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1. Frontispiece Episcopal throne in the apse of S. Maria in Cosmedin, Rome, foundedin the sixth century and restored in 1120.

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Cambridge University Press0521414105 - The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IVEdited by David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-SmithFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/0521414105http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org

The New Cambridge Medieval History

The fourth volume of the New Cambridge Medieval History covers theeleventh and twelfth centuries, which comprised perhaps the most dy-namic period in the European middle ages. This is a history of Europe,but the continent is interpreted widely to include the Near East andNorth Africa as well. The volume is divided into two parts of whichthis, the first, deals with themes, ecclesiastical and secular, and majordevelopments in an age marked by the expansion of population, agri-culture, trade, towns and the frontiers of western society; by a radicalreform of the structure and institutions of the western church, andby fundamental changes in relationships with the eastern churches,Byzantium, Islam and the Jews; by the appearance of new kingdomsand states, and by the development of crusades, knighthood and law,Latin and vernacular literature, Romanesque and Gothic art and ar-chitecture, heresies and the scholastic movement.




The New Cambridge Medieval History

editorial board

David Abulafia Rosamond McKitterickMartin Brett Edward PowellSimon Keynes Jonathan ShepardPeter Linehan Peter Spufford

Volume iv c. 1024–c. 1198Part 1




THE NEW

CAMBRIDGE

MEDIEVAL HISTORY

Volume IV c. 1024–c. 1198Part 1

edited by

DAVID LUSCOMBEProfessor of Medieval History

University of Sheffield

and

JONATHAN RILEY-SMITHDixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History,

University of Cambridge




published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridgeThe Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

cambridge university pressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK40West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011–4211, USA

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C© Cambridge University Press 2004

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2004

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typeface Adobe Garamond 10.5/12.5 pt. System LATEX 2ε [tb]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

isbn 0 521 41410 5 hardback




CONTENTS

List of plates page ixList of maps xiiiList of contributors xivPreface xviiAcknowledgements xviiiList of abbreviations xix

1 Introduction 1david luscombe and jonathan riley-smith

2 The rural economy and demographic growth 11robert fossier

3 Towns and the growth of trade 47derek keene

4 Government and community 86susan reynolds

5 The development of law 113peter landau

6 Knightly society 148jean flori

7 War, peace and the Christian order 185ernst-dieter hehl

8 The structure of the church, 1024–1073 229h. e. j . cowdrey

vii




viii Contents

9 Reform and the church, 1073–1122 268i . s . robinson

10 Religious communities, 1024–1215 335giles constable

11 The institutions of the church, 1073–1216 368i . s . robinson

12 Thought and learning 461david luscombe

13 Religion and the laity 499bernard hamilton

14 The crusades, 1095–1198 534jonathan riley-smith

15 The eastern churches 564jean richard

16 Muslim Spain and Portugal: al-Andalus and its neighbours 599hugh kennedy

17 The Jews in Europe and the Mediterranean basin 623robert chazan

18 Latin and vernacular literature 658jan ziolkowski

19 Architecture and the visual arts 693peter kidson

List of primary sources 732Bibliography of secondary works arranged by chapter 758General index 865




PLATES

Frontispiece

Episcopal throne in the apse of S. Maria in Cosmedin, Rome, founded in thesixth century and restored in 1120. Photo: Scala, Florence.

between pages 170 and 171

1 Kirby Bellars, Leicestershire: windmill mounds amidstridge-and-furrow. C© Cambridge University Collection ofAir Photographs.

2 New Buckenham, Norfolk: motte and bailey castlemound, 1150s, and the twelfth-century new town.C© Crown copyright, Cambridge University Collection.

3 Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire. C© Crown copyright,National Monuments Record.

4 Hedingham Castle, Essex. C© English Heritage, NationalMonuments Record.

5 Orford Castle, Suffolk. C© English Heritage, NationalMonuments Record.

6 Château Gaillard, Les Andelys, Eure, France, late twelfthcentury. Photo Alain Longchampt C© Centre desmonuments nationaux, Paris.

7 The east end of Speyer cathedral, late eleventh century.Bildarchiv Foto Marburg.

8 Almohad city wall and the Lion Gate, Seville. InstitutoAndaluz del Patrimonio Histórico, Fondo Gráfico, Seville.

9 Fortified walls of the Alcázar, Jérez de la Frontera.Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico, FondoGráfico, Seville.

