cambridge university press institutionalising...

INDEX

Abhisit Vejjajiva, 106, 151ABRI, or Angkatan Bersenjata Republik

Indonesia (Armed Forces of theRepublic of Indonesia), 80, 81, 82,83, 85

Abu Ghraib, 58Aceh, separatist movement in, 81, 86,

88, 89, 141, 149Acharya, Amitav, 147ACHPR (African Charter on Human

and Peoples’ Rights, 1986),55–7

ACHR (American Convention onHuman Rights), 54–5

ACMW. See ASEAN Committee onMigrant Workers

ACWC. See ASEAN Commission forthe Promotion and Protection ofthe Rights of Women andChildren

adjudication of development rights,217–19, 246

Africa, regional human rightsorganisations in, 55–7

African Charter on Human andPeoples’ Rights (ACHPR, 1986),55–7

African Court on Human and People’sRights, 56

African Human Rights Commission, 56African Union (AU), 55–7agriculture, continuing importance to

development of, 235–6Ahmad, Fazli, 117AI. See Amnesty InternationalAICHR. See ASEAN Intergovernmental

Commission on Human Rights

AICOHR (ASEAN-ISIS Colloquiumon Human Rights), 18, 164, 166

aid as means of fostering developmentrights, 227–45

AIPO (ASEAN Inter-ParliamentaryOrganisation), 26, 70, 147, 165

AJI (Alliance of IndependentJournalists), 88

Alatas, Ali, 2, 145Albar, Syed Hamid, 122Aliran Kesefaran Negara, 115, 118Alliance of Independent Journalists

(AJI), 88Alston, Philip, 97, 255American Convention on Human

Rights (ACHR), 54–5American Declaration on the Rights

and Duties of Man (1948), 54Amity and Cooperation in Southeast

Asia, Treaty of (TAC), 1976,4, 145

Amnesty International (AI)on death penalty in Singapore, 128in Malaysia, 119state experience of human rightsissues, documentary evidence for,76, 177

on Thailand, 107Amsterdam, Treaty of (1997), 53Anand Panyarachun, 103Angkatan Bersenjata Republik

Indonesia, or ABRI (ArmedForces of the Republic ofIndonesia), 80, 81, 82, 83, 85

Annan, Kofi, 186, 214anti-terrorism. See terrorism and

international human rights law

286

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Anwar, Dewi Fortuna, 164Anwar Ibrahim, 109, 113, 114, 115APA (ASEANPeople’s Assembly), 18, 165Apartheid, Convention against (1973),

44. See also South AfricaAPF (Asia-Pacific Forum of National

Human Rights Institutions), 191,204

Aquino, Benigno, 94Aquino, Corazon, 93, 94armed conflicts, law of, and human

rights law, 30Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal, 15, 92, 93,

94, 97, 100, 156ASA (Association of Southeast Asia), 144ASCPOA (ASEAN Security

Community Plan of Action), 18ASEAN. See Association of Southeast

Asian NationsASEAN Charter, Article 14, 4–5, 140,

155–7, 171, 172, 173ASEAN Commission for the

Promotion and Protection of theRights of Women and Children(ACWC)

AICHR’s relationship to, 162foundation of, 143implementation of internationalhuman rights norms in ASEANregion via, 250

Working Group promotion of, 170,171, 172, 174

ASEAN Committee on MigrantWorkers (ACMW)

AICHR’s relationship to, 162formal commission yet to beestablished for, 143

implementation of internationalhuman rights norms in ASEANregion via, 251

Working Group promotion of, 171,172, 173, 174

ASEAN Court of Human Rights, needto establish, 179, 254

ASEAN Declaration on Human RightsAICHR drafting of, 157, 159, 176, 177formalisation into Convention,

179, 254

ASEAN Inter-ParliamentaryOrganisation (AIPO), 26, 70, 147,165

ASEAN IntergovernmentalCommission on Human Rights(AICHR), 17–19, 139–80

active protection or promotion ofhuman rights not yet engaged inby, 161

ACWC and ACMW, relationshipto, 162

ASEAN Charter, Article 14, 4–5,140, 155–7

ASEAN Declaration on HumanRights, drafting of, 157, 159,176, 177

ASEAN Political-Security and Socio-Cultural Community Blueprints,157, 158, 160, 175, 176, 179, 187,250, 254

civil society and NGOs, 160, 161,163–7, 179

complex relationship between‘ASEAN Way’ and human rights,144–7

consolidating institutionalisation ofhuman rights law via, 22–3,248–56

development of human rights theoryfor Southeast Asia and, 6

development of international humanrights law at ASEAN regionallevel, 254–6

development rights and, 218, 219documentary intentions of, 76establishment of, 4–5, 157fiscal and logistical problems, 143formalisation process, 179, 254future responsibilities and tasks of,176–80

growth of human rightsconsciousness within ASEAN,151–7

implementation of internationalhuman rights norms by, 248–51

NHRIs, working with, 179, 205norm change, ASEAN resistanceto, 147–51

index 287






ASEAN IntergovernmentalCommission on Human Rights(AICHR) (cont.)

participatory regionalism andflexible engagement, movestowards, 148–51

procedural competencies regarding,142

Rules of Procedure and Work Plan,drafting of, 157, 159, 161, 250

state representatives to, 160, 175state sovereignty, ASEAN stress on, 141structure, function, and actions of,157–62

TOR, 157, 158, 160, 161, 175, 179,187, 194, 250, 251, 254

Track 2 and Track 3 levels of actionon, 163–7

VAP, 154–5, 159, 176will to establish and uphold, 140–2Working Group and (See WorkingGroup for an ASEAN HumanRights Mechanism)

ASEAN-ISIS, 18, 163–5, 169ASEAN-ISIS Colloquium on Human

Rights (AICOHR), 18,164, 166

ASEAN People’s Assembly (APA),18, 165

ASEAN Plan of Action for Children(1993), 152

ASEAN Political-Security and Socio-Cultural Community Blueprints,157, 158, 160, 175, 176, 179, 187,250, 254

ASEAN region, human rights in.See human rightsinstitutionalisation in ASEANregion

ASEAN Security Community Plan ofAction (ASCPOA), 18

ASEAN Vision 2020, 152, 155, 164,170, 171

Asia-Pacific Forum of National HumanRights Institutions (APF),191, 204

Asian financial crisis of 1997, 6, 83, 93,113, 153, 232, 236

‘Asian values’ debate, 1, 6–8, 13, 24,147, 249

Association of Southeast Asia (ASA),144

Association of South East AsianNations (ASEAN).See also individual state members,and entries at ASEAN

agreements generated by, 177, 254Charter, Article 14, 4–5, 140, 155–7,

171, 172, 173convergence with UN(See convergence of UN andASEAN on human rights issues)

diverse political orientations ofmembers, 146

establishment of, 140, 144growth of human rightsconsciousness within, 151–7

human rights institutionalisation in(See human rightsinstitutionalisation in ASEANregion)

norm change, resistance to, 147–51participatory regionalism andflexible engagement, movestowards, 148–51

self-determination and non-interference, shared regionalprinciple of, 145–7

three community pillars of, 154–5,161, 250

Track 2 and Track 3 levels of action,influence of, 163–7

Association of Women for Actionand Research (AWARE),Singapore, 134

AU (African Union), 55–7AWARE (Association of Women

for Action and Research),Singapore, 134

Badawi, Abdullah, 110, 114–22Bali Concord II, 154Bangkok Conference and Declaration

