cam 008 - gallipoli 1915 - frontal assault on turkey

8/3/2019 CAM 008 - Gallipoli 1915 - Frontal Assault on Turkey

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FRONTAL ASSAULTO ,NTURKEY


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G A l l i P O l l 1 9 1 5


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G>EN E :RA b ~D I'lO R , DAV ID G . C~ !AND LE R .

FRO l 1\L A SSAU LTONI iT IUIRKEYP H I L I P J . H A Y T H O R l \ 1 T I D V i \ I T E


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CONTENI'TS

S 55761

F~ r a oab l.o ,g ll 'co f lin ba()ksPlJlilis~. by(I~ M i f u D r y i , :pl~!l...mt~ tg; Key to .Map S~mbols

Army GIlJUp I~lA rm y c X JCo rp s IZIDh,s ioA I~ IBrig:Jd~ ~RJ,~gim~n!1 D < l~n.ali(l!l ~

'l'h"cMUkt;~I!llI.'1~\r~C@nsume r ~!!bJlog.utl Ocpanm(m~~OspMPubl lSh j :ng Lll:lj59G~eno r :S~ Londo! ! ! W]'X 9 ' D A .

de~ft', A.medioo IJUJ:ltis :SMlot"lJ in ~~ml: now t l n N ' r e c : 1~b~BatI.d{~4'.Jtrkh,cI'. (dus.ti;a1ianWar.\1~, IWg..Q O , P S1659)' .

l8J[;iiirn


7/99

'O 'RI IGI I INS, OFT IH IE 'CAMPA .II'G IN..he expedi.don to the Da:rd~oeUeli vasa dim :;ctr es ul t o fd iLC 'dead lock which arose 011 diile \\j'.cs[cmFront \l,i;ilh m e b eg in n:i.n g of I:ren ch I ~ a r f a : r c O l I f t e c [t b e :f]ts~" e e k s ( ) i f l i t e ["il's~\~1o r I d , . a : l : " ; but: l r sorigins ~:ay ~E l the cgnfl lSlCotI phere or B~Wj {@npo~ilics..L ong regarded as, t~h ,e 'ick m an 0 Europe'" th e'loUering Ql1lo:mal : l l ~Iliph"e ' h ad s u f l i c : r e d the re-p r n l l l : s s i e r u l e o f S u ~ t< ! i . J l i A b d u l , H a n - r i d U , ( I th eD am RC'd) 'rom A ug;usi. 1876 l . m : t iI 1 h is d epos Jtio n:i n ]909 .. Th e !lew u 'ltan th en im ,ta iJ.l!d w asM oh an lm .ed V I Abdul l th e D am aed 's j l Q u n g : c rbroth er ~ bu~ h e w as :nu'!rdy :II npn::hiCild: all lW\\j 'UWRS con cen trated in tm :Je h am ds o r t he i 'l ls ri IPwrs . 'o fAbdul ' s o ' \ 1 c l 1 h r n w th e I Y mmg Turk. t . Ti l l is .youdlr! i.d group o f : poU lid all > i!"'clrolunonaries andUppolrtunbi~1 reloted the COIn 'd tl lt io n a b l] :l i~ h ed r r yA ll:ld ~.d ~ ~ 1 8 77 t bu t r:aJnd;lf: empire wi th 1 1 ! ' l ' : [ u . a l1)\II ' , lJ i lmy. They were an odd ooU cction : Talaae Be-y~th e polilim ] [e lild er. who wa. tl e r e~W,ooul ro~~cr o fth e cnlpin'!; D ja.v id B l; 'Y , ~i!la.nce M ini stee, aJ ewlsh f i n a l l c 1 i l : f f r o m . S a ]o l n i l k a ; and, : m o s ~ . s;igtu:i,[i-'t '.l.nUy~E~!/erl?ashaj th.eluU:'Alhl:u 'Iian Wa:r .M.in:i-, l ei !"~h o h ad fough t again sr d lc Im .U an in Liby~.a nd in th e 8 ia lkm 'i\.f~ r o f]9 12 -~ 3 ;; . d urin g whichh e h ad s h o t t h e th en W ar N u n w s r e r fo r ~ n d e a : v m ! E ! " ~w n g ~ o I U T I t n !! l c a l D e ~ c e \ '!I~lt i( l1he saw a : s disadvan-bgeoti!i to T ! I a ! r k e y . Enver ' ! l O I a s h a t e d bylililcelilllipi:reism J i n O l T I D t y roups, b th e older g e R ! l : r n t i o no r the poUddans who l ,h~d supported AbduldleDai llm1 led. and b y the IUm)!, : foU ~rIl iJ ig his , d i s m J s s a Jof] 2 1 [ m p o 1 i : t il ;; ~ ] ]y snspect officers in 1'913; bu~ h e:, f ; e m a i l1 l e d th e pm\fCI' beh ind [h e y(l:lIl~gTurkgD,"'CTnm:el:l l i t.By 1~U .4 Turke 's nnanc ia l situ liI ti.on wasd : t i t : ! l i ~ ! !dlesperare~y w , e . a h n e d by d ~ c U ~ I k E l : 1 ' i .Wan.

\ V h h . i: ra , t he g u v , c r n m e n : t were , c f . : nm f l : l d i l l : g ,~.ews O~rore i~ aid: M in iste r of M a : d m . : Djem i3 J~ , f arCX:il l 't lp]e, f a : l . i o u r r e d a F r e n c h alliance, but thedQl1lintlnt \fO]ce was Eo v'i:lr 's , who se 'experience .3S(;

m i f 'U)' a n - a c h c in B e rlin b ad c O D V ' : i n c e d h w m . o f t h ea d v . a n l ; : J , g e s o f c ] o e r t i e s \ijtith G e r m a n . Thesew ere e em e ne ed b y e~dy r u ~ n4 ~ \ \ ' i r m , the :lrrinl 0(; th eGerman MlUtary M.is5lO;[ I .! . req~es~,ed.y dJ;e YOUr: lg:Turk and g :i \r, en Lb cllH s k o f reorga:nl ; fng t h eTurk th a tn ny . L ed by Gtnt:ral , L imaa VO R San -ders, it h ad bCb"un its v od'- , , , , r i t l i conslderable,etTect

1m the event of a '!umpll:ul war , Tut1:..ey's:geogr.aphical. position was crucial, Ha l f Ru l l l ? S,e x po rt s ( ni n~ - te nt hs ef h er grain) passed th roughth~ Bwphorus 3nd the Dardanelles, dIll; rnutebeing R u s s i a . ' . :m! i l~1I ' I eonrae t with h e r allle " B r h l l f u f land F ranee. It was, thus of grea t lmpertance 1 :0those nations tha~:. 'tlirby remain nC lltr nID in (be!!vcnt of he ~nilies, but two days beFore dlcou tt:r~ a:k of w arl German IlInd Turkey a y;re ed a fta m anee : 1 l ; g 3 i 1 1si Russia" but llifl~ wh :i~ ih ~,'iill nolcomml t T U l : ' k i e ' y to ttlili:taryllcti(lJl'l. G rea t ind ig '-:nation W1Ul am u ed in 1 urk ie )' w h en~ on [h efoUow :in g d ay , lW O dn : adnough l baltl'!:ships wh icbh


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O IU G IN S O F T HE CAMPAIGN--The European S,ituation, Jal1uary 1915

h ad been tra in ing '[h e Turk ish N avy) was with-dli1lWn; G erm an cem mand was conSICJuend)1 ex -tended to th e Turk ish N~w~'Withouu ord ers fromth e T urk ish g o\'ern m en t, d u,: G erm an comm an dero r th e D a rd an elle s fO!ihf ica~:ions (:w eber P ash a)elesed d~c wam erwa,Y j in ' direct (:oI1ITa'l lenti,clrJ ofin~'ematioi!al, ];,I:W; but Enver and Talaat had 50del ivered Tu r key into G erm an con trol th at d espiteprotestations froOmSOItN: members o r m , e govern-:meD~~ Tu:rl ,ey was O I}W 6ml.ly in th e G ennancamp. On 29/30 October Goe:w~/ ,BmJ(m ando th e r v es se ls , nominal ly Turk ish bu t e rew ed partlyby G erm an s, b om bard ed. R ussian sh ore estab lish -ments on the Black Sea coast; Djemal daimed

NORWAY NeU lriI1 S lalesE n l e n t e PailiefS

; . . C e l i t r o t l P o w e r s~ron ts : Wt iS li lrn .E~,Serbi l i in

1 fJ (I ~O 3 00 400 :'00 M iles'I ! " " I200 400 MD 800 Km

ignorance of the [",aid.but prubilbly EMU andTalaar h ad been in form ed , R .u ss i~ , B rita in andF rance issued an ultlima,n.n:n wrhe' " urkish,g ov ern men t,. an d w hen jt re m ain ed u na nsw ere dhostilities ht:g9in off ic i .1Uy on 31 October 1 I) 14.

By th e b C b l'm u :d n g o f 1915 i t ' W a s , ob ,r jo1 t! s t ha tthewar wou~d be protracted; trench-llnes rnn fromthe osth Sea, to Switzerland, and a.~ready itwasobv ious Ih a t on th ls 'W c'te rl'l F ron t' 3 . rapidd ec l siv e victory was urililk.dy. Ru ss iiil. in addiuun It ongh~i~'d lc Turks in th e Caucasus h ad su ffe re ds......re]y on th e Eastern F rom " at th e battles ofTannenberg and th e Ma su rian L ak es; and it wasfeared H un th e;i~ rm i . 1 m t a l 'Y d T -O f l m igh t coU apse ir

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9/99

O ItIG 'lN S O F TH E CAMPAJGN

the Germ ans launch ed an o ! fe : m : l i. v l :' o r maio:rs i : g n i r i c a n C l C . In ,an ; ~ ' I ' l r e m p ~ [ 0 r e li e v e th e pressureon Ru sin CIlJDlC ,tbe plan to attack th e Darda.nel lcs .

The genesis Q ) f the idea o]'i,~nated before d:ltc,ou th reak of WIn', in d is cu ss i'I l"!; b eU l f'c n th eS e- crc tary of S tate fo r War , Lor-d K.ilchen~r andW inston Ch urch iII Firs t Lutd of the Admira l ty .,SI~th( l1 l]ghm h e i r o r i g il t f ; 1 J ] 'p la n w a s f o r d i , L : expedit i ionto be undertaken by Greece, at that time inymp'31thy with th e A llied pow ers , K ing Censtan -tine -nf Greece , h o \ " ' e v e r , , \\ las relaeed by mSl1T i i l i~etoth e G erm an K aiser W ilh elm H , and had becomeincrea.s ingl : pro-German.

