source of energy is used to supplythe total of heat and cooling needs, whilecovering an important part of the electric-ity needs too.20,000 m3 of biomass are transportedyearly by train to be brought to the Fischerproduction site. This is one third of thetotal amount of biomass needed for thisplant.

Overall EvaluationThis project has been awarded the EnergyGlobe Award 2001 as an excellent exam-ple how a high-tech factory can fulfill itshigh quality energy needs with a biomassplant.

The 15-year contract signed betweenScharoplan and Fischer shows long-termenvironmental and social commitments.Signed in 1999 it targets at using REwhenever possible, ensuring high securityof supply and safety levels, reducing re-gional emissions and contributing to theKyoto commitments, as well as creatingsocio-economic benefits for the region.The consultancy Scharoplan strongly be-lieves that the expected development of arailway after the privatization of the trainsector, should facilitate a larger propor-tion of biomass transportation by train.

Main innovative aspectsThe “energy contracting” arrangementconcluded between the Scharoplan consul-tancy and Fischer enabled "the combina-tion of an innovative biomass installationwith a modern financing scheme for theplant. The firm's own capital and externalfinance amounted 65%of the total invest-ment amount that was 5 million euros. Therest was covered by subsidies from theEuropean Commission, the national gov-ernment and the federal state of UpperAustria.

With this arrangement, Scharoplan own-ing and operating the plant, it sells the heatand electricity to Fischer to market price.Any electricity produced in excess of needswill be fed into the national network. IfFischer needs more electricity, it can buy itfrom the national grid.

Enabling factorsBiomass by-products were available fromthe nearby forestry and agricultural sec-tors, usually within a distance of 50 km,maximum 100 km.

ChallengesThe main problems was to install the tri-generation plant without having to inter-rupt the production process of the Fischerfactory. Hence, the main work had to bedone during weekends or during periodswhen the production process was shutdown anyway.

Replication PotentialReplication is dependent on the availabilityof biomass supply, as well as affected bythe possibility to receive a subsidy.

Number of jobs createdThe project created and preserved job, to-talling around 100,000 person-hours dur-ing the planning and construction phases,and three person-years for the operation ofthe plant. Furthermore, the project gener-ates additional income in the agriculturaland forestry sectors, thus indirectly con-tributing to increase and preserve jobsthanks to the purchase of their waste by-products by a new customer.

Environmental targetFischer substitutes 3,000 tonnes of heavyheating oil per year and reduces CO2 emis-sions by 9,456 tonnes per year, amongother emissions reduction.

Amount ofbiomass used

50,000 m3 of bark, woodchips and sawmill wastes yearlyreplace the heavy heating oil used before.

Annual output 26,000 MWh of heat; 1,000 MWh of cooling, 2,000 MWh ofpower, and 1,500 MWh of thermal oil.

Transport

a train connection for the environmentally friendly transport offuel is needed.135 wagons and about 270LKWs are needed per year; 1/3 isby railway; 2/3 by road traffic.

4848 CTO - Showcase

The Eeklo project was an outstanding suc-cess in that it gained huge support andattention for Wind Power and RESthroughout Eeklo, regionally and also atan EU level mainly through the high levelof community involvement. Although therewere some obstacles the project wasgreatly facilitated by the fact that trans-portation of Green Electricity over the dis-tribution net is free in Flanders. This cutapproximately a third of conventional sup-ply costs enabling Ecopower to sell elec-tricity to its customers at a lower rate whilstlosing no money themselves.Main aims and motivations To rapidly ex-ploit the RES potential in the Flemish re-gion of Belgium. To achieve close involve-ment and awareness at a community level.

The projectEcopower (a financing co-operative forrenewable energy) implemented a sustain-able energy project in the small Flemishcity of Eeklo. In 2001 the first two of threeplanned wind turbines started production.These are the largest wind turbines in Bel-gium, increasing the total installed capac-ity by over 20%. Also as part of the projectthere is a small hydro station.

Overall EvaluationHigh acceptance for Wind Energy withinthe community of Eeklo.Increased awareness of sustainable en-ergy issues.Generated tourism and interest fromother localities and also at EU level.

Innovative community involvementOne of the aims of the Eeklo project wasclose community involvement and supportfor the project. This was mainly achievedby delivering direct benefits to the residentsof Eeklo through selling them shares at250 Euro each and with 6% dividends. Allshareholders have equal influence regard-less of amount of shares they possess.

Enabling factorsThe project received financial support fromthe Flemish regional authorities. A furtherenabling factor to the realization of the projectwas Market liberalization which facilitatesthe direct sale of electricity to private con-sumers. There was also legal support in thattransportation of green electricity over thedistribution net in Flanders is free, a majorfacilitating factor for Ecopower when decid-ing to become a supplier.

ChallengesThe administrative processes for setting upa project like this are long and slow. Onecomplaint can halt a wind turbine being in-stalled even if the majority of the residentsare in favour of it. This happened in Eekloat one of the three planned sites and is thereason why the overall wind energy targethas not been reached.It was also necessary to combat the pre-conceptions of the local governments whowere skeptical about the installation of windturbines. This was achieved by providingthem with all the facts and the predictedbenefits. The overwhelming communitysupport and financial success of this projectmay help to strengthen political enthusi-asm for future projects of this kind.

Replication Potential:EEKLO project is a replication of many oth-ers of its kind in Germany and Denmark.Involving the community was what madethe project so widely accepted and sup-ported both financially and through com-munity participation. This is somethingthat can be done in any local area providedthat the local council is interested.The success due to the law in Flanders,that specifies that transportation of GreenElectricity over the low-voltage distribu-tion net is free of charge, should serve asan example to other regional governments.RES development would be given the boostit needs.Two other co-operatives want to do simi-lar things in Flanders and there is alsosome activity in Wallonia.

Implementation of the RES projects(1999 – 2003)The public are willing to make more ef-forts to support RES developments but theproblem is in raising their awareness ofthe issues. A concerted campaign operat-ing on all levels; EU, national, regional andlocal is needed in order to achieve this.The results of the Eeklo project constitutea 30% rise in RES share on a local level.

Contact: Mr. Karel Derveaux •Ecopower cvbaStatiestraat 164 e, B-2600 Brecham-Antwerpen • Belgium

Tel/Fax: 0032 3 287 37 79 •E-mail: [email protected]: www.ecopower.be

EEKLOSustainableEnergy Project

Objective Result Comment

Wind Energy 15 MW 4.3 MW Delays in building permission (av 8,500,000 kWH/year)

PV Systems not defined 10 kWp Co-ordinated private investors

Micro-hydro 125 kW 100 kW Production levels doubled andcost halved due to local involvment

Due to market liberalizationGain 1000 >2000 Ecopower is able toShareholders sell electricity directly to private

consumers

Community 4 long term jobs created


SOLTHERM WALLOONSolar Thermal

Action Plan

Contact: Oona Negro • Walloon Regional Government4, rue des Brigades d’Irlande • B 5100 Jambes • Belgium Tel: + 32(0)81 32 34 11 • Email: [email protected]: http://daras.wallonie.be and http://energie.wallonie.be

The Walloon Region set an action plan withthe clearly ambitious objective to have200,000 m2 of solar thermal collectorsinstalled by 2010. This objective wouldtranslate into about 60 m2 per 1,000 in-habitants. Since January 2001, more than1,000 households have opted for a solarthermal system and 5-10 large installa-tions in public buildings are under construc-tion. Although the objectives are still farfrom being reached, the growing trend hassoared for the last year.

Main motivationsThis Action plan was launched to createthe conditions for emergence of the solarthermal market in Wallonia, to help it tobecome self-supporting and to initiate awide “cultural” evolution.Main motivations were the mature tech-nology, the economically viable investment,the fact that local Small and Medium En-terprises (SMEs) which are active in solaralready exist in Wallonia and that the tech-nology can be used by any household.

The PlanIn order to reach the objectives, supply anddemand needs to match, which requiresboth sides to be prepared to choose solarthermal for the water systems. A volun-tary “Soltherm” agreement was developed

for producers and installers to insure qual-ity, as well as an awareness raising cam-paign to overcome the population’s vari-ous prejudices on solar thermal and a sup-port system to overcome the barrier ofprice.

Overall EvaluationExpected economical impact could reach200 million Euros. The population hasshown increasing interest in solar thermaland SMEs in the water-heating industryhave been able to develop their know-how,thanks to the “Soltherm” qualificationsystem.

Enabling factorsThis program has been mainly catalysedby a Green Minister for Energy in place inWallonia since 1999.Instead of facing the difficult economiccomparison between the investment costof installing a traditional water system andthe investment cost of installing a solarthermal system, the information campaignemphasized the long-term interest of a so-lar investment: the calculation of the esti-mated cost per kWh solar thermal pro-duced over a period of 25 years became akey argument for large systems.To overcome the barrier of the investmentcost, a generous financial scheme has been

set up including the possibility to combineseveral subsidies (Region, Provinces, somemunicipalities), so as to cover up to 75%of the total investment. In practice, about50% of the cost is covered.A leasing system is also tested in 8 munici-palities, which could dramatically boost themarket by getting rid of the barrier of ini-tial investment.

ChallengesFew administrative barriers had to befaced, as several regional energy informa-tion offices offer free advice to private in-dividuals. For large systems, audits aresubsidized up to 50%.A very supportive legislative frameworkwas also developed, offering a frameworkof financial support.

Environmental targetsEmissions reduction, thanks to the instal-lation of solar thermal collectors, is rela-tively low as hot water represents only asmall share (only about 10%) of the totalenergy consumption in Wallonia. Never-theless, energy awareness has globally in-creased, which has an indirect impact onthe environment. Indeed, it appears thatpeople owning a SDHW system are morecautious about consuming energy.

An ambitious objective of 200,000 m2solar thermal collectors installed by 2010. An integrated approach: voluntary “Soltherm”agreement on system quality, installers training, architects training, competition for architects, awareness raising campaign,subsidies, facilities regarding planning permission, demonstration through public example, movable installation on a trailer,evaluation of the feasibility of a mechanism of leasing.

Solar thermal Action plan of the Wallon Region

A major success

Domestic hot water production: more than 1,000 SDHW systems installed or 5,200 m2 (achieved by mid 2003). NB: those figuresdon’t include equipment installed before January 2001.Large collector: 1,000 m2 by 2003.

change of general misperception that there was not enough sun in Belgium for solar thermalmore than 150 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) active in heating systems trained to solar technologymore than 120 architects trained in solar technology50 municipalities (out of 262) offer a local promotion

5050 CTO - Showcase

Lüchow-Dannenberg is a district of 51,000inhabitants, situated in the eastern fringe ofLower Saxony, North Germany. It is spreadover 1,200 km2 and has a very low popula-tion density (42 persons per km2). It is lo-cated on the Elbe river which formed theboundary between West and East Germanybefore reunification. Agriculture and forestryare still important sectors but employmentpotential is in decline.The project which implements the goals ofAgenda 21 locally, and in particular sets thetarget of 100% of energy supplied by RESwithin 10-15 years from 1999 onwards, us-ing mainly wind power and biomass.

Main motivationsThe growing debate concerning the possiblebuilding of a final nuclear waste disposal in asmall village of the district, as well as the strongpolitical will to act against the high percent-age of unemployment and against losing itseducated people, encouraged an alternativesolution, such as RES implementation.A group involved in Agenda 21 initiated around table of reflection in 1997 on the topic“Energy and climate protection” and dis-cussed this issue.

The projectSince 2001, the various energy potentials havebeen identified and conversion scenarios for2015 have been prepared. The main objectivewas set to reach 100% RES. As a precondi-tion to reach this goal the present energy con-sumption level must be reduced by 20%. Anenergy conservation competition gives prizesto the best actions taken each year.

90% of the electricity demand can be met bywind and biogas in the region. The main RESactions include the increase of wind turbinescapacities installed: so far 8 wind turbinescover a total rated capacity of 4.8 MW, pro-ducing 7 million kilowatt-hours electricityannually. A further 85 wind turbines could beinstalled but at the moment there are a lot ofdifficulties within the planning procedure dueto nature conservation concerns.As well, several on-site biogas facilities havebeen installed at farms. A central biogas in-stallation has just been built and is planned toprovide 5000 households with electricity, us-ing waste products coming from the starchfactory (potato juice and pulp), as well as frommaize, cattle and pig slurry delivered by thenearby farmers who hold shares. The heatproduced within the installation is used to re-duce by vaporization the fermentation sub-stratum that is then returned to the farmersfor use as fertilizer, but its volume is signifi-cantly reduced through this process, therebydecreasing truck traffic. Other actions include,for instance, the use of wood as fuel, the re-gions big forest timber potential suffices toproduce 270,000 MWh heat and 30,000MWh power annually.

Overall EvaluationLüchow-Danneberg contributed to reduceenvironmental impacts, as well as to increasethe value added in the region.The central biogas plant is a significant dem-onstration of successful economic biomass use.At the moment two more central biogas plantsare planned. Because of the very poor budgetsituation of the district, which makes it im-

LÜCHOW–DANNENBERGEnergy andclimate protection

Contact: Marlene Sieck • Administrative District of Lüchow-DannenbergKönigsbergerstr. 10 o 29439 Lüchow o Germany • Tel: +49 5841120 445

Fax: +49.5841 129278 • Email: [email protected]

possible to invest in energy saving actions inpublic buildings, the district authority has con-cluded a contracting arrangement.The idea of 100% has been implemented inthe district of Lüchow-Dannenberg througheducational and awareness raising activities.Building upon contacts to universities andsupra-regional research institutes, sustainablejobs could be created in the energy planningand management spheres. Lastly, severalschools and kindergardens have installedphotovoltaic units, financed by teachers andcitizens. The planning and construction wasexercised together with pupils, integrating animportant educational and awareness raisingdimension.

Enabling factorsThe ideas coming out of the round-table on“Energy and climate protection”, set up in1997, were welcomed by the district adminis-tration and the local politicians. The districtassembly passed a resolution to support theseplans. Soon, there was a network of commit-ted people in the different public and privatesectors of the district enabled success in sev-eral initiatives.

ChallengesA great difficulty is the bad economic situa-tion in Germany as a whole and in this remoterural area in particular. The construction ofwind farms proceeds much more slowly thanexpected because of complicated planning pro-cedures.

Replication PotentialThe clear success of this local community onits way to sustainability is contributing tospread the message beyond the district andwill encourage replication especially in ruralareas of the accession countries. Polish con-tacts from the partner district to Lüchow-Dannenberg showed high interest in the en-ergy activities and participated in several work-shops. An exchange on RES with a delegationfrom Latvia took place in 2003.

Key factsof the

project

PV Systems have achieved an output of 4,200 kWp

Domestic hot water production ca. 1,900 m2 in municipal plants and

ca.15,300 m2 in private plants

District heating: 3,000 m2

Utility owned wind farm with a 1.5 MW capacity

2 Biogas installations at 130 kW and one at 140 kW

Medium temperature Geothermal with a heat capacity of 6-8 MW


KRONSBERGan innovativebuilding area

Contact: Rheinhard MartinsenResponsible coordinator for environmental planning • GermanyTel: +49 511 168.44466 • Email:[email protected]

Kronsberg is a district area of the Germancity of Hannover where a demonstrationproject of 6000 dwellings has been in theprocess of establishment between the endof the 90’s and 2003 Its aim is to showhow far one can go in promoting environ-mental measures. This was part of ambi-tious projects within the framework of theWorld Expo in Hannover by 2000. Theobjectives were to reduce the energy con-sumption by 50% and CO2 emissions by60%. Once the project is finished, 15,000inhabitants will live in a completely energysustainable district. Thanks to a long-tra-dition of consultation when the City Coun-cil takes decisions on public projects, allmain actors indirectly involved in the projectcame to an agreement to have the mostenvironmentally-friendly measures possi-ble in the sector of energy use and energysupply; water management; numerouswaste management strategies; soil man-agement and transport measures amongothers, taking into account the economicconstraints.

The projectThe city’s 30 year-long experience of con-sultation with citizens to reach high levelsof public acceptance for any major publicproject implemented that will influence theenvironment and public space led to an eco-logical showcase built for the World Ex-position hosted by Hannover in the year2000. As the Kronsberg site was close tothe expo, one condition of the contract be-tween the city and other EXPO organizerswas the construction of the KronsbergSustainable Residential Area.The concerted approach in the case ofKronsberg took place among the Council,the environmental and consumers groups,as well as with investors, architects andhousing companies. As a result of the ac-tion plan, several measures were adoptedto promote the development of this project:1) the ground was sold to the real estate

agents at the lowest possible market price;2) long-term benefits of the investment weredemonstrated to the real estate agent; 3)indirect subsidies were given to futurehouse owners, in order not to make theprice more expensive than if there had beenno environmental measures.Concerning energy measures, the cityproject installed two wind turbines of 1.5and 1.8 MW, an optimised energy provi-sion by a differentiated district heatingsystem fed by two decentralisedcogeneration plants, developed the“solarcity” solar power project with asuperinsulated 2,750 m3 seasonal storagetank and other innovative technology suchas passive houses, photovoltaic plants atthe primary school, etc...

Overall EvaluationThe project shows flexibility and adapt-ability to always find the best environmen-tal option, taking into account the eco-nomic constraints: for instance, if so farthe local district heating system is run by aCombined Heat and Power system withnatural gas, being still the most economicoption, the project developers keep an eyeon replacing it with fuels cells, as soon asthey become economic.

ChallengesTo overcome the costs barriers of theproject the Council offered indirect subsi-dies to future inhabitants on one side, whileon the other side made the selling price ofthe ground for house promoters about thesame than if there had been no environ-mental measures. This was possible be-

cause the city owned the ground. At thesame time, the price of the constructionarea was still not below the minimum mar-ket price of the ground. However housepromoter could be finally convinced whentold that despite initial investment costswere high, the very low maintenance andrunning costs enable a pay-back period of7 years already.A certain lack of knowledge of and thereforelack of support for RES coming from thepopulation and even from architects, neces-sitated to set up public information cam-paigns as well as training courses for archi-tects and building companies to show notonly how to build such low-energy buildings,but also the economic benefits, not to men-tion the innovative side of such as project.

Replication PotentialThe Expo opened the minds of local inves-tors and architects who wanted to be involvedin innovative projects. After the World Expo,this movement continued, but was slightlyless active. The project was a concrete exam-ple of how this can work. Now, the real es-tate sector of the nearby area is sensitive. Ifit offers lower quality construction, it maygain a bad image, as the population expectsto have the same standards as the Kronsbergbuildings.From the point of view of the main projectpromoter this project that has been presentedto several other European countries as ashowcase is replicable. However, it is facili-tated if some event out of the ordinary takesplace at the local level: this will encouragelocal authorities to push for innovativeprojects.

Key facts of the project

Kronsberg: A whole new environmentally friendly district: 6,000 dwellings for15,000 inhabitants

Reduce energy consumption by 50%

Reduce CO2 emissions by 60%

Lesson lernt: One good example in your own city gives a new scale ofreference and encourages replication.

5252 CTO - Showcase

One of the major buildings erected in thegovernmental quarter of Berlin during thelast years was the Paul Löbe Haus thathouses offices of the federal elected offi-cials as well as the meeting halls of the Fed-eral Lower House of Parliament Commit-tee. The Paul Löbe Haus is a subtle mixtureof PV integration and combined heat andpower plants, accompanied by the target toreach the energy standard of at least 25%better than the actual building regulations.This PV system is the world’s largest thin-layer system integrated into a building madeof amorphous silicon, the world largest sys-tem made of semi-transparent PV modules,and one of the largest directed shadow pho-tovoltaic systems in existence.

Main motivationsDuring the 1990’s, Berlin has taken theopportunity of the move of the headquar-ters of the German capital from Bonn toBerlin to adopt a program of implementa-tion of RE technologies into the variouspublic buildings that needed to be erected inthe new governmental quarter in Berlin. Theenvironmental energy strategy «Solar sup-plied governmental quarter» targeted at theintegration of circa 1 MWp of photovoltaicsystems into the governmental buildings. Aswell, plans were to provide low energy build-ings, to avoid air-conditioning systems andto use combined heat and power plants onthe basis of biofuels (rape-oil) for energysupply.

The ProjectThe «Paul-Löbe Haus» is a building of about950 offices for members of the Parliament,21 conference halls for Parliamentary Com-mittees and meeting rooms, a seminar area,two restaurants, the Europe conference halland a visitors area. A 123 kWp solar plantis integrated in the lamella shading systemfor the central atrium.A decentralised renewable energy systemhas been built up between the governmental

buildings in the Spreebogen, the governmen-tal quarter. The buildings are interconnectedwith a local electricity grid, as well as withtwo central seasonal aquifer-storages, onefor cooling and one for heat situated belowthe Reichstag building. Combined heat andpower plants (CHP –units) are also a ma-jor power supply of this local energy sys-tem. As a result 80% of the consumed ther-mal and electric energy of all governmentalbuildings in the area are provided with RE.