(Regional Meeting for Asia ofWorld Conference on HumanRights 1993), 2, 70, 147, 151

288 index






Banharn Silpa-archa, 103Berlin Conference on Central Africa,

General Act of (1885), 30Berlin, Treaty of (1878), 29Bhumibol Adulyadej (Thai king), 106bilateral free trade agreements

(FTAs), 238Bill of RightsBritish (1689), 28Indonesian, 85international, 32–42, 60, 185(See also International Covenanton Civil and Political Rights;International Covenant onEconomic, Social and CulturalRights)

Philippine, 95Blueprints, ASEAN Political-Security

and Socio-Cultural Community,157, 158, 160, 175, 176, 179, 187,250, 254

Britain. See United KingdomBruneicivil and political rights, importanceof adhering to, 246

culture of human rights in, 253external scrutiny of human rightsrecord, need to accept, 249

security measures compared toMalaysian ISA, 116

study not focusing on, 11, 72Brussels, General Act of (1890), 30bumiputra policy (positive

discrimination in favor ofindigenous Malay), Malaysia,110–12, 117, 119–22

Burma. See MyanmarBush, George W., 58

Cambodiacivil and political rights, importanceof adhering to, 246

culture of human rights in, 253ECCC (Extraordinary Chambers inthe Courts of Cambodia), 27

external scrutiny of human rightsrecord, need to accept, 249

NHRI, plan for, 197

study not focusing on, 11, 72Vietnamese invasion and occupationof, 68

Canadadevelopment rights integrated intohuman rights framework, 215

OSCE (Organization on Securityand Cooperation in Europe), 53

capital punishment in Singapore,128–9

Care, 215Carter, Jimmy, 57Carver, Richard, 198CAT (Convention against Torture and

Other Cruel, Inhuman orDegrading Treatment orPunishment, 1984), 45, 84, 127

CCAs (common country assessments),208

CEDAW, 1979. See Convention on theElimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination against Women

Centre for Independent JournalismMalaysia, 115

CERD, 1965. See Convention on theElimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination

Chang Peng-chun, 37Charter of Fundamental Rights of the

European Union (2000), 53Chatichai Choonhavan, 103Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, 103Chee Soon Juan, 132childrenACWC, AICHR’s relationship to, 162ASEAN Plan of Action for Children(1993), 152

CRC, 1989 (See Convention on theRights of the Child)

Declaration against Trafficking inPersons Particularly Women andChildren (2004), 153

Declaration on the Commitmentsfor Children in ASEAN(2001), 153

increase in regional protections, 153NHRI regional cooperation onhuman trafficking, 194

index 289






Chile, Pinochet coup in (1973), 44ChinaASEAN’s efforts at cooperationwith, 153

Dumbarton Oaks conference (1944)proposal on self-determinationand equality, 33, 68

MDG attainment, 225rising development andindustrialisation in, 228,231, 233

textile industry in, 233, 235Washington Consensus ignoredby, 236

wealth, power, and development,relationship between, 232

Chong Kah Kiat, 121CHRP (Commission on Human Rights

of the Philippines), 16, 40, 75, 95,96, 177, 193, 194, 201, 202

Chuan Leekpai, 103, 104, 150civil and political rightsimportance of, 244, 246–7privileged over development rights,13, 43, 66–8, 206, 209, 212

civil society and NGOs. See also specificorganisations

AICHR and, 160, 161, 163–7, 179in ASEAN region generally,8–10, 136

civil and political rights privilegedover development rights by, 68

development rights and, 215, 218domestic human rights measures,

impact of, 183historical involvement ininternational human rightscommunity, 34, 59–60

in Indonesia, 81–5in Malaysia, 110, 118, 136in the Philippines, 94, 98in Singapore, 123, 134in Thailand, 101–9Track 3 levels of action in ASEAN,163–7

Working Group principle ofcollaboration with, 169

Cold War, 42

civil and political rights privilegedover development rightsduring, 67

democracy associated withhuman rights during, 14, 43,58, 68

development of, 39dictatorships supported as bulwarkagainst communism, 58

McCarthyism, 39, 57UN system in, 43–9

colonialismASEAN region’s emphasis on statesovereignty and, 68

Chinese proposal at DumbartonOaks (1944) and, 33

Declaration on the Granting ofIndependence to ColonialCountries and Peoples,1960, 40

effects of, 15Indonesia, decolonisation of, 40,78–9

in Malaysia, 40, 111Second World War and, 33Singapore’s decolonisation andseparation from Malaysia,111, 124

Thailand never colonised, 102UDHR, decolonisation withreference to, 40

Commission on Human Rights ofthe Philippines (CHRP), 16,40, 75, 95, 96, 177, 193, 194,201, 202

commission versus ombudsman formatfor NHRIs, 199

common country assessments (CCAs),208

Common Understanding among UNAgencies on the Human RightsBased Approach to DevelopmentCooperation (2003), 208, 216

community pillars of ASEAN, 154–5,161, 250

Conference on Security andCooperation in Europe(CSCE), 53

290 index






Confucian thought‘Asian values’ debate and, 7, 13UN Charter and international Bill ofRights, foundation of, 37

Congo, US sanctions against, 58Congress of Vienna (1815), 29consolidation of human rights

institutionalisation in ASEANregion, 22–3, 248–56


external scrutiny of human rightsrecord, need to accept, 248–51

formalisation process, 179, 254implementation of internationalhuman rights norms, 248–51

integration of human rights cultureinto ASEAN Societies, 251–3

Convention against Torture and OtherCruel, Inhuman or DegradingTreatment or Punishment (CAT,1984), 45, 84, 127

Convention on the Elimination of AllForms of Discrimination againstWomen (CEDAW, 1979)

ACWC mandate to uphold, 162, 170ASEAN move towards fullimplementation of, 152

ASEAN region states’ adherence to, 74in historical development ofinternational human rights law,45, 60, 66

in Indonesia, 84, 87in Malaysia, 117in the Philippines, 97ratification by all ASEAN states, 153in Singapore, 130in Thailand, 106

Convention on the Elimination of AllForms of Racial Discrimination(CERD, 1965)

in historical development ofinternational human rightslaw, 40, 44

in Indonesia, 84Malaysian bumiputra policy and,117, 119

in Thailand, 106Convention on the Political Rights of

Women, 1952, 38Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime ofGenocide (1948), 38, 130

Convention on the Rights of the Child(CRC, 1989)

ACWC mandate to uphold,162, 170

ASEAN move towards fullimplementation of, 152

ASEAN states’ adherence to, 74development operations, socialawareness in, 213

in historical development ofinternational human rights law,45, 60, 66

in Indonesia, 84, 87in Malaysia, 117in the Philippines, 98ratification by all ASEAN states, 153in Singapore, 66, 127, 130in Thailand, 106

Convention on the Suppression andPunishment of the Crime ofApartheid (ApartheidConvention) (1973), 44.See also South Africa

convergence of UN and ASEAN onhuman rights issues, 19–20,181–205

development rights, internationalmove towards acceptance of needfor, 10–11, 183, 186, 190

domestic measures, impact of, 182,192–7

establishing NHRIs in ASEAN stateswithout them, 197–202

First Regional Conference onBuilding Networks (2006), 182

increasing effectiveness andfunctionality of NHRIs, 182

at international UN meetings, 183national plans of action, 188–90,194, 204

official cooperation between existingNHRIs, 193–7

index 291






convergence of UN and ASEAN onhuman rights issues (cont.)

