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Library of Congress CAtaloguing ill Publication dataUnravelling tort and crime I edited by Matthew Dyson.
pages emISBN 978-1-107-06611-3 (Hardback)
1. Torts-England, 2. Criminal law-England.L Dyson, Matthew. 1982- editor of compilation.
KDl949.A1U57 2014346.4203-dc23 2014007592
ISBN 978-1-107-06611-3 Hardback
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CONTENTS
List of contributors viiForeword ixPreface xiTable of cases xiiTable of legislation xxvi
1 Disentangling and organising tort and crimeMATTHEW DYSON
1
2 Policing tort and crime with the MIB: remedies, penaltiesand the duty to insure 22ROB MERKIN AND JENNY STEELE
3 Tort law and criminal law in an age of austerity 58NICHOLAS J. MCBRIDE
4 Wrongs and responsibility for wrongs in crime and tort 82
G. R. SULLIVAN
5 Private rights and public wrongs IIIROBERT STEVENS
6 Torts, crimes and vindication: whose wrong is it? 146
R. A. DUFF
7 illegality's role in the law of torts 174GRAHAM VTRGO
8 Defences in tort and crime 208JAMES GOUDKAMP
v
CONTRIBUTORS
viCONTENTS
JOHN BLACKIE is Emeritus Professor of Law at the University ofStrathclyde
9 Causation in tort law and crim.inallaw: unityor divergence? 239
SANDY STEEl.
10 Complicity 275
PAUl. S. DAVIES
11 Civil liability for crimes 304
j . R. SPENCER
12 Consent and assumption of risk in tort andcriminal law 330
KENNETH W. SIMONS
13 The interaction of crime and delict in Scotland 356
PAUL S. DAVIES is fellow and tutor at St Catherine's College andAssociate Professor, University of Oxford
R. A. DUFF is Emeritus Professor, Department of Philosophy at theUniversity of Stirling and Russell M. and Elizabeth M. Bennett Chair inExcellence at the University of Minnesota Law School
MATTHEW DYSON is fellow in law at Trinity College, University ofCambridge
JAMES GOUDKAMP is fellow and tutor at Keble College and AssociateProfessor, University of Oxford
SARAH GREEN is fellow and tutor at St Hilda's College and AssociateProfessor, University of Oxford
NICHOLAS J. MCBRIDE is James Campbell Fellow in Law at Pem-broke College, University of Cambridge and Quondam Fellow, All SoulsCollege, University of Oxford
ROB MERKIN is Lloyd's Professor of Commercial Law at the Univer-sity of Exeter
KENNETH W. SIMONS is Professor of Law and The Honorable FrankRKenison Distinguished Scholar in Law at Boston University School of Law
J. R. SPENCER QC is Bye Fellow of Murray Edwards College, retiredfellow of Selwyn College and Emeritus Professor of Law at the Universityof Cambridge
vii
JOHN BLACKIE
14 The properties of the law: restoring personal propertythrough crime and tort 389
MATTHEW DYSON AND SARAH GREEN
Index 422
Table of ContentsForeword by Lord Hoffmann vPreface , viiContributors xiTable of Cases xiiiTable of Legislation xxviiTable of Delegated Legislation xxxiTable of Conventions xxxiiiTable of Restatements and Model Codes xxxv
A. General Issues and Themes 1
1. Central Issues in the Law of Tort DefencesANDREW DYSON, JAMES GOUDKAMP ANDFREDERICK WILMOT-SMI1H 3
2. Pleading Defences in Tort: The Historical PerspectiveDAVID IBBETSON 25
3. Defining 'Defences'LUtS DUARTE D·ALMEIDA · ·· ..··· 35
4. Tort Law's Missing ExcusesJOHN CP GOLDBERG 53
5. Duties to Try and Duties to SucceedSTEPHEN A SMITH 65
6. Balancing DefencesRODERICK BAGSHAW ·..·· · 87
7. Defences and Third Parties: Justifying ParticipationPAUL S DAVlES · · 107
B. Specific Defences 133
8. Justifying Necessity as a Defence in Tort LawGRA'HAM VIRGO 135
9. A Defence of Duress in the Law of Torts?JAMES EDELMAN AND ESTHER DYER 159
10. Nuisance, Planning and Regulation: The Limits ofStatutory AuthorityDONAL NOLAN 183
x Table of Contents
11. Weaving the Law's Seamless Web: Reflections onthe Illegality Defence in Tort LawBEVERLEYMcLACHlIN 207
12. The Doctrine of Ulegality and Interference with ChattelsJfu\1ES GOUDKAMP Al\'D LOREt~Z MAYR 223
13. Should Contributory Fault be Analogue or Digital?ROBERT STEVENS 247
14. Assumption of Risk in a System of Strict Liability:Conceptual Tangles and Social ConsequencesRICHARD A EPSTEIN 265
15. Privacy Claims: Transformation, Fault, and the PublicInterest DefenceBARBARAMcDONALD 289
16. Some Recurring Issues in Relation to Limitation of ActionsANDREW BURRO'\VS 311
Index af Authars.......................... 331..................................Illdex......................................... 333............................................................ _. .