Upon th e roeccipt of ,9 p le a f rom . :Ru~ sil'l fo r help ,in d'is~racdng Turk~sb resnurces, the Dardanellesplan wa. resurrec ted an d discussed in m e Bri.rishW ar G ouncU . In if iii l1 y C h urd ],ill a nd L O m 1 d F i she r(First Sea Lord) considered iii 'Greek Landing onthe G a l ' l i p o l i peninsula , w .b ~ c h t n o k w l r s , name f r o mthe m a ill ~O\m an d w


10/99

.. F i!; ;~ dNl!lrsfl~'"CQ,L,_n ' i iT1 ' 0 . 1 ' : 1 deli" '(;,~lt7;.1 8 > 4 3 - , f JM ,t i I . l . e I~rsrGIl'f'D:tl},fjorglliU.ize.l' on:n:~l'uI'M~,hA.l"lfiy 0'881-95). u~ld'fromN{'!wli'I:~.1" 1 9 ' J 4 .7[l:'ii\l::hl1dm '1bt:ki~.h.herlofli'q,IJI'l'Jl':rll.'ffi

~lSnd~'ist"r . r, of lu ; Su Jr an .fl.e J!~~ 'C1f 'C{lm'~f .uwdi~d r nJ ' iJ '~g{JfJtJ t l lmi:~ r)!J!l dit.~aIiiJ916.11~~1inglk~r!tMu,'(lI.lred, .i~.isIb!\l.llgbr,,byli~1i''IOIilR,g J "un-s"'.

am d Sea of i\llafmara 1 , i V , ( H I ld aUolw Ru~si~:rl.!ihipsagain t~ PIl'ISS f~o:li l ' l t lJLeBJa:ckSea bJ th e .~Med.ite r-f~neall,~liiIabli ng m u ra,itio rns m be cld irv lered U JRussia and llus,sJan gn in to 1 itc western AU ies ..The plan, which h as been ~ermed the on]y tt'uly~[I] 'IO'va~i, , 'erra teg ie concept of th e en tire \V::!I!f!m et''l~ilillaJPp~o\',,] f'rUfI,l, bl1trn1ipo~jliida:n sa:n.dm:ilitarya uth oritie s; K ]tc 1l!f~ fIIe r's ~pprov8lJ was dcubtl.e'.'l'Sp~a.tlyillnue.llrCted by th e fac t fh:lilt fe w mi~.]fLa:ry1 ." CSOUK ! eS W> f:: n: cnvi:s [JJg ed~andthns m e 'effolit l(]inth e W e s lJL c :m fm n r W Q lu M I J I J e n be mmpmmi :S i ! : : l d . n'wag ,bd i eved t h < l i ~ r i ; rue, l , ] lpe< l l 'Juce of a B . r i i i l : i : sh nee~o i ff 'CCD i .nSUl .n ti :oop]e~~s:hT esuse t h e d nw n :f 3 iU ,o f m eTurikish s,m"c'rillmerl[13nd as 'r'IIr~.f:Yso~~y two1 : 1 . 1 l l l d l n r u l l i o n s f...orics w,e;rewrutilin range of nalval.pnli!fe!, e\"c'llI. a s h or t b om b [J J.r dm em (against whieh

.....Uc((:n~"C's tJflheD.':l:j;(JjiRell>l1,!;: 116'~fimu~~~rlmJR . ' I i1i~wiil l:A" '_' 'It"t'~l'rvr.jlUt'~~fI! t '1 i I~ '

n~l~d:'Jitlcm:~,'!ltJ:tjl'{/~d bJ'I'(n*,~in dlc sll:tp!! f)'f'!ftmdN i(itdtz ( l i : - I t J lmd UJIJ'Ulli\~@,rl SilJ'i:fli'",VS.

th e Turks; w (r~ believed to bc pow ,edess to fep1)')o f l'l ,l kl e lTC l cti v lc ly r em m u ; : Turkey f rom the w ar at astro ke .. R I I J S S l ll r f ;! D e i v e d dl lc p ] a ~ "iil:h e~ thus i < l . sm !and F rance ,offe]\ed ~ FI;li\raW sq usd ron to serveI J I n d c r f f i 3 d d : s h . c o m m < J J n d i n t h ~ gre~n enterprisel I g a i ~ 5 l C O f D S r n lD 1 ! ti n o p ]c .

A~ the p ru il np rogn ; i) s~d j,a n ]fiCl:leasiln!g numbero -f British shirnls wa s ~ l~ ()c are d (o rlile expedi,ri:oiEl,cvcnmrr.: new HlvlS !JJu:l:,J 1 i ! W : h ' C l l l~ one of th emesr pawc rful ships :a:lioat; bu~ a[liIls S ! I : i 1 i g . eA dm irn~ lord F ish er ve iced deep m .i~giil; /tn~"Iilsrd :t'l.tio.n sw .it!l1 JChurc h~U, 3 4 ye ~rs h is, ~~nior,,.ve.ree1ttreg~dy eordlal; until iU m e h e 'jgh l of tlliiiepJ.an nln g: F ish er tu rn ed a:p~nsl th e whole sch em e.per'h~fs Ceding tha.t Churc~wn~was ove r-SIT~fCWngth e navy er reari:ng t'h a~ ~h e Dardanelles "">01l]~d

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11/99

OR IG IN S O f T rtlE CAM PAIG N

l lpp.rop.ri :l tc re OUK e s n ee ded tn ol lmbat th e Ger-'m an flee t in tbe ~ nnh S e~ . H ;e exp]le ;ssed h is fearsin log ical argum en t (nn tJbJy m at even iflfle e ldbattleship were expendable" their exper iencedc r ews we r e not). bu t havin:g t h rea tened 10 re ig ne e n u J ;, 1 'I ID y decided r e s ! i l ppon th e e:ll;;pediuon.O n 'II J\,I~ ,[,!l'rch~ '9H the Greek go' ' ' 'et '~ l l i11l1cnt ofth e pro(l.- AID~ie dle uth erie V en iZ Jclos offered threedi\lmsiQn~or I : l I landing on the GOllUipoHpeninsu~aand an evcntmd advance on onstandneple ..Sucha p 'lan W3g aeeepred b y Brihl~n and F ranee , h u tR u~iil h estm ted from a Cear of ItJc cxpan sion ofGreek pOlllo'er;wben th is v iew becam e k n 0 1 . ~ I Q tQG ree ce d uo '!V en ize los g o"'c lI'n m cn ll fe ll end wasreplaced by a pro-Gennan mini tty..The provisionof II l J i I 'l I m t u ' Y oon '1 in ,gen t rh_ ,e :re fQ : ree ll upon :Brimlnand F ranee , Encouraged b y Fis iher~K~rehe" ,er'e ' e ntu ally in clin ed towards a British l and ing , andd .esp ,itl!!p1 fO f et from th ose w ish in g 1 1 ] 0 concent ra tethe a \ la l lab~ t : f ,e QUF(;C, on the Western Fl"OIlI,agree d t,u alID oc atc l h e E i r r u d s h 29th D ivis~on. a J n d; h e AuSb'aUa:f' li ll l!d N C'lY ZCfl i land dfu\'is~ionsrecentlJyarrived in BID-PCIC O support th e nill \'I !]]opera t ion s ,To com mand lids m im itary wing, K itch ene r e l-ected h is old coH e ag ure Ian H amilten .Wrum ~ h( d [sp::m : :h o f m e ' l ii II iI ii ta I ) rC lm uing cnt~th e M editerran ean E xped ition ary F oree (th e orig i-nal appellation, 'Co~s~3intinople E"l'ed~tionaryoree', h ad been changed upon H am ilton ' lnsls-renee that h _adc die destinarU.on roo obvious to

th e Tu rk s), {h e even ts we r e se t in mcti,on foi l ' themos~ severe British rni U t a : r y reverse of the ennrcl ar, G rear crit icism h as b e en levelled a:g ain sl aUin volv ed , m uch of it ,entiiret [ust i f ied; bllri. th eappaUing miSltlan,: : :I .gemcnl w h ich oc cu re ed shuuldn ot o bsc ure the essential rcasibi1hy of th e concep tH~d m e venture succeedJed, wm effect on theeour e of th e war could h ave been imm ense,'P c : r 'h :a r p s e v e n ~r.lJ'esl:3~llirng the , o o ]W a : p i l i l C l (If Imper ia]R ussia ' bu t the ,eXeCI]'hOfl of th e plan was beset ' b~ 'inepsitude, from "llh lch hanlj~' an,) ' :po~~~ida!1rsenior M~lita ' l )< ~ e ad er em c rg e:s 'l,~itlill e red h . Th egaru~nlUry (I f th e troops beeam e a . lege-Ad whichcompa red f a v o l l l i l ' < l 1 1 ; j ] y with th e T roian \iVars? th e:s;~,e nf which \llaS 5:0 near '[0 .h e G aL lipoH baU[c~f~lln' l ~ha : t countless writer r emasked UpoHt i : l eeom parison be tw een H.amfl1Ton'f!j,,~editiIl!1l andth at ',of A gam em lnon and lI.llcliDldaus C Stand in th etrench , Ach iIDle JF]a!l1C-Capped. , anel ShOUT r O ' fme ' , 3S wmt e P,atrick Sh aw -S tew ert of the RO)1aLN ,a,~a l D iv i s]on ; he surviud GaUipoli bU~\\13Skiiled in 1(17). Yet th e gl"CIUC5't t~g:~d~'of thecam paign was th at th e eenduc r of the expeditionwas um vorth y of [h e O(luragc of m e troep , \ vhow ere sacd ficed upon :its altar.

10

. . . 'Ian r"lI:nd1~tllIl'li,ltd '.IisMl ioU: i oc J: lfmnl f 1 '1 r1 .! nchf J . J & e l r ! > . : ll:millruo' is IIrcenire . 'c.tl,. imopt,;:di:ucl U ItJu;~righlOf du' Sroti9' ,htlme,m" ulRli'ring dlf l !g~engra~{.