10 The Giralda Tower, Seville. Instituto Andaluz delPatrimonio Histórico, Fondo Gráfico, Seville.

ix




x List of plates

11 The abbey of St Benoı̂t-sur-Loire, Fleury, France. PhotoJean Feuillie C© Centre des monuments nationaux, Paris.

12 The abbey of Cluny, France, showing the ruined southtransept. Photo Alain Longchampt C© Centre desmonuments nationaux, Paris.

13 The abbey of Vézelay, nave interior looking east. PhotoAlain Longchampt C© Centre des monuments nationaux, Paris.

14 The abbey of St Stephen, Caen, nave interior lookingeast. Photo Jean Feuillie C© Centre des monumentsnationaux, Paris.

15 Durham cathedral, choir and chancel looking east.C© English Heritage, National Monuments Record.

16 The abbey of Fontenay, c. 1140, nave interior looking east.Photo Jean Feuillie C© Centre des monuments nationaux, Paris.

17 The ruins of Roche Abbey, Yorkshire. C© EnglishHeritage, National Monuments Record.

18 The cathedral of Cefalù, Sicily, apse mosaic c. 1143.C© Fratelli Alinari, Florence.

19 Campo Santo, Pisa, showing the baptistery, cathedraland campanile. C© Fratelli Alinari, Florence.

20 Chartres cathedral, west façade. Photo Etienne RevaultC© Centre des monuments nationaux, Paris.

21 Laon cathedral, nave interior, last quarter of the twelfthcentury. Photo Jean Feuillie C© Centre des monumentsnationaux, Paris.

22 The Byzantine emperor Basil II, the ‘Bulgarslayer’.Eleventh-century Greek Psalterium, Venice, BibliotecaMarciana (MS Gr. 17, f. 3r).

23 The gospels of Henry the Lion, c . 1188, showing thespiritual coronation of Henry and Matilda, observed bysaints and relatives. C© Herzog August Bibliothek,Wolfenbüttel (MS Guelf. 105 Noviss. 2, f 171v).

24 Pope Innocent II opposes the revival of the Romansenate. Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena (MS Bos. q. 6, f 91v).

25 Sub umbris arborum: Cistercian monks engaged in labour,and the first four Cistercian abbots. By permission of theSyndics of Cambridge University Library (MS Mm. 5. 31).

26 Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux, instructing monks in hisfirst sermon on the Song of Songs. Biblioteca Universitariadi Padova (MS 687).




List of plates xi

27 Philosophy, the seven liberal arts and the poets, depictedin an edition of Hortus deliciarum, c. 1175–85 by Herrad,abbess of Landsberg (or Hohenburg) in Alsace.

28 Hugh of St Victor, depicted in a copy of his Didascaliconin 1176–77. C© Leiden Universiteitsbibliotheek (MS Vulc.46. f. 130r).

29 Psalms with the Glossa ordinaria. By permission of theHoughton Library, Harvard University (MS Typ 260, ff.175v–176).

30 Peter Lombard, Commentary on the Psalms. Oxford,Bodleian Library (MS Auct. D. 2. 8., f 105r).

31 Colophon page of a Bible written by a Jewish scribe inEngland in 1189. Valmadonnna Trust Library (MSSassoon 282, p. 482).

32 Gratian of Bologna, Decretum. Biblioteca NazionaleCentrale, Florence (MS Conv. Soppr. A. I. 402, f. 23r).

33 The weighing of souls, tympanum sculpture c. 1125 byGislebertus of Autun, Autun cathedral. Archiveshistoriques C© Centre des monuments nationaux, Paris.

34 The abbey of Cluny, ambulatory capital representing thefirst of eight tones of church music, c. 1095. Photo AlainLongchampt C© Centre des monuments nationaux, Paris.

35 Eve, c. 1125, from the lintel of the north portal of Autuncathedral by Gislebertus of Autun. Archives historiques C©Centre des monuments nationaux, Paris.

36 Apse mosaic c. 1020 of the Virgin and Child in thechurch of the Katholikon, Hosios Loukas, Greece. C©Sonia Halliday Photographs.

37 The crown of Constantine IX: the three central plaquesshow the emperor, and the empresses Zoë and Theodora.By permission of the Hungarian National Museum, Budapest.

38 The Bayeux Tapestry, eleventh century: Harold, king ofthe English, receives the orb and sceptre with the blessingof Archbishop Stigand. By permission of the city of Bayeux.

39 The Bayeux Tapestry, eleventh century: the English fleefrom the battle of Hastings. By permission of the city ofBayeux.