ContributorsRoderick Bagshaw is a Fellow and Tutor in Law at Magdalen College, Oxford, andan Associate Professor of Law at the University of Oxford.
Andrew Burrows, QC (Hon), FBA, DCL is a Senior Research Fellow of All SoulsCollege, Oxford, and Professor of the Law of England at the University of Oxford.
Paul S Davies is a Fellow and Tutor in Law at St Catherine's College, Oxford, andan Associate Professor of Law at the University of Oxford.
Luis Duarte d' Almeida is a Chancellor's Pellow in Law at the University ofEdinburgh.
Esther Dyer is a graduate lawyer at Aliens.
Andrew Dyson is an Assistant Professor in Private Law at the London School ofEconomics and Political Science .
The Hon Justice James Edelman is a Justice of the Supreme Court of WesternAustralia. He is also an Adjunct Professor at the TC Beirne Scbool of Law,University of Queensland and the Faculty of Law, University of Western Australiaand a Conjoint Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales.
Richard A Epstein is the Laurence A Tisch Professor of Law at the New YorkUniversity School of Law, the Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow, the HooverInstitution, and the James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Professor of LawEmeritus and Senior Lecturer at the University of Chicago.
John CP Goldberg is the Eli Goldston Professor of Law at Harvard Law School.
James Goudkamp is a Fellow and Tutor in Law at Keble College, Oxford, and anAssociate Professor of Law at the University of Oxford. He is also an HonorarySenior Research Fellow at the Faculty of Law, University of Western Australia andan Honorary Fellow at the Faculty of Law, University of Wollongong.
David Ibbetson, FBA, is President of Clare Hall, Cambridge, and Regius Professorof Civil Law at the University of Cambridge.
Lorenz MaYT is a doctoral candidate and a Research Fellow at the Institute ofInternational and Foreign Law at the University of Passau.
Barbara McDonald is a Professor of Law at the University of Sydney. She also aCommissioner at the Australian Law Reform Comm.ission and a Visiting Professorat the New College of Humanities.
The Rt Hon Beverley McLachlin, PC is the Chief Justice of Canada.
Donal Nolan is the Porjes Foundation Fellow and Tutor in Law at WorcesterCollege, University of Oxford.
CONTENTS
Foreword by the J(igh, Honourable Lord Mackay of ClashfernNotes on the Contributorslutroduction
vxi
xix
PERSPECTIVE 1: THE LAW
1. CausationIlt Hon Lord Hoffmann
2. Risky Business: Causation in Asbestos Cancer Cases (and Beyond?)Joseph Sanders
3. Developing Causal DoctrineMartin Hogg
4. Causation, Politics and Law: The English - and Scottish -Asbestos SagaJonathan Morgan
5. Inferring Cause In Fact and the Search for Legal 'Truth'Russell Brown
6. Causation in French Law: Pragmatism and PolicyDuncan Fairgrieve and Florence G'sell-Macrez
3
11
41
57
93
III
PERSPECTIVE II: SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE 131
1337. The Role of Scientific and Statistical Evidence in Assessing CausalityA Philip Dawid
8. Using Scientific Evidence to Resolve Causation Problems in Product liability:UK, US and French Experiences 149Richard Goldberg
9. Biostatistics and Causation in Medicinal Product Liability SuitsPeter Feldschreiber, Leigh-Ann Mulcahy and Simon Day
10. Proving Causation: Probability versus BeliefRichard W Wright
11. Liability for Future HarmAriel Porat and Alex Stein
179
195
221
12. Scientific and Medical Evidence in Causation Decisions: The AustralianExperienceIan Freckelton
241
x Cements
13. The Challenge of Developing Science for the L1W of Torts
Carl F Cranor
PERSPECTIVE III: LEGAL THEORY
14. The JESS Account of Natural Causation: A Response to Criticisms
Richard \V Wright
15. NESS for BeginnersChris Miller
16. The MMTS Analysis of CausationHoracio Spector
17. Causing the Behaviour of Others and Other Causal MixturesRoderick Bagshaw
18. Law's Approach to Harm in the Context of Scientific Uncertainty: Observationsfrom the Perspectives of Precaution and Indeterminate Causation
John Paterson
Table of CasesTable of LegislationStatutory InsttumentsIndex
261
283
285
323
339
361
383
409421425427
NOTES ON THE CONTRIBUTORS
