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C A M B R I D G E G R E E K A N D L AT I N C L A S S I C S
G e n e r a l E d i t o r s
P. E . E a s t e r l i n g
Regius Professor Emeritus of Greek, University of Cambridge
P h i l i p H a r d i e
Senior Research Fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge
R i c h a r d H u n t e r
Regius Professor of Greek, University of Cambridge
E . J. K e n n e y
Kennedy Professor Emeritus of Latin, University of Cambridge
S . P. O a k l e y
Kennedy Professor of Latin, University of Cambridge
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C I C E RO
PRO SEXTO ROSCIOed ited by
A N D R E W R . DYC K
Professor Emeritus of Classics, University of California, Los Angeles
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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© Cambridge University Press 2010
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2010
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication DataCicero, Marcus Tullius.
[Pro Roscio Amerino. English & Latin]Pro Sexto Roscio / Cicero ; edited by Andrew Dyck.
p. cm. – (Cambridge Greek and Latin classics)Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-521-88224-8 (hardback)1. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Pro Roscio Amerino. 2. Cicero, Marcus Tullius – Criticism and
interpretation. 3. Roscius Amerinus, Sextus. 4. Speeches, addresses, etc., Latin – Translationsinto English. 5. Trials (Murder) – Rome. I. Dyck, Andrew R. (Andrew Roy), 1947 –
II. Title. III. Series.pa6307.r7 2010
875´.01 – dc22 2009040946
isbn 978-0-521-88224-8 Hardbackisbn 978-0-521-70886-9 Paperback
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TO JA N I S
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CONTENTS
Preface page ixAbbreviations xMap 1 The Roman world in 80 BC xiiMap 2 Rome in the late Republic xivChronological table xv
Introduction 11 The charge 12 The court 23 The proscriptions 24 The date of the trial 45 The principal characters 56 The advocate’s role 107 Language and style 128 Cicero’s achievement 179 The afterlife of the speech 19
10 The text 20
M. TVLLI CICERONISORATIO PRO SEXTO ROSCIO 23
Commentary 56
Appendix: Prose rhythm 210References 212Indexes 223
1 Latin words 2232 Greek words 2343 General 234
vii
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PREFACE
When young Cicero rose to plead the case of Sextus Roscius, the prosecu-tor was visibly relieved that this unknown was his opponent and not oneof the established advocates (§60). Once the trial was concluded, there wasno case to which he was thought unequal (Brut. 312). This career-makingspeech contains an almost fully formed approach to juror persuasion and tothe psychology of criminality. It is also a risky speech in which the young C.excoriates a favorite of the powerful Sulla besides taking rhetorical risks, espe-cially the purple passage about the parricide’s punishment that embarrassedhim in later years (Orat. 107). If, like Desmoulins’ teacher at the CollegeLouis-le-Grand, one is put off by the domineering figure of C. the seniorstatesman,1 this speech shows instead a modest and struggling young oratorof great appeal. It deserves to be widely read.
Conditions for anglophone readers of the speech have not been ideal.G. Landgraf’s detailed German commentary (21914) is a masterpiece ofphilological erudition but is more for scholars than for students and shows itsage; there is also a recent edition with French translation and notes (Hinardand Benferhat 2006).2 Most English students, however, have probably madethe acquaintance of this text in the company of a reprint of E. H. Donkin’s1916 school edition based upon K. Halm’s commented edition (1877) updatedin consultation with A. C. Clark. The study of the text, of Roman institutionsand law and of the historical actors has, however, moved considerably forwardin the intervening ninety-odd years; the whole approach has had to berethought with reference to the needs and questions posed by today’s studentsand other readers.
It is my happy task to thank those persons and institutions who have madethis work possible. I begin with the Editors E. J. Kenney, Philip Hardie andStephen Oakley for their support for this project and meticulous attention toimproving my drafts; I must add Michael Sharp and his staff for their unfailingpatience and helpfulness during the production process. My greatest debt isindicated in the dedication.
1 Highet 1949: 393; Parker 1937: 32.2 Cf. Dyck 2009.
ix
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ABBREVIATIONS
CITED EDITIONS
K. Halm8. Berlin, 1877F. Richter and A. Fleckeisen. Leipzig–Berlin, 1906E. H. Donkin2. London, 1916 (largely based on Halm)H. Kasten. Leipzig, 1968F. Hinard and Y. Benferhat. Paris, 2006
STANDARD WORKS
A–G Allen and Greenough’s New Latin grammar, ed. J. B.Greenough et al. Boston 1903.