Overall EvaluationThe integration of a photovoltaic systemhowever arrived in a later stage of the sev-eral years project implementation to replacethe originally planned aluminium blinds asa heating system concept. The positioningof the PV panels was not optimal in termsof electricity production, but the PV-systemoffered other energy benefits, such as thepossibility to use daylight from the north,without blurring effects, and reducing over-heating in the building.Hence, despite the fact that certain climatic/sun conditions cause a contradiction be-tween optimising the lamella shading sys-tem for daylighting and maximal solar en-ergy gain of the PV-system, the solution wasto run the system energy optimised in termsof the overall energy consumption.

Main innovative aspectsThe main innovative aspects are technical,and certainly demonstrated the importanceof considering the multi-functionality of PVsystems. For instance, in the wintertime,especially in the afternoon, it is more en-ergy efficient to use all sunlight fordaylighting, than using it for producing so-lar electricity, in which case lamellas can bemoved to minimise shading of the hall.

ChallengesBerlin took the opportunity to become thedemonstration ground for ambitious archi-tectural projects over the last decade: theSpreebogen is a symbolic historical area,containing the Reichstag, and close to thepath of the Berlin wall, thus making it apowerful centre for innovative architecturalprojects. On the other hand, the very largeground available imposed very little restric-tion on architectural design. The only chal-lenges were therefore how to organise themost optimal energy system among the dif-ferent new buildings.

Replication PotentialIt is certainly an impressive achievement inthe field of architecture. The Paul LöbeHouse demonstrated how a building basedon renewable energy can be combined withaesthetic criteria and passive solar tech-niques.

PAUL LOEBE HAUSSustainable EnergyPublic Building

Contact: Johannes Hanf • Braunfels ArchitektenD-10969 Berlin • Germany • Tel: +49 30 2537 600

Email: [email protected]

Solargovernmentalprogramme

Environmental strategy «Solar supplied governmentalquarter» with the objective to have circa 1 MWp ofphotovoltaic systems into the governmental buildings

PV in the PaulLöbe Haus

123 kWp solar plant, 6,048 semitransparent PV lamellaswere installed on the 5,500 m2 roof made of saw-tooth glassWorld’s largest thin-layer system integrated into a buildingmade of amorphous siliconMulti-functionality of PV systems: electricity, but also forpassive solar house purposes

Combined heatand power plants

Biofuels (rape-oil) energy supply; 80% of the consumedthermal and electric energy of all govermental buildings inthe area are provided with RE

Energy standardin thePaul Löbe Haus

At least 25% better than the actual building regulations80% of the consumed thermal and electric energy of allgovermental buildings in the area are provided by RE


The district of Lübow-Krassow, situatedin Northern Germany, has set itself thetarget of sourcing 100% of its energy sup-ply from Renewable Energy by the year2030. In order to achieve this a variety ofinitiatives have been and are being imple-mented. The main two efforts were the es-tablishment of a Solarcentre inMecklenburg – Vorpommern and The En-ergy Park in Krassow. Furthermore twocomplimentary actions have been initiatedunder the management of the Solarinitia-tive MV, the “Solar East-Sea Coast” dem-onstrating solar alternatives in transportand tourism and “Network, Climate Secu-rity Permanency – Solar Energy for MV”opening a solar consultancy in Schwerin.Also accesses to the East-Sea highwaywere constructed, powered solely by renew-able energy. They also purify water by aidof plant sewage.

Main aims and motivationsThe region of Lübow-Krassow intends tofulfil the 100% RES target and to helppreserving the environment by reducing theuse of conventional fuel consumption. An-other important motivation is the positiveimpact on employment and rural diversifi-cation.

Project detailsThe Solar center in Mecklenburg –Vorpommern was constructed todemonstrate the feasibility of REStechnologies. It is fed by solar ther-mal and solar photovoltaic modulesand will be used as a communicationcenter and meeting point for youngscientists, trainees and craftsmenand offer vocational and advancedtraining in the field of RES. It willalso serve as the headquarters forsolar research in the district. A windpark at Lübow will be integrated asan extension of the training and dem-onstration activities.

LÜBOW-KRASSOW100% RES

supplied Region

Contact: Ms Brigitte Schmidt • Solarinitiative MV e.V. Haus 923966 Triwalk • GermanyTel: +49 3841 780 045 • Fax: +49 3841 780 075E-mail: [email protected] • Website: www.solarmv

Overall EvaluationThe project had an impact on public opinion inthat it increased the interest in and knowledgeand application of RES among the popula-tion, people expressed an interest in finding ajob with help from the center. Apart fromSolarinitiative MV, regional politicians andhouseholders became involved with theprojects. The predicted rise in employment is256 jobs in the next five years. There are plansto build 15 wind turbines, 1,500 m2 of solarPV panels, 2 biogas plants, 1 oil-pressing mill,1 bio-coke plant and 1 bio-methanol plant inthe next 30 years.

RES IncreaseThe result of the Solarcentre alone was a 5%increase in RES supply at local level.

Innovative financing schemeThe wind farm in Lübow-Krassow was fi-nanced through a private-public poolingscheme.

Enabling factorsThe project received financial support fromthe Parliament of Mecklenburg –Vorpommerns ‘Future’ fund and from theMinistry of Environment which also providedpolitical support to the project.

Administrative barriersThe administrative challenges were seen to bedecreasing throughout the course of theproject, which is optimistic for future projectsof this nature.Although the center took more time than an-ticipated to set up another similar projectwould be easier to implement after the lessonslearned through the establishment of this one.

Replication PotentialThis Solarcentre is not a replica in itself but ithas a high replication potential due to the jobsit can provide, both directly through staffingand indirectly through training and dissemi-nation of information. Solarinitiative MVknows no similar initiatives but they would bewilling to participate in other such projects.Solarinitiative MV is a partner in the EUproject 100% RENET together with part-ners from Austria, Spain and France. TheSolar center is also integrated in the GermanProject “ESEAN”

Change in perception of implementingRES projects (1999 – 2003)It is easier to implement RES projects to-day than it was a few years ago. The publicis also ready to make efforts to support RESdevelopments in general. This is importantand linked to the fact that there is a growingconcern for the issues of sustainable energythan there was in 1999.

Wind Energy: 2MW 4.2 MWBiogas plant 1.4 GWh electricity

2.15 GWh heat

PV Systems 2x25 kWp Biogas plant Krassow 2.4 GWh electricity3.6 GWh heat

Thermal 60m2 Oil-pressing mill/rape9,000t/a

CHP plant Decentralised fired 600MWh750 kW

Solar center Energy Park Krassow Objective: Result: Objective: Result:

CO2 reduction 4,600 t/y Bio-coke plant 11,500 t Bio-coke

SOx reduction 6.4 t/y Bio-methanol plant 20,000 l biofuel

Nox reduction 4.7 t/y Wind generators 270GWh

5454 CTO - Showcase

Hotel Victoria • Eisenbahnstrasse 54 • 79098 Freiburg • GermanyTel: +49 761-207 34-0 • Fax: +49 761-207 34-444

E-mail: [email protected] • website: www.hotel-victoria.de

The Hotel Victoria in Freiburg, Germanyis a shining example of a successful pri-vate renewable energy project. As a hotel,it is a large energy user, consuming210,000 kWh of electricity and 450,000kWh of heat each year. This is enough en-ergy for 60 households and would supplyheat to 15 family homes.The Hotel proprietors decided to combatthis by ever increasing the energy efficiencyof the hotel and to source 100% of it’senergy from a wide range of renewablesources.

Main aims and motivationsThe objectives are to reduce energy depend-ency and usage, to raise public awarenessand therefore propagate an ecological at-titude amongst the guests and to push forprioritization of RES issues.

Project detailsHotel Victoria uses the most ecologicaltechnology possible to minimize water, heatand electricity consumption. For example,all showers are water-saving and use 30%less water than the average conventionalshower, toilets have a 6 litre capacity in-stead of the previous 9 litres. The mini-

bars in the rooms are also 30% more effi-cient. No foods with polluting packagingare served in the hotel and food is sourcedlocally where possible which avoids trans-portation emissions and supports localbusiness. All waste is recycled and all clean-ing products are eco-friendly.To source energy from renewables the ho-tel has solar panels on the roof which pro-vide 25% of the rooms with electricity. Theold heating system was replaced with awood-pellet system in 2002. The woodcomes from a guaranteed sustainablesource. The hotel has a share in theEtterheim wind farm which provides100,000 kWh per year.

Main Innovative AspectThis project was implemented solely underthe impetus of the hotel owners due to theirconcern for the environment and desire tospread this concern to the public by run-ning their business in as ecological a wayas possible.They are continually developing new meth-ods to extend their efforts, for examplethe hotel provides a free public transportpass to all guests for the duration of theirstay. The hotel also hires out bicycles.

Overall evaluationHotel Victoria has reached its target of100% RES. The staff are careful to en-sure that the guests are aware of their eco-logical practices through brochures anddemonstrations of the policies and tech-nologies used. The Hotel Victoria has re-ceived many acknowledgements andawards. It won the Environmental Award2000 as the most environmentally friendlyhotel in Germany, the Green Hotelier, TheEnergy Globe 2001, the EnvironmentalPrize for Business and recently in the 2002edition of the magazine “DerFeinschmecker” Hotel Victoria was votedthe best hotel in Germany.

Enabling factorsTechnical support was provided by theFreiburg Energy Agency, the engineeringoffice ‘Solares Bauen’, University of Stutt-gart. There were financial subsidies fromthe state of Germany and the municipalityfor Solar PV.

Replication PotentialThe hotel is a working example that otherscan use as a model for both environmentaland economic reasons due to its success inboth areas. It is an original project thathas not yet been replicated.

Change in perception of implementingRES projects (1999 – 2003)The hotel management feels that the issueof sustainable energy is of a greater con-cern today than in 1999 and obstacles toRES development have decreased todaycompared to then.

RES IncreaseHotel Victoria has reached its target of100% RES and makes an annual savingof 230,000 kg of CO2 and 30 0kg ofS0x.

Technology Achieved

PV systems 7.6 kWp

Thermal collectors 30 m2

Domestic hot water

Thermal collectors 30 m2

Domestic hot water

Small commercial 1.3 MWWind farms (<5 MW)

Dwelling heated 300 kWBy Biomass

Dwelling heated 300 kWBy Biomass

Enviromental statement 20,000 guests a yearIn all guest rooms

Guided environmental 1,000 persons a yearTours

FREIBURGHotel Victoria


The city of Munich created the policy frame-work for promoting renewable sources ofenergy in the late Eighties and it has ex-panded and deepened since then. Initially,the emphasis was on solar-thermal sys-tems and then, more recently, on solar-pho-tovoltaic systems.The projects main objectives are to createa well managed forum, which brings to-gether market players in a climate of con-fidence in order to tackle projects, meas-ures, actions and campaigns and to doublethe share of energy from renewable sourcesin Munich by 2010.The partnership between the City Councilof Munich and the European Commission,which includes many programmes and ac-tivities in a number of RE fields, reflectsthe enormous effort that has been made bythe local authority to reduce energy de-pendence and improve the quality of thecity’s environment. The RE Partnershipcreated involves the members of the alreadyexisting “Munich Ecology Alliance” (whichincludes craftsmen’ organisations, indus-try, NGOs, banks, administrative authori-ties), as well as the municipal utility com-pany and the Munich Energy Agency.

The ProjectIn order to reach this goal many projectshave either already been completed or arecurrently underway. Projects include: aspecial forum “Solar City of Munich” tofacilitate the exchange of knowledge, dis-semination of information and project re-sults targeted at Solar Thermal and PV.

There is also a special forum “energy effi-ciency in office buildings”, Munich Solardays – a publicity event organized since1987 - with a non-commercial Solar mar-ket outdoors and a commercial Solar Fairindoors. The project further supports Citi-zens partnership solar plants, solar roofson municipal buildings, mobile solar infor-mation booths, solar ice-cream bicycle –selling solar-power cooled ice-cream incombination with information distribution.

Citizens´ partnership PV plantsThe project used the financing concept ofCitizens’ partnership solar plants. Privateand public interested parties; investmentgrants and/or grants for public relationsto the operators of citizens´ partnershipPV plants were used towards the realiza-tion of five large PV plants. This involvedthe citizens, who are not builders them-selves, with the utilization of solar energy.

Enabling factorsPolitical support was received through thefoundation of a climate and energy taskforce during the International Energy Con-ference “Rio 10” in Munich 8/02. Finan-cial support came from the European Com-missions ALTENER 2002; legal backingcame from the Renewable Energies Actfrom the German Government.

ChallengesThe figures of about 6 % of electric energygenerated from renewable energy andabout 8,000 customers using natural

power (eco-electricity) demonstrate, thatthere remains a lot to do. Due to economic(prices for fossil fuels still are too low)and political (support still is too weak) rea-sons, people were not sufficiently motivatedto deal with the matter of renewable ener-gies. Furthermore, the necessity for thepromotion of renewable energies was notrecognized by the politicians, so that thefinancial means were not made available.This was combated as far as possible bymeans of public relations consisting of con-ferences, the special forums, the solar days,the citizens’ partnership plants, the solarinformation booth, the solar ice-cream bi-cycle

Replication PotentialThe climate protection activities carried outby city of Munich may be, in principle, con-ducted by every town or city. The main pre-requisites are political willingness and suf-ficient financial capacities, which certainlyinfluence each other. There is a tight co-operation between the city of Munich andfurther European cities in the frameworkof the climate and energy task force.

Change in perception of implementingRES projects (1999 – 2003)The issue of sustainable energy is of greaterconcern today than 1999. It is not easierto finance a project today due to difficul-ties caused by the actual economic prob-lems and the resulting tax policy. Achievedsuccess and future success is threatenedby economic and employment problems.

RES Increase:By 2000 the PV share increased by 56%and then by 2003 by another 98.6% Theshare of Solar Thermal increased by 45%and then 42% at the same dates.

MUNICHRES & RUE

Alliance

Contact: Mr George Ritter • City of MunichDepartment of Health and Environment • Bayerstrasse 28aD-80335 München • Germany • Tel: +49-89-233-477 10Fax: +49-89-233-477 05 • E-mail: [email protected]


PV Systems have achieved an output of 4,200 kWp

Domestic hot water production ca. 1,900 m2 in municipal plants andca.15,300 m2 in private plants

District heating: 3,000 m2

Utility owned wind farm with a 1.5 MW capacity2 Biogas installations at 130 kW and one at 140 kWMedium temperature Geothermal with a heat capacity of 6-8 MW

5656 CTO - Showcase

PELLWORM100% RES

Contact: Mathias Schikotanz/Claus Zetl •Oekologisch Wirtschaften e.VTammensiel 25a • 25849 Pellworm • Tel: +49 48441212

Fax: +49 4844259 •E-mail: [email protected]

In 1997 the German island Pellworm drewup a renewable energy plan in order topresent model concepts for energy supplysourced from renewables and to access awide range of applications. The strategyfor the future is to fully exploit the island’smain sources of renewables: wind, sun andbiomass. Pellworm is connected to themainland electricity grid in Germany viasubmarine cables. The idea is to sever thisconnection in the near future and create aself-sufficient, 100% RES system.

The initiativeThe strategy set up by the island is to worktowards the goal of increasing the shareof renewables to 100%. Increasing publicawareness of issues related to renewableenergy and spreading best practices toother locations where similar potentialsexist are also important motivational fac-tors.So far 13 wind turbines have been erectedto achieve the goal of exploiting the renew-able energy capabilities of the island. Windenergy has by far the greatest potential ofthe renewable energy and there is still muchroom for expansion.Photovoltaic and Biomass are also beingfurther developed. A biogas plant is in theprocess of being established at the currenttime.

Innovative aspectOnce the feasibility study for the Biogasplant was completed three farmers whowished to participate formed a society andadapted the project outline into a plant theycould set up. Since then more people havejoined the society and in this way the planthas enough financial backing and is now inthe establishment process.

Enabling factorsThe cost of the feasibility study for thebiogas plant was taken over by the federalstate of Schleswig-Holstein and the

Pellworm local government. After this wascompleted three farmers took up theproject and formed a society in order toimplement the project. The plant is now inthe development stages. Financial aid hasalso been received from the EU from theALTENER Programme and from EON,then Schlewag. The current task is to ac-quire funding for the heat storage plantthat would enable the heat from the newbiogas plant to be used in Pellworm also.To combat the lack of funding, Pellworm,in conjunction with the Georesearch insti-tute in Potsdam, held an Information Dayin autumn 2001. As a result of this theUniversity of Lüneburg and Stuttgart be-came interested and agreed to take overthe research, that has been outlined in thePellworm feasibility study, of the new heatstorer which will be shallower (20-40 me-ters deep), so more cost effective to boardown to and with a higher temperatureoutput (70 degrees) than any yet in exist-ence.

ChallengesThere have been some challenges posedfrom a lack of proactive political supportin the past. These were eased whenPellworm was selected as a model villagefor the Expo 2000 in Germany. This meant

there was great publicity and support gen-erated. Pellworm received a greater influxof tourists as a result and the project at-tained high visibility.The heat production capabilities for thebiogas plant will not be used under the cur-rent terms. This is due to the fact that thereis not the financial capacity to set up anunderground storage for the heat. The nec-essary funding aid is 60%, of which theEU could supply 50% and Schleswig-Holstein federal state 30%.

Replication PotentialFor many areas heat storage would be theperfect solution. In Pellworm there is nomajor industry mainly residential areas butfor localities that have a high demand forheat this is a really cost effective method.Pellworm has already started to contactthe neighbouring Islands to disseminateinformation and generate support for rep-lication elsewhere.

RES IncreaseAs a result of the initiatives on Pellwormthe RES share of the island has gone up78% and once the biomass plant has beenestablished this will further increase to92%. CO2 emissions have been reduced by80%.

Key facts of the project:

There are 28 large solar thermal collectors installed with a surface area of 318 m3

5 privately owned wind turbines have been installed with an output of 680 kW

There is one windpark with 8 turbines

A combined heat and biomass plant is currently in the planning stages

The objective was to install PV systems with a capacity of 600 kWp and300 kWp of this is currently active


ÆRØa renewable

energy island

Contact: Per Thomas Jensen • VE-Organisation ÆRØ c/o ÆRØ Energi-org MiljikontoVestergade 64 • 5970 AerØkoebing • DenmarkTel/Fax +45 6252 1587/2731o • E-mail [email protected]

The Island of ÆRØ aims to meet its en-ergy demand 100% from renewable en-ergy sources. The island utilises solar en-ergy for district heating and so far there ison average 3.7m2 of solar panels per in-habitant; 26,800 m2 in total. To reach thegoals many other projects are to being setup.

Main aims and motivationsÆRØ wishes to reduce CO2 emissions andbecome self sufficient. This would serve toimprove Island’s economy as the incomewould stay on the Island. It is hoped thatthe jobs created would help to counter thecurrent trend of people leaving the islandfor work.Other main aims are to maintain and in-crease the energy efficiency of the localbusiness community and to ´green´ theexisting jobs within the energy supply sec-tor.There is also the aspiration to increase thelevel of energy related tourism and to in-volve the local population in the projectsand the overall campaign.

Project detailsThe solar energy is sourced from three dis-trict heating plants.Future projects include solar thermal andwoodfuelled domestic heating. A combinedethanol and biogas plant is expected toproduce 20GWh netto annually of energyand treat more than 50,000 tonnes of

waste. In addition to the normal farmslurry, it is capable of treating manure andgreen crop waste and household waste aswell. The produced ethanol will replace20% of petrol consumed on the Island.The Island aims to set up an isolated elec-tricity grid based only on renewables.There will be 10 individual hydrogen house-hold units producing CHP using Hydrogensourced from RES.ÆRØ has set the goal of reducing its elec-tricity demand by 20% up to 2006.

Overall evaluationThe current initiatives implemented aresuccessfully supplying RES to the resi-dents, which provides encouragement forthe new projects that are being developed.There is planning underway to set up alarge biogas plant, which the farmers arekeen to get involved with.

Innovative AspectThe wind turbines and some of the districtheating projects are funded by the sale ofshares directly to the island residents. Thisserves to benefit the local economy andensure a high level of support for and in-terest in the project as people are directlyinvolved.

Enabling factorsThe projects have been co-financed by manymeans, including public and ordinaryloans, registration fees from consumers,

private investments and the sale of shares.Community’s involvement is important inensuring the success of the projects. Thereare 500 community owners of the 3 majorwindmills in Aerø.

ChallengesThere is some local opposition to large windturbines due to the noise and periodicalshade they bring. In the past farmers hada turbine on their own land and so theyalone received the impacts from them butnow they are built far away from the ownerand this gives the illusion to the commu-nity that they were erected without priorconsent, which is not true. There were noproblems with the solar heating projects.

Replication PotentialThe projects should be relatively easy toreplicate as they were carried out undernormal market conditions. Most of theAerø projects were original.

