cambodia environment energy climate change profile 2013

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    Cambodia Environment, Energy, Climate Change Profile

    April 22, 2013

    1. RGC signed Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention on ClimateChange, and the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance(RAMSAR Convention), the UN Forum on Forest, the UN FrameworkConvention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and ASEAN StrategicForestry Plan for Action, International Tropical Timber Council. To implementall conventions successfully, a number of key challenges have to address:

    To improve the roles and responsibilities and the co-operation in regard todevelopment of a legal framework between ministries;

    To reduce contradictions and overlaps in existing laws and regulations;

    To improve enforcement of laws and regulations to make the legal frameworkeffective;

    To proceed with processing and approval of important laws such as theProtected Areas Law and the Law on Fisheries.

    2. Group of policy for agricultural development, food security and povertyalleviation in Cambodia include: the National Water Resource Policy Strategic Development Plan on Water Resources and Meteorology 2009-2013 Circular No. 3 on Food Security and Nutrition in the Kingdom of Cambodia Statement of the government of Cambodia on the national fishery sector policy National Fisheries Sector Policy and Law on Fisheries (2006, MAFF) National Programme for Household Food Security and Poverty Reduction

    2007-2011 Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition in Cambodia 2008-2012 National Adaptation Programme of Action for Climate Change (NAPA) Law on Investment, 5 August 1994 Law on Amendment on the Law on Investment (23 March 2003) Sub-Decree on Mortgage and Transfer of the Right over an Economic landConcession (29 Aug 2007) Royal Decree NS/RK/0609/009 (20 June 2009) to provide incentives foragricultural development in Cambodia.

    3. In Cambodia 43% has access to dug wells but only 2,5 % have access to pipedwater (WEPA).

    4. Between 1956-2005 the temperature has averagely increased by 0,13C perdecade (Ministry of Environment 2010).

    5. Deforestation can thus be hindering the lowering of GHGs because ecosystemsno longer have the same ability to absorb or sink GHGs (CHDR 2011, p. 52).Without this ability temperatures will rise right now the fear is thattemperatures will rise 3-10C if the release of GHGs continue in the same rate asit does today (Stern Review Report 2006, p. 2).

    6. The Lake covers approximately 43% of Cambodias land area, 8 provinces and4,5 million people live within the basin.

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    7. As of 2009 Cambodia was ranked in the top 30 most vulnerable nationaleconomies due to climate change because of the affects on fisheries (CHDR,p.58).

    8. In Cambodia 77 % of the population lives in rural areas and are extremelydependent on agriculture (mainly rice cultivation) to secure their livelihood

    9. Cambodia lost 10 % of their rice crops due to the floodings (UN News Centre, 4November 2011).

    10.On average, the rice yield can be expected to decrease by 10 percent for every1C increase in growing season minimum temperature. This is because highertemperatures at the time of rice flowering could lead to floret sterility, limitingthe grain yield (CHDR, p. 53).

    11.Cambodia has indication of deposits of energy natural resources such as fossilfuels, natural gas and coal, and over 84% of the primary energy consumption iscontributed by fuel wood. Less than 9% of rural households have access to agrid-quality electricity services.

    12.Cambodia located with 800 Km border with Thailand in the west, 450 Km withLao PDR in the north, 1,250 Km with Viet Nam in the east and a coastline of440 Km long.

    13.Cambodia land covered by forest about 60% (MAFF).14.The average annual rainfall is about 1500 mm, with the heaviest rainfalls of up

    to 4000 mm per year occurring in the southwest coastal line.15.Energy: At present, the electricity supply in Cambodia is fragmented into 24

    isolated power systems centred in provincial towns and cities. All are fullyreliant on diesel power stations. Per capita consumption is only about 48 kWh /year and less than 15% of households have access to electricity (urban 53.6%,

    rural 8.6%) and the amount of electricity consumption is as follows: Privatesector 0.5%, Service sector 40%, Industrial sector 14%. The supply requirementsare projected to increase in average by 12.1% per year, and the peak load isexpected to reach up to 1,000 MW in 2020.