UN Regional Arrangements for Asia-Pacific, 181, 182, 185, 187, 252

Working Group, efforts of, 182Council of Europe, 50–4counter-terrorism. See terrorism and

international human rights lawCRC, 1989. See Convention on the

Rights of the Childcriminal atrocities, international

prosecution of, 14, 27, 48, 60CSCE (Conference on Security and

Cooperation in Europe), 53Cuba, on development rights, 245culture of human rights, integrating,

251–3Cumaraswamy, Param, 113, 132

Datuk Seri Nazri Aziz, 114, 118Datuk Yap Pian Hon, 116Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, 156death penalty in Singapore, 128–9debt servicing and debt relief, 233, 236Declaration on the Commitments for

Children in ASEAN (2001), 153Declaration on the Elimination of

Violence against Women in theASEAN Region (2004), 154

Declaration on the Granting ofIndependence to ColonialCountries and Peoples, 1960, 40

Declaration of Independence,US (1776), 28, 61, 62

Declaration on the Right to Development(1986), 207, 211–12, 255

Declaration of the Rights of Man andCitizen, France (1789), 28, 61, 62

Declaration on Social Progress andDevelopment (1969), 210


democracyASEAN members, diverse political

orientations of, 146Cold War, associated with human

rights during, 14, 43, 58, 68

dictatorships supported as bulwarkagainst communism, 58

international human rights as post-war Western-liberal-based versusnatural or universal valuesystem, 12

NHRI establishment linked todevelopment of, 199

participatory regionalism, supportfor, 150–1

Denmark’s abstention on UNDeclaration on the Right toDevelopment (1986), 212


development rights, 20–2, 206–47accession and adherence to other

international human rightstreaties and, 246–7, 255

agriculture, continuing importanceof, 235–6

AICHR and, 218, 219in Bangkok declaration, 183civil and political rights, importance

of adhering to, 244, 246–7civil and political rights privileged

over, 13, 43, 66–8, 206, 209, 212debt servicing and debt relief,

233, 236Declaration on the Right to

Development (1986), 207,211–12, 255

defined, 206elimination of inequality for

purposes of, 233–42in Europe, 51generational rights theory, 209historical development of concept

of, 209–13industrialised nations’ aversion

to, 212integration into human rights

discourse, 213–20, 246international move towards

acceptance of need for, 10–11,183, 186, 190, 206

judicial enforcement of, 217–19, 246

292 index






MDG and, 14, 21, 67, 69, 185, 207,219–27, 255 (See also MillenniumDevelopment Goals)

national responsibility forinequitable development andhuman rights, 242–5

NHRI regional cooperation on, 196normative status, continuing lackof, 245

operationalisation, need for, 207,246, 255–6

trade, aid, and good governance asmeans of fostering, 227–45

UN, formation of, 35in Vienna declaration, 184wealth, power, and developmentinequality, relationship between,228–33

diplomatic Track 2 action in ASEAN,163–7

Djamin, Rafendi, 160, 161Doha Round of WTO talks, 11, 70,

230, 238domestic human rights measures,

impact of, 182, 192–7domestic responsibility for inequitable

development and human rights,242–5

Dunant, Henri, 31

East Timor (now Timor Leste),separatist movement in, 81, 82,88, 141, 149

ECCC (Extraordinary Chambers in theCourts of Cambodia), 27

economic and social rights.See development rights

economic safety nets, ASEANintroduction of, 153

economic statistics for five foundingASEAN states, 229

education in human rights, 155, 158,190, 203

England. See United KingdomESC (European Social Charter),

51, 68Estrada, Joseph, 93, 100ethnicity. See race and ethnicity

Europe/European Union (EU)agricultural subsidies, 235aid provided by, 240, 241Charter of Fundamental Rightsof the European Union(2000), 53

Council of Europe, 50–4CSCE, 53development rights in, 51human rights in, 52OSCE, 53the Philippines, technical assistancein curbing human rights abusesin, 97

regional human rights organisationsin, 50–4

state sovereignty in, 51European Commission, Court, and

Convention of Human Rights,50–4, 67

European Court of Justice, 52European Social Charter (ESC),

51, 68Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts

of Cambodia (ECCC), 27

fair trade as means of fosteringdevelopment rights, 227–45

FAO (Food and AgricultureOrganization), 36, 49–50

financial crisesAsian financial crisis of 1997, 6, 83,93, 113, 153, 232, 236

global financial crisis of 2007, 233financial statistics for five founding

ASEAN states, 229First Regional Conference on Building

Networks (2006), 20, 182First World War, 30Focus on the Global South, 166Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO), 36, 49–50foreign aid as means of fostering

development rights, 227–45Foreign Assistance Act of 1961

(US), 57Forum Asia, 166, 215‘The Four Freedoms’, 66

index 293






FranceDeclaration of the Rights of Manand Citizen (1789), 28, 61, 62

Indo-China, decolonisation of, 40free trade agreements (FTAs),

bilateral, 238free trade as means of fostering

development rights, 227–45FTAs (free trade agreements),

bilateral, 238Fuzi, Tan Sri Ahmad, 172

GATS (General Agreements on Tradeand Services), 237

GDP (gross domestic product)statistics for five founding ASEANstates, 229

gender issues. See women’s issuesGeneral Agreements on Trade and

Services (GATS), 237generational rights theory, 209Geneva Conventions, 31, 38, 49Gennari, Pietro, 226genocideConvention on the Prevention andPunishment of the Crime ofGenocide (1948), 38, 130

in Liberia, Rwanda, Sudan, andSomalia, 47, 56

Germany, development rightsintegrated into human rightsframework in, 215

Ghent, Treaty of (1713), 29global financial crisis of 2007, 233GNI (gross national income) statistics for

five founding ASEAN states, 229Goh Chok Tong, 131, 132good governancedevelopment rights, as means offostering, 227–45

implementation of internationalhuman rights norms in ASEANregion via, 250

rankings for five founding ASEANstates, 245

Great Britain. See United Kingdomgross national income (GNI) and gross

domestic product (GDP) statistics

for five founding ASEANstates, 229

Grotius, Hugo, 62Guatanamo Bay, 58Gus Dur (Wahid, Abdurrahman), 77,

84, 85

Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf, 77,84–5, 88

Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and1907), 31

Haiti, US intervention of 1994 in, 47Hamid, Usman, 88Hamm, Brigitte, 210, 212Hanoi Plan of Action (HPA, 1998), 152Hatta, Mohammed, 78Helsinki Final Act (1975), 53Henkin, Louis, 6, 34, 64High Level Panel on Threats,