LORD HOFFMANN has been r lonorary Professor of Intellectual Property Law, QueenMary, University or London since June 2009, following his retirement as a Lord of Appealin Ordinary. He attended the University of Cape Town and then Queen's College, Oxford,as a Rhodes Scholar and won. the Vinerian Scholarship. He was an advocate of the SupremeCourt of South Africa 1958-60, called to English Bar by Gray's Inn in 1964 and appointedQueen's Counsel in 1977. He was appoin.ted a judge of the High Court (Chancery Division)1985-1992, elevated to the Court of Appeal 1992-1995 and appointed a Lord of Appeal inOrdinary 1995-2009. From 1980 to 1985 he was a (part-time) member of the Courts ofAppeal of Jersey and Guernsey. Lord Hoffmann remains an active arbitrator and mediatorat Brick Court Chambers and continues to be a non-permanent judge of the Court of FinalAppeal of Hong Kong. In his judicial career he has given judgments which have had a pro-found effect in shaping modern English Jaw, ranging from the reading of arbitration clausesand patent specifications to the scope of the Convention rights under the Human Right)Act. Of his many influential speeches, some have concerned the problems in establishingcausation in the context of indeterminate defendants and of medical negligence. His publi-cations include: 'The Universality of Human Rights' (2009) 125 LQR 416; 'PatentConstruction' (2006) 35 CIPA J 727; 'Tax Avoidance' (2005) BTR 197; 'Causation' (2005)121 LQR 592; 'Separation of Powers' (2002) 7 JR 137; and 'Bentham and Human Rights'(2001) 54 CLP61.
JOSEPH SANDERS JD, PhD (Northwestern) isAA White Professor of Law at the Universityof Houston. His research and writing focus on both socio-legal and traditional legal topics,including jury decision-making, the attribution of responsibility across cultures, torts,mass torts and scientific evidence. With respect to the current book, his relevant writingsare: Bendectin On Trial: A Study of Mass Tort Litigation (The University of Michigan Press,1998) and Modern Scientific Evidence (with Edward Cheng, David Faigman, David Kayeand Michael Saks) (West/Thomson Publishing Co, 2007-2008) as well as a number ofarticles on scientific evidence and expert witnessing, including most recently, 'TheInsubstantiality of the Substantial Factor Test For Causation' (with Michael Green andWilliam Bowers Ir), (2008) 73 Missouri Law Review 399, and 'Science, Law and the ExpertWitness,' (2009) 72 Law and Contemporary Problems 63. He has served on the advisorypanel for the Law and Social Science Program at the National Science Foundation. He is amember of the American Law Institute and the Law and Society Association. ProfessorSanders edited the Law and Society Review from 2001 to 2004. He teaches courses in torts,products liability, scientific evidence, the jury, and law and social science.
MARTJN HOGG LLB, LLM, PhD (Edin) is a Senior Lecturer at the Edinburgh Law School.His main areas of research lie in all aspects of the law of obligations, with a current particu-lar emphasis on obligations theory, causation and the concept of damage. He has publishedon a number of aspects of causation and the law and in relation to the idea of damage,
LANDMARK CASES IN THELAW OF TORT
Edited by Charles Mitchell and Paul Mitchell
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VI
the judge's conception of his own role. In some cases judges have feltobliged, or inclined, to go beyond the immediate facts, so as to lay downbroad principles for the future. The essay on Alcock (among others)explores some of the motivations behind such expansiveness, and thelimits which judges feel themselves bound by. The nature of the responsemay also be coloured by what legal materials are perceived as relevant. Asthe essay on Fairchild demonstrates, the judges' request in that case to hearargument about the position in European jurisdictions produced anoriginal and distinctive analysis, with a hint that future harmonisationwould be welcome. The essay on Smith u Littleu/oods, by contrast,highlights the delicate issues involved in actually bringing about a conver-gence of the Scots and English law on liability for the acts of a third party.A further factor influencing the 'educated reflex' may even be the judge'sown education (see the essay on Hedley Byrne).