Perception of RES situation today com-pared to 1999There was overwhelming public support forthe islands strategy to become 100% RESsupplied. The participants in Denmark per-ceived the EU support very positively.A science center is currently in the plan-ning stages. This is hoped to increase andconsolidate awareness and the spread ofinformation.

Plant Solar thermal Wood pellet boiler Water Storage

Marstal plant

AerØkoebing

Rise districtheating plant

18,300 m2 18.3 MW waste oil boiler to bereplaced with a wood pellet boiler

15,600 m2

4,900 m2

solar thermalWood pellet boiler 1 MW

Straw boiler 1.6 MW1,400 m3

3,600 m2 800 kW

Three large wind energy turbines were erected each with a capacity of 2 MW which constitutes a combinedproduction of 20.5 GWh annually. This equates to 57% of the total energy consumption of ÆRØ

Five small wind turbines were erected each with a capacity of 1,135 MW

5858 CTO - Showcase

ÅLBORGClean City - Green City

Contact: Bodil Henningson • Vesterbro 14 • DK 9000 Ålborg • DenmarkTel: +45 99 313131 • Fax: +45 99 31 23 22

E-mail: [email protected]

The city of Ålborg has been promoting en-vironmental awareness since the “CleanCity –Green City” campaign. With regardsto town planning, the city council has au-thorised a programme of actions tacklingvarious areas of sustainable and ecologi-cal development. The renovation ofDanmarksgade, a district located in thecentre of Ålborg, was completed during2000. The project consisted in the renova-tion of four blocks, built at the turn of thecentury and the Public Louise Square. Thesquare is central and gives exceptional vis-ibility to the ecological measures taken.Qualified research firms, SBS Byfornyelse,a private company co-coordinating thetechnical and organizational aspects ofurban renovation projects throughoutDenmark, collaborated with themunicipality of Denmark and the DanishHousing Minister.

The ProjectThe main objective of the project was toincrease awareness of RES and ecologicalissues. The project also aimed atshowcasing the renovation of buildings ina sustainable way, presenting new tech-nologies and solutions.The concept of themed houses and work-shops each focusing on different aspectsof sustainability and RES implementationwas the main innovative aspect.The project was divided into six concepts:

The Green Space: To improve the greenareas of Danmarksgade starting withthe new layout of Louise Square.The Yellow House: Installed exemplaryenergy saving and RES technologies intoan old town house, including PV panels,solar collectors, triple glazing, low con-sumption and high performance appli-

ances. The objective was to reduce en-ergy consumption by 30%.The Blue House: Installed innovativetechniques of water storage, the goal isto reduce water consumption by 30%.The technologies used are a water wallthat purifies the used shower water, usedwater toilets and rainwater for laundry.The New Ecology Construction frameconcept: A twenty-six unit social hous-ing was built and used 30% less re-sources in construction than a conven-tional building of the same proportions.A series of workshops were created toshowcase these measures.The Public Spaces frame concept: pro-posals, which examine how to best uti-lize common open space. Four ecologi-cal open spaces have been completedduring the project.The Retrofitting frame concept: to in-troduce as many ecological and environ-mentally friendly, technically tested andfinancially viable measures in urban re-newal.

Overall evaluationAll of the projects were successfully imple-mented except the water wall, which is stillnot in use. The square is now well used bylocal residents and hosts major publicevents, like an ecological market. Experi-ence shows so far that the residents of thepilot projects participate actively in get-

ting new technologies to work. However,despite the interest shown and even thoughsubsidies are available it is still hard toreach a final agreement concerning theapplication of the Rehabilitation frameconcept to housing stock improvements orprivate urban renewal.The methods used in the two houses putthe project five to ten years ahead of itstime. The first partial results of the evalu-ation programme show room for improve-ment. The Yellow House heating consump-tion has dropped by 30% but the energyconsumption has risen to 29 kWh/ (m2a).

ChallengesThe biggest difficulties occurred with theuse of water saving technologies, which hadbeen altered many times. The water wall isstill not in operation. In case of any publiccomplaints or inquires and to keep the lo-cal population involved, citizens had thepossibility to voice their opinions two af-ternoons per week at the info centerLousiegard.

Replication PotentialInnovative technologies used can provideworking examples for interested parties.The Retrofitting and Public Spaces frameconcepts provide results, which can con-tribute to new directions and new stand-ards in urban renewal. Many municipali-ties, including Copenhagen, have taken upthe Ålborg model.


Improved layout and content of the Louise Square

30% less heating consumption in Yellow House

30% water saving in Blue House

30% less resources used in construction of social housing unit

Four ecological open spaces completed

Generated local interest


Samsø is an island geographically locatedalmost exactly in the heart of Denmark withan area of 114 km2. The population of theisland is about 4,400 inhabitants and mainindustries on the island are agriculture, tour-ism, and services. Total gross energy con-sumption is about 900 TJ/year, from whichthe energy consumption in the transport sec-tor is excluded, a renewable energy (RE) ac-counts for 12-15%.People on the island have been trying to in-troduce RE since 1980’s, and then they madea energy plan together with the local utilitycompany (NRGi) and consulting companiesin order to respond to the national energypolicy “Energi 21” which was approved inthe parliament in 1996. In the plan it wasaimed that the intensive saving of energy inthe sector of power generation, heat supply,and transport would be implemented and thecurrent energy supply system would be trans-formed into the renewable energy systemwithin the next 10 years (1998-2007).The project was chosen as “Danish Renew-able Energy Island” by the Danish EnergyAgency in 1997, because the Danish govern-ment expected at that time that the project inSamsø would be a model of solution for theinternational society, authorities, planners,and not least the inhabitants of local com-munity who were facing the many challenges.

The projectsElectricity supply projects: Total electricityconsumption in Samsø is about 28,000MWh (101 TJ)/year.In the wind turbine project, 11 of 1MW windturbines were built at the south of island in2000. They are producing about 27,000MWh/year, which is nearly same as the an-nual electricity consumption in the island andreduce CO2 by about 22,000 t/year.Heat supply projects: Total heat consump-tion in Samsø is about 232 TJ/year, about30% of which is made of biomass. It isconsidered in the plan that additional in-sulation and renovation of buildings, in-

troduction of energy control and improve-ment in the effectiveness of heat supplyplant will make it possible to cut this con-sumption by 21%. 60% of households willbe connected to the network of district heat-ing and remaining 40% in the rural areawill be supplied with heat by individual sys-tems such as heat pumps, solar heating,wood chips, farm-based biogas plant andhousehold wind turbines.

Projects in the transport sectorRoughly 310 TJ/year is consumed in thetransport sector for ferries, cars, buses, andtrucks etc. Information campaigns, introduc-tion of energy control, improvement of drivingtechnique, changed services, and new formsof cooperation in delivering should make itpossible to reduce the consumption by at least5%. Consumption can be reduced by further15% if electrically powered vehicles replaceservice vehicles and half of the private carson the island.Despite the reduction and conversion to elec-trical cars, the transport sector will still con-sume 250 TJ of fossil fuels per year, andtherefore to supply the same amount of en-ergy consumed in the transport sector theinstallation of offshore wind farm is planned.The first planning phase for a 23 MW off-shore wind farm at south or west of Samsøstarted in the autumn of 1998. The secondplanning phase started in the spring of 2000.In 2002 10 wind turbines were finally built3.5 km south from Samsø. The Offshore windfarm will produce about 250 TJ of electric-ity which substitute the same amount of en-ergy consumed in the transport sector. In thelong term, a hydrogen plant will be estab-lished in 2005. The plant will be powered byelectricity from offshore wind turbines andsupply hydrogen to cars, which can be drivenby hydrogen.

Overall evaluationThe total cost for implementation of the en-ergy plan is about DKK 590 million, and atotal subsidy of about DKK 70 million isneeded in order to ensure competitiveeconomy for consumers.However, at the same time, the island cansave about DKK 54 million/year, which isused for purchasing fossil fuels and electric-ity, and then that money will be used for pur-chasing bio fuels, employing constructionlabour, operating new plant, financing, etc.and will circulate in the island.In terms of environment, a complete conver-sion of the energy supply system will meanthat emissions of SOX, CO2, and particles willbe removed completely, while emissions ofNOX will be reduced by about half. Moreo-ver, to use manure in biogas plant makes itpossible to reduce odours and pathogenicbacteria in manure.

People’s commitmentIn the Samsø projects the importance isplaced on people’s commitment at all levels,especially politically, technically, and finan-cially.Foreningen Samsø Energi- og Miljøkontorand Samsø Energiselskabet which were es-tablished to promote participation of resi-dents play an important role in this process.For example, Samsø Energiselskabet con-sists of representatives of Samsø municipal-ity, the Commercial Council, the Farmer’sAssociation and Foreningen Samsø Energi-og Miljøkontor, and its secretariat widelyprovides general information.Residents take both benefit from and respon-sibility for projects by participating them. Itis very important, because it raises a resi-dent’s interest in the projects and therebythey proceed smoothly. Therefore, it is veryimportant for a region that wants to convertthe current energy system into the RE sys-tem to make residents as involved in projectas possible.

SAMSØDanish Renewable

Energy Island

Contacts: Mr Sören Hermansen • Samsø Energi- og Miljøkontor • SamsøTel.: +45-86 59 23 22 • Fax: +45-86 59 23 11 • E-mail: [email protected] JohnsenNielsen • Samsø Energy Company • Samsø • DenmarkTel.: +45 8659 3211• Fax: +45 8792 2221 • E-mail [email protected]

6060 CTO - Showcase

NAVARRERenewable Energy Plan

Contact: Ms Ana Olaiz • Department of Industry, Technology, Commerce and LabourNavarre Regional Government • Parque Tomás Caballero, 1 - 6th floor.

31005 Pamplona • Spain •Tel: 00 34 848 42 35 95 . Fax: 00 34 848 42 35 90

Main aims and motivationsNavarre, with a population of just over578,200 covering 10,391 Km2, is a worldbenchmark for renewable energies. Thanksto the 1995-2000 Energy Plan promotedby the Government Navarre to foster en-ergy conservation and efficiency, favour thebest use of RES and extend the energytransport and distribution network, by2001 Navarre was already the secondSpanish region in the generation of elec-tricity from the wind. In 2002, 60% of theelectricity consumed in Navarre came fromrenewables.The Navarra Energy Plan Targets for2005 foresees yet again a doubling of RESelectricity capacity, including the doublingof wind installed capacity and expansionin solar photovoltaic and solar thermalgeneration – aiming towards a 97% greenelectricity coverage by 2005.

The initiativeThe development of renewable energies inNavarre has meant that major initiativescould be carried out.

In 2004 the biodiesel manufacture plantlocated in Carraposo will enter service,with a production capacity of 35,000tonnes/year.An electricity generation plant from thecombustion of waste cereal (straw) witha capacity of 160,000 tonnes/year. Lo-cated at Sangüesa, it has an installedcapacity of 25MW and produces 200GWh/year.Wind energy has also generated an ac-tive industrial and productive sector inthe region, one with a bright future anda clear export-led orientation. The needto encourage the creation of a wind-power-led industrial sector in Navarrewas envisaged from the outset. Indus-trial plants to produce this type of equip-ment cover turbine assembly, the manu-facture of blades, turbines, towers andcontrol equipment and a wide range of

wind turbine components.At the end of 2001 the largest photo-voltaic solar energy plant in Spain, lo-cated in Tudela, entered in service with1.2 MW capacity.

Overall EvaluationAgainst a forecast capacity for 2002 of341 MW from a range of renewableenergy sources, 590 MW have alreadybeen installed, of which 550 MW corre-spond to the wind power sector.There are 107 hydropower plants inoperation, representing 15% of the re-gion’s energy consumption in 2000.Wind power-based installed capacity in2000 produced the equivalent of 40%of the total electricity consumption ofNavarre over a full year.Installed capacity in renewables in 2000was 773 MW, generating 55% of theelectricity consumed in Navarre.In 2000 alone the emission of1,798,000 tonnes of CO2 to the atmo-sphere was avoided, double the figureforecast in the Energy Plan.Investments of over 382 million euroshave been made in renewable energy pro-duction facilities.More than 30,000 schoolchildren havevisited the travelling exhibition on en-ergy saving and renewable energy in themain towns and cities of Navarre.

Enabling factorsWide-ranging acceptance of wind farmsby the community.The existence of private developers thathave made a strong commitment andlarge investments particularly in thelaunch stage, when the situation andtechnological costs represent consider-able risks.

Care for the EnvironmentCare for the environment is something thatis given special attention in the develop-ment of wind power in Navarre. Wind farmsare subject to environmental studies andthe Government of Navarre applieschanges to their design before they areauthorised. Certain sites have been ruledout as a result of their impact on the envi-ronment, and the location of some turbineshas been modified in projects that havereceived approval. Navarre has some ofthe most advanced legislation in Spain onthe environmental monitoring of windfarms. The minimum distance between tur-bines in the most recently authorised fa-cilities is 200 metres, to ensure that thereis space for birds to pass. Each wind farmhas its own environmental monitoring pro-gramme to assess the impact of the tur-bines on bird life. Experiments have alsobeen carried out in the form of turbine shut-downs at times when there are a large num-ber of birds, to facilitate their flight paths.

Replication and PartnershipIn 2003 alone the region received visitsfrom representatives of the EnvironmentMinistries of the Czech Republic, Hungaryand Slovenia and different regions in Ire-land, Rumania, Slovakia, Italy and Bel-gium, as well as the Energy Ministry ofTasmania (Australia).Navarre participates in a renewable energyproject in Tunisia, in collaboration with theSpanish Agency for International Cooperationunder the Azahar programme. The Commu-nity provides technical and legal assistance forthe installation of wind turbines. The partner-ship programme contributes to the design ofan energy model in which guaranteed supplies,at competitive prices, is compatible with carefor the environment. This model involves tech-nology transfer in clean energy sources fromdeveloped to developing countries, to increasetheir economic development and the applica-tion of measures to reduce polluting emissions.


ADEMESustainable

Energy Project

ADEME • Direction des Energies Renouvelables500 Route des Lucioles - 06560 Valbonne • FranceTel: +33 (0)4 93 95 79 55 • Fax: +33 (0) 4 93 65 31 96Email: • [email protected]

ADEME, the French Agency for the Envi-ronment and Energy Management, is in-volved in a long-term framework agree-ment (2000-2006) with the 26 regions ofFrance annexed to the State-Region con-tracts (CPER) to promote RE and EEmeasures. This project improves the eco-nomic position for RE industry sectors thatare close to competitiveness (e.g. reduc-tion of costs of electricity from RES), re-duces the non-commercial barriers forother sectors (e.g. the very unfavourabletax system for geothermal), facilitates re-search and development for sectors suchas PV that are still facing very high pro-duction costs.

Main aims and motivationsThe national objectives are fixed by thegovernment. However, ADEME facilitatesthe implementation of these objectiveswithin the regions being an intermediarybetween the two parties. ADEME takesthe opportunity of the CPER contracts tofulfil the agency’s commitment to promoteRE and EE measures. ADEME experi-ments local projects, and generalizes themin the rest of the regions of France if provento be successful.

Ways of actionADEME focuses on 7 main ways of action:Research priorities; supporting the defini-

tion of standards and regulations; Readilyaccessible procedures to support decision-making (from pre-diagnosis to guidance,from diagnosis to preliminary study); Dem-onstration of good examples to promotemarket access, remedy a failure of diffu-sion and develop organizational or terri-torial practice; Financial support to invest-ments; Strengthened international action;Crosscutting communication to inform thepublic and maintain a link between all theparties concerned.

Overall EvaluationThe intervention of ADEME as a third partybetween the government and the regionalentities facilitated a contract-process onenergy policies, therefore it was easier:

to identify objectives and ways to imple-ment projects ;to evaluate the financial needs ;to involve all the regions.

Innovative financing schemeDuring the 7 years period (2000-2006),ADEME will provide 557 million Euros forenergy and environmental projects, of which127 million Euros are for RES. The 26French regions will bring 536 million Euros,and European Regional Development Fundanother 270 million Euros. Thus, a total of1,363 million Euros will be dedicated to theproject during the overall period.

Enabling factorsThe contractual framework is optimal forADEME, who can plan its actions at locallevels, while at the same time it enables thespread of successful experiences to otherregions of France more efficiently, and at alower cost. A contract is negotiated witheach of the 26 regions.

ChallengesIn order to create a long-term sustainablemarket development, it was important todemonstrate that the programme offeredguarantees thorough quality standards andcertification. Partnerships formed throughthe CPER contracts enabled the different REsectors to be structured, organised and cer-tified.

Replication potentialThe fact that ADEME is involved in thelarge-scale programme of the CPER andis therefore linked to the State-Regionsdynamic makes the agency able to repli-cate a project that was successful in oneregion in all 26 French regions.

Sectoral objectives (2000-2006)

333,000 m² of solar thermal collectors newly installed in Metropolitan France280,000 m² of solar thermal collectors newly installed in overseas departments and territories1,000 additional collective wood heat installation500 supplementary isolated electrified sites/year55 GWh/year of electricity on the grid from RES (small hydro-power and PV) in the overseas dep. and territories and in Corsica.a capacity of 30 MW by 2006 (additional) on the grid from small hydro-power plantsa capacity of 1,200 MW by 2006 (additional) on the grid from wind farms20 electricity biogas exploitations from dump20 biogas exploitations from agro-industrial effluents3-4 large geothermal operations

Plan soleil

One of ADEME’s major successes in the field of solar thermal development. It aims at creating quality chart for solar thermal installers,launching large-scale communication campaign, giving financial support to solar thermal systems buyers, etc… This programme firststarted in some regions with which ADEME negotiated under the CPER (State-Region Contract) systems. Thanks to a system where allregions are covered by the same type of contracts, ADEME could easily replicate this success to all regions. It is now a national programme.

6262 CTO - Showcase

PIETERSAARIAlholmens KraftBiofuel CHP plant

Contact: Stig Nickull • Managing Director • Oy Alholmens Kraft Ab • P.O. Box 250FIN-68601 • Pietarsaari, Finland • Tel: +358 204 16 115 • Fax: +358 204 68 550

E-mail: [email protected] • Website: www.alholmenskraft.com

Alholmens Kraft Ltd. built the worlds larg-est biofuelled CHP power plant and one ofthe biggest CFB boilers in Pietarsaari onthe Swedish speaking west coast of Fin-land. The plant produces steam for theforest industry and also operates as a util-ity producing district heat for the munici-pality. The pulp and paper mill is the larg-est employer in Pietarsaari and the newCHP plant sought to use its by-productsas fuel sources.

Main aims and motivationsThe most important aims were to produceelectricity at a competitive price, to exploitthe use of process steam in the paper milland the town’s district heating, and to uti-lize pulp and paper mill and saw mill by-products as fuel. The desire to obtain suf-ficient fuel resources within economicaltransportation distances was also a fac-tor considered.

Project detailsThe plant demonstrates a new multifuelpower plant concept. The latest technol-ogy for solid multifuel and low emissioncogeneration was used but in new com-mercial size.

Overall EvaluationThe plant employed 1,300 people in theyear of its construction and continues to

employ 50 people for its operation andmaintenance. Added to this figure are400 people employed within fuel produc-tion and transportation for the plant.There is high public support for the projectdue to this increase in jobs and the largecontribution to domestic energy supply thatthe plant provides. There is cheaper dis-trict heat, which has increased the use of itin the locality, and the new plant has alsoprovided cheaper electricity.

Main innovative aspectsInnovative procurement scheme:A wood fuel procurement system is in place,based on the bundling of forest residues.The annual aim is to use 300,000 bundlesof forest residues per annum.The fuels for the pant are all sourced fromthe local area. Wood based fuels come fromthe paper mill, sawing and forest residuesfrom the saw mills nearby and the forestrysector, peat is obtained from the produc-tion sites close to the plant. Only the coaland oil used mostly as a start-up or sup-port fuel is imported.

Enabling factorsThe project received financial support fromthe Finnish Department of Trade and In-dustry and the EU’s THERMIE pro-gramme.

DifficultiesThere were no major obstacles to theproject. The target was fulfilled in thetimeframe anticipated.

Replication PotentialAlholmens Kraft power plant uses a ‘bestpractice’ biomass/fossil fuel-cofiring con-cept with an extremely diverse fuel selec-tion, which is suitable for replication al-most anywhere in Europe. The boiler inPietarsaari is twice the size of solidbiofuelled boilers on average but there havebeen other projects to follow suit on asmaller scale.

Change in perception of implementingRES projects (1999 – 2003)It was felt that it remains as difficult toundertake a Renewable Energy project nowas in the past. Despite this, it would beworth doing if the economic conditionswere favourable.

RES IncreaseAs a result of the new CHP plant there is a45% rise in RES share on a local level.There is a CO2 emissions saving of ap-proximately 390,000 tons


Objective Result

Biomass

Heat production

Electricity

1 new CHP 550 MWth. 1 new CHP 550 MWth.