Challenges, and Changes, UNreport of, 186, 214, 215

historical development of internationalhuman rights, 12–15, 24–71.See also Cold War; UnitedNations; Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights

ASEAN region, hesitancy of, 60–9‘Asian values’ debate and, 24Chinese proposal on self-determination and equality,rejection of, 33, 68

civil and political rights privilegedover development rights, 13, 43,66–8, 206, 209, 212

coloured peoples and women,specific exclusion of, 31

criminal atrocities, internationalprosecution of, 14, 27

development rights, concept of,209–13

international Bill of Rights, 32–42,60, 185

Islamic fundamentalism andterrorism, crackdown on,14, 27

minorities, early humanitarianprotections for, 29

NGOs, role of, 34, 59–60

294 index






as post-war Western-liberal-basedversus natural or universal valuesystem, 12, 61–6

pre-modern foundations, 28–32regional organisations, developingrole of, 50–7

religious toleration, early treatiesguaranteeing, 29

unilateral use of human rights byUS, 56

Hobbes, Thomas, 12, 61Holland. See NetherlandsHPA (Hanoi Plan of Action, 1998), 152HRW. See Human Rights Watchhuman rights education, 155, 158,

190, 203human rights institutionalisation in

ASEAN region, 1–23AICHR, 17–19, 139–80(See also ASEANIntergovernmental Commissionon Human Rights)

Asia-wide human rights mechanism,cultural and political barriers to,1–3

change in international attitudestowards, 10–11

consolidation of, 22–3, 248–56(See also consolidation of humanrights institutionalisation inASEAN region)

convergence of UN and ASEAN,19–20, 181–205(See also convergence of UN andASEAN on human rights issues)


development rights, 20–2,206–47 (See also developmentrights)

formalisation process, 179, 254framework of human rights inASEAN, 5–12

historical background, 12–15,24–71 (See also historicaldevelopment of internationalhuman rights)

integration of human rights cultureinto ASEAN Societies,251–3

state experience and, 15–17,72–138 (See also state experienceof human rights issues, andentries for Indonesia, Malaysia,the Philippines, Singapore, andThailand)

state sovereignty issues and civilsociety efforts, 8–10 (See also statesovereignty)

states focused on, 11, 72sub-regional systems, argument forestablishing, 3

Human Rights Watch (HRW)on development rights, 218on the Philippines, 96state experience of human rightsissues, documentary evidence for,76, 177

human trafficking. See also children;women’s issues

Declaration against Traffickingin Persons ParticularlyWomen and Children (2004), 153

NHRI regional cooperation onhuman trafficking, 194

humanitarian law and human rightslaw, 30

Hume, David, 12Hussein Onn, Tun, 112Hussein, Saddam, 48hybrid ombudsman/commission

formats for NHRIs, 199

ICCPR, 1966. See InternationalCovenant on Civil and PoliticalRights

ICESCR, 1966. See InternationalCovenant on Economic, Socialand Cultural Rights

ICRC (International Committee of theRed Cross), 31, 119

ICRMW (International Convention onthe Protection of the Rights of AllMigrant Workers and Members ofTheir Families, 1990), 45, 195

index 295






ILO. See International LabourOrganization

IMF (International Monetary Fund),215, 236, 240

implementation of internationalhuman rights norms in ASEAN,248–51

Indiadevelopment rights, judicialenforcement of, 217

rising development andindustrialisation in, 228, 231, 233

South Africa accused ofdiscrimination at first UN sessionby, 36

Indonesia, 77–91ABRI, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85agriculture in, 235AICHR, as chair of, 160AICHR representatives, 160aid, need for, 239ASEAN Charter, ratification of, 157Asian financial crisis of 1997 in,83, 233

Bill of Rights, 85CEDAW and CRC in, 84, 87civil society and popular support forhuman rights in, 81–5

compared to other ASEAN nations,136–8

culture of human rights in,252, 253

current state of human rights in,77–8, 87–91

debt servicing and debt relief, 233decolonisation of, 40, 78–9development rights, priority statusaccorded to, 209

as export success story, 234focus of study on, 11, 72governance in, 244, 245under Habibie, 77, 84–5, 88ILO, cooperation with, 84international involvement of,

75, 77Komnas HAM (NHRI), 16, 75, 83,87, 89–90, 117, 168, 177, 193, 195,198, 201

Malaysia compared, 110, 117MDG attainment, 221, 222, 225,

226, 227National Plan of Action on HumanRights (1998-2003), 84

national plan of action to promoteand protect human rights, 189

national statistics, 229Pancasila, 78, 81, 83, 90participatory regionalism, supportfor, 150

separatist movements in, 81, 86,88, 141

Singapore blamed for environmentaldamage by, 147

state support for human rights in,10, 70

under Suharto, 15, 77, 78, 80–3,85, 89

under Sukarno, 77, 78–80, 89, 125US interaction with, 43, 58, 59wealth, power, and development,relationship between,231, 232

Working Group’s engagement of,172

under Yudhoyono, 15, 70, 75, 77, 84,85, 88, 90, 150

inequalityelimination through trade, aid, anddebt relief, 233–42

national responsibility for,242–5

wealth, power, and development,relationship between,228–33

INFID (International Forum forIndonesian Development), 82

integration of human rightsculture into ASEAN Societies,251–3

intellectual property laws, 237Inter-American Commission,

Convention, and Court onHuman Rights, 54–5, 67

International Bar Association, 132international Bill of Rights, 32–42, 60,

185. See also International

296 index






Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights; International Covenant onEconomic, Social and CulturalRights

International Committee of the RedCross (ICRC), 31, 119

International Convention on theProtection of the Rights of AllMigrant Workers and Members ofTheir Families (ICRMW, 1990),45, 195

International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights (ICCPR, 1966)

in historical development ofinternational human rightssystem, 39, 40–1, 45, 60

Indonesian ratification of, 87Philippine ratification of, 95Thai ratification of, 106, 108

International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights(ICESCR, 1966)

in historical development ofinternational human rightssystem, 40, 42, 45, 60

Indonesian ratification of, 87international move towardsacceptance of development rightsand, 190

judicial enforcement of developmentrights and, 218

Malaysia’s failure to ratify, 219Philippine ratification of, 95Singapore’s failure to ratify,123, 130

Thai ratification of, 106international criminal justice, 14, 27,

48, 60International Crisis Group, 107International Financial Institutions Act

of 1977 (US), 57International Forum for Indonesian

Development (INFID), 82international human rights communityattitudinal changes in, 10–11historical background (See historicaldevelopment of internationalhuman rights)

as post-war Western-liberal-basedversus natural or universalvalue system, 12

international human rights law atASEAN regional level,development of, 254–6

international human rights treaties.See treaties

International Labour Organization(ILO)

foundation of, 30function and practice of, 49–50Indonesia, cooperation of, 84UN mandate for, 36