The part of a judge's educated reflex that will be furthest removed fromthe facts involves the use of legal theory. The decision in Tate & Lyle, it isargued, made a far-sighted use of the concept of rights, which was aheadof its time. George v Skiuington, both as decided and as subsequentlyinterpreted by courts and textbook writers, was capable of being under-stood in a variety of ways, which all raised fundamental questions aboutthe limits of negligence liability. Perhaps most strikingly, several of thecases reveal concerns about legal categories: what should the role of thelaw of negligence be in relation to the law of nuisance or the law ofcontract, and what should the role of tort be in relation to a widerregulatory scheme? More broadly, there is an engagement with theques~on, ~hat is the law of tort for? We believe that the essays collectedhere ~ummate the process of judicial law making generally, and also castsome light on these broader questions.
Charles Mitchell and Paul MitchellAugust 2009
Contents
Preface vContributors IX
Table of Cases xiTable of Legislation xxviiTable of Conventions, Treaties, etc xxxi
I R v Pease (1832) 1
MARK WlLDE AND CHARLOTTE SMITH
2 Buran v Denman (1848) 33CHARLES MITCHELL AND LESLIE TURANO
3 George v Skioington (1869) 69DAVID IBBETSON
4 Daniel v Metropolitan Railway Company (1871) 95MICHAEL LOBBAN
5 Woodley v Metropolitan District Railway Company (1877) 127STEVE BANKS
6 Cavalierv Pope (1906) 153~CHARDBAKERANDJONATHANGARTON
7 Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd (1963) 171
PAUL tv1ITCHELL
8 Goldman v Hargrave (1967) 199MARK LUNNEY
9 Tate & Lyle Food & Distribution Ltd v Greater London Council(1983) 227
JWNEYERS10 Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd (1985) 251
ELSPETH REIDII Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police (1991) 273
DONAL NOLAN
12 Hunterv Canary Wharf Ltd (1997) 3IlMARlA LEE
13 Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd (2002) 335KEN OLIPHANT
Index 359
Emerging Issues in Tort Law
Edited by
Jason W Neyers,Erika Chamberlain and
Stephen G A Pitel
• HA RT·PUBLISHING
OXFORD AND PORTLAND, OREGON2007
Contents
Foreword v
Contributors xv
Introduction 1JASON W NEYERS, ERIKA CHAMBERLAIN ANDSTEPI lEN G A PITEL
1 General and Special Tort Law: Uses (and Abuses) of Theory 5PETER CANE1. The General/Special Distinction 5n. A Two-Part Criminal Law 7III. Transitional Stocktaking 13IV. Tort Theory and the General/Special Distinction 15V. Tort Theory Through the Lens of Criminal Law Theory 18Vl. A Two-Part Tort Law? 21VII. Coda: The Limits of Philosophy 27
A. The (Dis)Unity of Tort Law 27B. The Politics of Legal Philosophy 29
2 Breach of Statute and Tort Law 31LEWIS N KLARI. Introduction 31II. The Judgment in The Queen u Saskatchewan
Wheat Pool 32Ill. The Impact of Saskatchewan Wheat Pool on
Canadian Law 35A. Statutory Standards Applied Within Existing Common
Law Duty Relationships 37B. The Use of Statutes in the Absence of a Common Law
Duty Relationship 39C. The Suggested Correct Approach to the Interaction
Between Statutes and Negligence Actions 52IV. The Interaction Between Breaches of Statutory Duties and
the Tort of Misfeasance in a Public Office 57V. Conclusion 61
3 'Sois Sage'- Responsibility for Childishness in the Law ofCivil Wrongs 63SHAUNA VAN PRAAGHI. Introduction 63II. Learning Responsibility: Curious George and the Man
With the Yellow Hat 65III. Responsibility for Childish Behaviour 69
Contents Contents IXVI11
IV. Childhood: Where the Parents Are 74 A. The Three Elements of Duty and Liability for Physical\". Conelu ions 83 Loss 149
B. A Second Category of Negligence: the Reliance Model 155
4 Claims of Involuntary Parenthood: '\ hy the Resi tance? 85 C. The Two Fundamental Categories of Negligence:ELlZABETH ADJlN-TEITEY Comparisons and Conclusions 165