700GWh 700GWh

1,300GWh 1,300 GWh

The percentage of fuels used

Coal or oil

Peat

45%

45%

10%

Bark and Wood Residues


VARESE LIGUREAgricultural conversion

and 100% RES

Contact: Roberta Casapietra • Agenzia Regionale per l’Energia della LiguriaARE Liguria Spa • Via Peschiera 16 • 16122 Genova •Italy Tel: +39 010 8403343 • Email: [email protected]

The Comune di Varese Ligure is a communityon its way for 100% RES and 100% organicfarming. Specifically in the RES sector, windturbines were installed, 80% of the farms havebecome organic, PV systems were installed in2 public buildings. Beside this, a program topromote pellets stoves will be launched.The peculiarity of this municipality of over2,400 inhabitants, is that it is huge comparedwith its density. There are many little centres,but no strong link among them. The renova-tion facilitated the reactivation of the two maincentres and to preserve the cultural heritage.

Main aims and motivations10 years ago, Varese Ligure was in a difficulteconomic situation, as the population tendedto move to other places where there were morejob opportunities, and the city was discon-nected in-between the different areas. Themayor decided then to revitalize the munici-pality while integrating some sustainable de-velopment priorities.

The ProjectThe activities are manifold, main emphasisbeing put on clean energy and organic agri-culture.

The renovation of old buildings started in1991.A marketing campaign was launched topresent the 100% organic farming in 1997.Varese Ligure also was the first Italianmunicipality to receive the ISO 14001 cer-tification (Oct. 1999) and was the firstEuropean EMAS registered municipality(Nov. 1999).A wind farm was installed (2000) and PVcollectors (2003).Promotion of pellets boilers (pre-feasibilitystudy, the plan being to create a local indus-try).The municipality participated in a LIFEproject for environmental accounting andreporting (started in around 2001).

Overall EvaluationThe village overall development strategy in-cluding the urban restoration of public build-ings and the agricultural conversion towardsorganic farming attracts tourism up to 3 timesmore than before. Organic farming is a keyaspect economically (production and tourism),environmentally (resources and energy sav-ing, nature conservation) and energetically(farms are self-sufficient – less fuel consum-ing).The integration of RES includes the installa-tion of 2 wind generators (4 million kW/h), 2other are planned (2 million kW/h), PV collec-tors have been installed on the top of the mu-nicipal and school buildings.The ISO 14001 and EMAS certificationshave been fundamental to demonstrate thevillage’s environmental awareness and ac-tive participation in reducing emissions.

Enabling factorsThe government started to financially supportthe programme. Hence, there were local, re-gional, national and EU funds available tocover a total of more than 8 million Euros offunding for the different activities.

Replication PotentialThe community having reached its 100%green electricity target, feeds the excess ofelectricity into the national network. Therehas also been a regional energy plan devel-oped, supported by the regional energy agency,to promote RES to the whole mountainousarea (7 municipalities), to which belongs theComune di Varese Ligure, to develop heatingby biomass.

Change in perception of implementingRES projectsThe population was included in the munici-pality’s actions and participated in the EUproject for schools called FEE (ForceEnergétique par les Enfants). The publicopinion is generally quite enthusiastic.


Wind2 wind generators (4 million kW/h) have been installed and afurther 2 generators (2 million kW/h) are planned.

Photovoltaics

One installation on the municipal building made up of 102panels (120 Wp each) which occupy 94.76 square metres andhas a power of 12.24 kWp. This installation produced 12,701kWh/year and covers 98% of the needs of the building.Another PV installation in a school is made up of 39 panels(120 Wp each) which occupy 36.23 square metres and has apower of 4.68 kWp. This installation produces 4,600 kWh/ yearand covers 62% of the needs of the building.

CO2 emission:

The windturbines

Saves 8,000 tons of CO2. It also saves 3,000 tons of coal,1,800 tons of oil and 1,100 tons of natural gas.

Photovoltaic Savings in CO2 emissions equal to 9,600 Kg/year.

130 jobspermanentlycreated

The total amount of CO2 saved through the Varese Ligure initiatives is:0.05% of total CO2 regional annual emissions.

Cheese and breeder cooperative, maintenance of the windturbines, staff employed in the environmental managementsystem (ISO and EMAS).

Tourism Three times more tourist visits than earlier (rural, cultural andfood tourism).

6464 CTO - Showcase

PROVINCE OF CHIETIRES andAgenda 21

Chieti is the most southerly province of theAbruzzo, Italy. As this region had not de-veloped an energy plan, Chieti decided todesign its own energy strategy. The guide-lines closely follow those of the CTO andthe more general framework of the WhitePaper. There are two reference periods: oneup to 2003, the other up to 2010, thelatter being more ambitious and withlonger-term effects.

Main motivationsThe Province of Chieti intended to promotethe development of its territory in a reallysustainable sense. The concrete applica-tion of the Local Agenda 21's principleshad as its first important steps the promo-tion of renewable energy sources with theapproval of all stakeholders.

Project detailsThe specific goals of the plan include:

Installation by 2003 of 2,000 m2 of so-lar thermal panelsDevelopment of wind energy through theinstallation of wind turbines in variousareas, amounting to 205 MW by 2003.Fostering the use of biomass in privatehomes (3,000 houses) and large build-ings, through the use of olive pressingsand forestry wasteExploiting the potential of photovoltaicpanels in industrial and commercial cen-tresUse of waste for electricity production(2010)Encouraging the generalisation of theuse of liquid biofuels for public trans-port (consumption of 6,000 tonnes ayear for public transport in 2003, and10,000 by 2010)Bolstering measures related to the ra-tional use of energy, such as introduc-tion of co-generation systemsImproving the monitoring of environ-mental status, through the design and

preparation of a battery of indicators tobe collected periodically.

Innovative financing schemeThe programme tackles the energy prob-lems facing sustainability, according to thecriteria dictated by LA21. In this it hasadopted the community principle of pro-moting strategical geographical partner-ships and sectoral ones often integratingone with the other in the various actions.

Enabling factorsThe establishment of the Provincial Agencyhelps the diversification of energy sources andchannels the efforts of the different social-economic actors, as well as it helps them tolook for appropriate funding.

ChallengesThe legal barriers concern the big plants, inparticular, especially in terms of environmen-tal impact assessment (wind farm) and emis-sions in the atmosphere. The agency is also in

charge of the design, the implementation andthe monitoring of the provincial energy plan.The administrative barriers are linked aboveall to the realization of the household plants inthe residential area. They are often not per-mitted in the municipality plans because oftheir visual impact. Another notable barrier isgetting the community to accept the big plants,in particular due to the visual effects they haveon the landscape.

Replication PotentialThe project has a high degree of replicability,above all for the adopted methodological ap-proach. The method demonstrates that a lo-cal government can and must work to pro-mote and coordinate local partnership.

Environmental and social targetsThe reduction of CO2 emissions is about180 Ktons/year.The activity has stimulated the market tocreate approximately 250 new job oppor-tunities.

Contact: Giancarlo Moca • Manager • Energy DepartmentProvince of Chieti • Corso Marrucino 97 • 66100 Chieti • Italy

Tel +39 08714084218 • Email: [email protected]: www.provincia.chieti.it or www.alesachieti.it

SHP 205 MW. At least 6 abandoned micro-hydro stations will beput back into use.

Biomass

District-heating systems with a production of 7 MW comingform the combustion of olive pressings and forestry wastes.Other projects included gas cogeneration (CHP) and small-sizewood-fuelled electricity generating systems for mountain andrural areas. Biofuels mixed with diesel for public transport.

WindObjective: to install new privately-owned wind farms withan estimated capacity of 205 MW.

Solar thermal

Tthe province of Chieti is actively involved in the NationalProgramme “Solare termico” project, sponsored by the ItalianMinistry of Environment. The objective is to install 20.00 m2of solar panels by 2003.

Solar photo-voltaic

Installation of solar panels in commercial centres andfactories.

PlanningRealization of the provincial coordination plan, with particularrestraints for the common planning to diffuse RES through theadministrative implementation, promotion and simplification

Sustainablevillage

In this exemplification on medium scale the technical andmanagement expedients for the sustainable development, interms of residential use of the territory, have to be applied toreduce consumptions and impacts.


The ItalianSustainable Islands

Programme

Main aims and motivationsssssIn the last 20 years there have been sev-eral attempts to introduce renewable en-ergies in Italian small islands, with limitedresults. Rather then a problem of funding,the reasons has been the combination oftwo important obstacles: the regulatoryframework for the production and distri-bution of electricity and the obstacles posedby authorities (Soprintendenze) that de-fend the landscape.The Ministry of Environment has decidedto launch a sustainable energy programfor the small islands to try to overcomethese obstacles and foster the large scalediffusion of renewable sources of energy.The expected results are a greatersensitisation towards these less pollutingforms of energy , more rapid concentra-tion of different funds in this area , accel-erated establishment of new rules for localelectric producers and finally reduction ofthe gap between the culture of the Authori-ties in defence of landscape and the ap-proach of the installers of renewable en-ergy technologies.

The projectThe programme foresees the realisationof environmental valorisation actions tobe realised in Italian Small Islands thatare natural parks.For the realisation of the programme a

Protocol has been signed by the formerMinister of Environment and the Associa-tion of small islands, ANCIM.The first operational step toward the ap-plication of the Protocol has been thelaunching of a public tender for the localadministration of Small Island to submitenergy and mobility plans (deadline 15October 2001).Projects will be judged by a jury that willselect the best projects and finance themto a maximum of 1.7 million Euro perproject for the energy projects and to amaximum of 1.25 million Euro per projectfor mobility.A fund of 2.4 M euro will be given to acouple of islands that will be chosen amongall the municipalities that will prepare fea-sibility studies to improve sustainable mo-bility in their areas.The answer to the call has been wide. Mostislands are interested both in renewableenergies and mobility.As regards the energy plans the islandsare requested to follow a scenario proce-dure focusing firstly on energy saving mea-sures and solar thermal systems and sec-ondly in renewable energies application forelectricity production.

Enabling factorsThe tourist nature of the island gives aunique opportunity of applying direct so-

lar technologies: the seasonal nature of theload curve meets the solar insulation curveavailability much better than any other sea-sonal load curve in the continent. The firstresult of this is that the ratio between theenergy actually used and the total energyproduced is much higher than usual.The Programme will offer to a large num-ber of islands a unique possibility to de-velop specific feasibility studies on thelarge-scale introduction of renewable en-ergies and will enable a couple of them tobegin the transition toward self-sufficiency.

ChallengesMost of the island generation systems aremanaged by small electricity distributioncompanies. Only 8 out of 45 are ENEL-owned (Panarea, Salina, Capraia,Stromboli, Vulcano, Alicudi, Filicudi,Ventotene). Island utilities are quite reluc-tant to change the existing situation forseveral reasons:

They work in a monopoly condition.The extra cost of local energy produc-tion is totally covered by the government.

This mechanism produces high energy con-sumption and inefficiency and it is the rea-son why distributors are definitely againsta change of scenario particularly if energysaving measures and renewable energiesare being proposed.

Contacts: Gianni Silvestrini • Ministero dell’AmbienteServizio Inquinamento Atmosferico e Rishi Industriali • via Cristoforo Colombo 4400147 Rome • Italy • Tel +39 06 57225323 • Fax +39 06 57225371E-mail: [email protected]

Proposed technologies Financial data

Summary of characteristics of the CTO´S projects:

Pantelleria

Pantelleria

Ventotene

Gorgona

Giglio

Panarea

TOTAL

660

660

-

50

535

study

1,245

100

100

126

-

14

33

273

758

758

494

455

346

60

2,113

URE

URE

Lamps, pumps

Boilers, lamps

Pumps

-

2,848,715

2,848,715

1,766,799

1,152,758

1,726,960

363,415

7,858,646

1,137,339

1,137,339

1,062,842

406,749

465,552

205,252

3,277,734

40

40

60

35

27

56

Island Wind(kW) SPV(kW) STH(m3) Energy Saving Total investment(Euro) Funding(Euro) Co-funding(%)

6666 CTO - Showcase

HEINERSCHEIDWind Farm

Wandpark Gemeng Hengischt S.AMaison 21 • L-9753 Heinerscheid • Luxembourg

Tel: +352 99 85 08-1 • Fax: +352 99 76 82

On the basis of the Energy Law which cameinto force on the 5th August 1993, the Lux-embourg government concentrated on pro-moting the use of renewable energies. Windpower has come to have an important roleas it has the greatest economic develop-ment potential of all the renewable energypossibilities in Luxembourg. The projectwas the establishment of a large wind farmin the commune of Heinerscheid, locatedon the northern tip of Luxembourg.

Main aims and motivationsThe project set out to fully exploit the po-tential of wind power, to raise the share ofRES in the area and to fulfil the regula-tory guidelines as to the promotion andutilization of Renewable Energy Sourcesin Luxembourg.

The projectHeinerscheid was selected as it experiencesfavourable wind measures and is at an ac-ceptable distance from residential areas,protected areas such as nature reservesand the national grid.In 1996 the local council assigned theEnergy Agency the task of developing aconcept for making use of wind energy.Many interested parties had addressed thecouncil to obtain permission to set up awind farm in Heinerscheid. The councilproposed that all parties join together withthe united aim of planning, building andmanaging a wind farm. The wind farm wasestablished in three Building Phases. Thefirst was of 3 turbines with an output of

600 kW per machine and was completedby autumn 1998, the second was of 5 windturbines at 1,000 kW per turbine and theywere running by the end of 1999. The finalphase set up 3 turbines with an output of1,800 kW each.The total installed capacity of theHeinscheid wind farm is 12,200kW.

An innovative partnership schemeThe partnership scheme between the inter-ested parties, who after much organizing,founded the Wandpark Gemeng HengsichtS.A. The capital 3,200,000 Euro, dividedinto 12,800 shares at 250 Euro each. Thelocal council is the legal holder of 22.5%of the shares and aims to sell 20% to thelocal community. This keeps the commu-nity involved with and concerned for thesuccess of the wind farm.

Overall EvaluationThe project has been successfully imple-mented and is in good working order. Theelectricity generated by the wind farm sub-stitutes fossil fuel use and about 14,375tonnes of CO2 emissions are being savedannually. The project meets requirementsof noise limitation, shading and minimumdistance from protected areas.

Enabling factorsThe financial outlay for the wind farm wasdivided by the different companies partici-pating, each of them having a certainamount of shares in the farm. Approx 1.1m of the total investment was financed

through national government subsidies.In Heinerscheid feed-in tariffs for electric-ity produced from wind power, which wereestablished by the Grand-Ducal regulationof May 30th, 1994, are set at levels thatrender wind farm operation a profitableendeavour.

ChallengesThere were no real obstacles to the projectapart from a few technical setbacks. Prob-lems occurred with the gearboxes of thewind turbines, which needed to be replaced.Two propellers were also replaced duringthe warranty period.

Replication PotentialSuch a co-operation is possible anywhere.The wind farm makes a useful workingmodel for other interested companies ororganizations. Many municipalities havealready contacted Heinerscheid for infor-mation with a view to implementing simi-lar projects in their area. Heinerscheid proves that municipal au-thorities can act very successfully as co-coordinators for wind farm construction.A wind farm situated between Heinerscheidand Kehmen is currently in the process ofbeing established.

RES IncreaseThe energy produced each year is enoughto supply 6,000 households (at 4,000 kWhper household) this equates to 0.6% of thetotal energy demand on the public Elec-tricity grid.

2002 11,6 GWh 3,6 GWh 8,0 GWh

Business year Energy production Contribution of phase 1 Contribution of phase 2

1999 3.9 GWh 3.9 GWh 0.0 GWh

2000 11.9 GWh 3.7 GWh 8.2 GWh

2001 11.1 GWh 3.6 GWh 7.5 GWh

2002 11.6 GWh 3.6 GWh 8.0 GWh


DELFT100 Blue Roofs

Project

Contact: Zeno Winkels • Delft Energy Agency • Mijnbouwplein 112628 RT Delft • The Netherlands • Tel/Fax: +31 15 2852860/1E-mail: [email protected] • website: www.delftenergy.nl

The desire of Delft to become a leading“Knowledge City” is centred in the fieldsof environment and energy, soil and water,communication technology and architec-ture and design. Delft aims to demonstrateand promote best practise in the abovefields.The most famous and successful of the DelftEnergy Agency’s projects is the 100 BlueRoofs project. The two projects within thisthat have the highest level of Europeanreplication potential are the PV for home-owners (2001) and the PV for tenants(2003).

Main aims and motivationsThe initial aim was to install PV systems inas many private homes as possible, andthen the project was expanded to promotePV to tenants in one particular area ofDelft.

Project detailsThe city of Delft sent a letter to 14,500house owners with a view to providing themwith detailed information on the installa-tion of PV and explanations of the subsi-dies. At the exhibition stand two weekslater, there was so much interest that Enecoand City of Delft decided to subsidize 400instead of 100 houses.Following the success of this project, theenergy agency put forward an extension ofthis project to include PV panels installedin rented housing, partially paid for by thetenants and partially by the housing asso-ciations Delftwonon, Vestia and Vidomes.The planning of the project followed thesestages: a mailing and information eveningfor the tenants, energy scans for interestedtenants, contracts supplied by the housingassociation, the ordering of PV systems,installation and a subsidy call.A PV offer was made by three housing as-sociations to tenants in a particular areaof Delft. The City of Delft and Eneco fi-nanced both parts of the project.

Main Innovative AspectThe option offered to the tenants to makean immediate yield of 6.73 euros of sus-tainable energy (40 kWh) for a rent in-crease of 3 euros per month.

Overall evaluationThe PV for homeowners action led to 400households ordering a self install PV sys-tem which equates to an installation of160 kWp 2.2% of all the individuallyowned houses in Delft now have a PV sys-tem.Over 249 people signed up to the tenants’scheme, which amounts to a 144 kWp in-stalled.

ChallengesThe design and finance of the tenantsproject was ready by mid-2002 but didnot start before May 2003 due to fearthat the national government subsidieswould be withdrawn before the end of theproject, thus leaving the housing associa-tions with overwhelming costs. This wasovercome by the government promising notto end the programme without a two month“ending period”, which would have beenenough time to finish the project anyway.The tenants who neglected to respond toone of the housing associations were con-

tacted and 50% of them expressed theopinion that they thought green electricitywas none of their concern.

Replication potentialThe PV for households has already beenreplicated a number of times the first ofwhich occurred in 2001. Rotterdam andThe Hague are prominent areas where PVfor households has been implemented.PV for tenants has not yet been establishedin any other municipality.The replication potential of PV on existingroofs is growing and growing and all wehave to do now is move it from the groupearly adopters and into mainstream pri-vate households. This may eventually cre-ate greater opportunities for tenants be-cause housing associations can deal withlong payback times and handle techniquesand subsidies professionally.

Perception of the RES situation todaycompared to 1999PV system is no longer a novelty in the cityof Delft. This should also bring on otherfinancers, i.e. the ones that take fewer risks.There is great public approval of solar en-ergy. Delft has a large technical universitythat deals with these types of issues.

PV in homes400 homes equipped with PV panels160 kWp of electricity2.2% of all individual homes in Deflt have PV systems

PV for tenants 249 people signed up144 kWp installed

6868 CTO - Showcase

SOLTHERM – EUROPEInitiative

Contact: Mr Bart van der Ree • Ecofys • P.O. Box 8408 • Utrecht • NetherlandsTel: +31 30 2808327 • Fax: +31 30 2808301

E-mail: [email protected] • website : www.soltherm.org

The EU has set a target of 100 million m2

of solar collectors to be installed in Eu-rope by 2010. Currently there are approx11 million m2 installed with an annualgrowth rate of 1 million m2. The concretegoal is that in 2004 15 million m2 of solarcollectors are installed across Europe,which is equivalent to solar thermal waterheating systems for about 3 million house-holds. The Initiative involves collabora-tion between more than 40 organisations,the majority from EU Member states butsome also from Accession countries. It isinternationally co-ordinated by Ecofys, aninternational renewable energy consultancyand research company but involves peopleat four different levels: Stakeholders at EUlevel, organising partners, co-ordinatingprojects in a specific country, industry part-ners and installers and facilitating part-ners i.e. NGO´s and energy agencies

Main aims and motivationsThe Soltherm initiative was set up at thebeginning of 2002 to catalyse a strongincrease in market volume and to help unifythe market for solar thermal products, tosupport the Campaign for Take-Off’s goalsin the field of solar thermal energy and tosignificantly contribute to meeting theEU´s Kyoto targets for CO2 emission re-duction. Also of concern was the creationof employment, raising public awareness

and to increase co-operation and experi-ence exchange between market actors.

