cambridge university press edited by michael grossberg and ...€¦ · ballard, martha, 369,...

index

AALS. See Association of American LawSchools

ABA. See American Bar AssociationAbbott, Nathan, 54Abolitionist movement, 299–304

bibliographic essays, 761–762Constitutional arguments of, 302–303divorcement and, 303Douglass and, 401economic arguments of, 302fragmentation of, 301fugitive slaves and, 303graphic imagery, use of, 401–402growth of, 300–301habeas corpus and, 299–300historical background, 299immediatism, 300indirect methods of, 400legal strategies, 299media, use of, 300minstrel shows and, 402morality, appeals to, 401nullification and, 302overview, 298–299popular culture and, 400Quakers and, 373secession of free states and, 301–302social inclusiveness of, 400–401Southern response to, 301Stowe and, 401territorial expansion and, 303–304

AbortionAMA on, 275, 362, 365, 383, 384demographics and, 275–276

exclusion from privileges of citizenshipand, 361–362, 370, 371

health and medicine, in context of,518–519

Adams, Abigail, 373Adams, Charles Kendall, 59Adams, Henry Carter

ICC, at, 669legal education and, 690legal liberalism, on, 665railroads, on, 660, 669trusts, on, 660, 661

Adams, JohnAbigail and, 373federal courts and, 124legal education, on, 39legal profession, on, 84military law under, 572

Adams, John Quincyelection of, 9infrastructure, on, 19Jackson and, 575marriage of Jackson and, 253–255

Adamson Act, 542Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts,

594Administrative state

Bureau of Indian Affairs and, 382exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and, 381–382Freedmen’s Bureau and, 382Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and, 382ICC and, 381, 382, 527immigration and, 382

823

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824 Index

Administrative state (cont.)legal liberalism and, 672Native Americans and, 220post-World War I period, during,

693–694Progressives and, 650–651, 652–653,

672–673rise of, 665segregation and, 382World War I, impact of, 692–693

Adoption of children, 267–268Adultery, 405African-Americans

disenfranchisement of, 349Free Blacks (See Free Blacks)Freedmen (See Freedmen)law schools, in, 64legal profession, in, 86“passing” as white, 367–368police, in, 142slavery (See Slavery)women, violence against, 369–370

Agency law and automobiles, 524–525Agnew, Daniel, 378Agricultural production, 461–462Agriculture, Department of, 320, 474Alaska Native Brotherhood, 238Alaska Native Sisterhood, 238Alcott, Louisa May, 411, 415Alger, Horatio, 379, 412–413Algiers, 623Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, 136, 172,

450, 453, 684Alien Tort Claims Act of 1789, 622, 635Alienage, discrimination based on,

195–196. See also Citizenship;Immigration

All Indian Pueblo Council, 239Allen, Macon Bolling, 86Allen, William, 265American Anti-Slavery Society, 11, 300,

301, 400American Bar Association (ABA)

court reform and, 118early years, 56formation of, 49Judiciary Act of 1891 and, 125law schools, on, 57, 63military commissions, on, 602–603

national standards for legal educationand, 36

overview, 56political power of, 66–67standardized education system, search

for, 57standards for admission, focus on, 49,

56–57American Colonization Society, 180American Indian Movement, 242American Judicature Society, 117, 118American Medical Association (AMA)

ABA compared, 49, 66abortion, on, 275, 362, 365, 383, 384health insurance and, 680

American Social Science Association, 49American Society for the Free Persons of

Color, 300American Tobacco Company, 480, 663Ames, James Barr

Gregory and, 59Harvard, at, 53legal education and, 57treatises, 44

Andrews, Steven Pearl, 273Angell, Joseph K., 43, 44Anglicans, 423Anomalous zones, 628–629Ansell, Samuel, 585–588, 589, 590, 591Anti-Federalists. See Democrats

(Jeffersonian)Anti-Saloon League, 445Antitrust law, 480–481, 513–514,

538–541, 551. See also TrustsClayton Act (See Clayton Act)Sherman Antitrust Act (See Sherman

Antitrust Act)Appeals

appellate courts (See State courts)Courts of Appeals, United States,

125–126, 656criminal law, in, 153military justice, in (See Military and

law)Appellate courts. See State courtsApportionment, 6Apprenticeship

abuses, 39costs of, 38






Index 825

dominance of in Early Republic, 37drawbacks of, 79–80English law, transplant from, 37examinations, 38flexibility of, 40lack of coherency, 39lack of standards, 38local nature of, 79marriage of Freedmen and, 270overview, 37, 78–79rules governing, 37–38strengths of, 39–40

Arbitration, 76Armed Occupation Act of 1842, 30Army Corps of Engineers, 19Arnold, Matthew, 388, 391, 449Article III courts. See Federal courtsArticles of Confederation

citizenship and, 170–171comity under, 170, 174judiciary under, 453

Articles of War. See Military and lawAshcroft, John, 574, 602Asiatic Exclusion League, 193Association of American Law Schools

(AALS)attitude of law schools toward, 58formation of, 57–58national standards for legal education

and, 36, 66Association of the Bar of the City of New

York, 49Assumption of risk, 358–359, 480,

507–508, 548Atkyns, John Tracy, 42Atrocity cases, 600–602Attorneys. See Legal professionAustin, Benjamin, 76, 96Austin, J. L., 389Automobiles, 521–525

accidents, 521–522agency law and, 524–525bibliographic essays, 801common carrier analogy, 521enterprise liability and, 524importance of, 521insurance, 525overview, 528–529privity of contract and, 522–524

product liability and, 522–524regulation of, 522tort law and, 522

Bacon, Matthew, 41Baker, Newton, 586Baldwin, Henry, 217, 218, 491Baldwin, Joseph, 38, 65Ballard, Martha, 369, 371–372Bank of North America, 452Bank of the United States, 17, 19, 454, 459Bankruptcy, 458

Commerce Clause and, 537federal court cases, 127railroads and, 510–511

Bankruptcy Act of 1841, 458, 537Bankruptcy Act of 1898, 474, 476, 510Banks

antebellum period, during, 17–18Bank of the United states, 17“free banking” laws, 17–18imperialism and, 640rise of capitalism and, 454–455

Baptists, 420, 422, 423, 424, 425, 438Bar associations, 49Barbary Wars, 623–624Bastards. See Illegitimate childrenBeadle and Adams, 387, 411Beale, Joseph, 54Beecher, Catharine, 403Beecher, Henry Ward, 387, 392Beecher, Lyman, 425Beef Inspection Act, 400Belknap, Michael, 602Bentham, Jeremy, 612, 613Berlin, Congress of, 607Berne Convention, 502“Best interests of child” standard, 264–266BIA. See Bureau of Indian AffairsBill of Rights

common law foundation of, 564religion and, 417states, lack of incorporation to, 139–140

Birth controlComstock laws and, 276maternalism and, 275

Bishop, Joel Prentice, 258Black, Henry Campbell, 547Black, Jeremiah, 582, 625






826 Index

Black Codesapprenticeship and, 270domestic law and, 338–339marriage and, 338–339Northern state laws compared, 337–338overview, 349, 354, 355Reconstruction compared, 337rise of capitalism and, 469slavery contrasted, 327wage labor and, 341–342women and, 339, 340

Blacks. See African-AmericansBlackstone, William

abortion and, 518American editions of treatises, 93apprenticeship, use of Commentaries in,

79domestic law, on, 245, 277ethics, on, 42forms of action, on, 536husband and wife, on (See Husband and

wife)illegitimate children, on, 266marriage, on, 251–252, 348, 402master and servant law, on, 535Oxford, at, 45property law, on, 451teaching of, 38, 39treatises, 40–41women’s property, on, 262

Blaine, James G., 426Blaine Amendments, 427Blair, Montgomery, 309Blasphemy, 8, 427–428“Bleeding Kansas,” 308Boone, Daniel, 394, 413, 414Borden, Lizzie, 412Border Patrol, 198, 200Bounty hunters and fugitive slaves, 306Bourne, Randolph, 692Boxer Rebellion, 637Bradley, Joseph P., 378, 379, 544, 564,

667Bradwell, Myra, 86, 104, 115, 477Brandeis, Louis

administrative state and, 527attorney, as, 472“bigness,” on, 478, 480, 664Clayton Act, on, 679

organized labor, on, 677privacy, on right of, 500Progressive, as, 650, 653protectionism and, 470trusts, on, 660, 661women, on, 474

Brewer, David J.antitrust law, on, 541citizenship, on, 189fellow servant rule, on, 479Insular cases and, 691labor injunctions, on, 668religion, on, 438

British Levant Trading Company, 624Brockway, Zebulon, 164Brooks, Preston, 308Brosman, Paul, 596Brougham, Lord, 101Brown, Charles Brockden, 411Brown, Henry B., 691–692Brown, John, 308Brown, Joseph, 325Brown, William Wells, 285Brown University, 45Bryan, William Jennings, 442, 447Bryant, Edwin E., 59Buchanan, James

Dred Scott case and, 131, 310expatriation, on, 624Utah Expedition and, 31–32

Buffalo Bill, 414Buntline, Ned, 414Bureau of Immigration, 382Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

administrative state and, 382creation of, 26expenditures by, 240marriage and, 252plenary power doctrine and, 686–689regulation of Native Americans by, 238,

241reservations and, 382

Bureaucratism, 444Burke Act, 235, 239Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques, 41Burlingame Treaty, 186, 616Burr, Aaron, 46Bush, George W., 602Butler, Benjamin, 322






Index 827

Butler, Charles, 42Butler, Elizur, 217“Bystanders” and fugitive slaves, 306

Cable Act, 364, 632Calamity Jane, 414Calhoun, John C.

infrastructure, on, 19legal education of, 46, 82Secretary of War, as, 24, 26slavery, on, 301states’ rights, on, 31

Calley, William, 601–602Campbell, John A., 309Canada, fugitive slaves escaping to, 306Canals, 502–504

bibliographic essays, 799–800eminent domain and, 503–504importance of, 502–503litigation re, 503overview, 19–20railroads, competition with, 503

Capital punishmentabolition of, 165, 166capital offenses, decline in, 158electrocution, 165–166evolution of, 165hangings, 165

Capitalism, rise of, 449–482agricultural production and, 461–462bankruptcy and, 458banks and, 454–455bibliographic essays, 792–795Civil War, impact of, 468–469class consciousness, lack of, 460–461contract law and, 459corporations (See Corporations)coverture and, 455debtor-creditor law (See Debtor-creditor

law)dispute resolution and, 457early competing economic visions,

449–450ethnic stereotyping and credit, 455federal courts and, 452–453federalism and, 453Free Blacks and credit, 455–456ideological conflicts re, 473industrialization, rise of, 469, 531

Jacksonian Democrats and, 454Jeffersonian Democrats and, 453judicial review and, 454juries and, 456–457Kentucky Resolution, impact of,

450–451labor unions and, 471–472legal profession and, 456livestock and, 462married women’s property acts and, 455mechanic’s liens and, 458–459mergers and, 471negotiable instruments and, 459–460organized labor and, 460“otherness” and, 470–471overview, 449police power and, 451political parties and, 457–458post-Civil War period, role of law

during, 473producer model, 450property law (See Property law)public utilities, regulation of, 475–476registration of property transfers,

451–452regulatory reform and

overview, 472railroads, 472

riparian rights, 462–463small businesses and, 460Virginia Resolution, impact of, 450–451wage labor and, 460Whigs and, 454Whiskey Rebellion, impact of, 450women and, 469–470

Cardozo, Albert, 117Cardozo, Benjamin, 117, 479, 523, 524,

526, 527Carnegie, Andrew, 191, 379, 471Carnegie Foundation, 62, 63Cars. See AutomobilesCaruthers, Robert Looney, 504Catholics. See Roman CatholicsCensus

race and, 6–7religion and, 7

Census Bureau, 511–512Centennial Exposition of 1876, 49Chain gangs, 162–163






828 Index

Chandler, Alfred, 471Chandler, Peleg, 94–95Chase, Salmon P., 300, 303Chase, Samuel, 129Cherokee Treaty of 1817, 213Cherokee Treaty of 1819, 213Cherokee Treaty of 1866, 222Cherokees. See also “Five Civilized Tribes”

Cherokee Nation v. Georgiabackground, 216domestic dependent nation status,

216fragmentation of Court, 217guardian-ward analogy, 216–217overview, 374

Georgia, repression in, 216independence of, 215–216Marshall and, 215–219

contradictory nature of rulings, 219legacy of, 219property law and, 462

McIntosh case, 214–215Mitchel case

overview, 218sovereignty and, 218–219

Worcester casebackground, 217federalism and, 218impact of, 218sovereignty and, 217–218

Chesnutt, Charles, 370Chickasaws. See also “Five Civilized Tribes”

taxation, powers of, 234Child, Lydia Maria, 404Child labor laws, 538, 542–544Child support for illegitimate children, 267Children, 263–268

adoption of, 267–268“best interests of child” standard,

264–266custody of

exclusion from privileges ofcitizenship and, 364–365

habeas corpus and, 265legislative favoring of maternal

custody, 265maternalism and, 264women’s rights movement and, 265

d’Hauteville case, 263–264

expansion of rights of, 263illegitimate children

Blackstone on, 266child support for, 266–267state intervention, 267

juvenile offenders, 163“tender years” doctrine, 264–266

Chile, 626China

Boxer Rebellion, 637immigration from (See Immigration)Open Door policy, 637U.S. Court for China, 628, 630, 635US relations with, 627, 628, 640

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 366, 367,368, 369, 371, 381

Chitty, Joseph, 42, 44Choate, Rufus, 91Choctaws. See “Five Civilized Tribes”Chopin, Kate, 407Churches and extralegal justice, 146Cincinnati Law School, 47, 83“Circuit riding”

attorneys, 87Supreme Court justices, 122, 123–124

Citizenshipantebellum period, during, 176–183

Commerce Clause and, 177–178federal-state conflict, 176–181Free Blacks (See Free Blacks)overview, 176Privileges and Immunities Clause

and, 176–177territory, relationship with, 177

bibliographic essays, 738–746Civil War, impact of, 184Dred Scott case and, 309–310, 323, 338,

349early Republic, during, 170–176

Articles of Confederation and,170–171

Constitution and, 171–172Free Blacks, 175–176legal status of citizenship, rise of, 171mobility of indigents, relationship

with, 173–174poor laws, relationship with, 173–174state citizenship, legal status of, 174“warning out” and, 174–175






Index 829

exclusion from privileges of (SeeExclusion from privileges ofcitizenship)