40 Drawing of the apotheosis of the popes of the reform(1061–1119) from a fresco originally in St. Nicholas in theLateran, Rome. By permission of the British Library, London.




xii List of plates

41 The coronation of King Roger II of Sicily, mosaic in thechurch of S. Maria dell’Ammiraglio (the Martorana),Palermo. C© Fratelli Alinari, Florence.

42 The coronation cloak of King Roger II of Sicily, now inthe treasury of the Holy Roman Empire, Vienna.

43 Suger, Abbot of St Denis, depicted in a window of theabbey church of the mid-twelfth century. Photo PascalLemaı̂tre C© Centre des monuments nationaux, Paris.




MAPS

1 Towns of Europe and the Mediterranean region 852 Asia Minor, Syria and the crusades 5353 The Christian churches of the east 5654 Muslim Spain and Portugal 6005 Art and architecture 694

xiii




CONTRIBUTORS

robert chazan: Scheuer Professor of Jewish History, Skirball Departmentof Hebrew and Judaic Studies, New York University

giles constable: Emeritus Professor in the Institute for Advanced Study,Princeton, New Jersey, and Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy

h. e. j . cowdrey: Emeritus Fellow of St EdmundHall, Oxford, and Fellowof the British Academy

jean flori : Director of Research in the Centre National de la RechercheScientifique and in the Centre d’Etudes Supérieures de CivilisationMédiévale,Poitiers

robert fossier: Professor in the Centre de Recherche sur l’Histoire del’Occident Médiéval in the University of Paris I, Pantheon-Sorbonne

bernard hamilton: Emeritus Professor of Crusading History, Universityof Nottingham

ernst-dieter hehl: Professor in the Akademie der Wissenschaften undder Literatur, Mainz

derek keene:Leverhulme Professor of Comparative Metropolitan History,Centre for Metropolitan History, Institute of Historical Research, Universityof London

hugh kennedy: Professor of Middle Eastern History, University of St An-drews

peter kidson: Emeritus Professor, The Courtauld Institute, University ofLondon

peter landau: Professor in the Leopold-Wenger-Institut für Rechts-geschichte in the University of Munich andMember of the Bavarian Academyof Sciences

xiv




List of contributors xv

david luscombe: Professor of Medieval History, University of Sheffield,and Fellow of the British Academy

susan reynolds: Senior Fellow of the Institute of Historical Research,London, Emeritus Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, and Fellow of theBritish Academy

jean richard: Emeritus Professor, University of Dijon and Membre del’Institut de France, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris

jonathan riley-smith: Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History andFellow of Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge

i . s . robinson: Associate Professor of Medieval History, Trinity College,Dublin

jan ziolkowski : Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Medieval Latin,Harvard University




PREFACE

To all the contributors to both parts of this volume the editors extend theirwarmest thanks for their co-operation, patience and considerable efforts. Nocollaborative venture is free of collective risk, and volume iv of The NewCambridge Medieval History – the largest volume in the series – has been noexception: more than ten years have passed in its compilation.In Part 1, of those scholars originally planning to contribute, five were unable

to deliver. We are exceptionally grateful to the distinguished historians whostepped forward and wrote chapters for us in their place.In Part 2 the fluctuations and the obstacles which we encountered were

more problematic. Of those scholars originally planning to contribute threedied before beginning to write, and five others were unable to deliver. We aresimilarly and exceptionally grateful to the distinguished historians who alsostepped forward and wrote chapters for us in their place and at short notice.We have also to express our regrets at the more recent deaths of GiovanniTabacco and of Tom Keefe who wrote his contribution while terminally ill.

d.e.l .j .r. -s .

xvii




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We have many debts to acknowledge with gratitude in the course of the prepa-ration of this volume. Expertise has been generously provided by copy-editors,translators, secretaries, cartographers, illustrationists, typesetters and others.Our copy-editors – Frances Brown and Linda Randall – have given invaluablehelp as has our team of translators which has included Jean Birrelll, MonikaCoghlan, Caroline Stone and Martin Thom among others. Pat Holland in theUniversity of Sheffield has given unstinting secretarial assistance. To WilliamDavies of Cambridge University Press we express our very special gratitude forsupport at every stage. The editors have reason too to thank each other for amost fruitful and agreeable partnership. But our greatest thanks by far go toall who have written in this volume.

d.e.l .j .r. -s .

xviii




ABBREVIATIONS

AASS Acta Sanctorum, ed. J. Bollandus, G. Henscheniuset al., 1–, Antwerp, etc. (1643–)

AB Analecta Bollandianaad a. ad annumAnnales ESC Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations 1– (Paris,

1946–)BISI Bollettino dell’Istituto Storico Italiano per ilMedio Evo

e Archivio Muratoriano 1– (1886–)Bouquet Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed.