Project detailsNational campaigns have been started toboost sales and publicity of the solar ther-mal industry. A central website has beenset up which monitors and showcases allactivities across Europe. Installers are in-volved in the campaigns as they play animportant role in promoting the product.A market analysis has been carried out togive inside information and analysis of theEU market structures. A Tools Databasehas been constructed to provide a libraryof resources to potential campaign organ-izers. A quality standards inventory hasbeen set up to give an overview of relevantquality structures. Conference presenta-tions and workshops are taking place toinform professionals on the Soltherm cam-paign and its issues. All the above havebeen successfully implemented and havereached the target groups of companies,municipalities, potential and current cam-paign organizers and consultants.

Main Innovative AspectThe initiative has made use of private-pub-lic pooling, solar contracting, GuaranteedSolar Results (GSR), and Third Party Fi-nancing.

Overall evaluationThe Initiative has undertaken and achievedall the projects it set out to although as theproject is viewed to end at the end of 2004it is too soon to attribute any concrete fig-ures to the increase in the amount of solarthermal collectors in Europe. Partial goalshave been fulfilled, especially the fulfilmentof local targets and increasing theprioritization of Solar Thermal and theincrease in cooperation and exchange ofresults and the unification of solar mar-kets. The main target groups of the projectare professionals (potential campaign or-ganizers, authorities, and market actors).These parties have positively received theSoltherm Europe Initiative as an impor-tant platform for further market develop-ment. The campaigns executed in Solthermare influencing the public opinion in theirrespective countries and regions.

Enabling factorsThe initiative received public awarenesssupport form the Climate Alliance and sev-eral other parties. ESTIF also aidedSoltherm. The EU Commission ALTENERProgramme and several national and re-gional organizations gave financial aid.

Replication PotentialThe Soltherm Initiative was not a replicain itself but it has replication potential inthat it has successfully brought togetherthe key market actors (the parties that havemade a difference in their countries or re-gions in actual market development) andhas successfully led to exchange of experi-ence. This exchange has led to visible com-mon elements in new campaigns and ini-tiatives. There are similar initiatives in theplanning stages, and Ecofys and the otherSoltherm partners would be prepared toparticipate in such new initiatives.

The Soltherm Europe Initiative aims to establish:

Domestic hot water productionDistrict heatingLarge collective solar systemsSpace heatingAir conditioning and Industrial process heating

In order to contribute significantly to the CTO goal of 15 million m2 Solar Thermalcollectors by 2010. The project is on-going and reliable figures on achievementswill become available in 2004.


CTO - Showcase

MADEIRA GREEN HOTEL100% RES SUPPLY

Madeira is a well known tourist destina-tion from the middle of the XIX century,due to the influence of the development ofsteam navigation and of the Britisheconomy, which, during that bygone era,created the conditions to profit the excel-lent climatic and natural landscape char-acteristics as one of the first tourist desti-nations worldwide.The increase of tourism in recent years hasobliged Madeiran authorities to adopt aTourism Policy Plan, with the aim of reach-ing a sustainable development for tourism,based on quality, where rules are definedfor the growth of the hotel capacity in thenext years, is defined.The increased rate of social and economicdevelopment in the Autonomous Region ofMadeira is reflected in a rapidly growingdemand for energy. The Madeira EnergyPolicy Plan of 2000 provides the RegionalGovernment with the means to adapt thepolicy to new opportunities for economicgrowth – meeting increasing demand while,at the same time, taking environmentalconcerns into account.The strategic objectives of the RegionalEnergy Policy are:

Easing of constraints caused by insu-larityRational use of energyGreater emphasis on regional energyresourcesManagement of electricity demand andprovision of adequate supply

Innovation and inter-regional co-opera-tion.

Main AimsWith the spirit of promoting a new con-cept of tourism and integrating environ-mental and energy issues in the economicdevelopment of Madeira, as well as pro-moting quality, innovation and inter-re-gional co-operation, the Madeira GreenHotel project consists of the creation of atourist complex that is 100% supplied byrenewable energy sources, through theapplication of the most advanced and fea-sible energy and environmental solutions.

Project detailsThe complex will have a 165 room hoteland a marina with a capacity for 250 ves-sels, also incorporating the reception ma-rine services, a nautical sports centre, res-taurants and stores. Its construction isscheduled to start in the beginning of 2004.The project will integrate most RE tech-nologies – wind generator, photovoltaics,solar thermal and a fuel cell – coupled withlow energy building design and low energytechniques for water desalination andwastewater treatment, waste managementprocedures, rainwater and runoff collec-tion, landscape treatment, integrated andclean transport system.To guarantee the electricity supply, the ho-tel will be connected to the public electric

grid for the cases where the hotel’s de-mand is higher than the instantaneous RESproduction. The main target for the ho-tel’s electricity system is to have an annualequilibrium between demand and produc-tion. This means that the system will bedimensioned and managed in order to havethe minimum energy exchange with theelectric grid, which will act mainly asbackup.

Replication PotentialThe project will have a demonstrative ef-fect of the RE technologies application, andthe resulting know-how will contribute tothe improvement in these technologies per-formance, which will raise the liability ofthese technologies and, consequently, willcontribute to the replication of other simi-lar projects.

Dissemination ActivitiesThe demonstration component is the keyto the success of this initiative and focusesboth on other hotels of the islands, on lo-cal and European RES professionals andon the citizens and tourists in general. Withthe aim of increasing public awareness,there will be a live museum, in the hotelgrounds, open to the public, which will showthe RE technologies used in the hotel re-sort. Several promoting actions like con-ferences, workshops, papers, CDs, and awebsite, where the results of the projectwill be disseminated, are also foreseen.

An integrated mobility system with: GPL taxis, electric or fuel cell buses and scooters,electric bikes and a taxi boat.

1 seawater desalination system1 wastewater treatment system

2,500 tonnes/year of CO25.4 tonnes/year of SOx4.4 tonnes/year of NOx

400 toe/year

Energy System

Mobility System

Water System

Saved Emissions

Reduction on imported fuel

Key Facts of the project

1 photovoltaic system of about 26 kWp – 26,000 kWh/year1 fuel cell – 20,000 kWh/year1 solar thermal system of about 432m2 of concentrators – 232,200 kWh/year

1 wind turbine with a capacity of about 750 kW - 2,267,128 kWh/year

Contact: J. Manuel Melim Mendes • Agencia Regional da Energia e Ambiente daRegiao Autonoma da Madeira • Madeira Tecnopolo • PO-9000-390Funchal • Madeira • Tel: (351-291) 723300 . Fax: (351-291) 720033E-mail: [email protected]

69CTO - Showcase

7070 CTO - Showcase

Gotland is located in the middle of the BalticSea; it is the largest Swedish island. High costsfor transports of energy, goods and peoplehave contributed to a non-dynamic growth ofthe local economy.The island has a large RES potential in wind,biomass and, to some extent, solar energy.Island's energy strategy has to be consideredwithin a broader sustainable developmentframework: on 14th October, 1996 the Mu-nicipal Council of Gotland published the Eco-Programme, which identifies the Municipali-ties' goal that "Gotland is to become an eco-logically sustainable society within the courseof one generation".

Main aims and motivationsThe target of achieving 100% renewable en-ergy balance by 2025 has arisen from theMunicipalities plans to achieve a sustainablesociety within the course of a generation. Theadvantage of having a long-term plan with aspecific year is that other planning which in-volves the production of short-term plans canbecome a part of the overall objective.To achieve an increase in the use of renewableenergy on Gotland with the aim of reaching100% requires an active involvement from allsectors of society.

What has been achieved?An energy plan has been produced out-lining development to 2005. In this planthe target is 40% from sustainable en-ergy sources by 2005. A plan for 100%for renewables by 2025 is nowunderway.95% of the Island's district heating plantis supplied by renewable energy.20% of the Island's electricity comesfrom renewables.Bio-climatic, sustainable buildings arebeing built.Widespread energy saving measures arebeing implemented.Heating systems are being converted tobiomass and solar energy.

Bio-diesel is replacing fossil fuels inmunicipal fleets.The use of fuel-cells as part of a solar-hydrogen transport system is being de-veloped for Visby.

Main innovative aspectsThe most outstanding aspect is the establish-ment of a long-term plan for energy sustain-ability, with a wide participation range (sme's,university, local authorities, regional energyagency and local utility). An important com-plementary measure is the introduction ofgreen certificates in the beginning of 2003.

Enabling factorsThe Municipality of Gotland has shown in anumber of plans and decisions that its aim isto support sustainable development.Other relevant factors:

National financial support for local en-ergy management agencies.10% capital grants for windpower de-velopments and power purchase support.Support for municipal energy advisors.25% capital grant to domestic solarheating/hw systems.Grants for solar heating on public build-ings and grants to convert domestic heat-ing from electrical based systems.

GOTLANDA Renewable Energy Islandin the Baltic Sea

Contact: Keith Boxer • Municipality of Gotland o Box 206762156 Visby o Sweden • Tel.: 46-498-38380 • Fax: 46-498-38300

E-mail: [email protected] • website: www.gotland.se

ChallengesGrid infrastructure: Grid connection hasbeen restructured to allow export.Government policy: The establishment ofbio-ethanol production depends on govern-mental taxation system for fuels.Low energy prices: cheap nuclear andhydropower via sea cable from mainland.Acceptance of wind power: public resist-ance from, e.g. summer-house owners pro-vides a challenge for the democratic proc-ess to fulfil all the potential of wind poweron and around Gotland.

Replication PotentialDuring five years a large number of otherisland representatives visited the island,because of their interest in Gotland'sproject. There have been approaches at aninternational level due to the publicity re-ceived by the CTO website and CTO-award,with visits from as far afield as Japan andeven Australia.

Change in perception of implementingRES projects (1999 - 2003)Interest in replacing fossil fuels is increas-ing among the general public.Acceptance of wind power by the local popu-lation is to a great extent influenced by

whether or not some formof local benefit occurs asa result of any develop-ments.Politicians and civil serv-ants have been informedabout the ambitious en-ergy and environmentaltargets already set. Tech-nicians in the municipali-ties property departmenthave been trained.

Max. Objective (2025) Achieved

Solar TH- PV 3MWp/15,000m2 52 m2

WindMax. Plan 1,100 MWPrivate owned 50 MW 10MWSmall Com. WF 150 MW 30MWSmall Com. WF 500 MW 30MWUtility Owned 400 MW 20MW

BiomassCombined HP 150GWh/30MW 0Dwelling 10,000/400GWh 5,150/200 GWhBiogas 25/400GWh 3/12 GWhBiofuels 24,000 tons 0

Number of jobs created: 45Res Increase 18 %Reduction of CO2:295 kton


VÄXJÖFossil Fuel Free

The city of Växjö has long been a centrefor trade, culture and education in south-ern Sweden. It is located right in the mid-dle of Southern Sweden, 250 km north ofCopenhagen, in the province of Småland.The ambition of the Municipality of Växjöis to achieve a 100% RES supply for itscity, by undertaking activities in the fieldsof biomass and solar energy and trans-port sector.

Main aims and motivationsIn 1996, the executive committee of Växjömunicipality unanimously decided to stopusing fossil fuels in the activities of themunicipality. Furthermore, the aims set bythe Climate Alliance, of which Växjö is amember, have been unanimously accepted.

The initiativeThe initiative, fitting the Agenda 21 devel-opment scheme, was basically focusing anintegral exploitation of biomass resources,maximum penetration of RE technologiesand a change of attitude with regard totransport. Among the undertaken actions,the following are worth to be emphasised:

Since the beginning of 80’s Växjö En-ergy Ltd., VEAB, has worked towardsreplacing oil by bio-fuel and developinga combined heat and power plant inVäxjö. Major parts of the city are servedby district heating and new areas arecontinually added.The municipal housing company,

Värendshus, has had encouraging expe-rience with solar panels. During 1998-2003, the municipality pressed for theuse of solar heating by means of a gen-eral subsidy to households for the in-stallation of solar panels.At Växjö Public Transport Company,buses run on 50% RME (rape-methyl-ester). Växjö and a number of compa-nies are co-operating to start produc-tion of DME (di-methyl- ether) andmethanol, which can be extracted frombiomass.

Overall evaluationThe city’s accomplishments did not go with-out recognition. In 2003 Växjö becamethe proud winner of the Local InitiativesAward for Excellence in Atmospheric Pro-tection for setting aggressive greenhousegas reduction targets and outstanding ef-forts to achieve them.

Main innovative aspectsNoteworthy aspects of the initiative man-agement are: Free energy advice, Eco-la-belled electricity production, concerting inDME production, together with projectsof public visibility such as “Energy effi-cient street lighting”.

Enabling factorsVäxjö has received an investment grantfrom the Swedish Ministry of Environmentof approximately 9M Euro that generates

total investments of 34M Euro, in a numberof private and public organisations in or-der to reduce the use of fossil fuels by 32000 tonnes.Another important factor to be consideredis the political consensus concerning Fos-sil Fuel Free Växjö.

ChallengesMostly, the work with Fossil Fuel FreeVäxjö has been quite free from obstacles.There is a lack of public awareness ofVäxjö’s offensive targets. We are moreknown among other municipalities in Swe-den and the world for our work, than weare at home. The main problem is tochange peoples’ attitudes towards trans-ports.Political decisions at national level cansometimes be problematic for our objec-tives, for example tax legislation.Comparing present project’s perceptionwith 1993, the initiative turned to be ofsecondary importance due to municipali-ty’s priorities related with the budgetarycrisis,

Replication PotentialMany Swedish and European cities havedeclared they should be Fossil Fuel Free,Växjö was the first city to declare that.Växjö’s system for monitoring fossil CO2

has become a model for Swedish munici-palities. Experience replication capacityhas actually reached Japan, where theIwate Prefecture will introduce bio-energyafter studying Växjö’s experience.

RES increase and CO2 reductionIn 2002, RES stands for 43% of the totalenergy supply to Växjö (this includes trans-port sector). If transport sector is excluded,the increase was 52%, and the RES standsfor 67% 2002.Reduction of CO2: 795 kg or 17.2 %/capita(1993-2002). This can be split into a re-duction of 59.3 %/capita for heating andan increase of 20.6 %/capita for transports.

Contact: Sarah Nilsson • Växjö Kommun Planning department • Post Box 1222(Västra Esplanaden 18) • 35 112 Växjö • SwedenTel.: 46-470-41593 • Fax: 46-470-41580 • E-mail: [email protected]

DHW roduction

Large collectivesolar systems

Project Objective Achieved CommentsSolar

Approx 1,600 m2

(200 places)

850 m2 (11 places)

323 m2 (38 places)

-

Solar energy standfor 0.3 GWh 2003.

CH and PowerBiomass Installa-tions

About 500 districtheating installations

each year (2000-2003)

Slightly fewerinstallations theprevious years.

Dwelling heatedby biomass

Biomass

300 installations(Municipal subsidies)

More than 200 conversionsfrom oil heating to biomass

Giving more than6.5 GWh.

environment-friendlier cars

200 cars Less than 20

Transport

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Main aimsThe urban renovation and reconstructionof this territory offer an excellent oppor-tunity for application of the principles ofsustainable development. The RenewableEnergy Partnership “BARCELONARENOVABLE 2004” is being foundedwith this idea, and with a special emphasison the issue of energy cycle. Its generalobjectives are the following:

Promote the application of RenewableEnergies.Promote the measures for the efficientuse of energy.Reduce the impact on the environmentcaused by the use of energy.

BARCELONARenewable 2004

Contact: Alexander Ivancic • Barcelona Regional • C/60 nº 25-27Zona Franca 08040 • Barcelona • Spain

Tel.: 34-93-223 74 00 • Fax: 34-93-223 74 14 • E-mail: [email protected]

Since July 2000, the Barcelona City Coun-cil has implemented a law concerning theuse of solar energy. According to this «so-lar by law», all new buildings as well asthose subject to general refurbishment, areobliged to use solar energy for 60% oftheir sanitary hot water supplies.Moreover, the Universal Forum «Barce-lona 2004» is being planned, which willtake place at the seafront of the Besosmunicipality. For this reason, a significantrenovation and remodelling of the Besosseafront is foreseen in the master plan aswell as in the infrastructure developmentplan. These changes will entail consider-able building work over the next few years.The urban renovation and reconstructionof this community provide an excellent op-portunity to apply the principles of sus-tainable development. The Renewable En-ergy Partnership «Barcelona Renovable2004» is being founded with this in mind,and with special emphasis on the energycycle. Its general objectives are the appli-cation of renewable energies as well asenergy efficiency measures, and reducingthe environmental impact of the use of en-ergy.

ObjectivesThe «Barcelona Renovable 2004» initia-tive puts forward several specific proposi-tions that should be attained by the begin-ning of 2004, such as:

1.35 / 4.5 MWp of photovoltaic sys-tems,10,000 m2 of solar thermal collectors,district heating (25 MWt) and districtcooling (30 MW c) from thermal solarenergy and waste energy,50 apartments with biomass heating,bioclimatic architecture in urban plan-ning and building design,a community which is moving towards100% renewable energy supply.

Project detailsThree energy measures foreseen initially:

PV centralDistrict heating &cooling systemEnergy efficient buildings

Besides this three energy measures fore-seen initially, the new one is added: biogasdigestors are being constructed within thesame site. Biogas is going to be used forCHP.

PV fields on the site: Under initial plan-ning the station has been divided into twounits: the main pergola of around 1 MWand an additional installation of 150 kWp.First phase (main pergola) is going to befinished in February 2004. Second phasebuilding October 2004 – March 2005.

District heating cooling system. The pro-posed DHC operation is based on the utili-zation of the TERSA’s plant steam. 30 ton/h at 8 barg, 5ºC reheating are put in orderto reach wep steam in the DHC central. Anenergy transference plant composed by heatexchanger water/water, a system of energymeasurement and a control regulation sys-tem will be in each building. Along the pri-mary unit mentioned before the water willbe driven from the DHC heat plant to the

secondary unit transferring the enoughenergy to satisfy the demand. The controlsystem of the heat plant will allow tooptimise its functioning, so much from theenergy point of view as of the point of viewof operation and maintenance. The systemwill allow also the monitoring and energybill control in each building.

Bio Climatic Criterions – Applications &Control: The main topics proposed to beregulated are:

Energy efficiencyImplantation of renewable sources

The measures related to the energy effi-ciency are the following ones:

Limit of the energy demand for buildingclimatization.Lighting of buildings.Efficiency of the building air condition-ing systemsThe measure related to renewablesources:Power generations systems by means ofthe Photovoltaic facilitiesThermal energy generations systems bymeans of the Thermal solar installations

Enabling factorsThe network connected PV systems ben-efits from the Spanish feed-in law, so theygenerate incomes. The installations biggerthan 5kWp the price for each kWh gener-ated and sold to the public network is0,22 Euro/kWh.

ChallengesCurrently, the exigency degree of the PVinstallations is the main doubt in the nor-mative due to the prices of this technology.Nevertheless, the PV costs tendency is todecrease gradually. The consulting servicefocused on advices on the PV market andthe possibilities to obtain subsides couldhelp the building developers to fulfil thiscriteria.


MOLINS DE CAMPOSMills of the past

winds of the future

The project of Campos is an excellent alli-ance between the heritage from the pastand the new technologies of the future, amultidisciplinary project joining heritagerestoration, landscape maintenance, wind-energy production, search of new touristproducts integrated and adapted to the en-vironment and the recovery of local tradi-tional productions.

The characteristics of the Balearic Islands’agricultural development have partly beendetermined by the archipelago’s climaticconditions. Windmills were built to over-come irrigation problems due to a lack ofsurface rivers and streams. The type ofwindmill found in Majorca is based on de-signs that date back to Alexandrian timesand the first windmills reached Europefrom Persia in the 11th century.During the middle Age, the number of wind-mills grew. Most were flourmills, but therewere also watermills. All had rotors withsails of fabric. Windmills were not reallyput to use to extract water from the grounduntil 1845, with the work of the Dutchengineer Paul Bouvy and the plan to drainthe plain known as the PIA de Sant Jordi.From then on, there was a spectacular in-crease in number. There are well over twothousand windmills on the island of Ma-jorca.

Main aimsThe “Molins de Campos” project was cre-ated as a result it is the result of a partner-ship between the RES and the heritage.For this reason, the project does not onlyinvolve the windmills’ structural restora-tion ‘ but it also has a global environmen-tal objective: to convert the windmill into agenerator of wind energy - a clean, renew-able source of energy - whilst also carryingout a series of parallel activities within theimmediate vicinity, focused on promotingthe use of windmills and their adjacent landsin ways which will lead to the generation of

income and a number of different economicactivities, within the framework of the sus-tainable use of natural resources and theprotection of the environment.The global idea of the project seeks notonly the architectural restoration and ob-taining wind power, but also to make themills turn into reference elements for tour-ist use, as centres for craftsmanship andvalorisation of the rural products of thearea.