Fourteenth Amendment, underChinese immigrants and, 184, 186,

190Freedmen and, 361, 365Native Americans and, 686, 687

immigration (See Immigration)“internal foreignness” concept, 169,

173, 202jus soli, concept of, 171Mexican War, extension of citizenship to

residents of ceded territories from,199–200

Native Americans andpost-Civil War period, during,

226–227Progressive Era, during, 234–235,

239–240post-Civil War period, during, 184–201

alienage, discrimination based on,195–196

formal extension of citizenship tonative-borns, 184

person-citizen distinction, 185political advantages of citizenship,

195race, ineligibility based on, 194“racial science,” flaws of, 194–195women and, 195

Pueblos and, 228race and, 11–12

Civil Rights Act of 1866, 138, 271, 361,475

Civil Rights Act of 1875enactment of, 138, 334striking down of, 138, 335, 336, 355,

379Civil Rights cases, 335–336, 355–356, 379Civil Service Commission, 594–595Civil War, 316–327

bibliographic essays, 762–766citizenship, impact on, 184Confederacy

appropriation of private property, 325breakdown in state and local order,

325–326Congress, 325

conscription in, 325Constitution, 324–325criticism of on states’ rights grounds,

325decline in power of national

government, 317–318desertion in, 325financial system, centralization of, 325growth in power of national

government, 325internal conflicts, failure to resolve,

327lawlessness in, 326male headship, threat to, 326–327self-help in, 326stationing of troops in local areas, 327

Confiscation Acts and, 322–323criminal law, impact on, 136–137distributive justice, impact on, 106–107Emancipation Proclamation and, 323exclusion from privileges of citizenship,

impact on, 360federal courts

expansion of jurisdiction during, 318impact on, 124–125

federalism and, 316–317Free Blacks and, 321–322government expenditures on, 33habeas corpus, suspension of, 318historical study of

Dunning School, 313–314inevitability of Civil War, 314–315national level, change from focus on,

315overview, 313–314social, cultural and economic

perspectives, 315–316inequality during, 319, 321legacy of, 344legal profession, impact on, 103–105martial law during, 318national government, growth in power

of, 317, 321necessity doctrine during, 574overview, 313paper money during, 34pensions based on, 33political economy, effect of, 32–33race, impact on, 34






830 Index

Civil War (cont.)Reconstruction (See Reconstruction)rise of capitalism, impact on, 468–469slavery, impact on, 34state and law, impact on (See State and

law)tariffs during, 33–34, 320territorial expansion, effect of tensions

re, 31–32Union

agricultural policy, 320economic policy, 318–320financial system, centralization of, 318habeas corpus, suspension of, 318martial law in, 318national government, growth in

power of, 317, 321railroads and, 320wage labor and, 320–321

Civilization Act of 1819, 212Clarke, John H., 679Clay, Henry

economic policy, 454infrastructure, on, 19

Clayton Act, 564, 664, 678–679Cleveland, Grover, 399Cobb, Thomas Reade

comity, on, 306marriage, on, 289mistreatment of slaves, on, 290property rights, on, 281sexual assault, on, 289slavery, on, 286, 377

Codification of International Law,Conference on, 641

Codification of lawanti-lawyer sentiment and, 96controversy re, 95, 99Democrats and, 97–98Field Code, 97–98historical background, 95–96social activists and, 96–97Story and, 98–99

Cohen, Felix, 220, 240Coke, Edward, 42Cold War, 589, 617Collateral, slaves as, 293–294Collier, John, 240, 241Colonialism. See ImperialismColt, LeBaron B., 497

Columbia University, 48, 55, 57Comity

Articles of Confederation, under, 170,174

fugitive slaves and, 304, 306–307Commentaries. See TreatisesCommerce Clause

antitrust law and, 539, 540, 541bankruptcy law and, 537child labor laws and, 538, 542, 543–544citizenship and, 177–178commercial legislation overturned

under, 536–537concurrent powers doctrine, 543criminal law, authority to enact, 138,

139eminent domain and, 537employer tort liability and, 480exclusion of non-citizens under, 176,

177, 187immigration and, 684injunctions and, 564intrastate commerce and, 537jurisdiction under, 543labor legislation overturned under,

537–538labor unions and, 542Lochner era, during, 536, 538maritime law and, 538, 544, 545Native Americans under, 211, 352police power and, 451preemption of state law by, 544public utilities and, 475railroad employees, statutes re, 538, 542railroads and, 508rise of market capitalism and, 459state taxation and licensing under, 466statutory purposes, relevance of, 543substantive due process and, 561trademark law and, 537“yellow dog” contracts and, 538

Common law marriage, 255–256Commonplace books, 41, 79Commons, John, 655Communications

antebellum period, during, 18newspapers, 18postal service, 18telegraphy, 18

“Complex marriage,” 273, 275






Index 831

Compromise of 1850, 31, 303, 307, 432Comstock, Anthony, 276Comstock Acts, 137, 138, 157, 276,

365Comyn, John, 41Concurrent powers doctrine, 543Confederacy. See Civil WarConfiscation Acts, 322–323Congregationalists, 422, 423Conscription, 325Constitution. See also specific amendment

apportionment under, 6citizenship and, 171–172Commerce Clause (See Commerce Clause)Contract Clause (See Contract Clause)Copyright Clause, 489Due Process Clause (See Due Process

Clause)Equal Protection Clause (See Equal

Protection Clause)federal courts and (See Federal courts)Fugitive Slave Clause, 303, 369, 451Guarantee Clause, 302, 375Native Americans under, 211, 212naturalization under, 171population and, 5–6Privileges and Immunities Clause (See

Privileges and Immunities Clause)Supremacy Clause, 121, 207Taking Clause, 476

Constitutional Conventionattorneys and, 68federal courts, debate re, 119, 120,

453Consumer League, 473, 651Consumerism and women

department stores, 407–408fashion, political nature of, 408–409literature, in, 408overview, 407

Continental Congress, 209Contract Clause

banks and, 452corporations and, 465–466foreclosures and, 461police power under, 451, 459substantive due process and, 561

Contract lawantebellum period, contract rights

during, 16–17

automobiles, privity of contract and,522–524

exclusion from privileges of citizenshipand, 350–351

insurance companies and, 478popular culture and, 396post-Civil War period, during,

191–192, 477, 478religious organizations and contract

labor laws, 438–439rise of capitalism, importance of contract

rights to, 450telegraphy and, 515

Contributory negligence, 358–359, 464,465, 507, 547

Cooley, Thomas M.ICC, at, 527, 668–669, 670, 671,

672legal education and, 57legal liberalism and, 648strikes and, 676

Coolidge, Calvin, 636Coombe, Rosemary, 390, 391Cooper, James Fenimore

legal system, on, 457literature of, 413–414, 415military justice and, 584Somers affair, on, 576–577, 578

Copyright Clause, 489Copyrights, 496–502

allied rights, 500balancing of public and private interests,

499–500bibliographic essays, 798–799compulsory licensing of, 498duration of, 499fair use, 499–500individualism and, 496legislation re, 497market-oriented nature of, 501music and, 497–498overview, 528patents contrasted, 496photography and, 498privacy, and right of, 500–501property law and, 478reform, attempts at, 501–502social importance of, 501technology and, 496–497

Corliss, George H., 500






832 Index

Cornell University, 59Coroner’s juries, 148–149Corporations

accountability, 468, 480antebellum period, rise during, 15antitrust law, 480–481Contract Clause and, 465–466derivative actions, 553–554fiduciary duties, 481governance, 467–468ideological conflicts re, 473legal liberalism, hostility of toward state

role in corporations, 646–647legal profession, impact on, 89litigation re, 472–473mergers, 471, 553, 555–556negligence and, 465–466opposition to, 452, 466–467trusts (See Trusts)ultra vires, 551–553

Corps of Topographical Engineers, 25Corwin, Edward S., 121, 619Costa Rica, 625, 640Cotton, Joseph, 681Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces,

U.S.appointments to, 596civil service status and, 595executive branch, as part of, 594–596federal courts contrasted, 594General Counsel, lack of cooperation by,

597–599independence of, 599JAGs, lack of cooperation by, 596–597judicial activism and, 598judiciary, as part of, 595proposal to abolish, 599uncertainty re, 594

Court of Claims, 4, 127–128, 237, 238,318

Courts, 106–132distributive justice (See Distributive

justice)evolution of, 132federal courts (See Federal courts)legislatures, interaction with, 107–108petty courts, 153–155small claims courts, 118state courts (See State courts)Supreme Court (See Supreme Court)

Courts martialappellate court, proposals for, 583atrocity cases, 600–602authority to reverse judgments of, 586desertion cases, 579–580, 600–602judicial nature of, 586–587law member, role of, 591

Courts of Appeals, U.S., 125–126, 656Cover, Robert, 392Coverture

antebellum period, during, 12exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and, 348Freedmen, and marriage of, 270marriage and, 252married women’s property acts and, 262rise of capitalism and, 455

Coxe, Alfred Conkling, 523, 524Craft, William, 285Crane, Stephen, 406Creditors. See Debtor-creditor lawCreeks. See “Five Civilized Tribes”Crevecouer, Hector St. John de, 172Crimes Act of 1790, 622Criminal law, 133–167

appeals, 153bibliographic essays, 722–725, 726–732Bill of Rights, lack of incorporation to

states, 139–140capital punishment (See Capital

punishment)coroner’s juries, 148–149defendants, right to testify, 150–151discrimination laws and, 157–158economic development, impact of,

134–135evidence and, 150–151extralegal justice (See Extralegal justice)federal criminal law

ambiguous nature of, 140antebellum period, during, 136Civil War, impact of, 136–137evolution of, 135–136lack of, 135police power as underlying theory of,

139post-Civil War period, during,

137–139“good behavior,” 159grand juries, 149






Index 833

habeas corpus, 135, 136indeterminate sentences, 158–159indictments, 149indigents, counsel for, 152–153informations, 149insanity defense, 158jury instructions, 151jury nullification, 149, 151, 157–158military, role of, 137moral offenses, 156, 157Native Americans and

early Republic, during, 213post-Civil War period, during

Constitutionality of, 225–226Indian-on-Indian crime, 225overview, 224white settlers, 224–225

overview, 133–134pardons, 159parole, 159penitentiaries (See Penitentiaries)petit juries, 149–150petty courts, 153–155plea bargaining, 151–152, 159police (See Police)popular sovereignty and, 166–167private prosecutors, 152probation, 159public defenders, 152–153public prosecutors, 152reasonable doubt standard, 150reform of, 155reformatories (See Reformatories)slavery and, 290–292

mistreatment of slaves, 290–291procedural safeguards, evolution of,

292state-building and, 658statutory rape, 157Sunday closing laws, 155, 156–157U.S. Marshals, 136

Crockett, Davy, 413, 414Croly, Herbert, 652, 672Crowder, Enoch, 585–588, 589Cuba, 639, 690Curtesy, 250–251Curtis, Benjamin, 310, 616Curtis, George T., 309Cushing, Caleb, 579, 580Custody of children

exclusion from privileges of citizenshipand, 364–365

habeas corpus and, 265legislative favoring of maternal custody,

265maternalism and, 264women’s rights movement and, 265

Daggett, David, 47Dalton, John, 42Dane, Nathan, 41, 43, 47, 48Daniel, Peter V., 178, 309Darrow, Clarence, 442Davis, David, 582–583Davis, Jefferson, 325Davis, John, 40Davis, Rebecca Harding, 410Dawes Act. See General Allotment Act

of 1887Dawson, John, 12Death penalty. See Capital punishmentDebs, Eugene, 675–676Debtor-creditor law

credit and rise of capitalism, 454ethnic stereotyping and credit, 455failures, 458Free Blacks and credit, 455–456innovation in, 452legal representation, debtors and

creditors contrasted, 88–89post-Civil War period, during, 476–477

Declaration of Independenceattorneys and, 68promises of, 375race and gender under, 358rights expressed in, 373slavery and, 303

Declaration of Sentiments, 406–407Defense, Department of

General Counsel, 597–599single entity, consolidation as, 589

Deists, 422Deloria, Vine, Jr., 235Democrats (Jacksonian)

codification of law and, 97–98economic policy, 13legal profession and, 77–78, 84, 92Reconstruction and, 333–334rise of capitalism and, 454slavery and, 308






834 Index

Democrats (Jeffersonian)federal courts, on, 119–120international affairs and, 609nationality and, 630–631rise of capitalism and, 453sovereignty and, 620

Demographics of legal profession, 85–86Denominationalism, 425Department stores, 407–408Derivative actions, 553–554Desertion cases, 579–580, 600–602Dewey, John, 636d’Hauteville case, 263–264, 374Dicey, Albert Venn, 672Dickinson, John, 121Dike, Samuel, 273Dillingham Commission, 193, 194Discrimination

alienage, based on, 195–196criminal law and, 157–158public accommodations, in, 356–357state appellate court cases re, 115

Distributive justice, 106–109bibliographic essays, 715–717Civil War, impact of, 106–107economic development, impact of, 106,

107federalism and, 108immigrants and, 107importance of to courts, 108legislatures, interaction with courts,

107–108Native Americans and, 107overview, 109political parties, impact of, 107slavery, impact of, 106–107women and, 107

District Courts, U.S., 126Divorce

acceptance of, 257attacks on, 272–273bibliographic essays, 750–757extralegal divorce, 255, 258fault, problems with, 256–257incoherence of rules re, 257–258interstate conflicts, 257jurisdiction “shopping,” 257legal background, 256maternalism and, 275

migratory divorce, 258self-divorce, 255, 258statutory implementation of, 256women, impact on, 404–405

Domestic lawabortion, 275–276ambiguous nature of, 246American context, 278–279assumptions re, 279bibliographic essays, 750–757birth control

Comstock laws and, 276maternalism and, 275

Black Codes and, 338–339Blackstone on, 245, 277children (See Children)common law marriage, 255–256coverture, 252cultural framework, 278curtesy, 250–251divorce (See Divorce)dower, 250–251evolution of, 277–278family, narrowing definition of, 245–246husband and wife (See Husband and wife)individualism and, 247judicial discretion over, 278“law of persons,” 245male domination, inroads into, 246marriage (See Marriage)married women’s property acts (See

Married women’s property acts)maternalism and, 276–277polygamy (See Polygamy)

Domestic violence, 368–369Douglas, Ann, 403Douglas, Stephen, 303, 308, 615Douglass, Frederick

Constitution and slavery, on, 302Dred Scott case, on, 311Fugitive Slave Acts, on, 371popular culture and, 401, 402role of law in slavery, on, 280violence and slavery, on, 368