    16.Due to the small size of generation dependent on high cost imported oil, the lackof a high voltage transmission system and the big losses in distribution, theelectricity price is the highest in the region. According to data from 2000, theaverage tariff is about 14.6 US Cents / kWh in Phnom Penh, and 25 to 50 UScents / kWh in remote areas. Currently there are 7 MV crossborder connectionswith Thailand, by local private sector investors: Koh Kong provincial town:2MW; O-Smach of Oddor Meanchey: 2 MW; Kamrieng of Battambang: 1 MW;

    Phnom Proeuk of Battambang: 2 MW ; Sampeov Loun of Battambang: 1 MW;Poipet of Banteay Meanchey: 5.6 MW; Pailin: 2.5 MW, and in addition 4 MVconnections with Vie t Nam by EDC: Bavet of Svay Rieng: 0.6 MW; Memut ofKampong Cham: 1.9 MW; Ponhea Krek of Kampong Cham: 0.9 MW; Kampong

    Trach of Kampot: 1 MW .17.At present only two mini-hydropower plant are in operation: O Chum II mini-

    hydropower plant with the installed capacity of 1000 kW has been constructedand operated since 1993 . Kirirom I hydropower plant with 12 MW, wasrehabilitated and operated by CETIC, a Chinese company, under Build Own

    Transfer (BOT) agreement for 30 years since mid 2002, together with the 120km 115 kV transmission line to Phnom Penh.

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    18.Hydropower generation projects in Cambodia:Projects MW GWhBattambang I 24 36Battambang II 36 187Battambang III 13 77

    Kamchay 180 558Middle St.RC 125 668St. Atay 110 588Lower Sesan 2 207 1065Lower Srepok 2 222 1176St. Chay Areng 260 13Kirirom III 13 70

    19.About 85% of the total population lives in the rural areas, the government ofCambodia is placing great emphasis on the rural electrification, on-grid wherepossible, and off-grid by renewable energy, to raise the living standards of therural population.

    20.Measurement during 1981-88, at Phnom Penh, showed an average sunshineduration of 6-9 hours per day with high average of 5 kWh/m/day indicatingconsiderable potential of solar energy. Solar Home Systems (SHS) with anoutput of 12V, 50-70 Ah are being used for low income households in ruralareas and require a US$ 40 investment per household. The cost of energygenerated is approximately 24.4 US cents/KWh.

    21.As in most ASEAN countries, biomass energy plays a major role in satisfyingthe rural demands in Cambodia. Besides fuel wood, an estimated 167Kto e ofagro-industrial residues, such as rice, sugarcane, maize and cattle excreta, werealso available as fuel.

    22.We have obtained some data of the annual average wind velocity (m/s):Sihanoukville 5.06, Pursat 1.89, Inland 2.01, costal 2.65, and an annual averageof 3m/s. There is a hope for few areas with 5m/s wind velocity: the southern ofthe great lake Tonle Sap, the southwest mountain areas and the southern coastalareas, especially Sihanoukville with wind velocity of 5m/s or greater, thus theintroduction of w ind power generation system in these areas is promising. Themaximum system generated energy was 150.4 kWh in February, and theminimum was 60.5 kWh in September Due to the inconsistency of windpatterns, a hybrid generation system with a base operating system of diesel ormicro-hydro is ideal.

    23.The EAC is responsible for regulating the provision of electric power serviceswithin Cambodia, as described in the Electricity Law:

    To issue, revise, suspend, revoke or deny the lice nses for the supply ofelectricity services;

    To approve tariff rates and charges and terms and conditions of electric powerservices of licensees, except where the Authority consider those rates or chargesand terms and conditions are established pursuant to a competitive, market-basedprocess;

    To order to implement guidance procedures and standards for investmentprograms by licensees;

    To review the financial activities and corporate organization structure oflicensees to the extent that these activities and organization directly affect the

    operation of the power sector and the efficiency of electricity supply; To approve and enforce the performance standards for licensees

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    To evaluate and resolve consumer complaints and contract disputes involvinglicensees, to the extent that the complaints and disputes relate to the violation ofthe conditions of license;

    To approve and enforce a uniform system of accounts for all licensees; To prepare and publish reports of power sector and relevant information

    received from licensees for the benefit of the Government and the publicinterest;

    To prescribe fees applicable to licensees; To determine the procedures for informing the public about affairs within its

    duties, in order to ensure that the Electricity Authority of Cambodia complieswith the principle of transparency as set forth in Article 3 of this law;

    To issue rules and regulations and to make appropriate orders, and to issuetemporary and permanent injunction for electric power services;

    To impose monetary penalty, disconnect power supply, suspend or revoke thelicense for the violations of this Law, standards and regulations of the Electricity

    Authority of Cambodia; To require the electric power services and the customers to obey the rules

    relating to the national energy security, economic, environment and otherGovernment policies;

    To perform any other function incidental or consequential to any of the duties asdescribes above; and

    To establish the terms and conditions of employment of the officers oremployees including expert/advisors of Electricity Authority of Cambodia.