12/99

THE CIOMM,ANDER:SIt c ou ld h e :1 if gu ed di:lal th e m ost innuen ti~ figu resin th e G alL i:pn Ucamrpaign w ere th ose w l~o never (oron ly b l"ieO y) .'i,ct f()o~ upon ~h e I 'c lJ ta :n rsul. a; a ndi1 should be remembered that the nominalcom rnande rs- in -eh lef d ld not enjoy total [reedoeno acdon. but were 'ClOnS ralned blhcwr respect ive.gO\ "~mmen l :S "

The AUicd CemmandersP ,erh aps th e m ost cen trn~ .nguie L R II:h,e cam:prugnwa th e AU ied oomm andc:r. S ir :bm Stand ish~"vlonoo'ih HaJ.i~~nn.A Scot horn ]n C O ' r r u ' l H~]mU~ton w as aged 6Z in 1g r n Saud h ad spen t h h i, entireadult lie in th ' a r H 1 ! Y I had seen more 3Jt:lio,,'c ervieethan alme 1 an other gcnelf'a~ o,ffic r and wasapp '~rendy t,ot(l]]Y withmil t fear, as Wi'IDt:'SiCS 'o f h isconduct ~n a c ti on , r e st ify . His staff c 'xperience W~S'wide; ADC to Ito bc ]'ts ill ~ndia,. Mw l ! i t a r y Secretary[0 S ir G eorg e' \- VllIil!ean d d epu ~} " mKi'lthC!lcr intlhe l~s t st~S '1!S of the Boer W ar, foUQ wcd byhnpO!ilal:ll~posts at the War O ffice and a ~ f i ' it ro the!R~SSo-J81f19ne8e \Var. H e W;!S l 1 ! l i g h l y ~nte i i igem~~,l, i d J i great talents flu' \\~riting and poetry; I _ 3m i lmnwas essen tia lly a em dli\l'~ m an wh o 'Wil te n '000-'sidera te an d too good-n atu i! 'Jed for th e task hehadbeen glv,en. H e stood V 'Cry :much in K i tc h en er'ssh adow and WIiS loath to q uestien th e d f f i i l ' i t c u v - e s ofhi ch ruef. a nd th us was den ied m e oppol: ' l lJ loit) ' ofiMP~ ~flgh i \ ! , l i n upon the course of the campaign,b u~ e ve n if h e h ad been b r i , ' I ' e n greater free dnm (Ifaet ion, it ls d'~lu~nfulwh eth ~ r h e would haveexpLoi~ed it, A degree of ru th lessness ~ as , req uired1 ' order h m s ' .uboedinates [0 act, to dismi, . t h o s ewh o w ere pil.len tB ;yiuept; 'ec uch "ras H:t]:lui 'hon'sf D H r u ~ e t b a t h e on~y advis'0d, :lind hav ing g i v , e n . ; < 1 Jbrood oudifiJe . o f h is sD ',a 'le gy h :f~ th e i:r ttp ll! 'm , ~ n-ration of it en1irdy to his generals .. He urgedins tead of ord re d an d b eliev ed tlli:la l: a s .u gg a stia nor an eb in us coarse of action w as su :ffid efl'r" nor

.. ir'llm Stl l !Rdl~I ' i 'Mtllill'fl'ir:l:' HIm~jJi:V1i1(lflSJ-t9'4iJ. Ctlmm:I;II',der,~frhc' :lcdJ,fClTIln:elm

. 'Vpc. r l i f imm:,, f'rwce.f'1!;


13/99

W lE C O :MMAN D E R li

3 JmOS[ univcf l iaUy liked. H am ilton was esscn ri~ny aw ea k e nmm a nd er g !YC 'r 1 1 11'[ I} 'k b ey on d h is ab ilitiesa n d r es ou rc e s,If H am ilton bears som e of m e ' blame Ior th eut i s rna nng:eHlcn [ o r [h e campaign. lIIrluch of W~m us tbe aecerded to I"icld ~Iial." .! ihllt'nnd 1'tllltf':\\ IlIz~mmi'li'Jd,c,'of.rht~liUSlmli.1'liI ;:Ina~.,,~Iz.:JIJilIrrd j~rm:,..Cj}.rp.~ linddf: . .1cr i lJ rJ ' I 'u r HlIlllillOll" .. , the 11&11' af ~ll'l,l!'lu.

I" " f '11r rig/tt; . iN l ~~m i "I "flutJ!lf'f'- ~II/:e'''un (li'tJ1iI').""fli'JUflllfJd~ruf the: 2fh'hIJkili,ian ilnd "..u:..- \111CW'p . o ; , W i :r J ' l l w G J l S r : I J rolTrciI!r.i (it/enfilied by t.llcirrl:'d~q:'tr~p~ue1l'I".s)l(thf''I:LUrJlI'!.'e ('II rhegener.lIis.dU!,"tIlU.

b est A nted com m andees .. f\ jKi tchener m an ' w h oh ad served 3 J S ~K " s : m m t ~ l l J r secre tary in Ind ia , h ee !ill1 blish cd a gre1U rapporl with the Austral


14/99

was anomer o r Kltchener's disastrous appetm-~e]'!ts. A~cd 61. S~{lpfmrcl\!,~~selected inlp~y DOgrounds of seniorrnl)' , h~vin,g seen {)]'I]}' ] r u m m ] r u ~ C J dse rv ic e (a un er's I.~ ~~ it':'l:ryecret 'ary in the Boe:rW ' 0 l1 l " ) e n d h ( lN i ! l, g m c v ' C ' r ' c ommanded ~ n b a t e l e . Akindl) ' l '[ 'a31l bu t : p ; ; ) l J ue l l i l ~ y cOinple tc ly ~1'J iCp~" h e was~ d L ( } w l e d 10 nl l1ah l in ~o~ftI1;l~d ~& Suvla hyH~m ll r o n 's e u SlOftlary ~ouril icsy ~ and h W;]J; pJ i1(J~bibly lO S t{lpfol f'd 's r e ll ef thiill h e w a g nmll1yre liev ed of h is d!;1J~) ' ,h 'Ul f~r roelate ..H e Il\i~t havebec~ less o r ; ; ) ] l . Li;;Jih~litywhh a perceptive clh icf ofS t iS i I T , . blJJ~ h is \? I ! a ~ B r r . i , g a d fe 'F ~ G c n e r ! l . 1 Harnlltenleedl~ who had won :J J VC 1iI~ Coh:l1Iso inc! rclliIlm~sllmu::es of grea~~311~n'lw"y, b tu wh ose rac ticallhii [ I D l d l l l C wa'll: d C l n l ! i n a t c d [ ( n a i l l y by a~i' !l si s~c!~c~ Oilhemvy bO imb i l ] r dmen t~ and thu s S (Q Pf7 onP !i un~" ' iW r u i ~ g !H : : S : S ~oexeeutc the rap[dadv1\noc'S needed:i.~ cdia~ ie ly afie r th e S uvla h l!1 (H ~gw as oom -p o l , ] . ! 1 . d c d ' h ) ! [ h e o p i t ' J i ~ Q t m .orhls , c h i e f o f staff.

R ear- A dm ira l Sack \~ iU c C a rdcn l ! l ' a_ : l i< tl;l)il asre!1oJute ~ruh~s attieudes IOEl nfllva.l ifIUack as h~so r . i g i n l i l i . p l a J n : l l t i n g ~~ll'hl have implied, ~ J 1 1 d ~heresp o :mi i ib~~ i . ty appc ~ rs hl h 3Ve a:ffic:Jied h r u s h r e l l ! l ~ h


15/99

TH E COMMANDER Sseria lis l) '. H e h ad been appuLn ted 1 i0 c ommandffoom,his posi t ion .:IS super i ' l l ' lCI ' l ldcH~ of th e dock-yard at M ~~U iJOlIi]Y because th e rea l Darclaroclitcsexpert, A dnl'ira l L irnpu h ad been h ead of ' l 1 I 1Cnaval mission in Turkey and whose appq) i r r tmen~ ~oth e f1ee l (at a tim e w hen Tu rik.e} , W 3, till ncurral)'would ba,ve g IlV~no fli :n ce to Lbil'l D:ilal~()n.Car(h::n's,s uc c es so r, V iCJ e-Adm ili~ dSirJuh.n de R ob eck '3San c!


16/99

TKE . ,COMMANDERS

.. ir n~r"tJ'iilrn ,1j. r idge8,(WSI tOioiJ(Ifdil~.I~1~II ' l _d i m J 1 1 1 J ( . ' F ' . J J ' S r u ' l rm~d,C6fUlfJjl:lrdcr afd'lI:1~II'SlJrjl1il[lf~lm'pt!rinl FIIR.~'.h e lUIS n lW1IIJy ""~nd,-d'bY;I ' niperoD"Sl"I~ _~ 1 ,fjc e- " d m in t!: $;1" Jolmd e R ' , j) ' I J ( ~ e J l : (a'6l1 r row,CC fl lT - e) M ' d' his f m C ; f lH~( 1 m " -'1' ~t'Ii~rd ' ~udl:R{Ji'.!el:':k"ri-J,.'Ih~' isUJIJl I ' I~n:d:(JFe Rf~J.,


17/99

TH e CO f 'i1MANDE I! tS

1 1 6

.. GCIl'lt:'nll II 'ari Gtlilt:ltld(tJlit~' f l"m11 1 1 : f t) m ' , l d IIIsJ'l~fflU Hene....,,. n~lfm' left: CumDl\lllndl1l"of thc. ' J'i\:ncb c."( il J . fm;gcnl!liier (Jnui"ll,tJd ImsInnmded: aen,ernI Mm:u~k i : 'B'il'iill'llluJ.

to Otto I,linnfl muSlmJ"T,'>, (18S5~1929)n cl~rin~TtJlij:~/,pnit~.rm.lIe", W Rl'lld nf.rlJt'(i,'ri11ilH , ' U i i i U : l I : n -J\ U~~WRw Tutk,," ~nddc~emJct' nfG'~~ib.I J i ; - Z < 1 u ' right: ;Uusr .NJi I 'Kefll111, I H u l l I ' , r J{rhc: lbJ'kJ'slldell!. 'fu"e, ptlf}wgmphcd iI~G:IHiPfd ' i " ( 1 1 usmdtlllQ U7ru -. I \ I ,~rri{lr iill .ncg : , I'm.4 5JJ~)

h is c olla bo nn tn !f l with th e British (und,er whoseconnnand h.e p~nced his sh ips withmn hesitatian]\~ !a!Sen d rely coed ia l a nd g :re :rtly a lpp llied ated b y fllUthose with whom he t ~me imn eontaet, save M s,'0\\'11 Ujperlinrs.: im M,ayll '9'15, wil l11ot~u ' I ;' :X f J r n a n a : r i ! D lm I !llhe french Vioe'-Adm.ind Ni .ml , 'liI8S tnslaUcd O\'erhis head J b d [ l g ' a cummander less : l i i l ! ! e 1 y 1: 0hazard e erjthing in suppurt of the Blitisb.Guepn.u,e's continul!.'!dad aey uf a na~'a.assauhlin all) I,d to hi- reM oval eo sh ore du t in O ctober'~'915.