Dower, 250–251Draft, 325Drago Doctrine, 637Dred Scott v. Sandford, 308–311

Buchanan and, 310






Index 835

citizenship and, 12, 184, 309–310, 323,338, 349

effect of, 400factual background, 308–309international law and, 616, 636issues, 309Kansas, effect on, 31legacy of, 311legal background, 309Lincoln and, 311marriage and, 253Missouri Compromise of 1820 and, 310overview, 131, 308political nature of, 304race and, 282shifting political positions on, 317

Dreiser, Theodore, 408DuBois, W. E. B., 370, 470–471Due Process Clause

immigration and, 619property rights and, 475public utilities and, 475railroads and, 510religion and, 421slavery and, 302substantive due process (See Substantive

due process)Taking Clause, incorporation to states,

476Duke, James M., 663Dunning, William A., 313Dunning School, 313–314Duvall, Gabriel, 217Dwight, Theodore

case method and, 51, 55legal education and, 48, 57, 63legal profession, on, 68, 69

Dworkin, Ronald, 392

Eastman, Charles O., 238Economy and law

antebellum period, during, 13–17banks (See Banks)bibliographic essays, 700–703Civil War, effect on, 32–33communications (See Communications)contract rights, 16corporations (See Corporations)employee rights, 16

growth, promotion of, 16–17historical narratives re, 13–14infrastructure (See Infrastructure)local governments, role of, 14–15national government, role of, 14organized labor (See Organized labor)overview, 13property development, promotion of,

15–16rise of capitalism (See Capitalism, rise of)welfare capitalism (See Welfare

capitalism)Edison, Thomas, 498Edmunds Act, 274Edmunds-Tucker Act, 274Education, public

antebellum period, during, 21religious instruction and, 436–437

Edward III, 535Egalitarianism, rise of, 9Egypt, 624Eighteenth Amendment, 138, 445,

446Eisenhower, Dwight D., 568El Salvador, 625–626Electrocution, 165–166Eleventh Amendment

organized labor and, 564railroads and, 510states’ rights and, 453

Eliot, Charles W.Adams and, 59Harvard, at, 50, 54Langdell and, 105legal education, on, 52, 53, 54, 56

Ellenton Riots, 145Ellickson, Robert, 390Ellis, Edward, 414Ellsworth, Oliver, 122, 453, 631Emancipation Proclamation, 323, 361,

372Embargo Act of 1807, 23–24Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 410, 411Eminent domain, 476, 503–504, 537Employment law. See Master and servant

lawEngland. See United KingdomEnvironmental determinism, 442Episcopals, 422






836 Index

Equal Protection ClauseHarlan on, 481immigration and, 188, 196juries and, 380licensing of trade and professions,

applicability to, 477sterilization and, 520

Equity, 656Erdman Act of 1898, 139, 538, 542Erie Canal, 19, 503Espionage act of 1917, 138Establishment Clause, 417, 420, 421, 437,

445Establishment of religion

colonies, in, 421move away from, 7–8protection of Christian principles

contrasted, 429–430Ethnicity. See also Race

credit and ethnic stereotyping, 455immigration, exclusion based on race,

192–193Evangelicals, 424Everett, Edward, 98Evidence in criminal law, 150–151“Exceptionalism,” 2, 35Exclusion from privileges of citizenship

abolition of slavery andcommunity, effect on, 374economic reasons for, 358limited impact of, 349new laws resulting from, 354overview, 360–361

abolitionist movement and, 373abortion and, 361–362, 370, 371administrative state and, 381–382agents of state, individuals and

nongovernmental organizationsacting as, 383

antebellum period, challenges during,359–360

bibliographic essays, 766–786Black Codes and, 354Civil War, impact of, 360community, effect on, 371, 374contract law and, 350–351coverture and, 348criminalization of conduct, 370–371,

382

custody of children and, 364–365disenfranchisement of

African-Americans and, 349“erasure” of lives of subject persons, 368federalism and, 377Freedmen and, 366–367, 368husband and wife, 363–364immigration and

administrative state, 382China, from, 366, 368, 370–371males, favoring of, 367overview, 357racial classification and, 362

individualism and, 379Jacksonian era, challenges during, 358,

359juries, in, 380land, restrictions on ownership of, 353law, role of, 376–377legal system

African-Americans in, 380white male domination of, 379–380

limits on citizenship, 365litigation, impact of, 383–384married women’s property acts and, 364masking of laws

immigration and, 378Native Americans and, 377–378overview, 377protective laws, guise of, 378segregation and, 377

maternalism, 365Mexican-Americans and, 374miscegenation laws and, 355Native Americans and

administrative control over, 365–366Cherokees, 368land allotment and, 352–353males, favoring of, 367marriage and, 366resistance by, 373–374sovereignty, assault on, 362subject nature of, 367territorial expansion and, 351–352white settlers and, 352

naturalization and, 361overview, 345–346, 384–386“passing” as white, 367–368property ownership and, 354–355






Index 837

public accommodations, discriminationin, 356–357

public health measures and, 382–383Reconstruction, during, 361religious and natural order, based on,

378–379resistance to

collective resistance, 372–373individual resistance, 372law, role of, 374–376

restrictive covenants and, 356segregation and

administrative state, 382outside of South, 355–356South, in, 355

self-defense and, 350slavery and

community, effect on, 374Constitution, under, 353–354males, favoring of, 366overview, 348–349

statistics, 384subject identities, status as, 363tension between excluded groups, 374territorial expansion and, 351tort law and, 350–351treatises, 377Twentieth Century legal reforms and,

378unequal treatment, 370violence and, 381voting rights and, 357–358wage labor and, 349–350, 358–359white male domination and, 347–348,

351women and

disenfranchisement of, 380–381examples of, 371–372founding principles and, 358industrialization, impact of, 359, 362women’s rights movement, 373

Expansion. See Territorial expansionExpatriation Act of 1907, 364Extradition, 618Extralegal divorce, 255, 258Extralegal justice, 145–148

bibliographic essays, 737–738churches and, 146honor culture and, 145–146

lynchings, 148mob actions, 147moral offenses and, 147overview, 145police, monitoring of, 147–148vigilantes, 147

Fair Trade League, 478Family law. See Domestic lawFearne, Charles, 42Federal courts, 119–128

Anti-Federalists on, 119–120appointment of judges, 121bankruptcy cases in, 127bibliographic essays, 720–721Chief Justice, authority of, 126circuits, 122Civil War

expansion of jurisdiction during,318

impact of, 124–125Congressional authority over, 122–123Constitution and

establishment of courts, 119overview, 119vagueness of, 120–121

Court of Claims (See Court of Claims)Courts of Appeals, 125–126, 656delays in, 125District Courts, 126districts, 122economic development, impact of, 125expenses of, 125federalism and, 120Federalists on, 119growth of caseload, 125international affairs, role in,1292.30Judicial Conference of the United States,

126judicial review in

Supremacy Clause and, 121vagueness of Constitution re,

120–121Judiciary Act of 1789 and, 123Judiciary Act of 1801 and, 123–124Judiciary Act of 1875 and, 124–125Judiciary Act of 1891 and, 125–126Judiciary Act of 1911 and, 126Judiciary Act of 1925 and, 126






838 Index

Federal courts (cont.)jurisdiction of, 121, 122–123, 124–125,

126local nature of, 123overview, 119political purposes, shaping for, 123Reconstruction, role in, 330rise of capitalism and, 452–453separation of powers and, 121state courts, interference in, 118structure, debate re, 123Supreme Court (See Supreme Court)territorial courts, 127USCAAF contrasted, 594

Federal Crime Act, 135Federal Employers’ Liability Act of 1908,

480, 507, 542Federal question jurisdiction, 655Federal Reserve Act of 1914, 474, 536Federal Trade Commission, 527, 672Federal Trade Commission Act, 536, 664Federalism

Cherokees, Worcester case and, 218Civil War and, 316–317distributive justice and, 108exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and, 377federal courts and, 120“Five Civilized Tribes” and, 232–233nationality and, 634Native Americans, federalism paradigm,

207railroads and, 508–510Reconstruction and, 332–333religion and, 420–421rise of capitalism and, 453sovereignty and, 614, 617–618state courts (See State courts)

Federalistsfederal courts, on, 119international affairs and, 609nationality and, 630–631sovereignty and, 619–620

Fellow servant ruleemployee injuries, 547, 548–549negligence and, 479–480railroads and, 507tort law and, 464, 465wage labor and, 358–359

Female Benevolent Society, 404

Female Guardian Society, 404Female Moral Reform Society, 404Ferguson, Homer, 597Fiction. See LiteratureField, David Dudley, 43, 83, 98, 582, 646Field, Stephen J., 479, 646, 649, 667,

684Field Codes, 52, 98, 478Fifteenth Amendment

adoption of, 361, 384Black Codes contrasted, 327Confederate states, ratification by, 330failure to enforce, 469miscegenation laws and, 271opposition to, 333promises of, 361ratification of, 333removal of actions to federal courts

under, 330resident aliens under, 634voting rights under, 34, 334, 374

Fifth Amendmentadmission of immigrants and, 189antitrust law and, 540child labor laws and, 543Due Process Clause (See Due Process


Protection Clause)just compensation under, 537labor unions and, 542Native Americans and, 232slavery and, 302states, applicability to, 139, 140substantive due process and, 564Taking Clause, 476

Filson, John, 413Financial institutions. See BanksFinney, Charles Grandison, 425–426, 431First Amendment

debates re, 421Establishment Clause (See Establishment

Clause)Free Exercise Clause (See Free Exercise

Clause)Jefferson and, 428, 433religion and, 418, 419religious tests under, 8states, incorporation to, 448telegraphy and, 512






Index 839

Fiss, Owen, 392Fister, Owen, 414“Five Civilized Tribes”

eminent domain and, 230–232exemption from federal laws, 230federalism and, 232–233land allotment, 232–233limited autonomy of, 232overview, 228plenary power doctrine and, 234significance of, 230treaties, repudiation of, 232–233

Fletcher, Albert, Jr., 595, 598–599Flexner, Abraham, 63, 66Flournoy, Richard W., 641Ford, Gerald R., 598Foreign affairs. See International affairsFormer slaves. See FreedmenForrestal, James, 589–591Foster, George, 412Foster, Hannah, 406Foucault, Michel, 390Fourteenth Amendment

adoption of, 361Black Codes contrasted, 34, 327citizenship under (See Citizenship)civil rights legislation under, 138civil rights under, 311commerce, regulation under, 537Confederate states, ratification by, 329contract law and, 538Due Process Clause (See Due Process


Protection Clause)expatriation and, 632failure to enforce, 469Fifteenth Amendment clarifying, 333foreign persons, protection of, 564immigration and, 475, 619industrial organization and, 555injunctions and, 564juries and, 380legal transformation created by, 375miscegenation laws and, 271Native Americans under, 367perceived failures of, 314persons, protection of, 185, 186, 187Plessy v. Ferguson and, 336promises of, 361, 375

property rights and, 474railroad rate regulation and, 667railroads and, 510ratification of, 333religion and, 421removal of actions to federal courts

under, 330resident aliens under, 634second American revolution, as, 314Slaughterhouse cases and, 335sovereign immunity and, 564state action and, 564states, applicability to, 139voting rights under, 360women and, 340, 365, 375workers’ rights and, 343–344

FranceLatin America, intervention in, 626undeclared war with prior to War

of 1812, 23Franco-American Treaty of 1773, 130Frankfurter, Felix, 125, 311, 612Franklin, Benjamin, 401–402“Free banking” laws, 17–18Free Blacks, 285–287

aliens, as, 180–181antebellum period, during, 178–181citizenship of, 179Civil War and, 321–322credit and, 455–456early Republic, during, 175–176exclusion of, 178, 179Lower South, in, 286–287mobility, restrictions on, 178, 179,

287overview, 285passports, 179–180racial ideology and, 286recolonization, attempts at, 180restrictions on, 286South, in, 178–179, 285–286Upper South, in, 286

Free Exercise Clause, 417, 420, 421“Free labor.” See Wage laborFree Soil Party, 307Freedmen

exclusion from privileges of citizenship,366–367, 368

liberty, importance of, 372marriage and (See Marriage)






840 Index

Freedmen’s Bureauadministrative state and, 382creation of, 333Reconstruction and, 268, 269, 270women and, 367

Fremont, John C., 25French Revolution, 424, 428, 607Freund, Ernst, 54, 672, 681Friedman, Lawrence, 3, 389Friends of the American Indian, 223, 224,

226, 227Fry, James, 584–585, 591Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, 11, 136, 303,

305, 369Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

administrative state and, 382Constitutionality of, 306Douglass on, 371enactment of, 303, 308Free Blacks, threat to, 306, 366procedural safeguards, lack of, 305reinforcement of slavery by, 400return of fugitive slaves under, 322, 369shifting political views on, 317

Fugitive Slave Clause, 303, 369, 451Fugitive slaves

abolitionist movement and, 303bounty hunters and, 306“bystanders” and, 306Canada, escape to, 306comity and, 304, 306–307Congressional authority over, 305–306habeas corpus and, 305Northern attempts to protect, 304–306overview, 304owners’ power to recapture, 306statistics, 304Underground Railroad, 304violence against, 369

Fuller, Margaret, 407Fuller, Melville W., 662, 691

Gadsden Purchase, 219Gallatin, Albert, 19Garfield, James A., 568Garrison, William Lloyd

Constitution and slavery, on, 301–302fugitive slaves, on, 305immediatism and, 300

public opinion and, 301Gaston, William, 291, 292Gawalt, Gerald, 85Geary Act, 187Gender. See WomenGeneral Allotment Act of 1887

citizenship and, 365, 366, 367, 377“Five Civilized Tribes” and, 230litigation re, 237property rights, impact on, 227,

352–353, 367General jurisdiction, courts of. See State

courtsGeneral Land Office, 29–30General Motors, 524General Survey Act of 1824, 19, 24Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907, 193Germany, 642Girard, Stephen, 429Girard College, 429Glaeser, Edward, 487Glorious Revolution, 572Godkin, Edwin, 646Gompers, Samuel, 471, 480, 678“Good behavior,” 159Goodnow, Frank, 652Goodrich, Elizur, 45Gore, Christopher, 39Gould, James, 46, 81–82Gould, Jay, 643, 666, 669Graduation Act, 29Grand juries, 149“Grandfather” clauses, 334Granger Laws, 666Grant, Ulysses S., 327, 568, 648, 687Grayson, P. W., 76“Great Awakening,” 421Great Britain. See United KingdomGreen, Nathan, 114“Greenbacks,” 34Greenleaf, Simon, 38, 44, 47, 48, 83Greenville, Treaty of, 26Gregory, Charles N., 59–60Grey, Zane, 414Grier, Robert C., 179Griffin, Cyrus, 209Grimke, Elizabeth, 300Grimke, Sarah, 300Grotius, Hugo, 41, 613