Overall evaluationHaving carried out the experimental study,in the light of the excellent results achieved,it was necessary to continue with the ini-tial objectives. With this in mind, given thehigh cost involved in the restoration of thewindmills, it was decided to start by con-centrating on a first stage of the “Molinsde Campos” project, which would focus ona group of about one hundred windmills.The mills recovering process especiallycared after energy aspects, that meant afar from negligible technological challenge,since the project’s engineering had to re-solve aspects such as adapting traditionalrotors to present-day generators, withininvestment conditions that allow investmentrecovering in an acceptable time space.The restoration of the cultural heritagethat the windmills represent and therecovologically-friendly produce).

The initiativeThere are four main aims behind theproject, which is planned to focus on a fig-ure of about 100 windmills:

The restoration of the windmills, in theircapacity as a part of historical heritage,thus reducing and indeed improving thenegative visual, aesthetic and environ-mental impact of the windmills that pres-ently exist in the area.The conversion of the windmill, by in-troducing technology that will take ad-vantage of the island’s wind energy, and

the introduction of a new innovation, thesmall-scale production of electricity foruse, energy-saving and, indeed, to replaceother sources of energy.The creation of a sustainable environ-ment in association with the windmill,using the resources of the surroundingarea. Designing and creating the mostsuitable type of outdoor gardens andguaranteeing, above all, Majorca’sbiodiversity by the use of native islandspecies of plants.Parallel activities, which help to guaran-tee the feasibility of the project as awhole. Introducing the concept of sus-tainability to rural farms and to the de-velopment of tourism and cultural at-tractions.

ResultsMore than 100 windmills have been re-stored until the present. Currently it is be-ing widening the initiative with the projectof a visitors center (RES and Heritage).

Enabling factorsSupport of Ministry of Environment.Good perception by the creation of a newtourist product.Reinforcement factor of the local economyand the rural productions.

ChallengesAdministrative processes for connection tonet and need to unify the maintenance serv-ices.

Contact: Pascual Tortella • Adjuntament de CamposPlaza Mayor, 1 • 07630 Campos • Majorca • Tel.: +34 629 43 94 91E-mail: [email protected]

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Contact: Manuel Cendagorta • Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables S.A.(ITER) • Parque Eólico de Granadilla • 38611 San Isidro • Tenerife • Spain

Tel: +34 922 391000 • Fax: +34 922 3910010 • E-mail: [email protected]:www.iter.es

ITER (Technology and Renewable EnergyInstitute) is nowadays one of the main re-search and development centres workingon RET applied to island areas. Amongits activities, an ambitious and complexproject dealing with RE promotion, dis-semination and development has to be em-phasised: a Visitors’ Centre dedicated ex-clusively to energy issues, a developmentformed of 25 bioclimatic houses, and anopen-air technological walkway for Renew-able Energies, are the highlights of the dis-semination centre that will be inauguratedin ITER installations on January 9th 2004.

Main aims and motivationsITER is a company founded by Cabildo deTenerife, the island government. One of itsaims was to promote Renewable Energiesand become a centre of reference on theseissues. Moreover, ITER is a UNESCO Cen-tre of Excellence for training and dissemi-nation of RET, with the support of IN-SULA.Therefore, this dissemination platform isa way to achieve a higher impact of aware-ness and information to the public at sev-

eral levels: children, students, decisionmakers, professionals, etc.

Project DetailThe installations work as a whole. Visi-tors will begin their visit in the BioclimaticVisitors’ Centre, where they will learnabout energy and its impacts with a multi-media exhibition. The monitoring of thebioclimatic development also takes placehere, and information will be constantlydisplayed in 25 computers. Afterwards, thevisit continues in the Technological Walk-way, where RE technologies are shown andexplained, and the development with the25 bioclimatic houses.The rest of installations of ITER, such asthe three wind parks, the PV concentra-tion plant EUCLIDES, the desalinationplants, the flat PV plant and the wind tun-nel among others, will also be available forvisiting. Another 22 MW wind park isforeseen for 2004-2005.Conferences, working meetings, seminarsand other dissemination activities will takeplace in the Conference Room of the Visi-tors’ Centre.Main Innovative AspectThe innovative aspect relies on the pioneershowcase of RET on a single place, withthe necessary infrastructure for dissemi-nation. All infrastructures to guarantee thedevelopment of promotion and trainingactivity is associated to the ITER Techno-logical Centre which includes a wind parkof 30 MW. Another highly innovative as-pect is to open the centre to the touristactivity.Regarding the bioclimatic approach of thedevelopment, the trends have evolved toreduce costs in buildings even if it impliesthe addition of expensive, energy-consum-ing, and unhealthy conditioned air systems.A significant number of different solutionsfrom architects all over the world are pro-posed, proving that rational criteria used

during the designing phase can consider-ably reduce the energy requirements of thebuilding. RE implementations consideredincorporate several innovative features ashigh efficiency and maximum integrationof PV solar cells and wind power in thedesigns. There is no such installation where25 different dwellings from different ar-chitects from all over the world may beanalysed altogether.

Overall EvaluationThis project has the general purpose toincrease popular knowledge on energy andrenewables, as well as to promote energysaving by individuals. The project itself maynot contribute to a significant reduction inenergy consumption (besides the produc-tion of the 70 kW PV panels included inthe development), but it is expected thatthe energy balance of the village will beeven, without increasing the overall con-sumption of the island. Furthermore, as ademonstration and dissemination project,it would enable the application of success-ful solutions in other buildings in the me-dium term.

ChallengesThe main challenge has been the large in-vestment that was done to implement theidea of the development and other infra-structure just for demonstration and dis-semination purposes, as well as the plan-ning for all of the installation to come to-gether on a limited amount of space.

Replication PotentialSome similar and smaller installations havebeen made in other places, some of themafter examining the outcome of the Tech-nological Walkway at ITER. It is expectedthat the enlargement of the disseminationactivities and infrastructure will help forthis experience to be widely spread andreplicated in other areas and countries.

TENERIFEITER - RenewableEnergies and Bioclimatics


The island of El Hierro, Canary Islands(Spain), declared a Biosphere Reserve byUNESCO in 2000, has an area of 276km², a population of approximately 10.000inhabitants, and is not connected to a con-tinental electricity grid. Currently, the elec-tricity demand is covered by a conventionalthermal power station (diesel system:8’285 MW). The island has a big RESpotential, mainly wind, and wants to im-plement a 100% RES project for its en-ergy supply. In order to reach this objec-tive 3 different programmes are to be im-plemented:

Energy Saving ProgrammeThe “100% RES for ElectricityProduction” ProgrammeThe Transport Programme (conversionfrom Fossil Fuels to Clean Transport)

With the financial support of the DG TRENof the European Commission, a consor-tium of 7 partners, coordinated by ITC(Instituto Tecnológico de Canarias), willcarry out a project that will focus on the“100% RES for electricity supply” pro-gramme, which aims, in a first phase, atcovering 70-80% of the electricity demandof the island by means of several actions.The set objective can only be reached bythe integration of several RES. In this con-text the following actions are in focus:

Implementation of a Wind - PumpedHydro Power Station (with the target ofcovering 75% of the island’s electricitydemand and achieving 30% direct windpenetration into the grid)Implementation of a Solar Thermal En-ergy ProgrammeImplementation of a PV Roof Pro-grammeImplementation of a Biofuels Pro-gramme

Main motivationsThe bet on a strategy aiming at the attain-ment of a 100% RES island already ap-pears within the Sustainable Development

Plan of the island, supported by UNESCO,which defends an advanced concept of Bio-sphere Reserve as an insular developmentmodel and laboratory. The Reserve is char-acterised by a high degree of participationof the local population in the strategic de-cisions affecting development, where en-ergy options are linked to the productivemodel, to the integral exploitation of en-dogenous resources, and to population’squality of life.

Hundreds of European islands (with morethan 5 million inhabitants), and thousandsof islands worldwide, could benefit fromthe results of this project. As a consequenceof the foreseen actions, the following re-sults are expected:

Reduction of GHG emissionsIncrease of life quality on islandsIncrease of energy independence on is-landsDemonstration of the fact that RES in-tegration is a way of providing 100%energy supply on isolated islandsDemonstration of the fact that synergiesbetween RES (e.g. combination of wind,hydro, solar, etc.) can highly contributeto increase RE penetration into weakgrids in isolated areasDemonstration of the fact that pumpedwater storage is an economic way ofaccumulating energyOptimisation of the available potentialof RES using them together in integratedsystems for local power supply

InnovationThe most innovative part of the projectfrom the technical point of view is the Wind-Hydro power station (WHPS). This is aninnovative concept of combination of 2RES: wind and hydro power, using thewater as energy storage. The system over-comes the usual problems of intermittency(discontinuity) and power fluctuationscaused by the random character of the wind

resource and, thanks to the potential en-ergy storage (pumped water) and the con-trollable power output of hydro turbines,can establish a stable grid in terms of fre-quency and voltage. This is the first expe-rience world wide of a WHPS that will pro-vide, on a yearly basis, approx. 75% of theelectricity demand of an isolated area and,in some months (like in June, July andAugust), 100% of the electricity demand.Another innovating aspect is the creationof a utility for the development of the 100%RES Hydro-Power project. Consistentlywith the strategy set in the Reserve, animportant part of the new company’sshareholders are within the local popula-tion, the others being the former utility andthe Cabildo (Local Government).

ReplicationAn important part of the project is devotedto the construction and monitoring of theWHPS on El Hierro, but also feasibilitystudies for WHPSs on Crete and Madeirawill be elaborated and potential for otherislands will be assessed. Furthermore, as-pects concerning integration and involve-ment of the island population in the fore-seen actions (in order to guarantee accept-ability of RES) will be addressed. In orderto try to replicate the project, emphasiswill be put in identifying islands that couldbenefit from this kind of systems and alsoin elaborating a dissemination plan.The project demonstrates that, in condi-tions of liberalisation and for isolated ar-eas with acceptable resources, the RESoption is viable and competitive.

EL HIERRO100% RES

A Biosphere Reserve island

Contact: Gonzalo Piernavieja • Canary Islands Technological Institute (ITC)Playa de Pozo Izquierdo s/n. • 35119 Santa LucíaGran Canaria • Spain • Tlf: +34 928 727505 • Fax: +34 928 727517E-mail: [email protected]• Website: www.itccanarias.org

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BIOSPHERE HOTELSRenewable Energies to buildSustainable Tourism

Contact: Tomas Azcárate • Institute of Responsible Tourism • Plaza Sixto Machado, 338009 Santa Cruz de Tenerife • Spain • Tel: +34 902 117725 • Fax : +34 922 568913

Email : [email protected] • Web site: www.biospherehotels.org

The Responsible Tourism System is an in-dependent system of certification, whichpublicly recognises the environmental qual-ity of the management, technological inno-vation and services on offer in tourist es-tablishments.The RTS meets a need for external andvisible recognition to distinguish the effortsmade by member establishments. This rec-ognition is given by an independent agency,the Institute of Responsible Tourism(IRT), that certifies and guarantees anestablishment’s commitment to responsi-ble tourism practises, with the RES likethe best tool for continual improvement.The Institute of Responsible Tourism(IRT) was created after the World Con-ference on Sustainable Tourism (1995).It is an independent agency that has beenset up to implement Sustainable Develop-ment actions and programmes in the fieldof the tourist industry, in line with the rec-ommendations contained in Agenda 21 ofthe Rio Conference, the Sustainable Tour-ism Charter and the guidelines that haveemerged from different UNESCO pro-grammes related to sustainable develop-ment and the protection of the world’s cul-tural and natural heritage.

RES objectivesThe objective “Toward 100% RES” hasbeen implemented by the Institute of Re-sponsible Tourism by means of the RTS inaccordance with a voluntary Programmeof Energy Efficiency Policy (compulsoryfor each hotel) that should include not onlymeasures related with rational use of en-ergy, but also those regarding the Plan ofRES implementation of each hotel (includ-ing also the incorporation of solutions likethe green certificates).

Enabling factorsThrough the Biosphere Hotels certifica-tion system it has been possible to create afavourable environment for the use of re-

newable energies in hotels.The case of Lanzarote is a model to follow.Since 1998, when the RTS started to beintroduced and the first BIOSPHEREHOTELS were certificated, the total areaof solar panels installed is now a signifi-cant reality. In 2003 10,000 m2 of solarpanels are working in Lanzarote (in theframework “A new sun project” withICAEN and ASOLAN). The number of es-tablishments that joined this solar ther-mal initiative is encouraging enough. Theobjective for 2004 is to achieve 20,000m2 of solar panels installed in hotel estab-lishments that joined the RTS.

Replication PotentialBetween 1998 and 2003 more than 50hotels of island regions have been incorpo-rated in the system. The target is to reach100 accreditations in 2004.In order to facilitate the transfer of expe-riences and the dissemination of a sustain-able tourism culture, the IRT carries outand promotes a whole series of comple-mentary activities and accompanying meas-ures.The IRT systematically promotes interna-tional seminars, workshops and meetingswith a view to disseminating successful ini-tiatives in the area of Sustainable Tourismand especially the experiences that emergefrom within the International Network ofBiosphere Hotels.

A promotion exampleThe IRT, in cooperation with the ICAEN,which is the coordinator of this initiative,and INSULA, launched a sensitisationcampaign aimed to promote renewableenergies in the tourist sector on islandsthat have been declared “Biosphere Re-serves” by the UNESCO.The campaign is centred on the islands ofMinorca, Lanzarote, El Hierro, Galapagosand Guadeloupe, and relies on the supportof local governments and associations. In

these emblematic island territories, com-mitment for a tourism sustainable devel-opment started to forge important projectsin the fields of energy, water and wastemanagement.This initiative involves a commitment withislands’ tourist associations and technol-ogy providers in favour of the promotionof a maximum use of renewables in thesector. Their status of Biosphere Reservegive them an outstanding capacity of expe-rience dissemination through the Interna-tional Biosphere Reserve Network.The main actions planned in the SolarMarketing Campaign are based on touristsensitisation, with the support of the localtourist associations, including:

Self-supported posters placed in small-island’s airports and in the most visitedplaces in order to attract the attentionof visitors, with few text and conceptssuch as sustainability, RES and RUEtechnologies, eco-labels, etc.Display for containing brochures to beplaced in Hotels, city halls, tourism of-fices, local associations, etc.

A questionnaire to be distributed to thetourist could be defined in case a survey isconsidered an important aspect of the Cam-paign.The Campaign is part of a wider unit ofactions and projects aimed to consolidate,in the medium term, tourist destinationswhich are energetically clean, 100% RESsupplied and environmentally friendly.In the same way, the IRT is now imple-menting this campaign of sustainable tour-ism in Cuba, La Palma, Eastern Island(Chile) and Sea Flowers Archip. (Colom-bia).


LAUSANNESolar City

Contact : Pierre-Pascal Favre •Ville de Lausanne – Direction des Services industriels,service gaz & cad• Pl. Chauderon 25 • CP 836• 1000 Lausanne • SwitzerlandEmail: [email protected] • Tel: +41 21 315 87 10Website: www.lausanne.ch/energie

The city of Lausanne in Switzerland and itsUtilities (SIL) has already received interna-tional recognition and several prizes, amongwhich the European Solar Prize, for the city’smajor effort in developing RES. City’s activi-ties aim to develop PV: among others a 570m2 surface of solar panels was installed on acity Sport stadium. Other activities are inthe area of solar thermal, biomass and dis-trict heating systems (DHS).

The InitiativeLausanne has for some time been committedto an annual investment to guarantee a mini-mum installation of 10 kWp PV capacity.This program stopped in 2000 and was re-placed by a «solar stock exchange».The broad PV activities encompass the in-stallation of a PV roof on the sport stadium.Hence, the 65 kWp solar generator occupiesa surface of 570 m2, composed of 1.296panels. The electricity current is re-injectedafter having been transformed into AC of220 volts.Another project offered the possibility to citi-zens to buy a solar kit, largely subsidized bythe city to reach the price of 550 Swiss francs(about 350 euros). This campaign introducedin 1999 has had so much success that therewere no solar kits available any more.More than 400 m2 of solar thermal panelshave been installed by the Lausanne Utilitieson residential buildings property of the Cityof Lausanne.Other activities include RES when makingurban planning. For instance, the SIL pushesto integrate biomass DHS instead of choos-ing a cheaper but unclean option. The invest-ment is minimal for the owners, but is trans-ferred to the cost of the people renting thehouses.

Overall Evaluation:The overall RES approach has been verysuccessful, partly because it has been ableto approach citizens by giving them ready-for-use products (the solar kits), and partly

because one of the most symbolic place ofthe city, the Pontaise stadium, has becomea symbol for an innovative and clean approachto energy supply of a city.

Main innovative aspectsSubsidies on photovoltaics range between1,000 and 2,000 CHF (640–1,300 euros)according to the installed peak power of thePV plant.Lausanne utilities also introduced in 1997 alocal tax of 0.025 CHF/kWh (0.016 EUR/kWh) on the increase of the annual consump-tion of electricity. The amount of money in theso-created fund is thus directly proportionalto the variation of the Lausanne’s annual con-sumption and can only be used for investmentsmade in the renewable energy for electricityproduction (hydro excluded!) and energy effi-ciency for electrical appliances sectors.

Enabling factorsThe fact that Lausanne developed this origi-nal fund combined with the influence of astrong Green party and a charismatic personrepresenting the party have played a majorrole by influencing energy efficiency and re-newable energy projects.

ChallengesThe introduction of a tax is a sensitive issue:only an increase in energy consumption willlead to further investments in RES, whereasRES and EE efforts should ideally go together.The push for houses to be connected to a bio-mass DHS is also a delicate step: All the costis reported onto the renters, a majority inSwitzerland, without having given them thechoice to do so.

Replication PotentialInspired by the example of the PV stadium ofLausanne, another PV stadium was inaugu-rated in 2002 in Basel (Switzerland). Severalregions of Switzerland have also finalized theirinterest in PV kits and bought 400 of them.

Environmental targetsA good example of concerted approach be-tween the regional authority dealing withtransport emissions, and the electricity utilitydealing with electricity and heat emission inhouses is, for instance, in the case where a bigsupermarket is planned in the periphery of thecity, because this generates many traffic emis-sions, the electricity utility pushes to convincethe legislative power to declare the obligationto connect the building zone to DHS.

InnovationInstallation of a PV roof on the sport stadium for a surface of 570 m2,for 1,296 panels; more than 400 m2 of solar thermal panels installed bythe SIL on residential buildings property of the City of Lausanne.

Photovoltaics

Solar thermal The total m2 surface of solar thermal integrally covers the yearlyconsumption of hot water for 200 people

The DHS is powered by the waste burning plant, the wasted watertreatment plant and a wood-fired plant

Overall RESincrease Still a very low % compared to large hydropower and nuclear power

Creation ofjobs

Small local enterprises active in PV have been able to survive andare well established by now, thanks to the mandates of the SIL

Biomass DHSplant

17 installations PV plants have been installed and are owned by theServices Industriels de Lausanne (SIL) for a capacity of 190 kWp8 PV installations for 234 kWp are in private ownership but under thecontract of SIL in the framework of the Solar programme (boursesolaire); three electrical boats (each powered by 3.5 kWp of PV, areoperational on the lake of Geneva for tourists). The proportion of PVrepresents 0.02%.

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POWYSRenewable EnergyDevelopment Plan

Contact: Mr. Andy Bull • Powys County CouncilSt. John´s Offices • Fiveways • Llandrindod Wells • LD1 5ES • Wales • UK

Tel/Fax: 0044 1597 827 587 • E-mail: [email protected]

Powys decided to become 100% RES sup-plied between the period of 2000-2010.To achieve this target they implementedvarious projects and established an En-ergy Agency in 2000.

Main aims and motivationsThe combined aim of all the projects is tocompletely cover the county´s energy de-mand with a supply of renewable energy.Powys wishes to establish Mid-Wales as amodel utiliser of Renewable Energies forthe UK and therefore to get the commu-nity better known on a national and Euro-pean level. Increasing public awareness ofRES issues is also a concern of the cam-paign.

Project DetailsWith the calculation of approx. 49,000homes in the County in 2000 the followingtargets were established:Establish an Energy Agency, 5,000 solarthermal water collectors, 100kWp PV, 20hydro schemes, wood fuel heating projects,anaerobic digestion, Energy database forresource within the county.

Overall EvaluationOther than wind power the projects arestarting from a very low base. It can beseen, however, that a continuation of thework will start to make significant head-way on the issues. There has already beena larger acceptance of wood fuels but theoverall awareness has not increased sig-nificantly as yet.10 long-term jobs have been created sofar, 5 of which are directly dealing withRES matters. There are 2 indirect postsbut this will increase dramatically as in-come is retained locally and wood fuelprojects grow.

Involving the communityShares from the community wind turbinewere sold to the community. This served

not only to generate income but also toraise local confidence in the turbinesthrough participation. Due to PV, the elec-tricity bills were reduced and a certainamount of free electricity supplied to thecommunity.