The Turkish Commanders,The' Turti h command Wi1, vcw-ymueh dominatedb y U l 'I l 1 an v o n S a n d e r s a n d Mi u . st a f i " ! K e m < 1 J L Ot1!OL im an ven Sanderswas a ca alry officeII' aged si lyin m 9 r 15 . The : i : I I ; : 3d of Gennany" mi]it::lry missionte Turkey, he became Inspcdn:r of the TurkishA . m I l I I Y and was gID\'eIl Co a u d o r m e T u r k i s hICorces in th e Caueases upon th e outbreak o r war,but in J \1~ . i ' l r c hm 91 5 w as 'Il"a nsfi'e rrcd t . 1O commandth e FEfdl ArMy en ~c G allipoU pcn~ns'l.d;),. H isi[ii~rod!JIclion o r G e m ! J I l! .o officer in to posl L ions, ofliesponsib llit was great ly bcner.dal!,iliough th e


18/99

THeCOMMANDRS

! ~a ngu ag ,e d i.ff ic u l,t ie s c au se d some ccnrusio[J, CewG erm ...~tJ5 being able tp sfu\'!ak Turkish. 1 fis ar -rangem ents foli" 1 1 1 C defence ef sh e Dard.anc]llieswe're well-coucclvcd , and h is conduct during th eCM l ll ip : a W g n w a m J a r k : e d J y d ifF eren t from . th ~ , ofH 3JmUtoD . Th ough h is actions wen; h ard ly in -spired (h!.: m iscaleu lated th e m


19/99

T H E COMMA ,N D E iit S

Dcspi l

I II

PU'1 hea r t inlt) eh e Turk ish d efence , b tu on 8tnumber 0 occas le ns pfU ve d de cisive in tll\\\'a ,rtingthe A m e d p~aIS.,'ad P asl a , n om in It, : f < , 'm al's su perior,p layed a m uch le s im porlan lrol. U p n th eland ing ' a t :nxac j i t was K em aJ11wh og rasped th iltChurlul Bai,~'andthe S~uiirn3i3~rri .dgc were the kt),'to th e wfuoh~ situation e :[ . ]mi his ac tin sts in commir-'!:Dngmore troops than ordered were q uite beyondhi d \irti'J1J~}' m l"'..JP.Th- I : r il Jc j ' , ! , > r Ju : l~u r -k rs l l1,en/un o{d.le ,GcnlJ I~I'Jl 1l"lISI'II'. (ParOli.ng f,~~'iI1:Jf.'u.1'd,)

.. The ] 'Yf ':&:isb ndduoif,mn fJ.fl 9 t J 9 . ,of,Gt~MlIlD sl)lI:e imdi r n : ; J ~ i \ r 1 i J ] l , l ! "! ' O e ' e n;~'cr ic!hlo rEn~'~ P ~ l i - s , l ' u rh d ' i 1 : u : ~ . t " h ( . 'fJ/litlCl' ( r ighr ,Ci:ll,rre)'UtiliflS tIle fur ,rl;!.rlJt)IJ.~Qrk;[J[lp~lC.


20/99

0

T'HE 'OPPO$,ING AIR,MIII IESTIle 'l'urkhlh Ann

D e phe the ~.Ill)frs of 'Ihe Gc r rn sn i\~ 'i li la l1 rM i~ ,-"ion and the empE(l~''JHCD~of expcr i .cnced Germ.ancommanders, the Turkish :rm~'lit 'he utbreak ofwar W a s a ,'cry imper 1 : : 1 1 : ' 1b ad ly , w hid lli led to iub .jng s e r i . o l L l l d y under-rated b 3 , 1 the A]~ied c o m -mander s and poli t ic ians .

.~he OUOn1 . i l n . rm), ' '! I '.9.5 r11 :ClI 'l i i le d bj~eonscrip-~ i o n ~ fo r w h i c h ,d ~ 'Ihus!.! e f ] 8 y,ears < l i n d OVCl"Wcn:I lia b l,c . e eordi ng ~cth e Army , C ' l of121.a ,y ] 914

the enlistnu~n[ perIod was 2:5~'carsnll' the ~nranlry,.2 0 ro r o th er arm and U (orlh c Ii.il\_', o f v .'h i chacti,'e' ervicc in the N i : ; , t l J l J or regular forces" a Z.1 ' and 5 _em's respectively, (!\ ,I t~nllbC'rs of sh eSlIhu,Il's filJlI lJlJ,i[vere not liab le Ier : ervlce: studentsserved 1 1 shorter term, ih p l ~ y s i c 3 1 1 . unfh p i l . 1 i , ~ r iilta x j :D S r < : : , U ] , amlexernptiea from serv i 1 1 g o mOIre ' 'LhiJI1F i ve m onth s cou ld b t: pu.lIa.::h,[Iscd, Chu~iSli~tl 'lS lind}t;,\ S \ \' en~ re s tr ic t ed 1 u I ,]bour b a n a l i u r n s . ) Afte rth is 'period of J\'it;,uu se rv ic e. t:h e men joined th e


21/99

.I., Thl .1 TiJl"ll:iJd\i' j~n:l],r m'lt!;:i l l1\ilIi!' lJIalJy shO.rl.a.ruli',ifjljr~l'1'md ,eq' , ! I I , jprui"1I r : ,ti'i'i,~ , r y p i t ' 1 1 1 !!>fJi.t1ifH,~~OL"'H~i'

Etlllb 8'kll ',~/-.cllP iU,~f;l;'9d ofdle' em~~Ji:11'1iI lli'IJ' , < ; t t U p $ c',1iI11(f',I/' NIl!Rdli:il'l iJl1,'1~>C.' ld ,O.r,~Ju t i .FS,

rC!;Cr! lf '~ (R,ri.l ij")o f whiCh" r~om 1898.tl l i1crc werel'!l\!O classes, Rrtl i l O l i 1 1 1 S r n and the . I lamih, !iiljl~edllrtl"i/ Chls.1! [ m fl'om .~903. Both existed o b e l 1 V C C ' r i 24an d 3 6 fi~ lill:l- gu ns . T h e I . ' I T t i U e 1 l 1 "was equipped w~~.hli1!!': 1 5m r o. K ru pp fi~ ld ~g ~n" and ' I .h", l 905-pi l .l lern75mJIm i Kmpp and 7 5m m Sd ,1 Iine~ (;]e]'mnOlJ lnUI]Ugu ns, but older, 87 ~U~ German f ield-SHillS < ' I u dil,ntiqUfiled sm i I100 th -hored howif'zcn\'V!t~T~ a~Slo ~nserviee, OI l1~y a fe w .ITIfl dern h eavy ~ns werea.n il ab le r ( . ~ .3 0mn IIJ K r up p and SchlJi le~def-Cre1i:~S() lhO,i' i, l itz.:ers),.


22/99

TH E O P PO S IN G , A I I\ M D E SI~gh ' i :nr~ml1:) ' ol ive-green, artillery d


23/99

rcfltr d , i n ],'907 A nd ' rm ed \, i l i l i l 6in gum ) . , an.WflUIUIi,fld l ight ' cruiser (HtJJllit/idl) .nd 9soneddestroyers, gtin- and t()rpcdo~bo:illl~. The other,capital sb~p, the 1874 bauk~ h ip )\ifCSSlillitdJ~ rebuiltbf A..nl il fl ]c lo o f Gil : l : l101l . in .~J , [ ) I 2 , ' 1 had beea sunk byth e B ritish su bllliJdm .::.8 H on B Decembe r Hn4.\,rhih! one Britisb dCSlc:-ription of tbis force as 'awe i rd ooncctl:OII'l f ) f C : ~ { , l J i P - i r o n " is p r o b a b ] y execs-si 1.', th ~ r, \ a no possibilruty that th e '1 urkish NO lV) '0 0 1 L d d anempr to interfere lD th e c a , O l P < J I i g n , a n diindl.'l.~d t wa h l C a : p l l ! I b l , c of pre\, rent i.ng ' m e depreda-f iens of Jlicd ~wb'miuines th ar n eg eiia tc d theo rdanel les ,

T he A llJ ied Fo rce 'In 191 S the British Arm.)1 w a :ii:tiU rccrLrui:ted by\l'o[unmry cnU st!1 l'en t, un iffi b ein g divided into th re ebasic c : . u ; e g O i r r u e s . . The reguJar regiments { i l i o s ee xistin g ~ n full trengm before th e ou tb reak of w ar}were concentrated into r egul a: r d i\r i: s:i on s. an d a:lth is tim e still included II la ,["gii!prcpartion of, _ pc ri.e nced pre-w ar reg lJ la r so[d ic :ffi; rh e ,29dlD~visiQrru,"rb~ch SI;'L'Vcd ~R th e .Darcla. llu ' !~ lh:s ,caM-p aig n" 'W a s almost x elu il1 'd 'regul r" in compo' i-tiol:lJ (s.ii1veone banalien of T erritorials, til~ 5thRoya l Sco~).. The ec osd ca te gory comprised the

11

...Uu../idd ,li'il~t'Q.rnl lJI.rdllftfJd,rJsh l~n~y.U:rJrtJ b ; iJ,m"mbcrodn;' 8mB~J('llllilJll'l,L'II:IC' l lsbire' < " t l S J I i , e l ! ' s , which l fen'tMJ' jlf(~i11Jjpolia : s 1 " 1 1 ' 1 1 oftht.'4Znd ,Di~Jsiol'l.T'h~m~~1ry'=5(~'J~bj~t:ld~ljeJ"IInri s .pu(Tf !d boors ide-ariOIlim' IllS ,~Inemf.ul'r I1fdte1~Ij]filtltlillltl'sfrlinsJ1~n I Jc ,l ian ; tilt!rmuMQtl-inigr.liill (3 w l . I ! ! r e'8' !1pM ,fl .red dimuond,~I,n.m,Iii ,rlJe: 5houJdcr) t ,C . I C l l l ' { , lrisibl'i:.


24/99

T e n i w f . i l d . b~uil]i()~~s O i f reg'l,l~ar regiments) p a n -tim e reserv ists; four of the G forfol ~~tt'ers~ ~]]Hl{ l 'l l :lgh 'I: .hcybad a s n : u i J l l l pl, 'O~C:s.~, i iOrud, c ; l ic l ! r e , b o t h Offi,CCfSilJ:a.d o o c n w c r l ! ,oo~' i I1 Ip le~clyi : ~ C ' X I } C ' l i e ~ 1 J ; c " , d . ,lli'Io u gh genenllly o f very highmorale. The Hhh.I~h and 13 r h DU\'is,ions , 1 ' 1 1G!!U~pfdi .were f rom th e !N l"W l\r:my' .