Index 841

Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 28, 198,199–200, 219, 228, 365

Guarantee Clause, 302, 375Guatemala, 625

Habeas corpusabolitionist movement and, 299–300Civil War, suspension during, 318custody of children and, 265federal courts, in, 135, 136fugitive slaves and, 305

Habeas Corpus Act of 1863, 137, 318, 330Habeas Corpus Act of 1867, 330Habermas, Jurgen, 394Hague Conferences, 638–639Hale, Eugene, 562, 690, 692Hall, Dominick A., 573–575, 578–579Haltunnen, Karen, 411Hamilton, Alexander

attorney, as, 88Bank of North America and, 452Bank of the United States, on, 17economic policy, 13economic vision of, 449, 481federal courts, on, 119jury nullification and, 149liberty, vision of, 450sovereignty and, 619–620

Hamilton College, 48, 275Hancock, Winfield Scott, 568Handlin, Mary Flug, 3Handlin, Oscar, 3Hangings, 165Harding, Warren G., 204Hardwicke, Lord, 42Hargrave, Francis, 42Harlan, John Marshall

capitalism and, 449, 481–482child labor laws, on, 543Fifth Amendment, on, 140ICC, on, 670Insular cases, in, 691judicial activism, on, 564Native Americans, on, 231popular influence on law, on, 166Sherman Antitrust Act, on, 662,

663–664Harper, William Joseph, 285Harper, William Rainey, 54

Harris, George Washington, 413Harrison, William Henry, 27, 568Hart, H. L. A., 391Hartford Female Seminary, 403Hartog, Hendrik, 391Hartz, Louis, 2, 3Harvard Law School

creation of, 45evolution of, 46–47Langdell at (See Langdell, Christopher

Columbus)professors, 52–53Story at, 45, 47, 82–83women at, 64

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 415Hay, John, 637Hayes, Rutherford B., 568Haymarket Riot, 151, 398–399Health and medicine, 516–520

abortion and, 518–519advances in, 516–517bibliographic essays, 800–801infectious disease, 519law, role of, 516malpractice

litigation re, 517standard of care, 518technology, effect of, 517–518

sanitation, 519–520sterilization, 520X-rays, 518

Health insurance, 680, 682Henry, Patrick, 38Hepburn Act of 1906, 671Herttell, Thomas, 259, 260Higgins, Jessie, 76, 96Hilliard, Francis, 44Hoar, George, 690, 692Hoffman, Clara Cleghorne, 406Hoffman, David, 46, 81, 83, 100–101Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr.

admission of immigrants, on, 189antitrust law, on, 541Clayton Act, on, 679common law, on, 546gender and, 380Harvard, at, 53immigration and, 686Langdell, on, 52






842 Index

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (cont.)Lochner case and, 131maritime law, on, 544, 545popular culture, on, 415Sherman Antitrust Act, on, 662treatises, 43

Homestead Act of 1862, 29, 320, 352,362, 474

Homestead Strike, 668Honduras, 625, 626Honor culture, 145–146Horwitz, Morton, 486House, Royal E., 491, 492Howard, Jacob, 269Howard University, 64Howe, Julia Ward, 432Howells, William Dean, 404Hughes, Charles Evans, 653, 654Hunt, Carleton, 56Hurst, James Willard, 2–3, 109, 118Husband and wife. See also Marriage

Blackstone oncriticism of, 249–250husband’s legal obligations, 250overview, 249selective response to, 250wife’s legal disabilities, 250

Confederacy, threat to male headship in,326–327

curtesy, 250–251dower, 250–251exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and, 363–364female dependency, 251male headship, 251Revolutionary War, impact of, 247–249,

253

ICC. See Interstate Commerce CommissionIllegitimate children

Blackstone on, 266child support for, 266–267state intervention, 267

Immigration, 168–203antebellum period, during, 176–183

bonds, 182bureaucratic control over, 182–183nativism and, 181overview, 9–10, 176, 181

poor laws, relationship with,181–182, 183

state-local conflict, 181–183taxes, 182, 183

bibliographic essays, 738–746carriers and, 383China, from, 185–191

administrative restrictions, 188–190deportation and, 187erosion of support for, 186fugitive slaves compared, 369internal “foreignness” of, 189, 190overview, 185, 190–191plenary power doctrine, exclusion

under, 186–187, 683–684,685–686

statutory exclusion of, 185–186citizenship and, 9–10distributive justice and, 107domestic minorities, relationship with,

169–170, 184–185early Republic, during, 170–176

colonial policies, continuation of,172–173

Congress, authority of, 172local governments, authority of, 175overview, 170states, authority of, 172, 174

exclusion from privileges of citizenshipand (See Exclusion from privilegesof citizenship)

imperialism and, 198–201India, from, 193“insiders,” lack of homogeneity,

168–169“internal foreignness” concept, 169,

173, 202Japan, from

post-World War I period, during,197–198

voluntary restrictions, 193justification for territorial defense, 168lack of early immigration policy, 168Mexico, from, 198–201

extension of citizenship to residents ofceded territories, effect of, 199–200

favored status of, 199–200Mexican War, impact of, 198–199restrictions, rise of, 200–201






Index 843

significance of, 198territorial expansion, impact of, 199

numerical restrictions on, 198overview, 168, 170Philippines, from, 201plenary power doctrine, restrictions

under, 683–686Commerce Clause and, 684due process and, 686Immigration Bureau, role of,

684–685judicial oversight of administrative

decisions, 684–685sovereignty and, 684territoriality and, 684–685

post-Civil War period, during, 184–201contract labor laws, 191–192economic impact of, 191ethnicity, exclusion based on,

192–193grounds for exclusion, 192inside-outside distinction, 187–188organized labor opposition to, 191person-citizen distinction, 185procedure-substance distinction,

188–190race, exclusion based on, 192–193women as, 193–194


property rights and, 475Puerto Rico, from, 201race and, 202restrictions, rise of, 169segregation compared, 202, 203sovereignty and, 618–619World War I, restrictions during,

196Immigration Act of 1917, 196Immigration Act of 1924, 197Immigration Bureau, 684, 685, 694Immigration Restriction League, 193Immigration Service, 368Imperialism

immigration and, 198–201Insular cases and, 691–692Lodge on, 690–691“open door imperialism,” 637, 640–641overview, 689–690

plenary power doctrine and, 689–692Spanish-American war and, 690territoriality and, 626“Westphalian” system and, 607–608

Implied warranties, 478–479Imprisonment. See PunishmentIncome tax, 131India, immigration from, 193Indian Affairs, Commissioner of, 233, 234,

241Indian Affairs, Department of, 220Indian Appropriation Act of 1871, 222Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, 365Indian Commissioners, Board of, 224Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988,

242Indian Removal Act of 1830, 26, 230, 352,

359Indian Reorganization Act of 1934,

240–241Indian Self-Determination and Education

Assistance Act of 1975, 242Indian Self-Governance Act of 1994, 242Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts, 212,

220, 228Indian Wars, 26–27Indians. See Native AmericansIndictments, 149Indigents

counsel for, 152–153mobility of, relationship with

citizenship, 173–174Industrial organization and law, 531–564

antitrust law, 538–541balancing of rights, 564bankruptcy law, 537bibliographic essays, 801–803child labor laws, 538, 542–544commercial cases versus labor cases, 564corporations (See also Corporations)

derivative actions, 553–554mergers, 553, 555–556ultra vires, 551–553

eminent domain, 537employee injuries, 547–549industrialization, rise of, 469, 531intrastate commerce, 537judicial decisions and, 531–532judicial flexibility and, 564






844 Index

Industrial organization (cont.)jurisdiction

commercial cases, 533, 536–537concurrent powers doctrine, 543inconsistency in, 536labor cases, 533, 537–538, 541–542overview, 532statutory purposes, relevance of, 543

legal creativity and, 564legal stability and, 564legislative control over commercial law,

importance of, 534Lochner era, legal scholarship re, 531–532maritime law, 538, 544–545master and servant law, 535, 547–549,

564organized labor (See also Organized labor)

antitrust law and, 551collective action, right of, 551injunctions and, 564secondary boycotts, 551, 556–557sovereign immunity and, 564

politics, role of, 564precedent

commercial cases, 546–547, 554–555judicial review distinguished, 546labor cases, 546–547, 554–555overview, 532–533reform versus precedent, 545–546

problems in studying, 564railroad employees, statutes re, 538, 542reception of English law, importance of,

533–534, 546rights

commercial cases, 555–556, 564labor cases, 556–557, 564“modern rights,” 557–563overview, 533, 555

social impact, 535–536substantive due process

commercial cases, in, 563labor cases, in, 563–564police power contrasted, 563

trademark law, 537“yellow dog” contracts, 538, 564

Infectious disease, 519Informations, 149Infrastructure

antebellum period, during, 18–22local governments, role of, 20, 21–22

national government, role of, 18–19, 20states, role of, 19–20, 467

Inheritancemarried women’s property acts,

application of, 260slavery and, 290

Injunctionsanti-injunction statutes, 677–678organized labor and, 564, 674–675,

676–677patents and, 491–492railroads and, 668Sherman Antitrust Act, under, 551state-building, role in, 656strikes and, 674–675, 676–677

Insanity defense, 158Insolvency. See BankruptcyInsular cases, 691–692Insurance

automobiles, 525contract law and companies, 478

Intellectual property lawcopyrights (See Copyrights)overview, 489patents (See Patents)property rights and, 478trademarks, 537uniformity in, 486

Interior, Department of, 220, 238Internal improvements. See InfrastructureInternal Revenue Agency, 137International affairs, 604–642

Asian nations, relations with, 627–628bibliographic essays, 807–813bifurcation of, 609–610, 630–631different tiers of nations, 624European nations, relations with, 624,

625federal courts, role of, 612globalization, effect of, 611Hague Conferences, 638–639international law

arbitration, 638, 639banks, role of, 640changing conceptions of, 612–613intervention, 636–637, 639–640markets, role of, 640move toward, 637–638“open door imperialism,” 637,

640–641






Index 845

positivism and, 639positivism in, 613stewardship theory, 640–641

Latin American nations, relations with,625–627, 639–640

nationality andcomplexity of, 630emergence of doctrine, 635expatriation, 631, 632–633, 634–635federalism and, 634multinational agreements re, 635nonresident dependents, 632overview, 630resident aliens, 633–634sovereignty and, 631–632, 635–636

overview, 604–606, 641–642sovereignty and

Democratic view, 620evolution of concept of, 614executive branch authority, 619extradition, 618federal court decisions re, 620–621federalism and, 614, 617–618Federalist view, 619–620immigration, 618–619implied powers of President, 621–622international law, role of, 615nationality and, 631–632, 635–636Native Americans, 613–614overview, 609plenary power doctrine and, 621political common ground re, 620rules of construction, 615–616stewardship theory, 621–622territories, over, 614–615treaties, role of, 616–617

“System of ’96,” 621territorial expansion, impact of, 610territoriality and

anomalous zones, 628–629Constitutionalism and, 629–630gradations of sovereignty, 623imperialism and, 626overview, 622protection of citizens abroad,

622–623, 624–625treaties, role of, 623–624

“Westphalian” system andAmerican reaction to, 609basic principles, 606

imperialism and, 607–608influence of, 610–611internal versus external governance,

608legacy of, 606legal order, impact on, 611–612nations, relationship between, 607philosophical influence of, 606–607

International Law Institute, 638Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

administrative state and, 381Commerce Clause and, 536, 684enactment of, 472, 531preemption of state law by, 511railroads and, 666, 668Sherman Antitrust Act compared, 670

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)administrative state and, 381, 382, 527bibliographic essays, 816–818Cooley at, 668–669, 670, 671, 672court-like nature of, 672creation of, 472, 665, 668decline in power of, 670due process and, 670growth in power of, 694judicial decisions re, 669–670judicial oversight of, 670, 671–672, 685railroads and, 506, 562, 669reemergence of, 670–671Roosevelt and, 671strikes and, 676

Iowa, University of, 54Iraq War, 603

Jackson, AndrewBank of the United States, opposition

to, 17, 19, 459Battle of New Orleans and, 24, 573contempt proceedings against, 574–575election of, 568Indian Wars, in, 27infrastructure, on, 19marriage of, 253–255martial law and, 573–574military law under, 572Native Americans and, 27, 30, 215,

216, 462, 687necessity doctrine and, 574, 576popularity of, 394

Jackson, Helen Hunt, 396






846 Index

Jackson, Rachel Donnelson Robards,253–255

Jacob, Giles, 42Jacob, Harriet, 280JAGs. See Judge Advocate GeneralsJameson, Frederic, 389Japan

aggression by, 641immigration from


voluntary restrictions, 193U.S. relations with, 627, 628

Jay, John, 128, 130, 613Jefferson, Thomas

Alien and Sedition Acts and, 453children, on, 267compact theory and, 450criminal law, on, 158economic policy, 13, 453economic vision of, 450education and, 437federal courts and, 124international affairs and, 609law lectureship, establishing, 45law professors, appointment of, 80Louisiana Purchase and, 23, 351military institutions under, 24, 570military law under, 572necessity doctrine and, 574protection of citizens abroad, on, 623rationalism of, 424, 427religion, on, 422, 423, 424, 433secularism of, 424, 428–429, 430separation of church and state, on, 8,

420, 424slavery and, 286sovereignty and, 620technology, on, 485territorial expansion, on, 30University of Virginia and, 47

Jerome, William Travers, 147Jews, 421, 435, 440, 447“Jim Crow.” See SegregationJohn, Richard R., 3John Marshall Law School, 58Johnson, Andrew

Congressional Republicans, battle with,329, 330, 337

federalism, on, 332impeachment of, 329Milligan case and, 581–582Reconstruction, on, 329, 331, 337unilateral actions by, 328