International Monetary Fund (IMF),215, 236, 240

IranCold War, support from USduring, 43

US sanctions against, 58IraqAbu Ghraib, 58invasion of, 48, 60Kurdish population, UN resolutionto protect, 46

Irian Jaya (West Papua), separatistmovement in, 81, 86,141, 149

ISA in Malaysia, 112, 115, 120IslamAceh, separatist movement in, 81‘Asian values’ debate and, 13conflicts between Shariah law andinternational human rightsconventions, 38, 66

free speech and expression,conflicts with Western valuationof, 43

in Malaysia, 110, 115, 121–2the Philippines, crackdown onterrorists and separatists in, 96

in Thai south, 122, 141, 146, 149UHDR and, 38war on terror and internationalhuman rights law, 14, 27, 58, 115

Israelsecurity measures compared toMalaysian ISA, 116

index 297






Israel (cont.)West Bank and Gaza, UN response

to occupation of, 44

Japanaid provided by, 240ASEAN’s efforts at cooperation with,

153bilateral FTA with Thailand, 238UN Declaration on the Right to

Development (1986), abstentionon, 212


Jayakumar, S., 129, 130Jemaah Islamiyah, 115judicial enforcement of development

rights, 217–19, 246Juwana, Hikmahanto, 91

Kalyanamitra (Women’s Solidarity),Indonesia, 82

Katsumata Hiro, 149Kaufmann, Daniel, 228, 243–4Kim Jong Il, 75Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia or

Komnas HAM (IndonesianCommission of Human Rights),16, 75, 83, 87, 89–90, 117, 168,177, 193, 195, 198, 201

Korea. See North Korea; South KoreaKosovo, NATO intervention in,

47, 60Kraft, Herman Joseph S., 150Kriangsak Chomanan, 103Kuala Lumpur Declaration by

AIPO (1993), 26, 70, 147,148, 166

Kukrit Pramoj, 103Kumar, C. Raj, 203

Laoscivil and political rights, importance

of adhering to, 246culture of human rights in, 253external scrutiny of human rights

record, need to accept, 249MDG attainment, 225, 226

study not focusing on, 11, 72League of Nations, 30Lebanon, Indonesia’s role in UN

peacekeeping force in, 77Lee Hsien Loong, 15, 131Lee Kuan Yew, 26, 125Legal Aid Institute (Yayasan Lembaga

Bantuan Hukum, or YLBHI), 82legal development of international

human rights at ASEAN regionallevel, 254–6

liberalisation of trade as means offostering development rights,227–45

Liberia, genocide in, 56Lim Hng Kiang, 238Lim, Raymond, 173litigation of development rights,

217–19, 246Locke, John, 61

Maastricht, Treaty of (1992), 53Mahathir Mohamed, Dato’ Seri Dr.,

112–14, 122, 236Malaysia, 109–22

agriculture in, 235Asian financial crisis of 1997 in,

113, 233‘Asian values’ debate, 249under Badawi administration, 110,

114–22bilateral FTA with US, 238bumiputra policy (positive

discrimination in favor ofindigenous Malay), 110–12, 117

CEDAW and CRC in, 117civil society in, 110, 118, 136colonial history of, 40, 111compared to other ASEAN nations,

136–8culture of human rights in,

252, 253current state of human rights in,

109–10, 114–22debt servicing and debt relief, 233development rights, priority status

accorded to, 208as export success story, 234

298 index






focus of study on, 11, 72foreign policy, human rightsconcerns expressed in, 122

governance in, 244, 245ICESCR, failure to ratify, 219ISA in, 112, 115, 120Islam, precedence afforded to, 110,

121–2Islamic fundamentalism, concernsabout, 115, 122

under Mahathir administration,112–14, 122, 236

MDG attainment, 221, 225national statistics, 229NEP in, 112, 120as non-Confucian society, 7Singapore blamed for environmentaldamage by, 147

Singapore’s separation from,111, 124

state attitude towards human rightsin, 10

SUHAKAM (NHRI), 16, 75, 110,117–18, 177, 193, 195, 201

Thai south, concerns over Muslimsin, 122, 146

US interaction with regimes in, 59wealth, power, and development,relationship between, 232

Working Group’s engagement of,172

Maphilindo, 144Marcos, Ferdinand, 15, 93, 94, 100Marks, Stephen, 212MARUAH (Singapore Working Group

for an ASEAN Human RightsMechanism), 134

McCarthyism, 39, 57MDG. See Millennium Development

GoalsMegawati Sukarnoputri, 77, 84Mesa, Max M. de, 99migrant workersACMW (See ASEAN Committee onMigrant Workers)

ICRMW, 1990, 45, 195NHRI regional cooperation on,195

services sector, WTO policies for,237

TWC2, 134MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front),

the Philippines, 96Millennium Declaration, 185,

214, 219Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs)convergence of UN and ASEAN onhuman rights issues in, 185

customary international law, forceof, 220

defined and listed, 220–2developed world’s obligations under,234, 239–40

development rights and, 14, 21, 67,69, 185, 207, 219–27, 255

education and health spending,correlation with, 226

integration of development rightsinto human rights framework via,219–27, 246

not expressly formulated in rightsterminology, 21

status of MDG attainment for fivefounding ASEAN states,220–7

UN specialized agencies pursuing, 49wealth, power, and development,relationship between, 232

Mindanao, Southern Philippines, NewPeople’s Army in, 96, 141


Misol, Lisa, 88Mohamad, Maznah, 141Monterrey Consensus, 239, 241Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF),

the Philippines, 96Muntarbhorn, Vitit, 160, 169, 170,

192–3Muslims. See IslamMyanmarASEAN Charter, ratificationof, 156

ASEAN norm of non-interferenceand, 146, 149

index 299






Myanmar (cont.)ASEAN pressure for reform in, 75,

77, 122, 135, 148, 150civil and political rights, importance

of adhering to, 246culture of human rights in, 253decolonisation of, 40external scrutiny of human rights

record, need to accept, 249international criticism of situation

in, 141MDG attainment, 225, 226study not focusing on, 11, 72

NAM (Non-Aligned Movement),245

national experience of human rightsissues. See state experience ofhuman rights issues

National Human Rights Commissionof Thailand (NHRCT), 16, 75,105, 106–8, 177, 193, 196,198, 202

national human rights institutions(NHRIs)

AICHR and, 179, 205APF, 191, 204CHRP, the Philippines, 16, 40, 75,

95, 96, 177, 193, 194, 201, 202commission, ombudsman, or hybrid

formats, 199culture of human rights, integration

of, 252defined, 198democratic development,

link to, 199domestic human rights measures,

impact of, 182, 192–7effects of presence of, 16, 75establishing organisations in ASEAN

states without them, 197–202at First Regional Conference on

Building Networks (2006), 182implementation of international

human rights norms in ASEANregion via, 250

increasing effectiveness andfunctionality of, 182

international recognition ofpotential of, 191

Komnas HAM, Indonesia, 16, 75, 83,87, 89–90, 117, 168, 177, 193, 195,198, 201

NHRCT, Thailand, 16, 75, 105,106–8, 177, 193, 196,198, 202

official cooperation between existingorganisations, 193–7

Paris Principles, 183, 197, 199,201, 253

Singapore’s lack of, 123SUHAKAM, Malaysia, 16, 75, 110,

117–18, 177, 193, 195, 201synergy among, improving, 170, 177Working Group and, 168, 169,