DMsfona l o l : ' lt ,m i z a n o f l l encompas sed a~~rI!ec-! : : S ' , s l l r y ! i1! i lpiporl:. i.ngseevices and i1niUery, d l lOUg - c f u theh eev ler p~s were n O f m a W ~ y assigned at cm 1D s .or; 3 I f a ] l , r l c ! ' ! d . Eaeill in(~ntry d h l ' i 5 i o l ! : l compr ised l f I ' 1 ' e eb l , ; g a ( h : s , eaeh of ~our in fanl:ry b ( ; ' lu 'O i l I] i om i " \w th asqua.dml1l . o f ca\;':l~f}!and a iCyd~s[ oo~panly~l''''onal'er m ll"c 'c) engiuecr com panics~ a signal C'om-p:.'l~', th ree fie ld am bul ancesand a dh d!;](lin .~ 1ral nIQ f f o u r C O l l l p l 1 l n i c s of the Army Sc",~cc Cerps,Eac~ iu f itl .1 : li1 } 'b~ i l: ta l i~F ! h i l.d O l~ cst1lb] ishmem o faheut l , o r n o of a ll n l.l1 !k s,wima COm,bilt s~rength of, B O O , O I ' g a l ] i . l c d in to fnu~ . r i J 1 ~ compmlics a n d 1 1 .headq~3rL'e:rS ,oo:mpany. D~viS~l);n[]] .artillery CO[}~slstcd of three F' iddU.rrngades (18pdrs) "uld :m . FieldH ow i~ er B r,ig mid e{f.5in how~ lizer.s.).!eac h w i t h aIripde~lU1iJiri()[lI Column~ supported b~' aD~ v is io ll a[ A r I, 1 :f i:1 l IU . IJ ~ il :iO i ]J olum n. A tlJ1h e oU lb l : "eBi l. o f w~v :Iheir.,)' b J < 1 l t t e r y of f o t l . ( 610:pdrs a n , i , g ' . f u u also beaU11lched,whkh w~th 5, 18pdrs and ] 8 howi~ze~!!g av e a d hrb l[o il1 a~~.J la I. of 76 6 '1 .1J I$ . By mid -] 9 ~ . J ,I~owevcr~tl irue l ls ;y .. 1 d i~ iis ~ O [ll il] tib 'lllrJ J gl:l1 I w a s 48l 8 p , r l l i l , " S ~ n d 8 h()\'\;iilZCrS,~ and S O M e o f l t ! ! . : T errl-~oria l bat ter ies had s em i - ob so l e tc 1lpdrs. A~ th e.' Se~~r:ll, L~fl~l~hjliC1"Mit~n1,nili~ii1:~!'nb~'Wa(rh e b.il"f;f;l 'Ji!iMifJI~fnOf'M:li. t:t 'd, ( 1 , - 'Luh';".1. 'l ' l!Ycumd; 'ng"UCC'il'l'~il!le i1I~!il'C'Jf:liltli:Ul;]Ik.i.wen(j''(.lc dEil.",~.~afUu: l1r i.u1>h. 1 m t 1 J '" J ! n r r . i l l l l v u 'i&:b hM-dl y1I1l1\'fJlldiii""3dQ~~-I6ji" tintd~n,;lfle. jiiIJ:rI [hI;' HIt:U l- -p ! l , r l \ l t ~ J \I~~bbi.!i\g1 . : ' " t U i p -I1\ll1fJ1r..DU1JlIglI'lltllM,j (llc~ f t i I ' i r ; r , , , , : ! J o '! ) J i t ' l l i ' l r J r ,;J~I"J'llrJ't~'d i t . ', ' l ~ r ; r , tJ d i:tf cW Ii'C t l5 ml ii i" li !i 'hm l ' 'n fi 1 i" C di!!! il1s"g;niJ'!:J ! J I ! ~ . die Cjtp-.rJ\l~fj'gc of,:]bm$,~glrl!:lm:d'~ !JIpa~$

U':hrrc-ttJ(lr;~!1 r H l e ~ . o ; l C ' f 'i l. H .3~ld,[I brll's grnlil~}dc(U'i;'Pd l l . \ ' ,lell~FS iU;"!Dn (ll~s1mt i iM\I . '~M'.T; i . 'P; O.I'I,[ICUltC,"!'C:nri~~,s!"t'h i I : iCruJ~i~OO*n~~ IltMaf!iedr~mmi.dl,rllw ("jiP ,fJil~g'Jl: h ; l ' I C C;l'I"-fl~ps Uf" Ii' J!i"(lc.I."-C-Hi"/!i:i~I',,~u~d ' !~


25/99

outb reak of w ar C< 1 u : : h baltl1l.lkm h ad ['I;!;'O m i Il O l c h in e -~ns. N laxIDms Dr Vid;c'fS~ by ~m~d~'9 ] . 5 Ll~ i . ! ;h adri$en to f l O 1 l I I 1 1 " Vickers guns C'3'ch. g i . V 9 U g t'I d.i.lI''i!'l~(Jin:~~~iOt. l i .~ of 48 gum s. A ~ th is da~e1ihere were n~~ r J id ep 'e ll! d ,eH l "m achi ne -gun [ai r t reach -m es ta r l i J J n r u ~ .By mid - 1 915 o fl 1c ia ] d iv i: si o~ a l e st ab li sh men l 'l'l':S!SJrll l ,srov,cr 1 1 8,000 m !~n '(lI.llr(ilnh),! 5,:0 (J (I , h orses, 834-v eh ic h:s * 'in d 5 4 n'totoir\'chicl~s.Th e arm y l"I 'ioretiliu: u n iversal kh ak i H eld~m ' IJ ~ fo ]'m \? lr .i lhp ea k ed cap in[l1oduced in '1 g, () 12 ;[ beI } n l y IIIajar d!cv~.lIt ion from, mill l'I'as the kill andl r r I e a d - d i W \ e s s of r n - l i , g ] ] : ~ ; ) . n d regim ents .. Th e eqU i~p-raeru was the khaki-green 1908-:ratlem w e b b i . I . i 1 g .and the :!j't


26/99

T HE O P'ro iS 'lN G A RM I' S

w ere aw esom e. .oR lbined ....1 ' [h thc reS(liUFCC-f al ne ss a n dmugb n es s on!.:! ,", : , } I I , th e tim e attriburedt n 'co lon ia ls ; used to an o l l ' l d i c w t life , th e I l ' e s u h i f l l g 't : 3 . 1 i iJ f ,e o f ' th e: A N ZA C W < ' lS prob ab ly n ev er e x -eeeded by any troops eng aged in th e ~ .ar.n i . s , intcoosling ['0 note th at e 'en a d e c : \ " J i s t a . , n o gh ::\i'c iof casualnes in 'B riti h un lit d id net restd~ inth .e i r '~id 'l .dnn\ra] r " O H l th e l ine. though laUerl l)ttem porary pe riods of rest w ere in tinued .ln s .ead ,hanered llDiits WeI:" amaligamJaLcd temporarily topreduce a un it o f pract icable size fliom th e w reckofl'lj,!,j'(IIethers, for ,~ am p]l;:> in t r n ' I ~ 52nd Divisiano n 6 J u ly i i J e .~/ 4 '1 :1 ;1 . ( ' Q u e ! . : n 's - , c li n b 1 l , 1 t g h , 1 ~ n , l ! S . )and ~17 th Royal Scots were fio,rmed into aI::ompmd tc b all'a Uon; ~ ,h :b in I[be 2 9liil D h ris ~o n rif.u !,2nd R QY 'l1 lf usmers and Hamp h ire R eb '; 'm entwen : joined ( al be ~~ b " Iong in:g 00 d ifferen l b rig -ade ).; and th e 1st/lun t r and lst R .oyal,D ub linFusil lers Weli"l: am elgam at d to form I), com po il:'eb aualin n styled ~ th D !iilb sb!rs ' (by 4 May only0 1 1 1 . ' DubUns o flic er w as nota casualty) .

Th e french ferees a~ th e O a rcla,n eU es w erecemposed of a m iKw ] ' e ' O r f .cmrop onr.an; ,(FtleflCh)and ,[olonhd units, some "egim,enm. being


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,pllt~mo e ffe ct, In support, .Kruu::hen~rudtorizr:edth e tm ns fe r ofth e A N ZA Cs 10 the Greek i51~i1dJ,ofL em nos, h u~ prevaricated Ol\1cr th e lmmedi~,~u:ed is p l a ! l : c h of the 2.9~hDivis ion in case II shoul d ber eq u ir ed o n th e ' \ \ 'estern Frent.A1 HO poinl [mm ID.eent r ance a fme Daxda -neUes HI its ~unc[kmIf,rilfllhc Se a of Marmara \W3$th e channel ou r of ra ng e of th e T u r~ ]s h d ef em c es(lin b oth th e E urope an a nd A sia tic s hores. A t 1lhcmou th , the e ha nn e l is 2 V ~ m ile s w id e, g uard ed byth e forts o f Sedd-e l-B ah r on t : h e Eu ro pe a n s ii (J .eand K uru K ale on th e A siatic.. P ast th ese n wofon:if i .cat ions m e channe l widens to some 4lill'!liU esa nd th en is r ed uc ed s om e f ou rt ee n m i l e s u p ~ tmc ~ ,i !l mw ' ' the ~arro, . ..S), less th aJn a m ile across, uhe

location where Leander S l l I p P Q i S c d l y :SWa~lJli acrol')s.'fh e a pproa ch w as 'protected by th e K eph cz and~ ,mows minefields and a furtherpair of fblrtHi-ces

I!pp.lied .in .,'9Hi "'ir,b .II{~I'f '1jsu~r81.I.ipLord Nc]so .n ,I!!hca.riginany .hlld 11 {a.kebaw-nll~', :;VOJ1 P1I1.r.ll(.lfJtm~ . (P. l rn t il 1. :L f . ! \ I . y . f l . , )i,B~!rV ..