Johnson, Charles S., 378Johnson, Richard M., 9Johnson, Walter, 283Johnson, William, 217Jones Act, 201Judge Advocate Generals (JAGs)

discipline and, 598military justice, role in, 571UCMJ

limiting authority of, 592tension involving, 593–594

USCAAF, lack of cooperation with,596–597

Judgesfederal courts, appointment of judges,

121general jurisdiction, courts of, 111nonpartisanship, promotion of, 117state appellate courts

election of, 115overview, 114

“Judges’ Bill,” 126Judicial activism

Native Americans, re, 234state appellate courts, in, 117USCAAF and, 598

Judicial Conference of the United States,126

Judicial reviewfederal courts, in

Supremacy Clause and, 121vagueness of Constitution re,

120–121precedent distinguished, 546state appellate courts, in, 116–117

Judiciary Act of 1789, 121–122, 123, 136,544–545, 628

Judiciary Act of 1801, 123–124Judiciary Act of 1867, 137Judiciary Act of 1875, 124–125Judiciary Act of 1891, 125–126Judiciary Act of 1911, 126Judiciary Act of 1925, 126The Jungle, 399






Index 847

JuriesEqual Protection Clause and, 380exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and, 380Fourteenth Amendment and, 380Mormons and, 274rise of capitalism and, 456–457state-building, as obstacle to, 656

JurisdictionCivil War, expansion during, 318federal courts, of, 121, 122–123,

124–125, 126federal question jurisdiction, 655industrial organization and (See

Industrial organization and law)Supreme Court, of

appellate jurisdiction, 129original jurisdiction, 129

Jury instructions, 151Jury nullification, 149, 151, 157–158Jus soli, concept of, 171Justices of the peace, 657–658Juvenile offenders, 163

Kafka, Franz, 389Kansas-Nebraska Act, 31, 303, 308, 310Katznelson, Ira, 3Keener, William R., 53, 55, 59Kennedy, Joseph, 6, 7Kent, James

blasphemy, on, 8, 427–428law lectureships, 45, 81legal education and, 42marriage, on, 251–252, 255master and servant law, on, 535religion, on, 433treatises, 39, 43, 79, 93

Kentucky Resolution, 450–451, 453King James Bible, 436–437King’s College, 45Kirby, Ephraim, 43Korea, 627Korean War, 596Ku Klux Klan, 334, 399

Labor unionsantebellum period, during, 16growth of, 674–675popular culture and, 397

rise of capitalism and, 471–472Sherman Antitrust Act and, 541–542

Laborers’ lien laws, 342–343Lafayette, Marquis de, 11LaFeber, Walter, 611LaFollette, Robert, 650Lager Beer Riot, 143Land-Grant College Act, 320Land Ordinance of 1785, 29Langdell, Christopher Columbus

appointment of, 50case method, 43, 51–52, 53–55common law, focus on, 51, 52elective courses introduced by, 53impact of, 55–56institutional reforms by, 51military justice and, 584model lawyers, 54orthodoxy of, 54overview, 36–37private practice, leaving, 105professors, appointment of, 52–53scientific view of law, 50–51standardized education system and, 57Story, influence of, 45treatises, study of, 42

Langston, John Mercer, 104Larkin, Felix, 589, 590, 591, 592Latimer, George, 596, 601Law lectureships, 45–46, 80–81Law reports, 42–43, 92–93Law schools

ABA on, 57, 63African-Americans in, 64antebellum period, during, 45attempts to raise standards, 64–65bibliographic essays, 705–708cost of, 61growth in, 61–62hierarchy of, 62impact of, 48Langdell and (See Langdell, Christopher

Columbus)law lectureships, 45–46, 80–81licensing requirements, 65litigation, focus on, 48medical schools compared, 62–63military justice, lack of scholarly interest

in, 600






848 Index

Law schools (cont.)need for reform, 49professors, 48proprietary law schools, 46, 81–82regional nature of, 47–48rise of, 82–83Root Report and, 65, 66–67segmented nature of, 63–64study of, 63“undesirables” in, 65women in, 64

League of Nations, 607, 609, 641Leasing of prisoners, 162L’Ecole Polytechnique, 24Lee, Edward T., 58Lee, Robert E., 327Legal education and thought, 36–67

apprenticeship (See Apprenticeship)bibliographic essays, 705–708case method, 43, 51–52, 53–55commonplace books, 41, 79Cravath system, 58ethical obligations, 42, 64Langdell on (See Langdell, Christopher

Columbus)law lectureships, 45–46, 80–81law reports, 42–43, 92–93law schools (See Law schools)legal liberalism, philosophical principles

of, 647–648legal periodicals, 94medical education compared, 62–63National Reporter System, 57overview, 36–37racism in, 64scientific view of law, 50–51, 92treatises (See Treatises)

Legal liberalism, 645–650administrative state and, 672bibliographic essays, 814–815corporations, hostility toward state role

in, 646–647Jacksonian theory compared, 646legal profession, in, 647Lochner case, 649philosophical principles, 647–648police power and, 649Progressive critique of, 652property rights and, 649–650

rise of, 645–646state courts and, 648–649treatises, 648trusts, hostility toward, 659–660

Legal periodicals, 94Legal profession, 68–105

admission to practiceloss of control over, 83–84relaxation of standards, 84

African-Americans in, 86antebellum period, during, 68–70

challenges faced by, 87scarcity of business, 88

apprenticeship (See Apprenticeship)bibliographic essays, 708–715centralization of courts, effect of, 87–88“circuit riding,” 87Civil War, impact of, 103–105colonial period, during, 71–72control of, 74–75corporate clients, impact of, 89criticism of

arbitration, proposals for, 76codification of law, impetus for, 96complexity of law, based on, 75–76,

95equality, incompatibility with, 77independent citizens, as threat to,

76–77limited impact of, 78Revolutionary War, following, 75self-interest, due to, 76

debtors and creditors, legalrepresentation of contrasted, 88–89

Democrats and, 77–78, 84, 92demographics of, 85–86dispute resolution and, 74diversity, tension regarding, 86elitism in, 74–75growth of, 83–86hierarchy in, 88legal liberalism in, 647partnerships, rise of, 90Protestant Baconism and, 83, 92railroads as clients, impact of, 89regulation of

balancing competing interests,102–103

Hoffman on, 100–101






Index 849

public interest versus service to clients,100

republicanism and, 100, 102–103self-regulation, 100Sharswood on, 102

republicanism anddemocracy contrasted, 73ideology, importance of, 72–73public interest, centrality of, 72,

94–95role of attorneys, 73–74role of law, 73

Revolutionary War, impact of, 72rise of capitalism and, 456social and family networks within,

89–90solo practitioners, predominance of,

86–87specialization, move toward, 90–91statistics re, 84–85urban areas, concentration in, 91women in, 86zealous representation, 90, 102–103

Legal Realists, 545Leva, Marx, 589–590Licensing of trade and professions,

477–478Limited jurisdiction, courts of, 110Lincoln, Abraham

assassination of, 573, 582attorney, as, 91Confederacy, on, 328criticism during war and, 603domestic law and, 272Dred Scott case and, 311Emancipation Proclamation and, 361,

372law schools and, 57Milligan case and, 581Reconstruction, on, 328slavery, on, 303, 308, 321, 322, 360,

385treatises, on, 44Vallandingham case and, 580, 581wage labor, on, 673war powers and, 318

Lippard, George, 406Litchfield, 46, 81–82Literature, 409–415

adventure stories, 412–415“dark adventure,” 412“moral adventure,” 412–413outlaw heroes, 413–415railroads and, 413tall tales, 413Westerns, 413

“common man,” representation of,410–411

crime stories, 411–412law, relationship with, 391–392law and, 409–410Mollie Maguires in, 398prostitution in, 405–406pulp fiction, 411women and consumerism in, 408

Livestock, 462Livingston, John, 88Lloyd, Henry Demarest, 659Local governments

Confederacy, breakdown of local orderin, 325–326

economy, role in during antebellumperiod, 19

immigration, authority over (SeeImmigration)

infrastructure, role in during antebellumperiod, 20, 21–22

Lochner v. New York, 559, 649Locke, John, 259, 422Lodge, Henry Cabot, 690–691Logan Act, 633Loomis, Henry, 272, 273Lorde, Audre, 375Lottery Act of 1895, 138Louailler, Louis, 573, 574Louisiana Purchase, 23, 351, 615, 620Low, Seth, 55, 638Loyal Women’s League, 404Lumpkin, Joseph Henry, 114Lynchings, 148, 369Lytle, Clifford M., 235

MacKenzie, Alexander, 576–577Madison, James

Alien and Sedition Acts and, 453Bill of Rights, on, 420comity, on, 171compact theory and, 450






850 Index

Madison, James (cont.)Constitution, on, 1economic policy, 453economic vision of, 450international affairs and, 610popular information, on, 393religion, on, 422, 424, 433separation of church and state, on, 8sovereignty, on, 618Supreme Court, on, 128

Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 638Maitland, F. W., 572Major Crimes Act of 1885, 225, 230Malpractice

litigation re, 517standard of care, 518technology, effect of, 517–518

Mangum, Charles S., Jr., 378Manifest Destiny. See Territorial expansionMann Act, 138Mansfield, Belle, 86Mansfield, Lord

assumpsit and, 553commercial law, on, 40, 546criticism of, 564equity, on, 546influence of, 534–535juries, on, 457slavery and, 303

Manumission. See Free BlacksMarbury v. Madison, 129Marcy, William, 636Maritime law, 538, 544–545Market capitalism. See Capitalism, rise ofMarquette University, 58–61Marriage. See also Husband and wife

bibliographic essays, 750–757Black Codes and, 338–339Blackstone on, 251–252, 348, 402common law marriage, 255–256“complex marriage,” 273, 275coverture and, 252difficulty in studying, 246–247divorce (See Divorce)federal intervention, problems of, 272,

276Freedmen and, 268–272

apprenticeship and, 270coverture and, 270

dissolution of prior unions, 269–270economic obligations and, 270extension of marriage rights to, 269female dependency, 271–272formalization of prior unions,

269–270male headship, 271–272miscegenation laws, 270–271overview, 268Thirteenth Amendment and,

268–269women, impact on, 270

Kent on, 251–252, 255married women’s property acts (See

Married women’s property acts)Native Americans and, 252polygamy (See Polygamy)separate form of contract, as, 247slavery and, 252–253, 288–289, 290

Married women’s property acts, 259–263coverture and, 262earnings, application to, 260–261economic justification for, 259equality as justification for, 259–260exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and, 364gifts, application to, 260inheritance, application to, 260limitations on, 261police power and, 462property rights and, 474

differing views of, 262–263importance of, 263

rise of capitalism and, 455slavery and, 260third parties, effect on, 261–262tort actions, effect on, 262trust law and, 259women’s rights movement and, 260wrongful death actions, effect on, 262

Marshall, JohnCherokees and, 215–219

contradictory nature of rulings, 219legacy of, 219property law and, 462

Commerce Clause, on, 543corporate liability, on, 465–466federalism and, 621imperialism, on, 692






Index 851

international law, on, 615judicial review and, 454legal education of, 40Mansfield compared, 534McIntosh case, 214Native Americans, on, 214, 613sovereignty and, 614, 618Supreme Court, in, 130territories, on, 629treaties, on, 616

Martial law, 573–574, 583Martin, Anna Gordon, 247–249Martin, James, 247–249Martin, Luther, 120Martin, William, 247–249Martineau, Harriet, 11Maryland, University of, 45Master and servant law

antebellum period, employee rightsduring, 16

assumption of risk, 548contributory negligence, 547employee injuries, 547–549fellow servant rule, 547, 548–549negligence, 548organized labor and, 674overview, 535, 564vice-principal doctrine, 548–549workers’ compensation, 549

Maternalismbirth control and, 275custody of children and, 264divorce and, 275exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and, 365polygamy and, 275

Matthews, Stanley, 437Maybaum, Levy, 493McClellan, George, 568McCord, Louisa, 456McFarland, Daniel, 405McKenna, Joseph, 235McKinley, John, 124McKinley, William, 192, 637, 639McLean, John, 217McReynolds, James C., 544, 545Meat packers, 399–400Mechanic’s liens, 458–459Medicine. See Health and medicine

Medicine Lodge, Treaty of, 233Meigs, Josiah, 29Melville, Herman

literature of, 410, 411, 415Somers affair, on, 577–578

Mencken, H. L., 447Mergers

corporations, 471, 553, 555–556railroads, 511

Methodists, 425, 437Mexican-Americans, exclusion from

privileges of citizenship, 374Mexican Cession, 615, 626Mexican War

extension of citizenship to residents ofceded territories from, 199–200

immigration, impact on, 198–199military commissions during, 573slavery and, 307territorial expansion in, 28, 626

MexicoFrench intervention in, 626immigration from (See Immigration)nationalization in, 641US relations with, 640

Michelman, Frank, 375Michigan, University of, 55, 57, 59, 64,

669Migratory divorce, 258Military Academy (West Point), 24, 570Military and law, 568–603

Act to Govern the Navy, 570, 579, 589appellate court (See also Court of Appeals

for the Armed Forces, U.S.)justification for lack of, 586legal debate re, 587proposals for, 584–585, 587statutory authorization for, 585–586

arcane nature of military justice, 569Army, impact of War of 1812 on, 24Army Corps of Engineers, 19Articles of War

adoption of, 572, 579appellate review, lack of, 584civilian justice, separation from, 570civilians, applicability to, 573, 581desertion cases under, 601English background of, 577military justice under, 570






852 Index

Military and law (cont.)obsolescence of, 589reform, need for, 587, 588

atrocity cases, 600–602bibliographic essays, 803–807civilian control over military, 575civilian justice contrasted, 571, 572civilians, applicability of military justice

to, 580–583Milligan case, 581–583Vallandingham case, 580–581

Cold War, impact of, 589Congressional authority over, 570conservative nature of military justice,

600Corps of Topographical Engineers, 25courts martial (See Courts martial)criminal law, role in, 137deference to military justice, 599–600desertion cases, 579–580, 600–602discipline versus justice, 596, 598due process and, 570–571, 580English historical background, 572expenditures on during antebellum

period, 23federal court jurisdiction over, 579former slaves in, 323importance of, 569Judge Advocate Generals (See Judge

Advocate Generals)lack of scholarly interest in, 600land grants to soldiers during

antebellum period, 30–31martial law, 573–574, 583military commissions, trial by, 580–583Navy, impact of War of 1812 on, 24–25necessity doctrine, 574, 5769/11 attacks, impact of, 602–603overview, 568political success of military leaders, 568popular culture and, 568–569President, authority of, 571–572, 587Revolutionary War, legacy of, 569separation from civilian culture, 570Somers affair, 576–579standing army, resistance to, 569–570Supreme Court intervention in military

justice, 583–584transformation of military justice,

600–601

Uniform Code of Military Justice (SeeUniform Code of Military Justice)

War of 1812, impact of, 24World War I, impact of, 585World War II, impact of, 588–589