I. )nrrod ucrion 85 III. The Requirements of Justice and a Proposed Solution 168
n. Overview of Judicial and Legislative Positions on Claims ofInvoluntary Parenthood 86 7 Breaches of Contracts and Claims by Third Parties 191
Ill. Limited Recovery: Partial Recognition of Reproductive STEPHEN WADDAMSAutonomy 89
IV. Denial of Recovery of Maintenance Costs as a Matter of 8 Policy Issues in Defective Property Cases 199Distributive Justice 94 STEPHEN TODD
v. Construction of Legal Injury or Com pen able Harm 98 l. Introduction 199VI. Commodification Rationale for Den) ing Child H. An Overview of the Cases 200
Maintenance Costs 103 A. England 200VII. Conclusion 109 B. Australia 203
C. Canada 2065 liability for Psychiatric Damage: Searching for a Path D. New Zealand 208
between Pragmatism and Principle 113 III. Legal Principle 211}'lICHAEL A JO}"TES IV. Policy Concerns 213I. Introduction 113 A. Promoting Professional Accountability 214II. Categories of Claimant 115 B. Imposing a Proportionate Burden of Liability 214
A. Psychiatric Harm Following Physical Injury co the C. Maintaining Contractual Certainty 216Claimant 116 D. Responding to Need 221
B. Claims for Pure Psychiatric Harm in the Paradigm E. Protecting the Vulnerable 225
'Nervous Shock' Action Involving Participation in or V. Negligent Inspections 229
Observation of a Traumatic Event 117 VI. Limitation of Actions 230C. Claims for Pure Psychiatric Harm where the Claimant VII. Conclusion 231
Falls Outside the 'Nervous Shock' Paradigm of SuddenDefective Structures and Economic Loss in the United States:Traumatic Events 120 9 233m. Cons~qu~ces of these Categorisations in Relation to Pure law and Policy
Psychiatric Damage 122 DAVID F PARTLETI233IV. Psy~hiatricHarm Following Physical Injury to the 1. Introduction
Claimant II. Law, Legislation and Behaviour 234A. The Thin Skull Rule 125 A. An Overview of United States Case Law 234
V. The Medical Context 125 B. Defective Buildings, Products Liability, and the UnitedVI. Causation 130
States Supreme Court . 235VII. How ~h~uld Lavryers Respond to Claims Involving
134C. The Economic Loss Doctrine Always Applies: New
Psychiatric Harm?135 York 237
D. Statutory Causes of Action: California and Nevada 2396 Should White vJ Re C· E. Duty to Construct Without Negligence: Colorado andFirst Principles ones present anadian law: A Return to
141 South Carolina 241PETER BENSON Comparative Policy Considerations Between the UnitedI. 1:h.Two Routes to Liability Considered in
F.States and England, Australia, Canada and New
tte u jones 242n. ~he tundamenral Categories of Duty Relations in 143 ZealandG. What's a Builder To Do? Insurance and Riskeg igence
Mitigation Cost and Availability of Insurance 243149
x Contents
H. Risk Management rraregieIll. Policy
10 Harm Screening Under Negligence LawISRAEL GILEADI. IntroductionII. Relational Screening: The- cope-of-Risk Rule
A. What Makes Conduct Faulty and a Risk Tortious?B. The Four Aspects of RiskC. The 'Description Problem' and the Attack on
Relational Risk-Related ScreeningD. The 'Harms/benefits Correlation Problem'E. Rationale and Justifications for Risk-Related Screening
of Foreseeable HarmsF. Tackling the 'Harms/Benefits Correlation Problem'
ill. Unforeseeable Risks and Exceptions toRisk-Related ScreeningA. Screening Unforeseeable Harms: JustificationsB. The Different Kinds of UnforeseeabilityC. Unscreened Unforeseeable Harms: Undeserving Actors,
Deserving Plaintiffs and the Extent of HarmIV. Liability-Watch Screening: Justifications, Methods and
Increasing ComplexityV. The Screening Devices and the 'Division of Labour'
Between ThemA. Screening Concepts: The ConfusionB. Distinguishing between Relational and Liability-Watch