2 7


28/99

~(JThNilTHE NAV,ALA'TT'ACK

8e fore [hcmt'l'31~ attackwas msm:itu~ed,Churchstskcd th e 'ph ~i,O ln of th e officer l:lOmmand.ing m e--,g~ln, ":ice-A dm iral. Sack v iIDWeCarden. Cafiden, r at e d [hill h e be lieved th e Dar,c :h ln elle ' cou ld beforced, ,gillen uff ic ienr w ~rsh ip , and m in e-1I\'t,epc~1~]athree-stage plan; first a neurral iza-1i00n of the Turkish forls guarding the entrance,l hen II dca .dng of th e Turk ish m ine ne~ds, andr.n~~ly a dri~'~ into th e SC:iiI(If M ,arM ara. T~ 1!~ spersuaded the: \;\hlif COll lncU [0 proceed , anddespite Fisher's doubts, once his oppostrion ' W ' O l SoverO m rlll1it:(to th e extent m a t h e m edoncd the uscof tw o m ore battlesh ips, m1S L ord 'e l.~ tmand ,appJi llpr; iate ly cons id erm g [h e h istoric al , :cuing ofth e D ardane lle s , H M S Agmflc l l l l l rm). , th e pbm w asT N l\f .!I' Ilg,lI.lliltmnun,CfJmp~~'[I::df! 1 ' 9 , 0 7 , ir U~1.~die !'(iliJ;,gl'&r-st'r&1tlg {jfdN~JJji'~~-D!rCll'~~'rU,lI/!..J1h:l( i l1e-. < ; , h ~ p . o ; .8,LI 'n,>j , I j I l ' lg ' iill ~mn l lst'il"lice ( 1 i r J l ' , , , .rly II arndifN,"OJ'U:r , 1 " J 'I'JII'UI}:In'Ullry'pl'ac,cmclI't J ' 6 ' , . f t lO ,M:I1S;sp , c d 18:5 lirmr,. ,1"Wll:-m ..nr; foul" Urn" (,en ! .I .2 m ,, 2 . , f2pd:r:, (WO Jpdr b'UI1tS,6,'t,: 'Bin ,t{lltpcd{)-,tt:lIJc:>,;,~nU':' i ' hQN~'S,OOIiea.f!l'e,riU'II:i",curuillufluge Sdl,enJl!'S

IIPplt 'ed ia .#~l5j wid.., 'mi l 'i'i'j:!iU'if8~\,ip .!Lorn' elS!~n.:'~e o.Fi:g,iDany ,bmlll {''}k~brnl,-n::r!i 'e, SVrlH pu,:ru'Ir.:',(j011l. ,(;Pi]Irnl:'il'lg '~J; 1 . . . ' & .1Ju 't't.) _

16

pu r in to. C O C C I . In su pport, K m ~ ' C ! I 1 f : n c r author izedthe iran fer Q _ the A ZACs tome Greek island ofemnos, bl,u prevaricated Oller the immediate

dispa1ich ofthc: 2 9th D iv ision in cas , ' it should bercq ulred on th e W e st,em Front.t fu n point h -um 'lite entra nee of th e D arda-neU es ~ o its jmJu: tioJl wid '! th e Sea u ' J\llarm ara was

th e chenue] out of range of th e TlU:lkjsh defences00]] bo rn th e E ue ep ea nan d A : s . i a d c s hO ' f'e s. A I [ t h em ou th , '[h e ch annel i s , 2 V .. m i l e s w~de , g' l:1~:nlcd byth e fOI~1:S of S edd -e l-B ah r n n th e European $~dcand Kuru. Kale on 'm e A , jane. P'a It ~h e_ :e ~o'.F o rtif ic atio ns th e ch a n ne l w i de n to som e 41(2mi le sand th en is reduced som e fourteen mUc , UP5,' l1I"Cil.Uf l101 'the Nan ws', Jess than a mil :.lew s, the

calelltn aglJldelbO i lTdu '


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l o c O l lt n : i o . nwhere Leandem- s1l : lppo~edly sw .a~ ~{:rfli!il!i.Th e "PP i.'tJ


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1 iH E NAVA l l. A T T AC I K

M arch Carden repe ned that he h opt:d to belnf 'ough to Com;(~.'~,linop!ein abnut 'twoweeks ..This was " ' I t i h l l ~ 1 opt~ .is~k . .R et illm~:l:Ig~oOP I )OSC the ~andll!;.fS,. the Turks caused [lilt!hmding~Il \ [ ' I r t ies to w ith dr a1 f , \ 1 . I l I l 1 1 .dth e mubw [ c hOiil\ 'i~'-z:e:rbaue:ri es proved ron dusivc to be dcsuoyed b~1rna"i11 b! 'Ji~nfiJ"-e.The hO'\\ l ,1jtz,ers presented littler n :an~c'r to du: bart leships, but W'CfC formid~~,~cwhen bombarcl lng th e m ineg\vcle'l1ers~whos.elaskof clearing the chammd w a s tllL~ next ~,l;\gc in th e}Ubd plan. The h o w i l z . t : r s could no~be O P I Y O s c deff{~CL~V'C!ly by th e C1ce~ Unlit rite m lnes wereCk~ l~ ]',ed , m ld tffi'lu s th e ~ ~nesw eepers 'I'.'01!l]d bevulnerable whenth ey m ade th eir i,fW ida~m: :mp~1~ch~~ l rh e m ines. The seaplanes , W h M i h sho1l.l]d hotvleac te d as spanc!:'.'!!.~J enable the ncee~gutnn.cry (0range on th e sh ore -baner tes , v ,r 'e rc c en sta nl;]yfrll.smu'Cd bY!;l i 'e.uiher eendhiens "';hithp!"C\'e,];u~dtheir mking ( l i l T . - rhus~ it w ;~ s perh apanat su r-]l:ri:s,i[' lg~h~I~.ile m i ue sweep C rs ricfused to g 'O in ; [h e~e sse lsw ere sm a ru lttil.w h :rs a nd ~ h cir C]'\CWSWC]\Cc : I D ' I I i i n . O l f i 2 ! i " wh o were n ot p re pa re d ~(I face aniHcrywin.ho'l][p roteetlon , Commodore R ll'gcr K eyes,C i i l r d c n j g e h l e f o f s t< 1 ! i " f ,c a l l e d f o r n a . v a l vohll~reeT.sfrom dl: fleet 10 crew th e minCS1l'l'c'epers.; but 3 .de t e rmmcd (ljllC nlp t 01 1 I J.!Viarch, invo!.'l~ny sm :m - f l w h ;: f f l a n d th e : 'CN[SCr "hndlqsl. e n d e d w b e n .d~b utiwo of th e tr~w [l'rs w ere put nUL o f a ctio n bythe s lhore - h a t te rie s.Th eecnsta ra dcl~ ya , p:rorlnp$ed Wie!!smgesf roooCbuwc lMID l t o Card en , u rg in g h aste ; these pl ayedUpOUl Carden \\ ncn'cs ii111'1d ln Eli March heannounced !h al h e could rWl .~(l 01], ~ docto:rQfmfir.m lng h~s pmxm_ir!ty to u Oen'Ou.:ll breakdown,Rea r - Admiral Rm:ish'n [.W c ny.'iii$ ~com mandi ngth e b a s e on LCtlmosJwa,~ the ! S i t : n i i O ~off:ic~r i n t h earea , bu t he w i mngJ yaUowed deRoheck~o takec !o im!~ l l l ld o f the n.ee].

D e R ebeck m ade h ils m II1:liuat1l3eknn 18 1\1\ardlijllS.in ~.o~e rcspcc~.s ~. curiuns rllro'wbild.'U ! L 1 U k c t h e pe,81~ d r u s [ , 8 1 n n : e s o v e r which m o d e m~au~ banles were fOllgh:t, an observer on a h~ghpoint on the shore enuld have seen lfle entiredram a; as! in fil~l~d]cl m e "fu d tis h. and G erm anamiUery~poners . m m bright stl.l:lsh:i:l1t! ;t iad i f lQu. ! l~ I . ~ule~tnl,p. . Am ' l am l~~ t :1 x 112[n,11 x 61 ft; I E Ix ri~ jl'd'r

fii'mth N < I i. Y :r "= A d 'r 1 !1 I t ra i l I E m i ~ e IG!)n~pr


31/99

THE:NAVAI.ATIACK

Ail 1'wrkisll' JUif] gurJdrs t r rJJ11id , i1t , t h e :fMlifi:C!ltJfltrS M. L ' l ld-el - IJ i~/Jr ' ."'UJ\!lS E ll fI~!(:ibl,eb!J tnb."U"ding 1i:Jd.:iJ'hVOi ' ;JY:~ '~ns.


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Turkish batteriesIIrincipal po itionsm econdery po itioas[IIMobile emplacementsGunfire (rom Allied ships,Ships' lighter armament onlyengaged Turkish mobile andsecondary batteries; ships'main armament was directedat the Turkish batteriescovering the Kephez

minefield and principally uponthe major batteries andtowns at Kilid Bahr andChanak , both o f whichlocations were totallydevastated by thebombardment.

THE NAVAL ATTACK

Aegean Sea

Gallipoli Peninsula

-TIHE INAVAIL ATTACKThe Allied attempt to force a passage of the Narrows, 18March 191530


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THENAVALATIACK

The NarrowsKilid B a h rChanak Turkish mainland

minefield

Kephez minefield

Irresjstjble mined

Allied battleship dispostions:First wave D Queen Elizab -til IIY Agamemnon 11 LordNelson a Inflexibl 11 Prince George m Triumphccond wave IIGaulols m Charlemagne" IiBouveW J uffren" W~Maje ticW wift. ureTllird 1111) e fII Vengeance W Irrcsjstible III Albion1 1 m , 'CcanRe.serve, held back for mineswee1>ing suppQrt al1d 110tcommitted to the attack til anopu rm ornwallis

French battleship; other: . British.31


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THE NAVALATIACIK... 1 :hl!J .J'c.ll:ch b iu d . m p 'BOIj\ ~t,,; mtk . i l l ' !:ht' .tllU'Ql:~I',ftJckefUI j\,1'1]n:b ~l'ir./Jdlt' l os : al"ldlllfJ i .111ll',~r,'r:cn.

c4lDU OCIW'IlI. smi'l, in dli l1r! ln1!lt ~utlld,;tit18 M[lU "~ 'h .

o il flit l"II 'JI1c iiS,lible b~gim;ru 5itlk dur1rJg the: I']li".mtlU m.w uf 18 Mll1\'ch.