Enabling factorsThe campaign has support from manysources. There is financial aid from DG-TREN SAVE and ALTENER projects,technical support from The Carbon Trust,political support from the National Assem-bly Sustainable Energy Group, legal sup-port from the County Council, administra-tive aid from the Welsh DevelopmentAgency. The campaign is also supportedby the Forestry Commission, Utility Com-panies, Wales OPET Cymru, other energyagencies and many more.

ChallengesThere was a general lack of public aware-ness of Renewable Energy issues and alsoopposition to large wind farms as the nega-tive aspects are more widely known thanthe positive. It was vital to engender confi-dence in theEnergy Agency in order for the project tobe a success but also to use best practise

case studies both from the UK and else-where in Europe.

Replication PotentialThe same potential exists in many otherplaces. Powys County Council knows of noother similar initiatives to be set up so farbut people have expressed interest.It has been learnt that using project part-ners to influence local decision makers isvery effective and that projects like Powysare very important as national policy canprobably be influenced by local example.

Perception of the RES situation at theend of CTOPeople are more concerned about RES is-sues today than in 1999 and this is re-flected in greater support from the popu-lation. Obstacles to the establishment andimplementation of RES projects have alsodecreased in this time.

RES IncreaseThe results of the Powys project so farconstitute a 2% rise in RES share on alocal level. There is already a CO2 reduc-tion of 45,000 tonnes; an NOx reductionof 156 tonnes and a SOx reduction of 520tonnes.


1 community owned wind turbine with a capacity of 75kW

19.8 MW supplied by large commercial wind turbines with a further 10.2 MW inthe planning stages.

It is difficult to determine the overall capacity of the utility owned wind turbines,as there is some repowering being undertaken.

From a goal of 100 kWp to be supplied by PV systems, in 2003 59 kWp weregenerated from 8 systems, which though not the optimum amount, stillrepresents a significant increase.

80 m2 of solar thermal collectors for domestic hot water

124 m2 of solar thermal collectors providing district heating

1 Biogas installation

2 sustainable energy settlements established

Establishment of an Energy Agency


ISLE OF WIGHTPowering the island

through renewable energy

Contact: Jim Fawcett • Renewable Energy Strategy for the Isle of Wight to 2010Principal Policy Officer • CPCU • County Hall • Newport • Isle of WightPO30 1UD • U. K. • Tel/Fax +44 1983 823646/535 • E-mail: [email protected]

The project brief was to prepare a renewableenergy strategy for the Isle of Wight as partof a larger project called IRESSI (IntegratedRenewable Energy Systems for Small Is-lands). The study outlines the RES exploita-tion potential of the Isle of Wight, takinginto account a wide range of factors includ-ing economic, technical and social consid-erations. The UK government set a targetfor the Isle of Wight to reach 67MW ofenergy coming from renewables by 2010and this project was the subsequent reac-tion.

The ProjectBackground analysis : discussing the optionsfor the Isle of Wight in terms of RES poten-tial and giving the technical potential for vari-ous options. States possible upper and lowerbounds for the contribution renewable en-ergy could make to the Island by 2010.Cost Benefit Analysis: gives the indicativeeconomic costs in detail and discusses theenvironmental and social issues concernedwith each technology option.Flagship projects: identification of six projectscovering a range of technologies with great-est potential for short-term implementation.

Overall evaluationThe active participation of the communitywas sought as a fundamental first step. Pub-

lic opinion is now in favour of trying to achievemore than the ambitious target of 10% ofelectricity generation supplied by RES by2010 and making greater efforts to con-serve energy.As a result of the project here is now a greatertechnical knowledge; an awareness of thepotential of each technology; what the Islandcan support in terms of generating capacityand how to maximise local gain. On the otherhand, the project was unable to overcomesome local opposition to wind energy (mostlyonshore) as it is believed that it will spoil theunique environment and landscape of the is-land.

Enabling factorsThe Isle of Wight Council along with variousvoluntary and community organisations par-ticipated in public awareness campaigns. ITC(Intermediate Technology Consultants) pro-duced technical and cost benefit analysis forthe study. The EC ALTENER programmeprovided 50% of the funding. Gotland En-ergy Agency became project partners andacted in an advisory capacity.

ChallengesThe study shows that the provisional tar-gets for local generation could be reachedalthough the necessary action has not yetbeen taken.

Similarly, job opportunities and R&D havenot yet occurred, but the study has raisedawareness of the opportunities.There was difficulty in analyzing the domes-tic use of solid fuels and heating oil for thebaseline data. There would also be difficultyin being entirely accurate about the renew-able energy potential although this was over-come by stating upper and lower bounds.

Replication PotentialSimilar analysis was undertaken on threeother UK islands at the same time. The samemethodology could be used anywhere but itwould be more difficult to map energy flowsin non-Island areas.

Change in perception of implementingRES projects (1999 – 2003)Planning obstacles to RES projects are de-creasing and there is likely to be a more posi-tive role for local authorities in promotingRE.More funding (grant-aid) is available andgreater public awareness of the need forlocal generation.The local population is more prepared towork alongside the local authority to findappropriate solutions for the local area.The Anti-wind lobby is, on the other hand,becoming more organized and more vocal.

Type of energy Practical Resource % Achievable Contribution

WindOn-shore windOff-shore windBiomass

Tidal Currents

Existing RDF/CHP Plant

PV

Lower Bound Upper bound Lower Bound Upper bound

12.0 MW 18.0 MW 5.1% 7.7%

0.0 MW 50.0 MW 0.0% 27.2%

Anaerobic digestion using Dairyc o w

Centralised CHP plantusing 2.8 MW SRC and forest resi

0.2 MW 0.5 MW 0.3% 0.7%

2.8 MW 5.3 MW 3.6% 6.7%

0.0 MW 3.0 MW 0.0% 1.6%

1.7 MW 1.7 MW 1.1% 1.1%

0.0 MW 0.1 MW 0.0% 0.02%

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WARMIA & MAZURYBiomass utilisationfor energy purposes

EC BALTIC RENEWABLE ENERGY CENTRE • RECEPOL • Centre of Excellenceul. Reduta Zbik 5 • 80 - 761 Gdansk • Poland

Tel./Fax.: +48 58 301 57 88 • E-Mail: [email protected] • Website:www.ecbrec.pl

The Region of Warmia and Mazury is lo-cated in North East Poland and has astructure of fuel consumption for heat pro-duction that is dominated by coal. Othermajor fuels include light oil and in largertowns also natural gas is used. Districtheating is common even in rural areas ofthis region which is among the least indus-trialised of Poland, and where there is highunemployment especially in rural areas.This project describes how biomass dis-trict heating plants (DHP) have been de-veloped in the region to replace traditionalfuels with a more environmental source ofenergy, at a time where refurbishment, oreven replacement, of the old coal districtheating systems is needed anyway for asignificant amount of them.

Main motivationsThe region is characterised by availabilityof wood fuels derived from forestry andlocal wood industry and a significant sur-plus of straw existing in the agriculturalsector (forestation in 2001 was 30%),there was the opportunity to put an end tothe heavy reliance on local fossil fuels.The typical owners of local district heatingsystems are local authorities, which in thatregion seem to be often poorer than in otherregions of the country. As such, local in-vestors have to search for external fund-ing, which since the end of 90’s is hardlyavailable for fossil fuels while it can beaccessed for RES projects. Typically thisdifficult situation led to biomass replacingthe old heating systems, while at the sametime creating new jobs.

The ProjectHaving gained inspiration and knowledgeof modern applications of biomass tech-nologies already implemented especially inthe EU, the regional authorities of Warmia& Mazury recognised the opportunities forthe wider deployment of renewable energyin the region. The political will to stimulate

wider deployment of biomass technologieswas then translated into allocation of ahigh priority by the Regional authoritiesset in the list of priority investment to beco-funded by the Regional Fund for Envi-ronmental Protection. At the end of 90-ties some pilot investment projects weredeveloped, that later became a basis forspreading out good practices and furtherreplication in other communes of Warmia& Mazury.

Innovative aspectsThe first projects have been to a certainextent the direct replications of technologi-cal solutions from the EU. However, grow-ing interest in the utilisation of biomassfor heat production in the region led tousing some local engineering and manu-facturing capacities and using some locallyinvented technological improvements help-ing to decrease the cost of biomass appli-cation while improving their efficiency.

ChallengesA major barrier faced especially in theinitial period of the development of bio-mass DHP in the region was a mentalbarrier among the local decision–mak-ers. Typical prejudices about biomassresulted from the lack of knowledge anda strong perception of coal or gas/oil asthe only modern and secure options forlocal energy production. Especially theutilisation of straw faced a strong dis-trust as it was believed to have too lowcalorific value and also perhaps consid-ered as going back to “ stone age tech-nology”.Financing tools to support biomassprojects on the regional level were pro-vided by the Regional EnvironmentalProtection Fund. At the end of the 90’sthey started to provide soft loans andsubsidies with a high priority given tobiomass projects. At an early stage, spe-cial conditions were created for local

authorities, allowing to write off up to50% of debt provided that these fundsare then used for further environmentalinvestments. First investments werecharacterised by high costs typical to ap-plications of new technologies and thelack of experience in this field. However,with a growing number of biomass in-vestments, investment costs of furtherreplication projects decreased (e.g. by30 % in case of some straw-fired instal-lations).

Replication PotentialWarmia & Mazury Region can be used asgood example for the other regions of Po-land and other countries of CEECs. It seemsthat regional authorities may indeed playan important role in the deployment of REStechnologies at a local level especially ifthey can access some regional financingschemes such as environmental funds.

Boosting Regional Bioenergy Utilization(1999 – 2003)The efforts of Warmia and Mazury re-gional authorities have been well in linewith the Polish National RES Strategyendorsed by the Council of Ministers in2000 and approved by the Polish Parlia-ment in August 2001 that set a target toincrease the share of RES in the primaryenergy balance of Poland from 2.5% in1999 to 7.5% in 2010. In 1999-2003 inthe Region of Warmia and Mazury over30 local biomass DHP were installed withthe total capacity of 90 MW.


INGALINA - DIDZIASALISBiofuel Boiler House and

District Heating

Contact: Ms Gudrun Knutsson • Swedish Energy Agency • Box 310 310 • SE SE-631 04Eskilstuna • Sweden • Tel: +46 16 544 20 72 • Fax: +46 16 544 22 64/20 99E-mail: [email protected] • website: www.stem.se

Ignalina and Didziasalis are neighbouringtowns on the Northeastern part of Lithuaniain the Utena region, relying upon heat sup-plied from biomass. The biofuel boiler instal-lation and district heating projects are part ofSweden’s International Climate-Related En-ergy Program. The Ignalina project was im-plemented in 1999 and the Didziasalis projectfollowed the example of it’s success in 2001.

Main aims and motivationsIgnalina: The regional administration wishedto reduce the use of heavy fuel oil (mazout)and to start to use local fuel as biomass.Didziasalis: The district heating system wasinstalled in the 1980’s to support the buildingmaterial industry. When the industry wasclosed down in the early 1990’s the heatingsystem became inefficient to heat the remain-ing buildings in the town due to it’s high pro-duction costs, being designed to supply a largermarket than was actually needed. FollowingSwedish Energy Agency (STEM)’s financingof the first Ignalina project, Ignalina regionalcouncil turned to STEM for some financialsupport in the restructuring of the heatingsystem in Didziasalis.

Project detailsThe Ignalina project concentrated heat pro-duction into one newly renovated, already ex-isting boiler house and closed down two oldboiler houses. Mazout, with a lower level sul-phur content, will still be used but to a farlesser degree for peak load and reserve ca-pacity instead of the previous 60% of supply.The Ignalina project includes the installation

of new pre-insulated pipeline of 300 metersto connect the existing networks as well as 30new substations in buildings and block centers.In Didzaiasalis a new more cost effective boilerhouse was built nearer the town. Furthermorethe distribution system has been partly reno-vated and 43 substations installed.

Overall evaluationIgnalina regional administration fulfilled theaim to reduce the use of heavy fuel oil (Mazout)and to start using local fuel as biomass tocreate local employment and adhere to stricterenvironmental rules that came into force in1999 from the Lithuanian government.Biofuel is expected to replace 2,300 tonnes ofMazout for each project. The energy savingfrom the pipeline and substation networksamount to 1000 MWh/y per project.Recently Ignalina town inagurated furtherbiofuels boilers in the same boilerhouse as thefirst project. This means that the heat supplyin the whole town and practically the wholesurrounding Ignalina region is based on wood-fuel.

Enabling factorsBoth projects received financial support fromSTEM in the form of loans. The Didziasalisproject also received 50% of costs from theLithuanian government. Ignalina has 6 dif-ferent suppliers of biomass so there is nowpossibility of price competition.

ChallengesAll municipal heating plants and distributionnetworks were decentralized in 1997 and

many municipalities became shareholders indistrict heating companies. This caused prob-lems as big towns and smaller communitieshad different requirements. Further reorgani-zation took place and municipalities took overthe direct management and responsibilities ofthe heating companies in their area. This cancause credit problems, as most lenders nor-mally require a 5-6 year economic result his-tory before providing loans. STEM was pre-pared to take the risk here as state guaranteewas provided but this is only the case for fewregions.

Replication PotentialThe population is quite evenly spread out whichis important for the implementation of biofu-els projects. Therefore the conclusions of theIgnalina project will contain valid insights forLithuania in general. Biofuel resources in thecountry are good and the technology is avail-able, nearly every municipality has a DistrictHeating system installed that could be reno-vated and reworked to make it more efficientand utilize biofuels.

Change in perception of implementingRES projectsIt was easier to implement the Didziasalisproject as financing was sought from the samesource as for the Ignalina project.The Lithuanian authorities assert that theprojects have played a role in the early intro-duction of RES into the country.

RES IncreaseThe savings caused by the plant from 1998to 2000 in Ignalina alone are as follows:

Expenses from heat energy productionin the company decreased by 26.5%Total heat energy costs per unit weredecreased by 17.7%Expenses for fuel import were decreasedby 93.4% due to the fact that all thebiofuel is produced locally in contrastwith the imported fossil fuels.

Ignalina Didziasalis

Energy MWh/y

Reductions

Biofuel 25,000 145,000Mazout 10,000 1,500

CO2 8,112 t/y 6,300 t/ySO2 123 t/y 50 t/yNox 3 t/y 5 t/y

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BULGARIANationalRES Programme

Contact: Mr. Tasko Ermenkov • Energy Efficiency AgencyMinistry of Energy and Energy Resources • Bulgaria

Tel: +359 2980 0644 • Fax: +359 2981 5802E-mail: [email protected]

Bulgaria imports 70% of the primary en-ergy carriers it needs and the National GDPenergy intensity is higher than the EU coun-try average. The RES share is less than0.4%. Since 1999 legislative initiatives havestarted to be developed. The National Pro-gramme on RES is designed to support thesedevelopments by increasing the share of re-newables with the aim of reaching 8% by2010.

Main aims and motivationsto reduce dependency on energy importsto introduce modern clean and green en-ergy generation technologies from the EUto realise prospective investments of 1647MUS$to create 2000 more jobs by 2010, andto save 4373 thousand tons of CO2/y

The Programme920 investment projects and project propos-als within the NPRES have been collected bythe Energy Efficiency Agency (EEA). Theyinclude solar hot water, solar PV, wind powergenerators, small and medium hydro,geothermal, biomass and biogas installations.The EEA will organize seminars, workshops,mass media transmissions and be responsi-ble for training courses and brochures.NPRES has the task of amending the legalframework by drafting new laws and har-monizing them with those at EU level. An-

other aspect is the establishment of regionaland communal programmes for sustainableRES technology development.

Overall evaluationMany projects are underway (see table) andsome municipalities have developed local plansfor the use of RES. Local investors and en-trepreneurs have become interested. Thoughthe campaign is taking more time thanplanned, it is setting good guidelines for fu-ture campaigns as this is the first ever na-tional programme on widespread applica-tion of Renewable energies in the Republic ofBulgaria.The process would be made easier throughbetter interaction between the institutionsinvolved and greater networking would beadvantageous. Of primary importance arethe favourable changes to legislation as theyenable the projects to be conceived and com-pleted, e.g the New Energy law with a specialchapter for RES.

Main Innovative AspectsPublic private partnership should be used inprojects. A Green certificate system isplanned to be put in force to regulate andfacilitate the electricity produced by RES andCHP. The EEA is also promoting a perform-ance contracting model for the Bulgarianconditions, various mixed financing schemes

and special credit lines for RES projects.Enabling factorsTechnical assistance was provided by techni-cal universities, the Bulgarian academy ofscience and private companies. Governmentpolicy also supported the campaign objec-tives. Financial backing came fromALTENER, PHARE and SAVE. The Minis-try of Energy and Resources, The Ministryof Environment and Water, The Ministry ofRegional Development are also involved inthis promotional process.

ChallengesStill there are insufficient financial means toimplement projects. There is a necessity for areal open energy market and relevant energyefficient and renewable legislation that en-sures such a market will work to decreasefinancial difficulties.Insufficient public knowledge of RES andrelated issues can be combated through theestablishment of more examples of differentRES installations within the country.

Change in perception of implementingRES projects (1999 – 2003)The issue of sustainable energy is of greaterconcern today than in 1999 due to bettertraining courses and awareness and ob-stacles to RES development are decreas-ing due to the same reasons and also sup-portive legislation.

Technology Objective To be achieved

PV Systems

Thermal collectors

86 Solar PV projects with a total value replaced conventional energy 43,484 MWh/yOf 49.7 MUS$; power capacity 12.34 MW 52.5 thousand tons/y reduced CO2 emissions

509 Solar Thermal collector projects with total replaced conventional thermal energy 709,506Value 81.09 MUS$; heat capacity 202.72 MW MWh/y; 248.3 thou t/y reduced CO2 emissions

Privately ownedwind farms

CHP biomassInstallations

High temperaturegeothermal

30 wind power projects with total value of replaced conventional electric energy 373,260162.19 MUS$; total power capacity of 62.22MW MWh/y; 451.1 thou t/y reduced CO2 emissions

89 Biomass, biogas, and natural gas (detander) replaced conventional heat energy 3,118,233projects. Value 393.22 MUS$; total heat capacity MWh/y; 1,372.1 thou t/y reduced CO2 emissions498.71 MW; total power cap 244.26 MW

48 projects with value 393.22 mUS$; total heat replaced conventional heat energy 3,145,728capacity of 786.44 MW MWh/y; 1,100.1 thou t/y reduced CO2 emissions


TRHOVE SVINYBiomass Heating

System

Contact: Jiri Stojdl • Heating management of Trhove Sviny city Pekarenska 1010 •374 01 Trhove Sviny • Juhocesky kraj • Czech RepublicTel/Fax: 00420 386 322 335 / 00420 386 321 013

A biomass heating boiler in the municipal-ity of Trhove Sviny replaced an old type ofheating boiler. The alternative heating sys-tems installed were based on the criteriaof cheaper, environmentally friendly andlocally accessible renewable energy sources.The heating biomass boiler has reached aninstalled output of 2,500 kW.

Main aims and motivationsThe installation of a biomass heating boilerhas solved the problem replacing the tra-ditional and nonfunctional heating boil-ers with coal (previously in two pieces).As a result, 1 million m3 of natural gaswas saved, which had been the normal wayof heating until then.

The ProjectThe local municipality of Trhove Sviny es-tablished a heating management system in1998 that integrated the property of theTrhove Sviny town (boiler plant, convey-ance of heat, etc...). Despite the fact thatthe town of Trhove Sviny had trouble inobtaining support from the ministry level,the local authorities and population werevery motivated and managed to collectfunds from the national energy agency andfrom Austria.

Innovative financing schemeCosts have been saved on natural gas, whichis becoming increasingly expensive. Thereis also a loan that can be repaid back(roughly 20 millions Czech crowns (CZK),about 630,000 euros). From 1999 until2003, 10 millions CZK have already beenpaid back. Four blocks of heating boilers

were settled and by connecting to this par-ticular biomass heating boiler, the townwas able to save the above mentioned ex-penses.

Enabling factorsThe interest and awareness of local peoplewere raised to facilitate fast realization ofthe project. Although the heating boiler wasmade in Austria, the construction processwas entirely managed by local Czech com-panies.

Challenges:Despite the project being approved by repre-sentatives of the municipality and supportedby the interest and approval of citizens whohad a unit already installed, the Ministry ofEnvironment of the Czech Republic refused todeliver a subsidy for the realization of thisproject. Support was hence found from theCzech Energetic Agency (3 millions CZK, about94,000 euros, which represents about 15percent of the total realization costs) and fromthe Austrian Ministry of Environment in Vi-enna (similar amount: 3 millions CZK – againrepresenting 15 percent of total realizationcosts).Although this project was first of its kind inCzech Republic, no political interest and po-litical will existed for such an initiative at thetime of implementation. According to theproject partners it was also not yet time politi-cally to implement such a project. But thepresent situation has very much improved.