170, 171national human rights measures,

impact of, 182, 192–7national plans of action, 84, 188–90,

194, 204national responsibility for inequitable

development and humanrights, 242–5

national sovereignty. See statesovereignty

national statistics for five foundingASEAN states, 229

National Union of Journalists (NUJ),Malaysia, 117

NATO (North Atlantic TreatyOrganization) intervention inKosovo, 47, 60

natural law theory, 62–3, 64Navaratnam, Ramon, 110NEP (New Economic Policy), Malaysia,

112, 120Netherlands

aid provided by, 240Indonesia, decolonisation of, 40,

78–9unilateral use of human rights by, 57

New Economic Policy (NEP), Malaysia,112, 120

New People’s Army, SouthernPhilippines, 96, 141

New Zealand, on UN formation, 34

300 index






NGOs (non-governmentalorganisations). See civil societyand NGOs, and specificorganisations

NHRCT (National Human RightsCommission of Thailand), 16, 75,105, 106–8, 177, 193, 196,198, 202

NHRIs. See national human rightsinstitutions

9/11, 14, 27, 58Non-Aligned Movement (NAM),

245non-governmental organisations

(NGOs). See civil society andNGOs, and specific organisations

norm change, ASEAN resistance to,147–51

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) intervention in Kosovo,47, 60

North KoreaASEAN outreach to, 75, 77, 150US sanctions against, 58

Norway, foreign aid provided by, 240NUJ (National Union of Journalists),

Malaysia, 117Nuremberg trials, 48Nyan Win, 156

OAS (Organization of AmericanStates), 54–5

Obama, Barack, 59ODA (official donor assistance) as

means of fostering developmentrights, 227–45

OECD (Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development),215, 235, 239

Office of the High Commissioner forHuman Rights (OHCHR)

development rights and, 208, 216establishment of, 43on MDG, 220Muntarbhorn on, 192–3national plans of action supported

by, 204NHRIs and, 191, 196

official donor assistance (ODA) asmeans of fostering developmentrights, 227–45

OHCHR. See Office of the HighCommissioner for Human Rights

ombudsman versus commission formatfor NHRIs, 199

Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development(OECD), 215, 235, 239

Organization of African Unity, 55–7Organization of American States

(OAS), 54–5Organization onSecurity andCooperation

in Europe (OSCE), 53Othman, Abdul Hamid, 121Ottoman Empire, humanitarian

interventions in, 29Oxfam, 215

PAHRA (Philippine Alliance of HumanRights Advocates), 99

Pancasila, 78, 81, 83, 90Paris Declaration, 239Paris Principles, 183, 197, 199,

201, 253Paris, Treaty of (1763), 29Paris, Treaty of (1856), 29Peerenboom, Randall, 24, 228, 231Phibun Songkram, 101, 102Philippine Alliance of Human Rights

Advocates (PAHRA), 99the Philippines, 91–100

agriculture in, 235AICHR, as chair of, 160aid, need for, 239anti-terrorism and anti-separatist

crackdowns in, 92, 96, 97, 141Aquino, Benigno, election of, 94under Aquino, Corazon, and Fidel

Ramos, 93, 94Arroyo administration in, 15, 92, 93,

94, 97, 100, 156ASEAN Charter, ratification of,

156Asian financial crisis of 1997 in, 93Bill of Rights, 95Catholic Church in, 94

index 301






the Philippines (cont.)CEDAW in, 97CHRP (NHRI), 16, 40, 75, 95, 96,

177, 193, 194, 201, 202civil society and NGOs in, 94, 98compared to other ASEAN nations,136–8

CRC in, 98culture of human rights in, 252, 253current state of human rights in,91–2, 93–100

debt servicing and debt relief, 233decolonisation of, 40development rights, judicialenforcement of, 217, 219

development rights, priority statusaccorded to, 209

under Estrada, 93, 100as export success story, 234focus of study on, 11, 72governance rankings, 245Malaysia compared, 110Marcos dictatorship in, 15, 93, 94, 100MDG attainment, 221, 222, 227national plan of action to promoteand protect human rights, 189

national statistics, 229as non-Confucian society, 7participatory regionalism andflexible engagement, movestowards, 149

‘People Power’ revolutions in, 93state support for human rights in,10, 70

US influence on, 92US interaction with regimes in,58, 59

wealth, power, and development,relationship between, 231, 232

on World Bank financing, 241Pinochet, Augusto, 44plans of action, national, 84, 188–90,

194, 204political and civil rightsimportance of, 244, 246–7privileged over development rights,13, 43, 66–8, 206, 209, 212

Portugal, foreign aid provided by, 240

poverty reduction strategy papers(PRSPs), 215

power, wealth, and development,relationship between, 228–33

Pradit Chareonthaitawee, 105, 202Prasong Soonsiri, 102Prem Tinsulanond, 103Pridi Panomyong, 101, 102Probosujeto, 86Proclamation of Tehran (1968), 210PRSPs (poverty reduction strategy

papers), 215Pufendorf, Samuel, 63

Quisumbing, Purificacion V., 99

race and ethnicitybumiputra policy (positivediscrimination in favor ofindigenous Malay), Malaysia,110–12, 117, 119–22

CERD, 1965 (See Convention on theElimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination)

Convention against Apartheid(1973), 44 (See also SouthAfrica)

historical exclusion of colouredpeoples and women frominternational human rights, 31


Ramos, Fidel, 93, 94Rawls, John, 64Razak Dato Hussein, Tun, 112Razak, Najib, 122Reagan, Ronald, 57Red Cross, 31, 119Regional Meeting for Asia of World

Conference on Human Rights1993 (Bangkok Conference andDeclaration), 2, 70, 147, 151

regionalism in human rightsAsia-wide human rights mechanism,cultural and political barriers to,1–3

historical development of regionalorganisations, 50–7

302 index






sub-regional systems, argument forestablishing, 3

universalism versus regionalism, 1regionalism versus universalism, 1Reif, Linda, 182religion. See also Islamearly treaties guaranteeing tolerationof, 29

Philippine civil society, role ofCatholic Church in, 94

Western valuation of free speech andexpression, religious conflictswith, 43

Republic of Korea. See South KoreaRome Statute, International Criminal

Court, 49Rommel, Thierry, 121Roosevelt, Eleanor, 37Roosevelt, Franklin D., 34, 66Roth, Kenneth, 218Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 12, 61Rwandagenocide in, 47, 56International Criminal Tribunal for,27, 48

safety net programs, ASEANintroduction of, 153

SAHRDC (South Asia Human RightsDocumentation Centre), 90, 198

Salleh Abas, Tun, 113, 114Sanya Thammasak, 103Sarit Thanarat, 102SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory

Syndrome) crisis of 2002, 50Saudi Arabian abstention from

UDHR, 38Schreuer, Christoph, 1SEANWFZ (Southeast Asia Nuclear

Weapon-Free Zone), 1995, 4Second World War, 32–42, 209, 213Seni Pramoj, 103September 11 2001 (9/11), 14, 27, 58services sector, WTO policies

for, 237Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

(SARS) crisis of 2002, 50Shariah law. See Islam

Sihasak Phuangketkeow, 109Sihombing, Daud, 88Singapore, 123–35‘Asian values’ debate, 249bilateral FTAs, 238CEDAW, 130civil society in, 123, 134compared to other ASEAN nations,136–8

Confucianism as artificial constructin, 7

CRC, 66, 127, 130culture of human rights in,252, 253

death penalty in, 128–9decolonisation and separation fromMalaysia, 111, 124

development rights, priority statusaccorded to, 208

focus of study on, 11, 72governance in, 243, 244, 245MDG attainment, 221, 226national statistics, 229NHRI, lack of, 123PAP rule under Lee Kuan Yew, 125racial equality, importance of,111, 125

as recent whipping boy withinASEAN, 146

security measures compared toMalaysian ISA, 116

state attitude towards human rightsin, 10, 70, 76

Sukarno’s Indonesia compared, 125wealth, power, and development,relationship between, 231, 232

Sisters in Islam, 119slavery, conventions outlawing, 30Smith, Anne, 200social safety nets, ASEAN introduction

of, 153socio-economic rights.

See development rightsSomaliagenocide in, 56US intervention in, 47

Somchai Neelaphaijit, 107Sondhi Limthongkul, 106

index 303






Sonthi Boonyaratglin, 15, 58, 101South Africadevelopment rights, judicialenforcement of, 217

Indian accusations of discriminationagainst, at first UN session, 36

rising development andindustrialisation in, 231

Sharpeville massacre, 1960, 40UHDR, abstention from, 38UN efforts against apartheid in,44, 46

South Asia Human RightsDocumentation Center(SAHRDC), 90, 198

South Korea (Republic of Korea)ASEAN’s efforts at cooperationwith, 153

US aid despite human rightsviolations in, 58


Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-FreeZone (SEANWFZ), 1995, 4

sovereignty. See state sovereigntySoviet UnionCold War (See Cold War)UN Charter and international Bill ofRights, foundation of, 32–5

Sriprapha Petcharamesree, 108, 160state experience of human rights

issues, 15–17, 72–138.See also entries for Indonesia,Malaysia, the Philippines,Singapore, and Thailand

actual existence of human rightscompared to state support forconcept, 10, 70, 76, 137

CEDAW, adherence to, 74colonialism, effects of, 15CRC, adherence to, 74documentary evidence for, 76NHRIs, effects of presence of, 16, 75salient features of, 72–6, 136–8states focused on, 11, 72

state sovereigntyAICHR, establishment and supportof, 141

ASEAN shared regional principle ofself-determination and non-interference, 145–7

in Europe, 51external scrutiny of human rightsrecord, need to accept,248–51

importance in ASEAN region, 8–10,64, 65, 68

international moves towardsreduced primacy of, 186

in neoclassical international lawtheory, 29, 63

norm change, ASEAN resistance to,147–51

UN, formation of, 34Stiglitz, Joseph, 236SUARAM, 115, 116, 118Suchinda Krapayoon, 103Sudan, genocide in, 56SUHAKAM or Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi

Manusia Malaysia (Human RightsCommission of Malaysia), 16,110, 117–18, 177, 193, 195, 201

Suharto, 15, 77, 78, 80–3, 85, 89Sukarno, 77, 78–80, 89, 125Surayud Chulanont, 15, 105Surin Pitsuwan, 148, 151, 249Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia

Malaysia or SUHAKAM (HumanRights Commission of Malaysia),16, 110, 117–18, 177, 193,195, 201

Swedenaid provided by, 240development rights integrated intohuman rights framework, 215

UN Declaration on the Right toDevelopment (1986), abstentionon, 212

TAC (Treaty of Amity andCooperation in Southeast Asia),1976, 4, 145

Taiwan, relationship between wealth,power, and development in, 232

Tay, Simon, 174Tenaganita, 119

304 index






Terms of Reference (TOR) for AICHR,157, 158, 160, 161, 175, 179, 187,194, 250, 251, 254

terrorism and international humanrights law, 14

in historical development ofinternational human rightssystem, 27, 58

Malaysia, concerns about Islamicfundamentalism in, 115, 122

Malaysian ISA, 112, 115, 120NHRI regional cooperation on

regional terrorism, 195the Philippines, crackdown on

terrorists and separatists in, 92,96, 97, 141

September 11, 2001 (9/11), 14,27, 58

Thai Textile ManufacturingAssociation, 233

Thailand, 101–9agriculture in, 235AICHR, as chair of, 160AICHR representatives, 160Asian financial crisis of 1997 in, 233bilateral FTA with Japan, 238CEDAW and CRC in, 106under Chuan Leekpai, 103, 104, 150civil society, strength of, 101–9compared to other ASEAN

nations, 136–8culture of human rights in, 252, 253debt servicing and debt relief, 233development rights, priority status

accorded to, 209as export success story, 234focus of study on, 11, 72governance in, 243, 244, 245history of coups and counter-coups

in, 101Malaysia compared, 110MDG attainment, 221, 225military coup of 2006, 15, 58, 70,

101, 105, 150Muslims in south of, 122, 141, 146, 149national plan of action to promote

and protect human rights, 189national statistics, 229

NHRCT, 16, 75, 105, 106–8, 177,193, 196, 198, 202

no colonisation of, 102as non-Confucian society, 7participatory regionalism and

flexible engagement, movestowards, 148, 150

Red Shirts versus Yellow Shirtsin, 108

Singapore accused of spying by, 147state support for human rights in, 10Thaksin administration in, 15, 58,

75, 101, 104–5, 106, 107, 108, 114,147, 150, 198, 202

US withdrawal of aid from, 58wealth, power, and development,

relationship between, 231,232, 233

Thaksin Shinawatra, 15, 58, 75, 101,104–5, 106, 107, 108, 114, 147,155–7, 198, 202

Thanin Kraivichien, 103Thanom Kittikatchorn, 102Thio Li-ann, 24, 141Third World Network, 166Thomas Aquinas, 62three pillars of ASEAN, 154–5,

161, 250Timor Leste (formerly East Timor),

separatist movement in, 81, 82,88, 141, 149

Tokyo, International Military Tribunalat, 48

TOR (Terms of Reference) for AICHR,157, 158, 160, 161, 175, 179, 187,194, 250, 251, 254

Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman orDegrading Treatment orPunishment, Convention against(CAT, 1984), 45, 84, 127