Militia Act of 1792, 9Militia Act of 1862, 323Militias, decline during antebellum period,

25–26Mill, John Stuart, 403Miller, Sally, 284–285Milligan, Lambdin B., 581–583Mines, leasing of prisoners to, 162Minors. See ChildrenMinstrel shows, 402Miscegenation laws, 270–271, 355, 383Missouri Compromise of 1820

balance of power under, 307Constitutionality of, 309, 310popular sovereignty and, 31repeal of, 308, 309

M’Naughton Rule, 158Mob actions, 147Mollie Maguires

historical background, 397–398literature, in, 398popular view of, 398

Monopolies. See TrustsMonroe, James, 19, 215, 610Monroe Doctrine, 27, 215, 610Montesquieu, Baron de, 484Morgan, Edmund, 587, 588, 589–593Mormons

abandonment of polygamy, 275beliefs of, 431disincorporation of, 274–275historical background, 431–432judicial decisions re, 434juries and, 274persecution of, 434polygamy and, 273, 274, 433, 439prejudice against, 440

Morocco, 623Morrill Act of 1862, 29, 272, 274, 474Morris, Robert, Sr., 86Morse, Samuel F. B., 10, 491, 492Morse, Wayne, 593Mortmain statutes, 435Motor vehicles. See Automobiles“Muckrakers,” 659






Index 853

Municipal governments. See Localgovernments

Munro, George, 411Murray, Pauli, 378Murray, William. See Mansfield, LordMutiny Act of 1689 (UK), 572My Lai massacre, 600–602

Nanking, Treaty of, 628Napoleon, 23Napoleonic Wars, 607Nast, Thomas, 384, 385National Association for the Advancement

of Colored People, 473, 474National Civic Federation, 472National Origins Act of 1924, 357, 378National Reporter System, 57National Road, 19National War Labor Board, 693National Workmen’s Compensation Service

Bureau, 525Nationality Act of 1855, 632Nationality and international affairs. See

International affairsNative American Church, 238, 434Native Americans, 204–244

administration during antebellumperiod, 26

antebellum period, during, 219–220administrative state, rise of, 220liquor and, 220money, distribution of, 220reservations, 219territorial expansion, effect of, 219trade, regulation of, 219–220

ascendancy of Euro-American law, 205bibliographic essays, 746–750bilateralism in law, lack of, 205changing policies toward, 208Cherokees (See Cherokees)Civilization Act of 1819, 212coerced assimilation of, 208Commerce Clause, under, 211, 352Constitution, under, 211, 212Court of Claims and, 237–238diplomacy and, 210discovery doctrine and, 209–210distributive justice and, 107early Republic, during, 209–215

colonial law, continuation of, 209

Congressional authority over,212–213

criminal law and, 213federal-state conflict, 213–214

exclusion from privileges of citizenshipand (See Exclusion from privilegesof citizenship)

federalism paradigm, 207“Five Civilized Tribes” (See “Five

Civilized Tribes”)Fourteenth Amendment, under, 367inability to formulate consistent policy

toward, 208–209inconsistent attitudes toward, 206Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts,

211–212Indian Wars, 26–27litigation, table re, 231marriage and, 252Marshall and, 214, 613Monroe Doctrine and, 215national supremacy doctrine and, 210Northwest Ordinance and, 206,

210–211, 352overview, 243–244paternalism paradigm, 207–208plenary power doctrine and, 686–689

assimilation and, 687citizenship and, 687–688dependent status of, 688overview, 222–227, 686–687racial ideology and, 688–689treaties and, 688

post-Civil War period, during, 222–227assimilation and, 223–224attempts to protect interests of, 223citizenship and, 226–227Congressional authority over, 223Congressional unilateralism, 222criminal law

Constitutionality of, 225–226Indian-on-Indian crime, 225overview, 224white settlers, 224–225

land allotment, 227taxation and, 222–223treaties, repudiation of, 222–223

Progressive Era, during, 233–239assimilation and, 234citizenship and, 234–235, 239–240






854 Index

Native Americans (cont.)conflicting ideals of, 233–234fishing rights, 235, 236indigenous movements, 238–239judicial activism re, 234land allotment, 235–236reserved rights doctrine, 235,

236–237taxation, powers of, 234trust protection of property, 237water rights, 236–237

property rights and, 462, 475Pueblos (See Pueblos)recent years, during, 241–243

activism and, 242Congressional developments, 242improved conditions, 243Supreme Court developments,

242–243termination of federal trust

responsibility, 241–242reservations, 219, 362Rogers case, 220–222social contract theory and, 206sovereignty and

international affairs context, 621–622limited recognition of, 205–206, 209move away from during antebellum

period, 27Taney and, 220–222treaties and

Constitution, under, 212repudiation of, 222–223treaty paradigm, 206–207

tribal law versus US law, 204–205trust doctrine and, 210upheaval among, 204violence against, 369

Naturalization Act of 1790, 9, 10, 348Naturalization Act of 1795, 171Naval Academy, 24–25, 577Naval Observatory, 25Neal, John, 411Necessity doctrine, 574, 576Negligence

corporations and, 465–466employee injuries, 548philosophical background, 463–464railroads and, 464–465

Negotiable instruments, 459–460,477

Nelson, Samuel, 310New Deal, 672, 673New England Divorce Reform League,

273New Orleans, Battle of, 573New York draft riots, 202New York University, 45Newspapers, 18Nicaragua, 625, 6269/11 attacks

military justice, impact on, 602–603necessity doctrine and, 574

Nineteenth Amendment, 381Ninth Amendment, 451Nixon, Richard M., 601Norgren, Jill, 223Norris, Frank, 396Norris-LaGuardia Act, 139North. See Civil WarNorthern Pacific Railroad, 564Northwest Ordinance

Constitutionality of, 310Native Americans and, 206, 210–211,

352registration of property transfers, 452sovereignty and, 615territorial expansion and, 28

Northwestern University, 54Noyes, John Humphrey, 431Nullification Crisis, 316

Oakes, James, 287, 291Olney, Richard, 636O’Neall, John Belton, 296Oneida Perfectionists, 273, 275, 431Open Door policy, 637Opium Wars, 627Oppenheim, Lassa, 639Organized labor, 673–679

antebellum period, during, 16anti-injunction statutes, 677–678antitrust law and, 551bibliographic essays, 816–818Clayton Act and, 678–679collective action, right of, 549–550,

674immigration, opposition to, 191






Index 855

injunctions and, 564, 674–675,676–677

labor disputes, 145master and servant law and, 674overview, 673Progressives and, 677Reconstruction and labor law, 343–344rise of capitalism and, 460secondary boycotts, 550–551, 556–557,

674sovereign immunity and, 564strikes (See Strikes)unions (See Labor unions)wage labor concepts and, 673–674

Otis, James, 358Ottoman Empire, 623, 627–628, 629Owen, Robert, 273

Pacific Railroad Act, 320Pacific Settlement of International

Disputes, Convention for, 638Packard, Frank, 413Page Act, 186, 357, 367Paine, Thomas, 1, 172, 273, 393, 424,

483Paper money during Civil War, 34Pardons, 159Paris, Treaty of, 352Parker, Arthur C., 238Parker, Isaac, 45, 46, 47Parker, Oliver, 491Parole, 159Parsons, Theophilus, 44Passenger Acts, 10Patent Act of 1836, 489, 492Patent Office, 4, 489, 490, 492, 493Patents, 489–496

assignment of, 492bibliographic essays, 797–798business methods, nonpatentability

of, 493centralized information, 490copyrights contrasted, 496criteria for patentability, 492–493

inventiveness, 493–494nonobviousness, 494

examination of applications, 489–490foreign inventors and, 494–495individualism and, 489

injunctions and, 491–492international uniformity in law, move

toward, 495judicial bias favoring, 490–491national level, policy at, 490overview, 528property law and, 478success of US system, 495–496

Patterson, William, 122Pease, Calvin, 113Peckham, Rufus W., 189, 564, 662, 691Peel, Robert, 143Pendleton, Edmund, 40Penitentiaries

chain gangs, 162–163evolution of, 159, 161–162leasing of prisoners, 162New York, in, 160–161Pennsylvania, in, 159–160prison labor, 161profitability of, 161reformatories contrasted, 164–165

Pennsylvania Abolition Movement, 299Pennsylvania University, 45Pension Act of 1818, 30Pension Bureau, 33Pensions, 33, 682Peonage laws, 350Permanent Court of International Justice,

638, 639Perry, Matthew C., 25Personal Responsibility and Work

Opportunity Act, 378Peru, 626Petit juries, 149–150Petty courts, 153–155Phelps, Amos, 300Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 410Philippines

conquest of, 690immigration from, 201US relations with, 629, 639, 640

Phillips, Wendell, 302Pickpenny, Peter, 69Pierce, Edward Lillie, 44Pinckney, Charles, 128Pinkerton, Allan, 137, 398Pinkertons, 137Pinkney, William, 90






856 Index

Plea bargaining, 151–152, 159Plenary power doctrine

bibliographic essays, 818–820“Five Civilized Tribes” and, 234immigration and (See Immigration)imperialism and, 689–692Native Americans and (See Native

Americans)overview, 682–683sovereignty and, 621

Plessy v. Ferguson, 131, 336–337Poe, Edgar Allan, 415Poland Act, 127, 274Police, 140–145

African-Americans in, 142antebellum period, during, 20–21, 141bibliographic essays, 725–726failures of, 140labor disputes and, 145military model, 141–142militias contrasted, 143–144monitoring of by extralegal groups,

147–148North, in, 142–144popular sovereignty and, 141post-Civil War period, during, 144private detectives contrasted, 144professionalization of, 144, 657–658race riots and, 145reform of, 144self-help contrasted, 144slave patrols, 141South, in, 141–142Vigilance Committees and, 144

Police powerCommerce Clause and, 451Contract Clause, under, 451, 459federal criminal law, as underlying

theory of, 139legal liberalism and, 649married women’s property acts and,

462Privileges and Immunities Clause and,

451rise of capitalism and, 451substantive due process contrasted,

563Political parties. See also specific party

distributive justice, impact on, 107rise of capitalism and, 457–458

Political question doctrine, 130–131Polk, James, 27Polygamy, 127

abandonment by Mormons, 275attacks on, 273–274Congressional actions re, 274–275criminalization of, 433, 434maternalism and, 275Mormons and, 273, 274, 433, 439Republicans and, 274Reynolds case, 274, 433–434

Poor, Henry Varnum, 465Poor laws, 173–174, 181–182, 183Poor persons

counsel for, 152–153mobility of, relationship with

citizenship, 173–174Popular culture and law, 387–416

abolitionist movement and, 400adultery and, 404–405American context of, 393–394autonomy of law, fallacy of, 388–389bibliographic essays, 786–788contract law and, 396creative nature of law, 390–391custom, role of, 397department stores, 407–408diversity of culture, 416extralegal elements of culture,

recognition of, 390fashion, political nature of,

408–409Haymarket Riot, 398–399interaction between, 391, 415–416Jackson and, 394labor unions, 397literature (See Literature)military and, 568–569minstrel shows, 402Mollie Maguires, 397–398negligence and, 396–397, 416overview, 387–388, 415popular sovereignty and, 393–394prostitution and, 405–406protest and, 394–396Pullman Strike, 399quasi-legal operation of social norms,

390strikes, 397suffrage and, 406–407






Index 857

top-down model of law, fallacy of,389–390

tort law and, 396–397traditional view of culture, limitations

of, 389, 391vigilance committees, 399wage labor, 396women and, 402–403

Populationantebellum period, during, 5–13bibliographic essays, 698–699Constitution and, 5–6egalitarianism, rise of, 9hypotheses re, 5immigration and, 9–10 (See also

Immigration)individualization, move toward, 7race and, 6–7 (See also Race)religion and, 7–9 (See also Religion)slavery and, 10–11 (See also Slavery)women and, 12–13 (See also Women)

Posse Comitatus Act, 137Post Office Act of 1792, 18Post Roads Act of 1866, 512Postal Service, 381Pound, Roscoe

jury nullification, on, 151popular influence on law, on, 166professionalization of legal system and,

117–118Progressive, as, 653, 654, 658

Powell, Lazarus, 268–269Precedent and industrial organization. See

Industrial organization and lawPreemption Act of 1841, 462Presbyterians, 424, 437Prison labor, 161Prisons. See Penitentiaries; ReformatoriesPritchett, Henry S., 62Privacy, right of, 500–501Private prosecutors, 152Privileges and Immunities Clause

Articles of Confederation contrasted,171–172

citizenship and, 176–177mobility and, 177, 181narrow construction of, 469police power and, 451practice of law and, 365promises of, 375

Privy Council, 256Probation, 159Product liability and automobiles,

522–524Progressives, 650–654

administrative state and, 650–651,652–653, 672–673

bibliographic essays, 815–816common law, need to reform, 651–652,

653direct democracy and, 651health insurance and, 680legal liberalism, critique of, 652middle class nature of, 651organized labor and, 677rise of, 650social versus legal nature of, 651state-building and, 657states, in, 653–654women and, 651

Prohibition, 419, 445, 446–447Prohibition Party, 445Property law

conveyances, 462eminent domain, 476immigration and, 475implied warranties, 478–479innovation in, 451intellectual property law, 478legal liberalism, in, 649–650legislation re, 474livestock and, 462married women’s property acts and,

474differing views of, 262–263importance of, 263

Native Americans and, 462, 475property taxes, 476registration of property transfers,

451–452restrictive covenants, 356, 475riparian rights, 462–463rise of capitalism, importance of

property rights to, 450segregation and, 474–475slavery and, 462territorial expansion, role in, 28

Proprietary law schools, 46, 81–82Prostitution, 405–406Protestant Baconism, 83, 92






858 Index

Protestants. See also specific denominationde facto Protestant establishment, 426dissent within, 430–431ecumenicism, 434liberty and, 427, 434moral legislation and, 439, 440–441politics and, 426voluntarism and, 430

Public accommodations, discrimination in,356–357

Public assistance. See welfare capitalismPublic defenders, 152–153Public health. See Health and medicinePublic prosecutors, 152Public utilities, regulation of, 475–476Pueblos

assimilation and, 229citizenship and, 228dependent status of, 229–230land rights, 228, 229New Mexico statehood, effect of, 229overview, 228squatters, effect of, 228–229

Puerto Ricoconquest of, 690immigration from, 201Insular cases and, 691–692

Pufendorf, Samuel, 41Pullman, George, 399Pullman Strike, 399, 564, 668, 675–676Punishment

bibliographic essays, 732–737capital punishment (See Capital

punishment)chain gangs, 162–163“good behavior,” 159indeterminate sentences, 158–159juvenile offenders, 163leasing of prisoners, 162pardons, 159parole, 159penitentiaries (See Penitentiaries)prison labor, 161probation, 159proportionality, 158reformatories (See Reformatories)