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ffilE N A VA L A TT ACKe R obeck's Nlur mast ~uwerflll shffips,f!Jwe.1l

to pound th e two :Cilrt5 at Chanak.,Lfml i V e l s ( m and l u f l e . ; I i : i h l e In bombudBahr ; ~hey were accompenied b y P r i u ( ; i I !/ ! f J r t / . f on l l l i i l e : [ump eam nlllnl~an d T r i u m p h 0 ! ' 1 1 thesia tic , A t m idday , a fte r 9 O m inules~ actiorr, de10becksignalled his secondwave ~o 1 0 in clnser,Freud! squadron fJJf}m.~'I:I. Clu'lrlt'~and Sr if j1vm ) t\ ri l: h t l. rv lSS , i \11~it 'Jlit-n d Sj'l'l'if i:~un:.GmEpr,~ar\ilnl~'destroyed by a sh ell. I ~c:rcreww a s cW < l.cu a~ i~ d ,and K eyes and S n ' i j i s r u ' t ' \\; tth d rcw ..He I 'ch. l , l " l1cd after dark in t li 'le d,emoyer }~'flin


36/99

" 1 . " ljill-'IIU'''. ai),r~,J e s lJ ip b u i l( lMParf' . lj lD'mlrll ' Vuckl 1#'(/ 'imdc:uJ'up/e~J iJllIW09; tJ f lJl~srmlC CJI :M i : ' "5 m~i1ltihi ddOec,m" bmh c'i'tIBk duringdlt~ VnNJlidJii' '"llIup'l:ign"Dil'!{pJf!lt'e.!1!U!JlIt 12 . 9 S t J rifl'Jii.!O,t"llp.(~ld.ea'" U J . _ J '9 ktltJ~s.

'UlU 'In:f1cxilil:lc.:Ii)JttUct'nli!.lt" (yJIliIP'~'II~,dn 'J"9,(J8. 'I 'hl: '~iI'JfI\t'\i1p1 (1(t'JI'Ctmn/~-.cIt.u'.~J"~1",(1$o i.'ro.IWI 1r(:'li.'l"/ \I",rI'llilmosrrhthi.nilJ!!,'-pml'(:~ of u b i l n # ! . : - -sllip' Inn J~rlldl g:I'.:m~.r~"ed, ufl.ich JI~cl.."..~if.(lled'JlIJudl' JtgJ]"Ilt'II,.,n~!l'r (liin,urrrets 7irlJ~b . :1 tdcc ro i . o ;e~wen: J~bia iUl1ge.nmd Ji!ll'dW'Ol'e pDn"Crl"ul ul,b"nc!i",ni.! '1iPJ;~cl.:nlcn~ r 7,25~~'tI!!I~, " p l ! o r ! d _ 5 : " ( ) k . l I ' D . r s .Jh"ti'JilJli'!'~i1I;l:'iyh,I' }2;r:I,s.i\:h;C'II' 4in ~':iI!I1I", live UJiD,rm"pl~df. l - '( l IJ,b es, (1' l In-:o'1TRgfW'TI'i.'ll.ll"F.tRg'!;'IUt'1i rwn...N'ud} rIJ;! r i~'J'r.rnir'lld tm'I:ld-id.to &,t'!l IZinwms, ,IRw, iUt iC f ! ( '~fJed i~" i tJin sue-t.'t-cJingd(tsi~s ~l"bll'[tJ'C-~t"is(,JI's,J' I n ' l l !o . " ) I ! i b l l i? u ; u , sa~iDi!d dl1'Hng'lbe ,("atlU-tJ:lign bill' n.~r: l l IJ! iJ l l \ed,:.tlrl;Jfclnd sl'Jt''I'J'u,'d W #glil' m)1~flamtlu. '!~'jl'SStJJ~Jflu's em j l') I n V~"C'm'b~r r 1)2,1.(JJJlij~UIl.'f I: v R . ' 1 . . Burl)

;b"m:IIlII'l.'tU; (iuJ,"12ia,rw ch 'e ,!S in ,~wd~ J'2pdt!m'!1Jl iJOdi iUlwr lSj'J' ~jjlr~~~cdt:lmfi;~5.J'tl,re ~i'el'-Cdie, l'ItJI'f ,t , 'PUlJI.!.iS, -CHrrh-J iS 'h~s ml' loucll' tigtl~iflp-1 ' t !, tJ , .< ; , 'md' (he J I ' ii l' il l' e -t,i[icherm'~,llnted'oJiiI r/lcbait. Ca'llil


37/99

T H E N A V A l A T I A C I


38/99


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C hu rc hill. d mftcd a siS 1llia~[0de Rob ec .k o rd cd i!1 g,Ill irnm,edi , n ! . : : ~~UllIp[ioin of tllielllJl.va~ attack! but: l i n e r d iseussien w i t h dllc . A d m r u il '\ 1 d r y " th e ignal w a s~ l C \ l e r s e nt [i'ishe:r w as ad. :amJa~1 th~~the j 1 [ ldgenu~nfof th e adau ra l on ID e 1 $ p ot sh ou ld b e re spe cte d, l i ' l i n dalthough P"imeMil'lu:nc'r H erbert H . i\sq ,u~~h(h e~d of the W 3.r GOl l l ud ] ) !Said h e sopper redC J u . t f c h i U . h e l!.ruu~dnot o p; pn s:e th e n av a] opinion,Kh c h e n c r d)(!darcdrrh,il th e arm y W~l!'i preparedtnht:li~,dd!cr !: h e bu rden, ~jUI t:V!:rnll!l were pu~in mOilDOif!f u r O ! 1 e o f th e , c u sc li e s ] . b lU J r o tl c :f s oftfue\?lfflr.

Con rusiom feigned from th e h egi.l:runing. TI'ter,eVi'i]S ~o supreme , o omma r n d e r ! mi.liuuy enduasa lforces f ! : ITIeo i b " i o l l S l y ' OU ~ 'O f ih e qu ,c sdo! f!~o :r S i U < C l i ,o f an AUj,tldlaj ],ding). Al 'I :i :ae nOi i~ of th e peninsula was .~uiai.r;Liman V'O[i S and ers pos1 !ed h is 7d1 D lv~ s loQ i . 1 ' I . th eB1I]]air /GjUlpoli


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wire ran ou t. and constructed l and-mines [110m[OTpedo-h ia d s." ] ~ h e time h e gained b~' Hamilton'sneed [0 ,eorganize ] , l f I gJpt wa -indo

Having imprmred d : t , harbour fad]ilies a'[Lemnos, I h un ilton prepared f O I J " ( \ \ 1 0 larocl]J[lgs:' 1 1 1 1 ' - '

NZAC ' lo cliist=mbark ai1 A li Burn u (th ;sign alc das 'Z ' !B eac h) < ln d th e re rn ein de r a rou nd ,the 'lip ofth e pcni nsu l a , IOn nlc beach es desib 'lnu l d : IS" V.'W\ IX' and 'Y. Thi ,H e lle , lan din g w : a , en-l J l t : l s~ iCd, la: rgdy 'to th e superb 2 .9 th Di " ,. !s ien , which

- - - -- -

The Daedaneflesr Ttrrkfsh defences- - - -

A E G E A NS E A

GULF 01 SAROS

"1 0 M lN J r u s B q y~ll!:lfm~s1JlEG,ltNS E A


41/99

~ia [ l y h3.d been released b~!K:itcherne~;. ~lld [lilt:Fn:f1clm.were w !and 0:1] dIe Asi a tic CORsI ~murndK l i m Kale. The ~Qtll ' l su"en!;llh o r H


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T H E I i.A ! t> 4 D I N ( ;S

Apri~; dCSUhOI)' lille-fwc came [rcm! the CQlIIS] butth e 'b each es w ere e leared by the bi11iy.one:t[mi,leadof th e c!q lcc cd \vwd", beach Oft: th e ~ iln dJngin eariy morning, < 1 1d ifficuh m arch {werlJ.rcdpilDll:S, l e : r r n wW l I , am:lidmme-diarely3PJl] '~cl;lj~~d th e :s, tr ,~~egithl: 'IIplicalio~s! ,thatthe v ifli~ fieaw res w ere no,~th e beach es bu t d l e S ;H i

~:Slir r idg e :lind C hu nak Ha i r ar l l imuntl rmsses1;I i ,( I ln o rwhk;hlIrighl d ec i.d e tlli1 ernm pa i,g n, Had th eANZACs been able 10 e~~ti l :b l:ushthemselves 01::1 thiseminence bdio:re ~he' Turks coul.d.reli l lc:t, theylou]d hl:llY,e dominared thewhole ceatral poarlioiJl oflfue pen~][Isub.W~lihoIl[ < l u llh o rity , K e r n < I ] o~deril:dup,


43/99

4 ~"h~'klt~difJglI,r0.11111" 15-t ,lr il: till: fiau1cship1 r 1 ! l p b C i bl~ ,(IQ!~I' l1i1J~rlll:'iu;, 6;8. cighu:en Updr~jjn~) b! . !mb: l rd& "lie _iil!-I!ft.";(,111 rh e l lar1: lUI I ' ll'f diec ,W: re lm: ri',lrlll li!~ 'm . r~hllr}!!'{!d IJ~,"1\1011(1'.5, nWi'lgdu .~2 nd 1 ~ 1 , ! J J j i : t 1;


44/99

THE L /\ ,ND INGStowards ~W " Beach, bl'!~ high pound in th ein(Cnreflingmi]c~.lS held bj' Turks and somehellfire was i1ire:c[ccli upon '[hem; but r ei nf" or- ce d~I t h e s .uc ce -ed ir l, g wa,'l~ (1st I !' !l li skmi .ng . F n I , ] s r uU l : ~ g ,Imdl .~ i:h lfd er R e gim e nt of 87 Bripd.:'.) t heypushed on and before dark . Swnk .e d li p ~T~lhjW ' B each .