Screening DevicesC. The Pros and Cons of the Third Restatement's
Screening 'Revolution'D. 'Divisi~n of Labour' between Duty and Legal
Causation. An illustrationE. Three Observations
VI. A Shorr SummaryVII. Two Concluding Notes: Unforeseeability and C .
Justice orrecnve
11 AR[ctsC
and Omissions as Positive and Negative CausesHARD W WRIGHT
T. Introductionll. Positive and Negative CausationIII. Overdetermined Positive CausationIV. Overdet~rmined Negative CausationV. ConclUSion
244246
251
25t256256257
258261
262265
267267268
270
272
275275
276
276
279282284
285
287
287290292302307
Contents Xl
12 Decision Causation: Pandora's Tool-BoxVAUGHAN BLACK1. Introductionn. The CasesIll. Analysis
13 Non-Delegable Duties and Vicarious LiabilityROBERT STEVENSI. LntroductionII. AttributionIll. FaultIV. Normal and Abnormal Risks
A. The 'rule in Rylands v Fletcher'B. AustraliaC. Qualified Privilege
V. Statutory DutiesVI. Miscellaneous Cases
A. FireB. Private NuisanceC. Withdrawal of Support from Neighbouring LandD. Public Nuisance
VlI. Contractual and Consensual DutiesA. ExigibilityB. BailmentC. Employer's Duty to an EmployeeD. CarriersE. HospitalsF. OccupiersG. LandlordsH. Assumed Duties Generally?1. A Radical Thought and a Doubt
VIII. Conclusion
14 Juridical Foundations of Common Law Non-Delegable DutiesJOHN MURPHY1. IntroductionII. The Non-Delegable DutyNicarious Liability Relationship:
Some Red HerringsA. Two Misleading RationalesB. Three Problematic CasesC. Judicial Confusion
III. The Juridical Foundations of Non-Delegable DutiesA. Two Competing Features?B. A Second Precondition: Affirmative Duty
IV. Conclusion
309
309316323
331
331332337339339344345348349349350351351352352354354356356357359359365366
369
369
371371374378379380387390
xii Contents
15 Perish Vicarious Liability?DAVID R WINGFIELD1. IntroductionII. Vicarious Liability was Once a Contractual DoctrineIII. COntract Principle do not Explain or justify the
lmpo ition of Vicarious Liability in all CircumstanceIV. Tort Principles do Explain and Justify the Imposition of
Vicarious Liability in all CircumstancesV. Unfortunately Courts Still Look to Contract Principles fa
Ju rify the Imposition of Vicarious LiabilityVI. Conclusion: In Order to Change our Contractual Mind et
We Need to use Tortious Words
16 Comparative Perspectives on Vicarious Liability: Defining theScope of EmploymentPAULA GILlKER1. IntroductionIl. Scope of Employmentm. Deciphering the 'Scope of Employment': the Common Law
ApproachIV. A Fresh Perspective: Liability for the Acts of others in Civil
LawA. The Concept of 'Abus de Fonction'
V. Finding a Rationale for Vicarious LiabilityVI. Conclusion
17 What is a Loss?Ai'1DREW TETrEl\TBORKI. IntroductionII. Traditional Ideas: Money, Loss and Other
A. Is There any Relevant Loss at All?B. Loss and its Impact on the PlaintiffC. The Wrong Directly Impacts on Someone other than
the Plaintiffm. The Logic of Loss[Y. A New Approach to the Problem of LossV. ConclUSIOn
18 The Changing Face of the Gist of NegligenceKUMARALINGAM AMlRTHALINGAMI. IntroductionII. The Changing Face of the Gist of Negligence
A. IncreasedlIndustrial RiskB. Medical Risk and Patient AutonomyC. Loss of Chance
IIT. Conclusion and the Future of Negligence
393
393395
398
404
413
417
419
419422
423
427429433438
441
441441444450
452454456465
467
467468469476478483
Contents XIII
19 Tort Law in Practice: Appearance and Reality in ReformingPeriodical Payments of DamagesRIClIARD LEWIS1. IntroductionIt. The First Judicially Approved StructureIll. The Need to Impose Periodical PaymentsIV. Limits on the Power to Impose Periodical PaymentsV. Exercise of the Court's Discretion to Award Periodical
Payments .VI. A Change to the Method for Assessing Damages.Vll. The Impact on the Bargaining Power of the PartiesVUf. Why COStS for Insurers Will IncreaseIX. The Political Reasons for the ReformX. Canadian ComparisonsXl. Conclusions
20 The Structure of the Intentional TortsKEN OLIPIIANTL IntroductionII. The Intentional Torts
A. Meaning of 'Intentional Tort' .B. The Lack of General Principle in the Intentional Torts
Ill. A General Liability for Intentional Injury?A. The Early Tort TreatisesB. Liability for Malice in 19th-century .Torr C.asesC. The Rejection of Liability for MalicIOUS Injury per se