Replication PotentialThis project attracted a lot of people – repre-sentatives of local municipalities (villages,

towns), students of universities, members ofdifferent associations, societies….This model project helped to start similarprojects in Czech republic and was replicatedin many towns and villages.

Change in perception of implementingRES projects (1999 – 2003)It is getting easier to implement RES projects:even if it is still a slow process, it is generallyheading to the right direction. This projectcontributed to a much better perception ofRES initiatives in the country. The politicalinterest and political will have both increasedand environmental awareness of local peoplehas risen.

RES IncreaseThe fuel consumption for 2002 was ap-proximately 13.300 prm.25,000 GJ of heat was made. The total CO2

emissions were reduced.

Follow-upOn the basis of previous success, the projectdevelopers are willing to continue their activi-ties in this field. They have already begun toimplement a biomass cogeneration unit. Theycan now apply for funds from the State envi-ronmental Fund of the Czech Republic andobtain a non-returnable grant of 50-70 per-cent and a loan with a low interest rate 10-30percent. If they are successful, they will beable to produce 600 kW of electricity per hour.According to the Czech law the Energy Regu-latory office in Czech Republic is obliged tobuy the “Green energy” for 2.50 CZK/1 kWH.They have huge support from the mayor ofJuhocesky kraj and are trying now to get simi-lar support from the Czech Minister for Envi-ronment. If the project is realized this wouldmake it unique in the entire Czech Republic asa model solution which could be followed bymany replicators in the very near future.

Biomass Heatingboiler

25,000 GJ of heat The fuel consumption for 2002 wasapproximately 13,300 prm.

saving of fuel expenses, electric energy, emissions, storageof waste, personal costs (wages) free labour force wasused by the municipality in public service

2,500 kW installed output

Gain

Community

8484 CTO - Showcase

ALQUEVAMultipurposeProject

The Multipurpose Alqueva Project is lo-cated in Alentejo, a region in the south ofPortugal that occupies an area of approxi-mately one third of the country mainland.The region population is around 543 000inhabitants, equivalent to a population den-sity of nearly 20 inhabitants per km2.

Alentejo is mainly a rural region, on which1,7 million hectares of its area is agricul-tural land; the primary sector accounts for16% of the region total employment andrepresents 12% of the region Gross Do-mestic Product.The Alqueva Project has a direct influenceon 19 municipalities located aroundAlqueva lagoon and / or benefiting fromthe installation of new irrigation areas.

Main aims and motivationsBesides Alqueva and Pedrógão hydropowerplants mentioned above, EDIA strategy onRenewable Energies has been developed bythe implementation of some actions on windenergy, biofuels and solar energy. All thisactions are based on the establishment ofimportant partnership with local authori-ties, research institutions and other pri-vate companies on the energy sector.EDIA strategy is also in compliance withthe national energy policy, approved by thePortuguese Government and published onthe Ministries Council Resolution n. 63/

2003 of 13th March, and, in particular,regarding the strategic objectives of en-ergy supply security and sustainable devel-opment, on which the following measureswere contemplated:

To Support the development of renew-able energies;To Promote multipurposes hydropowerprojects for energy production and wa-ter supply;To incentive the use of clean energies;To Manage energy demand, namely bythe promotion of technological innova-tion and improvement of energy effi-ciency.

Main objectivesThe RE-Alqueva Partnership general ob-jective is the promotion of endogenous re-newable energies use, strengthening itscontribution to a sustainable developmentof Alentejo region.The RE-Alqueva Project has set the fol-lowing energy objectives to be achieved bythe end of 2006 :

The improvement of hydropower capac-ity along the Guadiana River; and, as aconsequence, the reinforcement of theregional and national electricity grid ca-pacity and the implementation of theElectricity Ibero Market through theconnection Alqueva-Balboa;The assessment of wind energy poten-tial in the area and, if technical and eco-nomically feasible, the promotion and

installation of a wind turbine / wind farm;The assessment, the design and the in-stallation of a small photovoltaic plant;the main objective is to demonstrate anddisseminate photovoltaic technologies vi-ability and its potential application inthe region;The development of a biodiesel chainproduction in Alentejo, regarding itsopportunity for the regional agricultureand agro-industry activities and contri-bution for the biofuels Directive objec-tives fulfilment;The improvement of energy performanceand integration of renewable energies inEDIA’s buildings and in rural villagesaround Alqueva and Pedrógão lagoons.

Overall evaluationThe Alqueva hydropower plant is equippedwith two generating sets, with an electric-ity capacity of 120 MW each. The esti-mated annual average production is 380GWh, the equivalent to the electricity con-sumption of a Portuguese city of 200 thou-sands inhabitants.The Pedrógão small hydropower plant willbe equipped with two generator sets with aelectricity capacity of 4,7 MW each. Theannual average electricity production esti-mated is 22 GWh.The biodiesel studies will evaluate the fea-sible dimension of a biodiesel productionunit in Alqueva area, benefiting of the aproximity location to raw materials sup-pliers (agriculture and agro-industry) andto the refinery plant and harbour in Sines.The installation of a biodiesel productionunit of 40.000 ton/year capacity has beenconsidered as a possible assumption.The photovoltaic plant capacity consideredon the pre-feasibility study was 100 kWp,since it is, according to Portuguese legalregulation, a capacity limit for low tensionelectricity production. The estimated an-nual electric production is 110 MWh.

Contact: Álvaro Gonçalves • CEEETA - Research Centre for Energy, Transport andEnvironment Economics • Rua Dr. António Cândido, nº 10 – 4º andar • 1050-078Lisboa • Portugal • Tel.: +351 21 3194850 • Fax: +351 21 3140411 • E-mail:

[email protected] • Website: www.ceeeta.pt

Actions

Construction of Alqueva dam and largehydropower plant

Construction of Pedrógão dam and smallhydropower plant

Wind energy assessment

Feasibility studies related to thedevelopment of a biodiesel chain

Energy performance and integration of REin EDIA’s buildings and in rural villages

Assessment, design and installation of asmall photovoltaic plant

Timing

1995-2003

1997-2005

2003-2004

2003-2004

2003-2005

2002-2006

Degree of achieve

93%

25%

10%

5%

1%

1%


SLOVENIARemoving barriers to theincreased use of biomass

Contact: Jani Turk Msc • National Director of the GEF ProjectDimièeva 12 • 1000 Ljubljana • Slovenia • Tel/Fax: +386 1300 6995/91E-mail: [email protected] • Website: www.gov.si/aure

The focus of the project, sponsored byUNDP and GEF, is on wood biomass baseddistrict heating (BDH). The projects to besupported will be selected through a «pub-lic call for tenders». The objective of thisproject is to facilitate the financing for atleast 3 BDH projects over its 3-year dura-tion. Based on the results of these projectsto promote further initiatives in other com-munities.

Main aims and motivationsThe project aims to reduce and removebarriers to the increased use of biomass.It also supports the sustainable develop-ment of the local economies by creatingnew income and jobs.There is also concern to reduce energy de-pendence and to push for the prioritizationof RES issues in Slovenia.

Project detailsTo achieve the goal of exploiting the bio-mass potential of Slovenia the GEF projectcreated many initiatives. Activities includefeasibility studies and business and financeplans for at least 20 projects.The Biomass Energy Fund was establishedin 2002 to finance biomass projects. Train-ing seminars, workshops, public calls forpreparation, dissemination of information,airtime 3-5 times per year on both televi-sion and radio networks are amongst theareas the project covers.

Overall evaluationIn bigger municipalities and ones with co-herent political interests the reaction was

positive. There are some problems, how-ever, in municipalities with political ten-sions. The perception of biomass energyuse at a national level has also had somenegative review due to unsuccessful bio-mass district heating projects in the past.

Main innovative featureThe project made use of private-publicpooling and involved the local communitythrough allowing them to invest in theirown heating substations. The BiomassEnergy Fund was also set up to distributeproject funds to those applying throughcalls for tender.

Enabling factorsThe Ministry of Environment, SpatialPlanning and Energy gave the projectgrants and also helped in public awarenesscampaigns along with the Agency for theEfficient Use of Energy and theINTERREG IIIB Project Alpenwood. TheMinistry of Finance provided both legaland administrative support.

ChallengesThere is a lack of a competent consultingmarket to provide feasibility studies andappropriate design systems. This was over-come by training consultants and the GEFproject team demonstrating examples tothe local experts.

It is necessary to find sources of initialinvestment and partners due to the poorinvestment capacity of small municipali-ties. Maintaining close contact with and

close involvement of four strategic part-ners tackled this problem. One privateinvestor is already participating in thefinancing of one of the projects proposedfor financial support within the GEFproject framework.The EU Accession process has influ-enced the legislative framework in thatadministrative conditions for creation ofequity funds and financing of some smallactivities are less favourable due to strictEU environmental state aid supportregulations. This was overcome by liais-ing closely with all the relevant minis-tries throughout the designing process.As a result, the project implementationand financing models were approved asthey conformed to the standards re-quired.

Replication PotentialThe project in Slovenia is not a replicationin itself and has not yet been replicated.The main activities are applicable for avariety of projects due to their comprehen-siveness and horizontal structure. The suc-cessful execution of the project in Sloveniacould stimulate replications in other Ac-cession countries.

Change in perception of implementingRES projects (1999 – 2003)The issues of sustainable energy are of agreater concern today than in 1999 andthe obstacles to implementing RESprojects are decreasing. The population ingeneral is more willing to support suchprojects and it is also getting easier to fi-nance them.

RES IncreaseThis is not yet known. The estimated CO2

emissions avoided as a result of the firsttwo large scale projects applying for theGEF equity investment and Governmentgrant is 3,600/CO2/yr.

Key facts of the pr

3-5 Wood biomass district heating installations were planned and so far 1 hasbeen approved for financing in three months time

23 feasibility studies are currently in preparation

30 municipalities had signed the Letter of Interest in the project by the end of 2002.

The Biomass Energy Fund was established in 2002 to finance biomass projects.

8686 CTO - Showcase

POLANDfrom coal to biomass fromgreen urban areas

EC BALTIC RENEWABLE ENERGY CENTRERenewable Energy Centre of Excellence and Competence in Poland (RECEPOL)

ul. Reduta Zbik 5 • 80 - 761 Gdansk • PolandTel./Fax.: +48 58 301 57 88 • E-Mail: [email protected] • Website: www.ecbrec.pl

A wood fired heating system has been im-plemented as a pilot project under the JointImplementation mechanism of Kyoto. Therealizations that aimed at replacing thetwo old coal-burning tanks started in1998 in Poland as a cooperation projectbetween the Dutch Government (who wasalso the main financing body) and thePolish Government with a cleaner source:biomass.The actors involved were: Biomass Tech-nology Group B.V. (BTG) from the Neth-erlands was the coordinator of the project,KARA Energy Systems from the Nether-lands supplied the boiler, EC Baltic Re-newable Energy Centre/Institute for Build-ing Mechanization and Electrification ofAgriculture (EC BREC/IBMER) fromPoland was a local coordination and theMunicipal Company of Communal Man-agement of Jelenia Gora was the projectpartner and the local investor.

Main motivationsThe reason for the project was the replace-ment of the two old, inefficient coal burn-ing tanks that belonged to the MunicipalWaste Disposal Company. Due to the factthat the same company is responsible forthe maintenance of green areas, the con-cept arose to replace the low efficiencycoal-burning tanks with a wood fired heat-ing system that would utilise waste wood.The plant is located in the area belongingto the Municipal Waste Disposal Com-pany, which simultaneously is the ownerof the plant, and provides heat to the com-

plex of greenhouses that cover an area of1,200 m2.

Project detailsIn Jelenia Gora and its neighbourhood,waste wood from the maintenance of greenareas, to be utilised immediately for en-ergy production purposes is 700 m3 andthe entire technical potential is equal to2,540 m3. Directly, it refers to the poten-tial of 2,100 and 7,500 GJ respectively.Such a potential equates to a possible en-ergy production capacity of 350 and 1,250kW respectively.The waste wood is shredded in the storageplace and then undergoes the process ofpre-drying. After some time it is trans-ported to another storage place for long-term storage (a few months). One of thestorage places houses the wiping feederinstalled in the floor of the storehouse andscrew feeder, which automatically feeds thewooden chips directly to the tank. The stor-age house of a capacity of 50m3, depend-ing on the humidity of the fuel and theambient temperature and ensures constantheating for the period of c.a. 24 – 48 hours.

An example of “Joint Implementation”The basic idea behind “Joint Implementa-tion” is the decrease of carbon dioxide(CO2) emission reduction costs (EUR perton CO2,). As this is often more expensiveto do in the Western European countries,the idea of “Joint Implementation” for aproject in one of the Eastern Europeancountries became possible to realise. TheDutch government finances the lion shareof the project and assists the receiving coun-try (Poland) in the implementation of itsCO2 reduction projects, in return for CO2-credits. The estimated share of emissionreduction units between projects partnersgovernments equals: the Netherlands 55%,Poland 45%.As a result, the Polish and Dutch govern-ment agreed on a bilateral co-operation in

the field of joint abatement of greenhousegases. A wood fired heating system hashence been implemented in Jelenia Gora.

FinancingThe project was financed under the um-brella of the Dutch Programme for Bilat-eral Co-operation with the Dutch Ministryof Economic Affairs by GovernmentAgency SENTER and by virtue of the agree-ment signed among the Polish and DutchGovernments.Total cost of the investment was 928,160PLN (206,258 EUR). The infrastructureprepared for the purposes of the technol-ogy application included: tank by KARAwith equipment, stack (purchase andmounting), “moving floor” feeder addi-tional grid connection, storehouse forwooden chips including drying system lo-cated under the floor, air solar collector,shredder, tank installation (mounting andcrane), documentation, other (truck loader,roads and squares)The Dutch government had financed thepurchase of the boiler, the preparing of allinvestment: technical project, the feasibil-ity study and the monitoring system. ThePolish investor had financed mountingcosts and the costs of building other equip-ment e.g. floor drying channels.

Environmental benefitsThe following benefits were realised by theinstallation of the biomass technology: sav-ings of 220 tones of coal by its replace-ment with biomass, abandonment of thestorage of 385 tones of waste wood at thelandfill, and thus, reducing the greenhousegases emission resulting from the decay oforganic material, and a decrease in the feesfor using the environment. It was esti-mated that throughout the period of theproject (15 years), the total reduction ofcarbon dioxide emissions would be 21 thou-sand tones of CO2 equivalent.


Action Plan for LargeScale Deployment of

RES in Crete

Crete is fourth largest island in theMediterranean, with an area of 8335 km2.Tourism is the most dynamic activity in theisland (more than 3 millions tourists in2000) and economic growth rates doublethe national average.Because of a net increasing populationtrend in recent years, of a high growth ratesin economy, as well as of fast developmentof a tertiary sector (mainly the seasonaltourism), Crete faces problems of highrates of electricity and mainly of powerdemand (8% per year compared to 4% ofthe national average). Additionally thereis a reluctance of the population to acceptthe installation of new thermal powerstations.For the above reasons, the project of large-scale RES development has a particularimportance in Crete, where it exemplifiesan important part of the island issues.

The initiativeThe Region of Crete – through theproposals of its Regional Energy Agency –has adopted since 1999 an integratedenergy policy and programming, whichgives particular emphasis on the RES andRUE promotion and implementation.The Regional Energy Agency of Crete andthe National Technical University ofAthens have formulated the“Implementation Plan for RES in Crete”.The defined Implementation Plan for theperiod 1998 – 2010 is focused on theexploitation of RES for electricityproduction, is formulated on the basis ofavailable RES potential, on the technicalconstraints for the RES penetration andon the existing legislative framework.The objectives of the Implementation Planare:

to cover the additional electricity demandin a sustainable wayto cover the maximum average net hourlyproduction,to provide the electrical system with an

adequate safety marginto require the minimum interventions tothe existing grid, andto use the most mature and cost-effectiveRES technologies.

Short-term actions refer to the period1998-2005 and medium-term actions tothe period 2005-2010. The plan promoteselectricity production by exploiting severalRES technologies (wind farms, biomass,small hydroelectric units, photovoltaicinstallations, pumped storage units) at amaximum possible penetration rate inorder to cover the increase of electricitydemand. Moreover it suggests additionalactions among at electricity savings (solarhot water systems, replacement ofincandescent bulbs, passive and hybridsystems for cooling, time-zone pricingsystem, etc.). The strategy of the ActionPlan is complemented by a number ofinitiative regarding demand sidemanagement for the period 1998-2010,with a special incidence in the tourist and

residential sectors.With the implementation of this plan thetotal RES electricity production couldreach 39.4% in 2005 and 45.4% in 2010.

Enabling factorsThe region of Crete has developed anenergy policy, which has been unanimouslyapproved by the Regional Council and hasits full support, as well as the support ofrelevant national authorities: Ministries forDevelopment and National Economy, andPublic Power Corporation (PPC).

ReplicationThe Crete Action Plan was used as a modelto start similar projects, especially thosedealing with European island regions. Atpresent Crete is working, together withother island territories, on a feasibilityanalysis for storage solutions that couldallow increasing the rate of penetration ofrenewables, in particular with regard towind-hydropower solutions.

2000 2006 2010

1,815 2,484 2,700

1,470 1,508 1,474

345 976 1,226

223 499 624

120 238 356

2 25 27

0.2 2 5

0.0 211 213

21% 36% 20%

491 717 776

469 546 585

110.2 373 445

89.3 200 250

20 40 60

0.6 6 6

0.2 2 4

— 125 125

Electricity Production

Maximum figures

Energy demand (GWh)

1. Conventional

2. RES

2.1.Wind Parks

2.2. Biomass Units

2.3. Small Hydro-Electric Units

2.4. Photovoltaic Installations

2.5. Pumped Storage Units

Safety Margin

Total non-intermittent sources (MW)

Mean Net Power of Conventional Units(MW)

Mean Net Power of RES (MW)

1. Wind parks (MW)

2.Biomass units with agricultural by products (MW)

3. Small Hydro-Electric units (MW)

4. Photovoltaic installations (MW)

5. Pumped-Storage units (MW)

Contact: Dr. Nikolas Zografakis •Regional Energy Agency of CreteKountourioti Sq. • 712 02, Heraklion • Crete • GreeceTel: +30 81 224 854 • Fax: +30 81 343 873E-mail: [email protected]

8888

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List of photographs and sources

Renewables walk, Tenerife. Source: ITER.Lüchow. Source: Timo Vogt/Randbild.Gleisdorf, Austria. Source: AEE–Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erneuerbare Energie.Plaatje AEE. Source: Soltherm.CTP awards ceremony 2004. Source: Harald & Erhard.Isle of Wight. Source: CPCU, County Hall, Isle of Wight.Llandrindod Wells County Hall. Source: Dulas Solar.Chieti. Source: Energy Department, Province of Chieti.Caruggio Liguria. Source: Agenzia Regionale per l‘Energia della Liguria.Gotland. Source: Municipality of Gotland.Mill at San Lluis, Majorca. Source: Cipriano Marin.Liguria. Source: Agenzia Regionale per l’Energia della Liguria.Photovoltaic Field. Source: ITER.Vidy Theatre. Lausanne. Source: ECO.Source: ITER.Samsø. Source: Samsø Energi-og Miljøkontor.Source: Dulas Ltd.Source: Municipality of Weiz.Wood pellets storage. Source: Vapo Energy. Finland.Installing PV on a rooftop. Source: Shell Solar.Trhove Sviny town (boiler plant). Source: Heating management of Trhove Sviny city.Source: ASHOTEL. Tenerife.Solar thermal in the Alps. Source: ADEME.Middelgrunden Offshore Wind farm. Source: Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Co-operative.Source: Soltherm.EHN’s cereal straw burning plant at Sangüesa, Navarra. Source: EHN.Photovoltaic plant 1.2 MWp, Montes de Cierzo, Navarra. Source: EHN.Lanzarote. Source: Alberto Luengo.Installation of a large solar system on a hotel in Gieres, France. Source: ACCOR.Photovoltaic “pergola”. Source: Forum Bercelona 2004.Samsø. Source: Samsø Energi-og Miljøkontor.Middelgrunden Offshore Wind farm. Source: LM Glasfiber.European Conference “Renewables 2004”, Berlin. Source: Harald & Erhard.A large solar thermal system installed on a flat roof. Source: Bundesverband.The Berlin Bank rooftop PV installation. Source: BP Solar.Pozo Izquierdo, Gran Canaria. Source: ITC.Braunschweig, Germany. Source: SOLVIS GmbH & Co KG.Source: IEA.Bioclimatic dwellings. Source: ITER.New building at ECN, the Netherlands. Source: BEAR architects.

The images within the “Programmes, Initiatives and Projects Showcase” chapter have been kindlycontributed by each initiative.

campaign for take-off (2004)

Documents

renewable energy partnership

european commission

renewable energy area

key actors

cto partners

general overview of

main purpose

valuable experience