M. Bouquet et al., 24 vols. (Paris, 1738–1904)c. capitulum, canonCCCM Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaeualis,

1–(Turnhout, 1966–)CCM Corpus Consuetudinum Monasticarum, ed. K.

Hallinger 1– (Siegburg, 1963– )CCSL CorpusChristianorum, Series Latina, 1– (Turnhout,

1952–)COD Conciliorum oecumenicorum decreta, ed. J.

Alberigo, J. A. Dossetti et al., 3rd edn (Bologna,1973)

col. columnCSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium,

RomeCSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum

(Vienna, 1866–)Councils and Synods Councils and Synods with Other Documents Relating

to the English Church, vol. i, ed. D. Whitelock, M.Brett and C. N. L. Brooke (Oxford, 1981); vol. ii,ed. F. M. Powicke and C. R. Cheney (Oxford, 1964)

xix




xx List of abbreviations

DA Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters,1–(1937–)

Dig. DigestaEconHR Economic History ReviewEHR English Historical Review, 1– (1886–)ep./epp. epistola /epistolaeGC Gallia Christiana, 1– (1716–); Gallia Christiana No-

vissima, 1– (1899–)HJ Historisches Jahrbuch 1– (1880–)JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 1– (1950–)JL Regesta Pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia

ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, ed. P.Jaffé, 2nd edn rev.W.Wattenbach, 2 vols., contribu-tors: P. Ewald, F. Kaltenbrunner and S. Loewenfeld,(Leipzig, 1885–8)

Mansi G. D. Mansi etc., Sacrorum Conciliorum nova etamplissima collectio, 55 vols. (Florence, Venice, Paris,Arnhem and Leipzig, 1759–1962)

MCSM Miscellanea del Centro di Studi MedioevaliMGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica

Briefe See EpistolaeConcilia i– (1893–)Constitutiones Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum

i–(1893–)DDHIII Heinrici III. Diplomata, ed. H. Bresslau and P. Kehr

in MGH Diplomata regum et imperatorum Germa-niae v (1926–31)

DDHIV Heinrici IV. Diplomata, ed. D. von Gladiss and A.Gawlik, 3 parts (1941–78)

Diplomata Diplomata regum et imperatorum Germaniaei–(1879–)

Epistolae Die Briefe der deutschen Kaiserzeit i– (1949–)Epp. Epistolae (in quarto), 8 vols. (1887–1939)Epp. sel. Epistolae selectae i– (1916–)Libelli Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum saeculis XI.

et XII. conscripti i– (1891–)SS Scriptores i– (1826–)SRG Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum

separatim editi i– (1871–)SRG NS Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, Nova series

i– (1922–)




List of abbreviations xxi

MIÖG Mitteilungen des Instituts für ÖsterreichischeGeschichtsforschung, 1– (1880–)

Muratori L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum scriptores, 25 vols.(Milan, 1723–51); new edn, G. Carducci et al. (Cittàdi Castello and Bologna, 1900–)

PBA Proceedings of the British Academy, 1– (1903–)PG Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Graeca, ed. J. P.

Migne, 161 vols. (Paris, 1857–66)PL Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Latina, ed. J. P.

Migne, 221 vols. (Paris, 1844–64)Potthast A. Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum inde ab

anno post Christum natum MCXCVIII ad annumMCCCIV i (Berlin, 1874)

PU Papsturkunden in England, ed. W. Holtzmann, 3vols., Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wis-senschaften in Göttingen, phil.-hist. Klasse (Berlinand Göttingen), i = neue Folge xxv (1930–1); ii =3. Folge xiv–xv (1935–6); iii= 3. Folge xxxiii (1952)

QFIAB Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archivenund Bibliotheken 1– (1897–)

RB Revue BénédictineRCHME Royal Commission for Historical Monuments in

EnglandReg. RegistrumRHC Occ. Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens occiden-

taux, 5 vols. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Paris, 1844–95)

RS Rolls Series (Rerum Britannicarum medii aeviScriptores)

SG Studi GregorianiSBO Sancti Bernardi opera, ed. J. Leclercq with C. H.

Talbot and H. M. Rochais, 8 vols., Rome (1957–77)s.v. sub voceTRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical SocietyZSSRG, GA Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte,

Germanistische AbteilungZSSRG, KA Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte,

Kanonistische Abteilung