IV. Conclusion
21 The Role of Intention in the Tort in Wilkinson v DowntonDENISE REAUMEI. IntroductionII. Reconstructing the Original Understanding of the Tort in
Wilkinson v DoumtonIII. The Canadian Sequel
A The Leap Across the PondB.' The Rahemtulla Test: Inrentional Inflicrion of Distress
Canadian-StyleC. Recent Developments
IV. Conclusion: Future Prospects
22 Where Principle Meets Pragmatism: Tort Law in Post-ColonialHong KongRICK GLOFCHESKI1. IntroductionII. The Common Law in Hong Kongill. NegligenceIV. Workers and Tort Law
487
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494496497499501504506
509
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533
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557
557558560563
xiv Contents
A. Employers' Duty of CareB. Occupiers' LiabilityC. Breach of Staturory Duty
V. Liability for the Wrongs of OtherA. Property Management CompaniesB. Liability of Principal for Agent's TortsC. Employers' Vicarious Liability for the Torts of
EmployeesVI. Intentional TortsVII. DefamationVIn. Conclusion
EpilogueIndex
563564567568568569
Contributors
Elizabeth Adjin-Tettey, LLB, LLM, LLM, DJur, Associate Professor ofLaw, University of Victoria
572575576577579581
Kumaralingam Amirthalingam, LLB, PhD, Associate Professor of Law,National University of Singapore
Peter Benson, AS, MSc, LLB, LLM, Professor of Law, University ofToronto
Vaughan Black, BA, MA, LLB, LLM, Professor of Law, Dalhousie Univer-sity
Peter Cane, BA, LLB, DCL, Professor of Law, ANU College of Law,Australian National University
Erika Chamberlain, LLB, Assistant Professor of Law, University of WesternOntario
Israel Gilead, LLB, BA, LLD, Bora Laskin Professor of Law, HebrewUniversity of Jerusalem
Paula Giliker, BA, BCL, PhD, Reader in Comparative Law, University ofBristol
Rick Glofcheski, BA, LLB, LLM, Associate Professor of Law, University ofHong Kong
Lewis N Klar QC, BA, BCL, LLM, Professor of Law, University of Alberta
Michael A Jones, BA, LLM, PhD, Professor of Common Law, University ofLiverpool
Richard Lewis, BA, MA, Professor of Law, Cardiff University
John Murphy, LLB, LLM, Reader in Law, University of Manchester
Jason W Neyers, BA, LLB, MSt, Associate Professor of Law, University ofWestern Ontario
The Law ofTorts
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
EDITED BY
John Oberdiek
OXFORD
IS-<Ul excepnoqwit bin kgal pf~ther~rab'from around c1disciplines whlto the philo$Ofground breskirdebates and opthus deepeningContributionsareas of tort la'responsibility, Imorality ofhruand the relatioproperty law a
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ContributorsTable of Cases
xli.xiii
INTRODUCTION: PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OFTHE LAW OF TORTSJohn Oberdiek
1
PART I: FOUNDATIONS OF TORT LAW
John OberdieLaw at the RuinCamden,NRutgers Instit
1. TORT LAW AND RESPONSIBILITYJohn c.P. Goldberg and Benjamin C. Zipursky
I. Introductionn. Responsibility Theories of Tort Law
Ill. Civil Recourse Theory as a Responsibility Theory of Tort LawIV. Concluding Thoughts: The Importance of Recognizing
Responsibility-Based Accounts of Tort Law
2. TORTS, RIGHTS, AND RISKStephen Perry
I. Introduction 38rr~~~~ru~ ~
III. Risk, Harm, and Rights 44IV. Harm and Fundamental Moral Rights 49V. The Role of Reasonable Foreseeability 60
17
171926
36
38
3. COMPENSATION AS A TORT NORM 65Mark A. GeistJeld
I. Introduction 65II. Injury Compensation and Liberal Egalitarianism 67
III. A Compensatory Tort Right and the Correlative Compensatory Duty 70IV. Compensation and Corrective Justice 79V. Conclusion 85
4. TORT AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR REVENGE 86Scott Hershovitz
1. IntroductionII. Corrective Justice
III. Corrective Justice CorrectedIV. The Message in the MoneyV. Tort or Revenge?
VI. Corrective Justice and Criminal LawVII. Conclusion
868992969899
100
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
v. 0 excep~.~ifhin legal I
, togcther~ttfrom arou nddisci pli ne!>~to the phil ..rszround brealt>
debates and .thus deepen]Conrributiorareas of tort Iresponsibiliomorality ofhand the relatpro pert)' law
5. STRUCTURE AND JUSTIFICATION IN CONTRACTUALISTTORT THEORY
lohn Oberdiek1. Introduction .• .