Pure Food and Drug Act, 400, 536

Quakers, 373, 420, 422, 424Quietism, 443

Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 47, 80Quinn, Robert, 596, 597, 598Quota Act of 1921, 197

RaceAfrican-Americans (See

African-Americans)antebellum period, during, 6–7, 9Census and, 6–7citizenship and, 11–12

ineligibility based on race, 194“racial science,” flaws of, 194–195

Civil War, impact of, 34defining of race

men and, 285overview, 283–284“performance,” by, 284“science,” by, 284women and, 284–285

Free Blacks (See Free Blacks)Freedmen, marriage and (See Marriage)immigration and, 192–193, 202Native Americans and, 688–689Reconstruction, limitations to based in

racial ideology, 337, 340–341slavery (See Slavery)women and, 13women’s rights movement,

fragmentation over, 340Race riots, 145Ragged Dick, 412–413Railroads, 504–511

accidents, 505assumption of risk and, 507–508bankruptcy law and, 510–511bibliographic essays, 799–800, 816–818canals, competition with, 503Civil War, during, 320contributory negligence and, 507destructive competition, seeking relief

from, 665–666employees, statutes re, 538, 542federalism and, 508–510federalization of, 508fellow servant rule and, 507growth of, 531ICC and, 669importance of, 504injunctions and, 668legal profession, impact on, 89






Index 859

literature, in, 413local governments, role of, 20mergers, 511negligence and, 464–465overview, 528passenger safety, 508“pooling,” 669rate regulation, 666–668receivership and, 666regulatory reform and, 472safety, improvements in, 505–506segregation and, 383standard time and, 504–505states, role of, 20substantive due process and, 510tort law and, 506–507

Railway Act of 1840 (UK), 465Rantoul, Robert, 97–98Reasonable doubt standard, 150Receivership, 656–657, 666Reconstruction, 327–344

bibliographic essays, 762–766Black Codes (See Black Codes)Civil Rights cases, 335–336Congressional authority over former

Confederacy, 328Democrats and, 333–334exclusion from privileges of citizenship

during, 361failures of, 314federal courts, role of, 330federalism and, 332–333Fifteenth Amendment and, 333Fourteenth Amendment and, 333Freedmen, marriage and (See Marriage)Freedmen’s Bureau and, 333“grandfather” clauses, 334historical study of

Dunning School, 313–314national level, change from focus on,

316overview, 313–314

Johnson plan, 328–329judicial limitations on, 334–335labor law, Northern state laws compared,

343–344legacy of, 344legal culture, changes in, 331, 332military intervention, calls for, 334overview, 34–35, 313, 327–328

political reforms under, 330–331racial ideology, limitations based in,

337, 340–341Republican plan, 329–330second American revolution, as, 314segregation, and rise of, 335–337Sharecroppers, 343Slaughterhouse cases, 335social authority structure, impact on,

330, 331–332state constitutions under, 330–331status of former Confederate states,

328violence during, 333–334voting and, 332wage labor and, 341–342women and

failure to extend concepts of equalityto, 339, 340

fragmentation of women’s rightsmovement over race, 340

Redlich, Josef, 63Reed, Alfred Z., 63–64, 65Reed, ElizabethReed, William B., 264Reeve, Tapping, 46, 81–82, 377Reformatories

juvenile offenders, 163penitentiaries contrasted, 164–165purposes of, 164women, 163–164

Regulatory state. See Administrative stateRehnquist, William H., 242, 564, 600Religion, 417–448. See also specific religion

antebellum period, during, 7–9bibliographic essays, 788–792Blaine Amendments, 426–427blasphemy, 8, 427–428bureaucratism in, 444Census and, 7colonies, in, 421competition among, 425Constitutional clauses, 417–418,

420–421contract labor and, 438–439de facto Protestant establishment, 426democracy and, 428denominationalism, 425disestablishment, 422–423, 429dissent within, 430–431






860 Index

Religion (cont.)diversity in, 417, 421–422, 434–435divisions within, 419–420, 447–448Due Process Clause and, 421environmental determinism and, 442establishment

colonies, in, 421move away from, 7–8protection of Christian principles

contrasted, 429–430Establishment Clause (See Establishment

Clause)extralegal justice and churches, 146federalism and, 420–421Fourteenth Amendment and, 421Free Exercise Clause (See Free Exercise

Clause)fundamentalism, 443–444instruction in public schools, 436–437interaction with law, 418internal property disputes, 437–438liberty and, 427, 428–429, 434moral legislation and, 439, 440–441mortmain statutes and, 435nondemocratic theologies, 430overview, 417, 418–419, 448politics and, 426polygamy and (See Polygamy)private law of, 435Progressives and, 444Prohibition and, 419, 445, 446–447property ownership and, 435quietism and, 443recent years, debate during, 418reform efforts and, 444–445revivals, 425–426science and, 442–443secularism (See Secularism)slavery and, 432–433social role of, 441–442, 444states, in

overview, 421variation among, 423–424Virginia, 422

Sunday closing laws, 155, 156–157,436, 440

tax exemptions and, 435–436temperance and, 419, 445–446voluntarism and, 430

“wall of separation,” 420, 423Repatriation Act of 1935, 201Republicanism and legal profession. See

Legal professionRepublicans

agricultural policy during Civil War,320

China, on, 637economic policy during Civil War,

318–320formation of party, 308polygamy and, 274Reconstruction plan, 329–330slavery, on, 303, 321tariffs and, 320wage labor and, 320–321

Reserved rights doctrine, 235, 236–237Restrictive covenants, 356, 475Revenue Act of 1868, 222Revolutionary War

husband and wife, impact on, 247–249,253

legal profession, impact on, 72military and law, legacy re, 569

Reynolds, David, 412, 414Reynolds, George, 127, 433Reynolds case, 274, 433–434Richards, Harry, 60–61, 62Richardson, Albert, 405Rigby, William, 585Rights and industrial organization. See

Industrial organization and lawRio de Janeiro Pan-American Conference,

635Riparian rights, 462–463River and Harbor Appropriation Act of

1888, 537Robards, Lewis, 253–255Roberts, John G., 242Roberts, Owen, 589Robinson, Frederick, 77Rockefeller, John D., 663Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 518Rogers, William S., 221Roman Catholics

attacks on, 430–431Blaine Amendments and, 426, 427conservative Catholics, political alliances

of, 447






Index 861

prejudice against, 440reform efforts and, 445religious instruction in schools and,

436–437unique American form of, 435

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 602Roosevelt, Theodore

administrative state, on, 672China, relations with, 630, 637Drago Doctrine, 637election of 1912 and, 664expatriation and, 634health insurance and, 680ICC and, 671international affairs and, 604Native Americans, on, 227, 687Progressive, as, 652–653Sherman Antitrust Act, on, 662, 663state-building and, 695stewardship theory and, 621, 622, 640technology, on, 526trusts, on, 660, 661

Root, Elihu, 64, 65–66Ross, Lewis, 34Roxas, Manuel, 201Ruffin, Thomas, 290, 291, 292Russell, Richard, 596, 598, 599Russia, 624Rutherford, Samuel, 41

Salvation Army, 444Sampson, William, 96–97Sanitation, 519–520Santo Domingo, 626Saunders, Edward, 42Scalia, Antonin, 564, 594, 596Schools

antebellum period, during, 21religious instruction in, 436–437

Schurz, Carl, 687Science

national government support for duringantebellum period, 25

religion and, 442–443Scopes trial, 442, 447Scott, Dred, 282, 307. See also Dred Scott v.

SandfordScott, James Brown, 639Scudder, Jasper, 504

“Second Great Awakening,” 426, 431Secondary boycotts, 550–551, 556–557,

674Secret Service, 137Secularism

coexistence with Protestant values, 441disestablishment contrasted, 429historical background, 440move toward, 8–9opposition to, 447public attitudes toward, 439–440religious prejudice, based in, 440separatism distinguished, 424suspicion of, 424–425

Securities and Exchange Commission, 527Sedition Act of 1918, 138Segregation

immigration compared, 202, 203other domestic minorities, attitudes of,

203overview, 202–203Plessy v. Ferguson, 336–337property rights and, 474–475railroads and, 383Reconstruction and rise of, 335–337Supreme Court cases re, 131

Self-defense, 350Self-divorce, 255, 258Seminoles. See “Five Civilized Tribes”Seneca Falls Convention, 406, 462Sentences. See PunishmentSeparation of powers, 121Seven Years War, 605Seventeenth Amendment, 618Sewall, Samuel, 41Sexual assault of slaves, 289–290Shakers, 431Sharecroppers, 343Sharswood, George, 83, 102Shattuck, Petra, 223Shaw, Lemuel, 73, 82, 88, 304Sherman, John, 661, 662Sherman Antitrust Act

ambiguity in, 662Commerce Clause and, 138, 139, 536Constitutionality of, 540enactment of, 661–662holding companies under, 471injunctions under, 551






862 Index

Sherman Antitrust Act (cont.)Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

compared, 670judicial decisions re, 539, 540, 662–664labor unions and, 541–542litigation re, 538–539post-World War I period, during, 694strikes under, 675, 678substantive due process and, 562

Shipley, Ruth B., 641Shleifer, Andrei, 487Siemer, Deanne, 598, 599Sinclair, Upton, 399Singer Sewing Machine, 484Sino-American Treaty, 627Sixteenth Amendment, 476Slaughterhouse cases, 335, 559, 632Slave Codes, 287–288Slave patrols, 141Slave trade, 292–298

collateral, slaves as, 293–294domestic importation of slaves, 293hiring out of slaves, 294litigation re, 294–295overview, 292prices, 293tort actions re, 297, 298volume of business, 292–293warranties and, 294, 295–296

Slavery, 280–312abolition

exclusion from privileges ofcitizenship and (See Exclusion fromprivileges of citizenship)

legacy of, 324move toward, 10–11

abolitionist movement (See Abolitionistmovement)

bibliographic essays, 757–762character of owners, images of, 298character of slaves, images of, 298Civil War, impact of, 34collateral, slaves as, 293–294Compromise of 1850 and, 307–308Confiscation Acts and, 322–323criminal law and, 290–292

mistreatment of slaves, 290–291procedural safeguards, evolution of,

292Declaration of Independence and, 303

Democrats and, 308distributive justice, impact on, 106–107Dred Scott case (See Dred Scott v. Sandford)Due Process Clause and, 302Emancipation Proclamation, 323, 361,

372exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and (See Exclusion from privilegesof citizenship)

familiesimportance of, 289separation of, 289

Fifth Amendment and, 302former slaves (See Freedmen)Freedmen (See Freedmen)fugitive slaves (See Fugitive slaves)hiring out of slaves, 294inheritance and, 290Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 308law, role of, 280–282, 283, 311liberty, importance of, 372malleability of slaves, 296–297manumission (See Free Blacks)marriage and, 252–253, 288–289, 290married women’s property acts and,

260Mexican War and, 307military, former slaves in, 323military intervention in, 322Missouri Compromise of 1820 and, 307mistreatment of slaves

criminal prosecutions, 290–291owners, actions against, 291–292third parties, civil actions against,

291moral agency of slaves, 297–298politics, role in downfall of, 311–312property rights and, 462racial ideology, importance of, 282, 283religion and, 432–433Republicans on, 303, 321sexual assault and, 289–290South, in context of, 282–283state appellate court cases re, 114–115Supreme Court cases re, 131territorial expansion

effect of, 307–308tensions re, 31–32

Underground Railroad, 304, 400violence against, 369






Index 863

violent responses to, 308wage labor and, 323–324warranties and, 294, 295–296

Slovik, Edward, 601Small businesses, 460Small claims courts, 118Smith, Adam, 259, 484, 649Smith, Allen, 652Smith, Gerrit, 300Smith, Joseph, 431, 432Snyder Act, 240Social Darwinism, 473Social Gospel movement, 442, 473Society of American Indians, 238Somers affair, 576–579South. See Civil WarSovereign immunity, 564Sovereignty

Cherokees andMitchel case, 218–219Worcester case, 217–218

immigration and, 621–622implied powers of President and,

621–622international affairs and (See

International affairs)Native Americans (See Native

Americans)plenary power doctrine and, 621

Soviet Union, 641Spain, 626Spanish-American War, 201, 604, 637, 690Sparrow, Bartholomew, 3Spencer, Philip, 576, 577, 578Spooner, Lysander, 302St. Clair, Arthur, 27Standard Oil Company, 471, 480, 484,

650, 659, 663Stanford University, 54Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 263, 369, 408State, Department of, 633State and law, 1–35

antebellum period, during, 1–5bibliographic essays, 697–698complexity of, 1decentralization of authority, 3Europe, strength of national

government compared with, 35“exceptionalism” and, 2, 35generalization, danger of, 2

growth of national government, 3institutional growth, 3–4law, overstating role of, 1–2political economy and, 4race and, 4significance of national government,

1, 5, 35territory, governance of, 5

Civil War, impact of, 32–35bibliographic essays, 704–705government expenditures on, 33national government, rise in power of,

468overview, 32political economy, effect of, 32–33territorial integrity, importance of, 32

State-building, 654–658bibliographic essays, 813–814, 816, 820competing ideologies, role of, 654, 658courts, role of, 654–655criminal law and, 658equity, role of, 656federal common law and, 655federal question jurisdiction and, 655injunctions, role of, 656juries as obstacle to, 656local level, on, 657–658overview, 643–645, 694–696Progressives and, 657receivership, role of, 656–657removal of actions to federal courts,

655–656State courts, 109–118

appellate courts, 112–117discrimination cases in, 115evolution of caseload, 115increasing authority of, 113–114intermediate appellate courts, 113judges

election of, 115overview, 114

judicial activism in, 117judicial review in, 116–117legislatures limiting authority of, 113nomenclature, 113slavery cases in, 114–115statistics, 112–113substantive due process in, 116

bibliographic essays, 717–720corruption in, 117–118






864 Index

State courts (cont.)federal courts, interference from, 118general jurisdiction, courts of, 111–112

civil claims in, 111criminal prosecutions in, 111–112judges, 111nomenclature, 111overview, 111reform, need for, 112statistics, 112

legal liberalism and, 648–649limited jurisdiction, courts of, 110multi-tiered systems, 109–110nonpartisanship, promotion of, 117parochial nature of, 109reform, need for, 117–118small claims courts, 118specialization of, 118