    24.Barriers in Energy Development: Limited capacity of supply system Low reliability of supply Lack of access to low costs energy sources High technical and non-technical system losses Low load factor Low power factor Small-scale diesel-based generation used by EDC is not competitive with the

    self generation used by some industrial, commercial customers and hotels

    Very low electricity consumption per capita Tariffs favor domestic customers, cross subsidy of domestic customers by

    government, industry and commercial customers

    Very high electricity tariffs High bad debts Lack of interest in investment in power sector25.Cambodias coastline fronts the Gulf of Thailand as shown in Figure 2.1, a

    semienclosed sea measuring approximately 400km by 800km, and covering anarea of about 320,000 square kilometers. The Gulf is part of the Sunda Shelf andis relatively shallow. The mean depth is 45m, and the maximum depth is 80m(MoE, 2006).

    26.With the assumed GDP growth rate of 5.2% per annum from 2007 to 2030, finalenergy consumption in ASEAN will grow at an average annual rate of 4.4%from 375 MTOE to 1,018 MTOE in the BAU scenario during the same period.

    The transportation sector is expected to have the highest growth in consumptionof 5.6% per annum. The industry sector consumption will grow at an annual rate

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    of 5.2% while the consumption of the combined residential, commercial andagriculture sectors will have a slower growth of 2.6% per annum. Electricity willhave the highest growth rate among the energy consumed in the finalconsumption sector at 6.4% per annum. This is followed by coal at 5.9%, naturalgas at 5.3% and oil at 4.9%. Other fuels which include biomass and liquid bio-

    fuels will have a slow growth rate of 1.0% per annum. In the APS, final energydemand will grow at a slower rate of 3.6% to 843 MTOE in 2030 (3rd ASEANEnergy Outlook, 2011).

    27.The corresponding primary energy consumption in the BAU will have a slightlyfaster growth rate of 4.5% per annum from 511 MTOE in 2007 to 1,414 MTOEin 2030. Coal will have the fastest annual growth rate of 7.7%. This is due to theprojected rapid growth in electricity consumption that will be met largely bycoal-fired generation. Hydropower will have the second fastest growth rate of7.1%% as countries in the Great Mekong Subregion decide to develop their vasthydropower potential for electricity trade among the neighbors. Oil and naturalgas will have growth rates of 4.4% and 3.2% per annum. Oil will remain as the

    major source of energy in the region with its share to the total primary energysupply remaining essentially the same from 36.2% in 2007 to 35.1% in 2030.Nuclear energy will be introduced in the region before 2020 and will have a0.4% share of the total by 2020 which will increase to 1.7% in 2030. Geothermalenergy will be developed in the Philippines and Indonesia which will result in a5.2% annual growth rate in the production of this resource. Biomass willcontinue to grow albeit at a slow pace of 1.7% per annum. The growth in energyconsumption will increase per capita energy consumption from 0.9 TOE perperson in 2007 to 1.9 TOE per person in 2030. However, energy consumptionper unit of GDP will decrease from 580 TOE/million US dollars (USD) in 2007to 501 TOE/million USD in 2030, a reduction of 13.7% over a 23-year period.In the APS, the growth of primary energy consumption will be at a slower 3.6%per annum to 1152 MTOE in 2030. Primary energy intensity will decrease by29.7% to 408 TOE/million USD (The 3RD ASEAN Outlook, 2011).

    By: KimKhorn LONG, MA. IRs,Founder of LongKimKhorn Academia CenterFounder of Khmer Youth Congresswww.khmeryouthcongress.orgwww.longkimkhorn.info

    http://www.khmeryouthcongress.org/http://www.khmeryouthcongress.org/http://www.longkimkhorn.info/http://www.longkimkhorn.info/http://www.longkimkhorn.info/http://www.khmeryouthcongress.org/