IT. Introducing Contractualist Tort Theory: Keating s SOCialContract Theory
IIT. Rawlsian Distributive Justice and the Bilateral Struct.ure of Tort LawIV A Primer on Justification in Scanlonian Contractualisrnv: Justification to a Subject and "the PalsgrafPerspective"VI. Conclusion
6. ON THE "PROPERTY" AND THE "TORT" IN TRESPASSEric R. Claeys
1. IntroductionII. Property in a Lockean Morality of LaborIII. The Unconsented-Entry ParadigmIV. Affirmative Defensesv. Conforming the Prima Facie Tort to the Underlying
Substantive RightV1. Harm-Based Exceptions to Rights-Based Torts
VII. Property Foundations and Tort ImplementationVill. Making Accident Torts Complement Rights-Based Torts
IX. Conclusion
7. TORT LAW AND PUBLlC FUNCTTONSPeter Cane
1. IntroductionII. Public Institutions and Public Functions
III. Demarcating the Province of Tort LawIV. Theorizing the Tort Law of Relationships of Juridical InequalityV. Conclusion
john OberdLa w at the flinCamden,Rutgers Inst
103
103
106108113114121
122
122125128130
132135137141146
148
148151153161168
PART II: HARMS, WRONGS, RESPONSIBILITY, AND LIABILITY
8. WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEENVictor Tadros
1. IntroductionII. The Currency of Harm and Compensation
III. Incomparable ProblemsIV. Meeting Comparative ComplaintsV. \Vhy Time Is Not of the Essence
Vl. In Defense of CounterfactualismVII. Conclusion
9. WHY REPARATIONS?Rahul Kumar
I. IntroductionII. Two Approaches to Reparative Obligations
171
171173177178181185191
193
193195
TABU' 01' CONTENTS
Ill. Rehabilitating the Compensatory ModelIV. Ate Living African-Americans Wronged by Chattel Slavery?V. Is Saying "Sorry" Enough?
LO. REPAIRING HARMS AND ANSWERING POR WRONGSR.A. Duff
1. In troductionII. Punishing Wrongs and Repairing Harms
Ill. A Gap-and How Civil Recourse Can Fill ItIV. Questions about Civil Recourse: (i) The AccountingV. Questions about Civil Recourse: (ii) The Remedy
VI. Civil Recourse, Cost-Allocation, and Criminal Law
II. TORT PROCESSES AND RELATIONAL REPAIRLinda Radzik
I. IntroductionII. What Stands in Need of Correction?
Ill. Damaged Relations and the Moral Obligation to Repair ThemIV. Forms of Corrective JusticeV. Contributors to Corrective Justice
VI. From Morality to LawVII. Conclusion
12. TORT LIABILITY AND TAKING RESPONSIBILITYDavid Enoch
1. IntroductionII. New Zealand and Apologies
III. Taking Responsibility: The Intuitive Idea. and Some ExamplesIV. The Taking and the ResponsibilityV. Tort Liability and Taking Responsibility
VI. Is This Enough?
13. EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSENT,ASSUMPTION OF RISK, AND VICTIM NEGLIGENCE
Kenneth W. SimonsI. Introduction
II. Legal BackgroundIII. The Phenomenology and Structure of ConsentIV. Comparing Consent (IT) with ARV. Conclusion
14. STRICT LIABILITY WRONGSGregory C. Keating
I. IntroductionII. Harm-Based Strict Liability
III. Right-Based Strict Liability
ix
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!ibmr}' of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Philosophy and !he law of lOJ'tS I edited by Gerald J. Postema.
p. em. - (Cambridge studies in philosophy and law)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
I. TOrts - Philosophy. I. Postema, Gerald J. II. Series.
K923 P49 20001
346.03'0 I~c21
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ISBN 0 52l 62282 4 hardback
Contents
Contributors
2
introduction: Search for an Explanatory Theory of TortsGERALD J. POSTEMA
A Social Contract Conception of the Tort Law of AccidentsGREGORY c. KEATING
Responsibility for Outcomes, Risk, and the Law of TortsSTEPHEN R. PERRY
The Significance of Doing and SufferingMARTIN STONE
Tort Law and Tort Theory: Preliminary Reflections on Method
JULES COLEMAN
Corrective Justice in an Age of Mass TortsARTHUR RTPSTETN AND BENJAMIN C. ZIPURSKY
Economics, Moral Philosophy, and the Positive Analysis
of Tort LawMARK GEISTFELD
Pluralism in Tort and Accident Law: Towards a Reasonable
AccommodationBRUCE CHAPMAN
page ix
3
4
5
6
7
8
References
Index
1
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72
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] 83
214
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276
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