Statute of Apprentices (UK), 535Statutory rape, 157Steamboats

accidents, 505importance of, 502–503litigation re, 503

Stearns, Asahel, 46Stephenson, Gilbert T., 377Sterilization, 520Stewardship theory, 621–622, 640–641Stewart, A. T., 407–408Stone, Harlan F., 64, 65Story, Joseph

apprenticeship and, 40Blackstone, on, 41codification of law and, 98–99comity, on, 306commercial law, on, 125common law, on, 545, 546, 655copyrights, on, 499corporate liability, on, 465–466fugitive slaves, on, 305Harvard, at, 45, 47, 82–83international law, on, 615juries, on, 457law reports, on, 42, 43, 48legal education and, 38Native Americans, on, 217patents, on, 491, 493professor, as, 48religion, on, 429–430, 439Somers affair, on, 576

treatises, 41, 43–44, 51, 93Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 269, 401, 456Strikes

anti-injunction statutes, 677–678injunctions and, 674–675, 676–677meat packers, 399–400popular culture and, 397Pullman Strike, 399, 564, 668,

675–676Stumpf, Harry, 109Substantive due process

commercial cases, in, 563industrial organization and

commercial cases, in, 563labor cases, in, 563–564police power contrasted, 563

labor cases, in, 563–564police power contrasted, 563railroads and, 510state appellate courts, in, 116Supreme Court, in, 131

Suffolk Law School, 58Suffrage, 406–407Sumner, Charles, 185, 269, 308, 361Sumner, William Graham, 378, 473Sunday closing laws, 155, 156–157, 436,

440Supremacy Clause, 121, 207Supreme Court, 128–132. See also specific

justiceappellate jurisdiction of, 129bibliographic essays, 721–722Chief Justice authority over federal

courts, 126“circuit riding,” 122, 123–124docket, authority over, 126early years, 128growth of caseload, 130income tax cases in, 131Judiciary act of 1891 and, 126leadership, role of, 130military justice, intervention in,

583–584number of justices, 129original jurisdiction of, 129overview, 128–129political question doctrine and,

130–131politicization of, 131–132segregation cases in, 131






Index 865

slavery cases in, 131substantive due process in, 131

Sutherland, George, 616, 622“System of ’96,” 621

Taft, William HowardClayton Act and, 678, 679election of 1912 and, 664international affairs and, 640Judiciary Act of 1925 and, 126legal education and, 65, 66nationality, on, 635Pullman Strike and, 675–676Sherman Antitrust Act, on, 663Supreme Court, in, 694

Taking Clause, 476Taney, Roger B.

corporate governance, on, 467corporate liability, on, 466Dred Scott case and, 12, 180, 308–311,

349fugitive slaves, on, 305, 306, 309Guarantee Clause, on, 130–131international law, on, 616nationality and, 631–632Native Americans and, 220–222Privileges and Immunities Clause, on,

177, 179rise of capitalism and, 15Supreme Court, in, 130–131

Tappan, Arthur, 300Tappan, Lewis, 300Tariffs during Civil War, 33–34, 320Taxation

Chickasaws, taxation powers of, 234immigration, taxation of, 182, 183Native Americans, of, 222–223property taxes, 476religious organizations, tax exemptions

for, 435–436Supreme Court, income tax cases in, 131

Taylor, Edward T., 200Taylor, Zachary, 568Technology and law, 483–530. See also

specific technologybibliographic essays, 796–801bureaucratization and, 485Constitution and, 485–486extralegal factors, importance of,

484–485

flexibility of law, 487–488, 526innovations, 502interaction between, 483judiciary and, 526negative effects of, 525–526overview, 488–489, 529–530public purpose and, 527regulation of, 526–527subsidy hypothesis, 486–487, 488uncertainty of law and, 527–528volume of technological innovation,

483, 484war, in, 484

Telegraphy, 511–516antitrust law and, 513–514bibliographic essays, 800common carrier analogy, 513, 514contract law and, 515easements and, 512–513growth in, 511–512overview, 18, 528railroad analogy, 514–515tort law and, 516

Temperance, 419, 445–446Ten Regiments Act, 30“Tender years” doctrine, 264–266Tenth Amendment, 451, 543, 617Territorial courts, 127Territorial expansion

abolitionist movement and, 303–304antebellum period, during, 22–32bibliographic essays, 703–704cession of state claims, effect of, 28–29Civil War, tensions leading to, 31–32Europe, tensions with, 27–28General Land Office, role of, 29–30immigration from Mexico, impact on,

199international affairs, impact on, 610land grants to soldiers, impact of, 30–31Louisiana Purchase, 23Mexican War and, 28national government, role of, 22

economic strength compared to states,22–23

expenditures by, 23Native Americans, effect on, 219privatization and, 30property law, role of, 28rectilinear surveying and, 29






866 Index

Territorial expansion (cont.)slavery

effect on, 307–308tensions caused by, 31–32

townships and, 29Territoriality and international affairs. See

International affairsTexas Republic, 199Thailand, 627Thayer, Sylvanus, 24Thirteenth Amendment

Black Codes and, 337civil rights legislation under, 138debate re, 268marriage of Freedmen and, 268–269peonage laws and, 350promises of, 361property rights and, 474readmission of former Confederate states

upon adoption of, 329slavery, abolition of, 34, 311, 323, 360taking of property, as, 468

Thirty Years War, 606Thompson, George, 406Thompson, Smith, 217Thompson, Thomas W., 39Tillman, Ben, 148Titus, Harold, 413Tocqueville, Alexis de

American hegemony, prediction of, 28antebellum period, on national state

during, 1, 2–3courts, on, 15, 108, 109, 129, 483criminal law, on, 140election of judges, on, 110legal profession, on, 49, 63, 74legal system, on, 449, 454, 456, 643Native Americans, on, 205, 214popular culture, on, 393, 416profit, on, 106race, on, 12religion, on, 417, 425small businesses, on, 460

Tod, George, 113Todd, John, 409Tompkins, Jane, 403Tort law

automobiles and, 522exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and, 350–351

married women’s property acts, effect of,262

negligence (See Negligence)popular culture and, 396–397railroads and, 506–507slave trade, tort actions re, 297, 298telegraphy and, 516

Total Abstinence Union, 446Tourgee, Albion, 351Tousey, Frank, 411Trademarks, 537Train, Arthur, 151, 158Transportation. See Automobiles; Canals;

Railroads; SteamboatsTransportation Act of 1920, 511Transylvania University, 45Treaties. See also specific treaty

Constitution, treaties with NativeAmericans under, 212

repudiation of treaties with NativeAmericans and, 222–223

treaty paradigm and Native Americans,206–207

TreatisesAmes, 44Blackstone, 40–41commonplace books, 41evolution of, 43exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and, 377Holmes, 43influence of, 44Kent, 39, 43, 79, 93legal liberalism, 648rise of, 93specialized treatises, 41–42Story, 41, 43–44, 51, 93summary of, 44Vattel, 41

Trenton Delaware Falls Company, 504Tripoli, 623Truman, Harry S., 596Trust law and married women’s property

acts, 259Trusts, 658–665

bibliographic essays, 816–818Clayton Act (See Clayton Act)common law and, 660consolidation of, 659incorporation statutes and, 661






Index 867

legal liberalism, hostility of, 659–660legislative response, calls for, 658–659litigation re, 661“muckrakers” and, 659overview, 480–481, 664–665regulated monopoly, concept of,

660–661rise of, 658Roosevelt and, 663“rule of reason” and, 480–481Sherman Antitrust Act (See Sherman

Antitrust Act)state law and, 660Wilson and, 664

Tucker, Henry, 41Tucker, St. George, 40, 48, 79, 81, 84,

93Tunis, 623Turner, Frederick Jackson, 379, 415Turner, Nat, 286, 288, 293Twain, Mark, 415, 602Tydings-McDuffie Act, 201

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 401Underground Railroad, 304, 400Uniform Code of Military Justice

appellate review under, 591committee re, 589–591compromises in, 592–593Congressional approval of, 593courts martial under, 601JAGs

limiting authority of, 592tension involving, 593–594

judicial council, 591–592panels of judges, 592USCAAF (See Court of Appeals for the

Armed Forces, U.S.)Uniform Negotiable Instruments Law, 477Union. See Civil WarUnions. See Labor unionsUnitarians, 423, 424United Kingdom

apprenticeship law transplanted from,37

Articles of War, English backgroundof, 577

industrial organization, importance ofreception of English law to,533–534, 546

military and law, English historicalbackground, 572

Mutiny Act of 1689, 572Railway Act of 1840, 465Statute of Apprentices, 535tensions with prior to War of 1812, 23

United Nations, 606, 642United States Marshals, 136U.S. Coast Survey, 25U.S. Credit System Company, 493U.S. Exploring Expedition, 25U.S. Steel, 650, 679USCAAF. See Court of Appeals for the

Armed Forces, U.S.Utah Expedition, 31–32

Vallandingham, Clement, 580–581, 583Van Buren, Martin, 19Van Devanter, Willis, 239Vance, Zebulon, 325Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 320, 321Vattel, Emmerich de

sovereignty, on, 613territoriality, on, 622, 623, 624treatises, 41

Vaughn, John, 42Veblen, Thorstein, 473Venezuela, 636Versailles, Treaty of, 605, 606Vesey, Denmark, 141, 286, 288Vesey, Robert Belt, 42Vice-principal doctrine, 548–549Vienna, Congress of, 607Vietnam War

atrocity cases, 600–602controversy re, 600necessity doctrine during, 574

Vigilance Committees, 144, 399Vigilantes, 147Virginia, University of, 45, 47–48Virginia Resolution, 450–451, 453Volstead Act, 138, 441, 445Voting rights

exclusion from privileges of citizenship,357–358

Fifteenth Amendment, under, 34, 334,374

Fourteenth Amendment, under, 360Reconstruction and, 332

Voting Rights Act of 1871, 330






868 Index

Wabash Railroad, 669Wage labor

Black Codes and, 341–342exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and, 358–359organized labor and, 673–674popular culture and, 396Reconstruction and, 341–342Republicans and, 320–321Union, in, 320–321

Waite, Morrison Remick, 274, 433Walker, David, 300Walker, Samuel, 165Walker, Timothy, 47, 83Walker, William, 626War, Department of, 318War Industries Board, 693War Labor Policies Board, 693War of 1812

events leading to, 23issues in, 624military, impact on, 24New Orleans, Battle of, 573overview, 24sovereignty, impact on concept of, 620

Ward, Herbert, 413Warranties

implied warranties, 478–479slavery and, 294, 295–296

Warren, Charles, 43Warren, E. Walpole, 438Warren, Earl, 628, 662Warren, Samuel, 500Washington, Booker T., 470, 477Washington, Bushrod, 177Washington, George

copyrights, on, 489economic policy, 453election of, 568international affairs and, 604, 609, 620military law under, 572religion, on, 426Supreme Court and, 128, 130territorial expansion, on, 30

Wayne, Anthony, 27Wayne, James, 580, 581Webb-Kenyon Act, 545Webster, Daniel, 39, 88, 90, 92Webster, Noah, 69Wegdewood, Josiah, 401–402

Weiner, Mark, 688Weld, Theodore Dwight, 300Welfare capitalism, 679–682

bibliographic essays, 818health insurance, 680, 682litigation re industrial accidents,

681–682overview, 679–680pensions, 682private versus public nature of, 682workers’ compensation, 680–681

West Point, 24, 570West Publishing Company, 57Western Union, 512, 514, 515Westphalia, Congress of, 606Westphalia, Treaty of, 606Wetherbee, Nellie, 408Wheeler, Edward, 414Whigs

economic policy, 13rise of capitalism and, 454

Whiskey Rebellion, 136, 450White, Andrew Dixon, 59White, Edward D., 662, 679, 693White, James Boyd, 391Whitman, Walt, 410, 411Wickham, John, 40Wigmore, John Henry, 54, 64, 65, 587Willard, Frances, 446William and Mary, 572William and Mary, College of, 45Williams, Patricia, 298Wilmot, David, 307Wilmot Proviso, 31, 303, 307Wilson, James

Bank of North America and, 452federal courts, on, 119, 453law lectureships and, 39, 45, 81sovereignty, on, 614Supreme Court, on, 128

Wilson, Woodrowadministrative state, on, 672, 693antitrust law and, 664Clayton Act and, 678election of 1912 and, 664international affairs and, 609, 612, 640Progressive, as, 652states’ rights, on, 22stewardship theory and, 640, 641war policies, 693






Index 869

Winthrop, William, 586–587Wirt, William, 90Wisconsin, University of, 58–61Wisconsin Bar Association, 60Women

adultery, impact of, 404–405African-Americans, violence against,

369–370antebellum period, during, 12–13Black Codes and, 339, 340citizenship and, 12, 195consumerism and

department stores, 407–408fashion, political nature of, 408–409literature, in, 408overview, 407

distributive justice and, 107divorce, impact of, 404–405exclusion from privileges of citizenship

and (See Exclusion from privilegesof citizenship)

Fourteenth Amendment and, 340, 365,375

immigrants, as, 193–194law schools, in, 64legal profession, in, 86marriage of Freedmen, impact of, 270married women’s property acts (See

Married women’s property acts)morality and, 403–404popular culture and, 402–403Progressives and, 651property rights, 12–13prostitution, impact of, 405–406race and, 13

antebellum South, defining race in,285

fragmentation of women’s rightsmovement over, 340

Reconstruction, failure to extendconcepts of equality to, 339,340

reform movements, role in, 404reformatories for, 163–164rise of capitalism and, 469–470sentimentality and, 403suffrage and, 406–407

Women’s Christian Temperance Union,157, 406, 446

Wood, Fernando, 15Wood, Thomas, 41Woodbury, Levi, 494Woolsey, Theodore, 273Worcester, Samuel A., 217Workers’ compensation, 549, 680–681World Trade Center attacks

military justice, impact on, 602–603necessity doctrine and, 574

World War Iadministrative state and

impact on, 692–693post-War period, during, 693–694

immigration, restrictions on, 196international affairs, impact on, 604, 605military justice, impact on, 585

World War IIdesertion cases, 600–601military justice, impact on, 588–589necessity doctrine during, 574

Wright, Carroll D., 273Wrongful death actions, 262Wythe, George, 38, 40, 45, 80–81

X-rays, 518

Yale University, 45, 47Yates, Robert, 119, 120“Yellow dog” contracts, 538, 564Young, Brigham, 127, 432Young, Edward, 564Young Men’s Christian Association

(YMCA), 444

Zenger, John Peter, 149






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