Track 2 and Track 3 levels of action inASEAN, 163–7

trade as means of fosteringdevelopment rights, 227–45

Trade-Related Aspects of IntellectualProperty Rights (TRIPS), 237

Transient Workers Count Too (TWC2),134

index 305






treatiesAmsterdam, Treaty of (1997), 53Berlin, Treaty of (1878), 29development rights and accessionand adherence to otherinternational human rightstreaties, 246–7, 255

Ghent, Treaty of (1713), 29Maastricht, Treaty of (1992), 53Paris, Treaty of (1763), 29Paris, Treaty of (1856), 29religious toleration, early treatiesguaranteeing, 29

TAC (Treaty of Amity andCooperation in Southeast Asia),1976, 4, 145

UDHR influencing, 41, 45Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 30

TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights), 237

Tunku Abdul Rahman, 111, 112, 125TWC2 (Transient Workers Count

Too), 134

UDHR, 1948. See UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights

United KingdomBill of Rights (1689), 28colonies, post-Second World Warrelease of, 40

development rights integrated intohuman rights framework,215

UN Charter and international Bill ofRights, foundation of, 32–5

UN Declaration on the Right toDevelopment (1986), abstentionon, 212

unilateral use of human rights by, 57United Nations. See also specific

Conventions and Declarations,and specific UN Agencies

Charter, 32–42, 152convergence with ASEAN(See convergence of UN andASEAN on human rights issues)

development rights and formationof, 35

High Level Panel on Threats,Challenges, and Changes report,186, 214, 215

human rights in UN system, 43–9integration of development rightsinto human rights framework,213–20

Regional Arrangements for Asia-Pacific, 181, 182, 185, 187, 252

specialised agencies, 49–50Thailand on Human Rights Councilof, 109

United Nations Children’s Fund(UNICEF)

ASEAN collaborations with, 154development rights and, 213mandate of, 36

United Nations Country Teams(UNCT), 193

United Nations DevelopmentAssistance Framework (UNDAF),208

United Nations Development Group(UNDG), 208

United Nations Development Policyand Analysis Division(UNDPAD), 228–31

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP), 193,214, 215

United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization(UNESCO)

function and practice of, 49–50mandate of, 36presence in ASEAN region, 193

United Nations High Commissionerfor Refugees (UNHCR),43, 119

United Statesagricultural subsidies, 235aid provided by, 240bilateral FTAs, 238Cold War (See Cold War)Declaration of Independence(1776) and historical developmentof international human rights, 28,61, 62

306 index






Haiti, 1994 intervention in, 47McCarthyism in, 39, 57OAS, 54–5OSCE, 53the Philippines and, 40, 58, 59, 92security measures compared to

Malaysian ISA, 116Somalia, intervention in, 47State Department annual reports, 76,

177UN Charter and international Bill of

Rights, foundation of, 32–5UN Declaration on the Right to

Development (1986), rejection of,212

unilateral use of human rightsby, 56

Universal Declaration of HumanRights (UDHR, 1948)

abstentions from, 38AICHR and, 157ASEAN desire to uphold principles

of, 152ASEAN regional adaptations of, 65creation of, 38as customary international law, 61decolonisation with reference to, 40European Commission, Court, and

Convention of Human Rights,establishment of, 50

human rights education debatereminiscent of, 190

ideological or philosophicalmeaning, efforts to introduce,13, 61

Indonesian adaptation of, 83Malaysian adaptation of, 114slavery prohibited by, 30treaties and conventions influenced

by, 41, 45Western liberal bias of, 65

universalismhistorical development of

international human rights aspost-war Western-liberal-basedversus natural or universal valuesystem, 12, 61–6

regionalism versus, 1

Uruguay Round of trade talks, 235Usman, Johny Wainal, 88

VAP (Vientiane Action Programme),154–5, 159, 176, 187, 249

Vattel, Emerich de, 63Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 30Vienna, Congress of (1815), 29Vienna World Conference and

Declaration on Human Rights(1993), 2, 67, 124, 151, 152, 157,184

Vientiane Action Programme (VAP),154–5, 159, 176, 187, 249

VietnamCambodia, invasion and occupation

of, 68civil and political rights, importance

of adhering to, 246culture of human rights in, 253external scrutiny of human rights

record, need to accept, 249MDG attainment, 226NHRI, plan for, 197study not focusing on, 11, 72textile industry in, 233, 235wealth, power, and development,

relationship between, 232, 233

Wahid, Abdurrahman (Gus Dur), 77,84, 85

war, law of, and human rightslaw, 30

war on terrorism. See terrorism andinternational human rights law

Washington Consensus, 236wealth, power, and development,

relationship between, 228–33WESS 2006 (World Economic

and Social Survey 2006),228–31

West Bank and Gaza, UN response toIsraeli occupation of, 44

West Papua (Irian Jaya), separatistmovement in, 81, 86, 141,149

WHO (World Health Organization),49–50, 237

index 307






Williams, Rowan, 121Wiranto, General, 83, 88Wolff, Christian, 63Wolfowitz, Paul, 134Women’s Aid Organisation,

Malaysia, 119women’s issuesACWC, AICHR’s relationship to, 162in ASEAN Plan of Action forChildren (1993), 152

CEDAW (See Convention on theElimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination against Women)

Convention on the Political Rightsof Women, 1952, 38


Declaration on the Elimination ofViolence against Women in theASEAN Region (2004), 154

development rights, gendermainstreaming of, 213

increase in regional protections, 153Malaysian NGOs addressing, 119NHRI regional cooperation onhuman trafficking, 194

Singapore NGOs addressing, 134Wong Kan Seng, 124Working Group for an ASEAN

Human Rights Mechanism, 18,167–76

ACWC and ACMW promoted by,170, 171, 172, 173, 174

ASEAN Charter, Article 14, 171, 172,173

convergence of UN and ASEAN onhuman rights issues, effortstowards, 182

coordination between UN and thirdparties with ASEAN states,facilitating, 204

formation and purpose of, 167founding members, 167in framework of human rights inASEAN, 8

NHRIs, support for establishmentof, 197

NHRIs, working with, 168, 169, 170,171

in Singapore, 134success in engaging ASEAN on

human rights, 152, 166–7workshops, 168–74, 176

World Bankdevelopment rights integrated intohuman rights framework, 215

macro-regulation programmes of1980s, 213

modification of interpretation ofArticles of Agreement by, 208

Philippine feedback on financingfrom, 241

World Conference and Declaration onHuman Rights 1993, Vienna, 2,67, 124, 151, 152, 157, 184

World Economic and Social Survey2006 (WESS 2006), 228–31

World Health Organization (WHO),49–50, 237

World Trade Organization (WTO)Doha Round, 11, 70, 230, 238intellectual property laws, 237negative developmental effects ofcurrent trading rules, 236–8

services sector, WTO policies for,237

Uruguay Round, 235World WarFirst, 30Second, 32–42, 209, 213

WTO. See World Trade Organization

Yayasan Lembaga Bantuan Hukum,or YLBHI (Legal Aid Institute),82

Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 15,70, 75, 77, 84, 85, 88, 90,136, 150

Yugoslavia, International CriminalTribunal for the former, 27, 48

Yusuf, Irwandi, 86

308 index






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