Berger, A. Encyclopedic dictionary of Roman law. Philadelphia 1953.CAH The Cambridge ancient history,2 14 vols. Cambridge
1984–2005.Ernout and Meillet Ernout, A., and A. Meillet, Dictionnaire etymologique de
la langue latine. Histoire des mots.4 Paris 1959.G–L Gildersleeve, B. L., and G. Lodge, Latin grammar3.
London 1895.H–S Hofmann, J. B., and A. Szantyr, Lateinische Syntax und
Stilistik. Munich 1965.K–S Kuhner, R., and C. Stegmann, Ausfuhrliche Grammatik
der lateinischen Sprache, ii: Satzlehre. 2 vols. Withcorrections to the 4th edn by A. Thierfelder.Darmstadt 1966.
Lausberg, H. Handbook of literary rhetoric: a foundation for literary study.
Tr. M. T. Bliss, A. Jansen, D. E. Orton. Ed. D. E.Orton, R. D. Anderson. Leiden 1998.
LIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae. 18 vols.Zurich 1981–99.
LSJ Liddell, H. G. and R. Scott, A Greek-English lexicon.Rev. H. S. Jones. Oxford 1940.
LTUR Steinby, Eva Margareta, ed., Lexicon topographicum urbis
Romae. 6 vols. Rome 1993–2000.MRR Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic.
3 vols. New York 1951–Atlanta 1986.
x
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ABBREVIATIONS xi
NLS Woodcock, E. C. A new Latin syntax. Cambridge,Mass. 1959.
OLD Oxford Latin dictionary, ed. P. G. W. Glare. Oxford 1982.PHI Database of Latin authors to ad 200: cd rom 5.3
produced by Packard Humanities Institute. PaloAlto, Calif. (source of statements about nos. ofattestations and the like).
Richardson, L. J. Jr. A new topographical dictionary of ancient Rome. Baltimoreand London 1992.
Roby Roby, H. J. A grammar of the Latin language. 2 vols.London 1871–4.
RS Crawford, M. H., ed. Roman statutes. 2 vols. London1996.
TLL Thesaurus linguae Latinae. Leipzig 1900–.TLRR Alexander, M. C. Trials in the late Roman Republic, 149
BC to 50 BC. Toronto 1990.
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xii MAPS
0 75 150 km
0 75 miles
ALLOBROGESLacus Lemannus
SENONES
VadaSabatia
Genua
Pisae
CosaVulci
Forum Aurelium
RomePraeneste
Spoletium
Reate
Cortona
PistoriaFaesulae
Mulvius pons
PAEL
IGNI
AGER
GALLICUS
AG
ER
PICEN
US
Via Aemilia Scauri
Via
Cassia
ViaAurelia
Via Clodia
see inset 1
see inset 2
Inset 2
Numantia
Sardinia
Sicily
S A B I NI
Veii
Volaterrae
LakeTrasimene
Ameria
Mutina
Larinum
GAUL
Baccanae
ViaAmerina
Fulginiae
Sacriportus?
Map 1 The Roman world in 80 BC
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MAPS xiii
0 250 500 750 1000 km
0 250 500 miles
0 150 300 km
0 150 miles
AthensCephallenia Mt. Amanus
MytilenePharsalus
Philippi
Puteoli
Pydna
Cilicia
AquaeSextiae
Massilia
Vercellae
GALLIACISALPINA
GALLIANARBONENSIS
Arpinum
CannaeCapua
Misenum
Mt. Garganus
Pompeii
Carthage
A P U L I ACAM
PAN
IA
Inset 1
see inset 2
Terracina
Naples
PomptineMarshes
Arausio
Thyatira
Aletrium
Nola
S a l le n t i ni
Bru
tti i
Oscans
Map 1 (cont.)
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O O
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CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
106 Birth of Cicero91–87 Social War88 Dispute over enfranchisement of new citizens; Sulla marches on
Rome; his enemies outlawed; he takes up Eastern commandagainst Mithridates
87 Cinna and Marius attack Rome; bloodbath of their opponents86 Scaevola wounded by Fimbria at Marius’ funeral85 Fimbria, under siege at Thyatira, commits suicide82 Scaevola killed on orders from younger Marius; Sulla returns,
defeats Marians at Sacriportus, regains control of Rome; appointeddictator by lex Valeria; beginning of proscriptions
81 June 1: end of proscriptions; Sextus Roscius senior killed at Rome“some months” later; Roscius junior dispossessed
80 Sulla consul together with Metellus Pius; trial of Roscius junior79 Death of Sulla79–77 Cicero’s study trip to Greece
xv
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