O P I)o iti.o n w as ;in f iirnm ~ ll:lyg reas er o n ' , ~ rBeach . 'l ' ' ' ' 0 c omp~U 'r ie s o f tltt: Turkish 2 1 2 , 6 d l JR tgim ncm eoeered "W ' 3JD.d < V ' Beaches , fonHledwith wire and rnach ine-guns, and th ese Ia ld d own,[I barrage of An:' intro th e I sr Lancash ire ' u ,U .iicrwho, ~iil]dcd 1U0 'I!~'in bo.'1t [WIll E r l 1 J ' a J r l s , Theaction which resulted h as p~5!: ied into t he : f :o l~ lcl li ,eof the CU1! . !n t ) ' ! of 'Ihe men wa


45/99

s , TH E lA ND I NG S

. . t J . i , r ,1H.J.!ijDrmJJ~J . .llNZflC (';!llEps: , 1 n i . r i 1 ' 1 ' llimdiJ1lg by 3'Bde . , 01-If}il~I.,"d~J'2st!d' JBdes,(iillW !W. ~ I N i iI m l J 11'1Dil'.); thenNe".. Zej~f.mdn O ' " . I I :ru1 "Bd ! !. ( b u r h . i I i tI~ml1intl!I.tlldNew Z I :f 1land V i. ,. )'Lli!ndin~ ofZlJtJJDi1 . ion:2 . '} " B ea e- h, JIK.D. "D .(S.; JIlek.), . P ' J y m d 1 I i 1 ~ l ! i ': 1 1 m .lUI. (R.N. Di,r.)J. IX'Hfr .wl ! , .Z l l t tI~iilicrn:(iI6lJde,). filUt.Hn,-d ,i).rI IBti irdcii l ' R~g;' i i ' .~'/I'.b l J l J i l s J d J J ' i n g l< u s; Jie l'. ' (btlth8'.Bde.J.,.'~~",8(i~lrlI'.lILlln~wI~j""fllsilieii" ,(86,B'dc.),. fid-hJm-ed b ." 4:' ' ' 'Qne.~jte r-s b.'irc R eg t. (I1B 'Bile . )15 . . 'V' IJL , ;u:h . , f/ R . M : uQI "! "e f"V~t!t.!l. JiJt D'uWitl

The Landings, 2SApril 1'915,

Mlwll!l17 .......

7 ' I it l8 i! hGa t ! . ! ! re jJ8

I)2 a .I II i , i2 : .~ Ii

5 M~ BSIS K I ' l 'l

1 1 . 1 . ' 1 ; 1 1 1 : . 1 ' 8(budl Si B ' d e . ) "lJll:l'l .Yllilr.Jil,l'J5/u:n; Kc:gt.(BSB\ic, ' )6.' "BeJleh.Z;S.1I .0les1Jllrdcre~. tll7 Bile.}7 . ,rlwdin,ff t lf H . . t; ', j J C ' h I~tD,lris io J il .Ku rn rK{ li'e ~i~iuaJ~' ,6 t l l ,~o lQ~i fJ IR .~. IP .L!l ..11'~iJll'of .r:lilrk.r 1 1 ' .Darti;':Ii . J' ,lOllllupllnies ,21thRep.,CfwMng'ih'; DUM'IIGr.lb:i

't: 'cpe 1trell9, JClIi'Il,f.l~~ni('2lidl ' , R . . e g : I be~n l ,OOn GI I ! 1 .~ l~e ,ul! i ld"mril'e'pc -1 0. I sc(:.liml. 26 ,M R'eg t.02Hun). ,(\i }~ ',e..ing ~\':"'t 'mcbJ . 1 1 .2 o o . i 1 : i P ' 1 1 l 1 f e s 2 6 d i RCgI.":f.!l'"t:nll'g 'U: ' u .rjd ' , n'c~lc-l! 'es1 2 ' , r ph l , ~ o o . n . 2 '6 . rh R ' fJ "Y f cr.n"erifiC 'S " BeachJJ..Ne-J1'dq.IIIW"len 2{idi '

Regt. (~r}tlllZ b [ lu ]lII; . J'~'fJgilw~r LlOJ.).ltrirhra.14.. R . : r . ' N e n ' c , 'M,Divis/WI'(2lmfms. 25 'm R 'tg ; Jr.R:cS'Ct'Ie , Uri] m&i inn'at Bag-h i l t ; (8 b. ;C1tms.)~ ' 6 . . J . 1 " d .Di1,~SiOli (/t I l 'nJ.: & : ' u m K ! l 1 . c 'J"/. Im,ended' 'Z' Bca! c h , JI ti~1129l'; il'i ih 'JJ 'I .1[l l ' ld"o,d f J~~ 'en-lU' j1f -'10 &rlJlII.


46/99

-4 1R , i U \ ;e ' r C I } ~de i~~ ''V',jlJC'lfC'.hi, u ' il ir mpf . ! ,J 'f , s bdH~Imti,i;fe.rT1!;.-d' W Slltl(C" -Cl~:iU"~lt is i b lf " I ~cn :'J~n;~~IMIIJUb:lf,"l.",">[1n;lc.J~h!~-gt~1i!n~WrW i.i'l l I e , " bo~rs,w , f l i i l C heng;r~!Wdrl'i~ : n J i l r& : sr:IJ~'i! ;IlIJl~li~lU't. 2 . i i ' . .1,}r';l,

'Y 'lli~ l.ii\!I111' (:I}'Illle.!d:'~1nitlgr 1 J t ! brii(lg~oftlf~!,r~nlrUl'J~n~t ; l jo~M :ii1~1"h.r]'I~&~tJ ,dl~m:.11i~Mh'-pruv.~e!,~~.Q t l l lC' sides ,~i~dili!' lli1J.U lhnuigh wllidl d.!"~ps ! I l ! ( . . . . fwd lim,dCj~f".~1~ ' i s J b J ( o ' ii',5' m 1 . : . RC/li'nglt!S,

p orted ! b y th e + lh W oreesrers [rom 88 B rigade h eldthc~r b r i c l g e h c 3 l d . h is n ou !w (n ,.t~ :ru yU l l lfIe T urk sdidnet ope," fire [ifilll the n :nm; jliS , ,, ', ere sC tu f, j]]]YJ~ndingjno :lIu~mp~ ' : i 1 I S made 1 1 0 strafe [h eu npro tected b eas s, perha~8 00 avoid re'Ve,.d~l ' : Ig:heu-rosidon1i! and atrraetl ngsh e:U Bre from . th e f:]ee~,orpcrh,a,s[o p l I " e v e n l l . theanaek from bew~g pest-pon ed a:nd ~h u s lo si III g' l ll ii I.eoppartuflrnlY ofttappllI iIgth e H dll:ish o.n the beach . As a ~estimO iny to lllilepW[iln:tIy o f t l l i i l c ~O~Pi! i , H a n ] ,i h :m : a ordered ~ W '.[leach 00 b e k n O f l l V f J a s . ~ L a r n c i f ls r n i i f t: L a n d .i n , ! f . .< & . 4 .

Together w ith L aaeash i : I ' C L an d in g,. prob ~bru y me:m os~ l (;ndur i l: ilg ' i m O l i g e o f the tnrdal l a n d ifi lgs h i e h ean ack from ltle R'ku C brde . A t firs t ]igh ( thebaWlieship Albirm bomblil!dCldth c Tu rkish pOS[ t iO f lS .for a~ h our ,whe r eupon m . e conie r was rU i~aground; sh e h ad aboard the lst R.oya~ MUI i i I ! s le rF L r u SU i c r c . s . , l\VOOOMpa~es()if [h e 2nd " O ' I m p i ! i m r ~Rcgim(: tit I.li:nd one of 1 , ] ] . 1 : lst Ito,ya] Duhl.][J~Gj'us~~~ersjnd a . fj,e ld ,coapal l i ) f of R O : Y : 8 i ] EElgi l1!~ers.


47/99

T HE lA N DIN G S

( O n ly p rl nc :\ Pi 3J UII lIS :u e Ifil~ed;ill ad dition , ea ch diYi5iQ!'II d [ h o e ,~a1 cQmp l emem of mfllf:f)' Imd l ~ppor1t i l1 lg5.Cnicl!:!i.

O RD 'E :R O 'IF BATTLE:Tlhe ' I.nlitiiaillanding, 25 Alpr'il lilt 15

'(p[rin dpallun its 0 1 1 1 1 1 ) " ) :

:29'~h ID iy is iQI I8 6 B rig ade: 2 1 1R a-tall F m ll~ r~ ~1 l.a .n ca d1 ll" (l F lJ IsilJt 'rs;

I~RQ ) ' ;! I Ml IJn'ter IFlWlie~: I J R o y l I l l D l : l b l i l l tusilief'587 Bni.llilde:: lIS CM JId i W ale 5 1 8Q F !ilere rs ; 1lKll'(g's OwnScDttlsh Bo l"de~ 'e


48/99

T HE LAND IN G STurk i lJ Io rc e :DTwocompanie 26tJlRegiment, deployed tocoyer 'J!' and 'IV' Beechesf:i One section (twelvemen), 26th Regiment,oo1fe.ring'X' Beecb'IIOne platoon, 26thRCf,,'iment, covering 'S'Be :J c h

Aegean Sea

'f'Beach: 1 t HMra/ionKing's OnTl catris!lBorderr 'rs (87 B'rig'.Jdc)and Plym uu til' B:lttaJiunRoyaJ M:lrincs (RoyalNaval Divi ion) LandedUfWPI)O ed (rom HMSAmethyst IJJld HMSapphire

m Howitzer battery, 1 1 Reiniorcetncntimmedieielyeveilsble tooppose the landings: atlIQof26th Regiment,Krithia, totalling twoinientry' batmlion andone engineer cump:my.

Note: Turkish defen llfetrenches :md wire werepre ear oilly at W' and 'V'Beaehe ..

X' Beach: first wave, 2ndBattalion Royal.fhsilicrs(86 Brigade) Ja.nded fromHillIS Implacable; econdw:we, it Bnttnlion RoyalInniskilling Fa. ilicr. aml1st Battalion BorderRegiment (borh 87Brigude}

A'I.LI.EDI':".P "DITIOFORCEHAMIl TO

46

AR Irom Implacableke e o n d wnv e : 4 1 1 JBattalion WOTccstcr-sbire.Reg iment

'lV' Besch: first lV3v;e, IstBattalion LancesbireFusiliets (8 6 Brigade)l:l1lded (rom HMSEuryalus (one company


49/99

T HE L AN D IN G S

B a b a ----THE LANDING AT CAPE HELLES'5', 'V', 'W', 'X' and 'V' Beaches, 25 April 1915

C > < : J 5VON SANDERS Landings covered by navalbombardment of Turkishitions

'S' Beach: 2nd BattalionSouth Wales Borderers(87 Brigade), detachme,ttof 2nd London FieldCompany, RoyalEngineers (8 6 Brigade)landed Iiom flMSCornwallis

S EDD -E L- BA H R F OR TR ES S

'V'Beach: On RJverClyde, 1 t Bartalion Royal_Munster PusiJiers, 1C0n1tJ1l11Jf 1st BattalionRoyal Dublin Fusiliers(both 86 Briga,de), 2companies 2nd BattalionHampshire Regiment (88

Brifjade); ,landed' b~}rpicket-bess; remainder oflst Battalion RoyalDublin Fusiliers (86Brifj.lde), of which a halfcompany landed to east ofSedd-el-Baltr

IIRiver CI de aground

Frontlines indicate the limit of the Allieda dv an ce s o n the day o f the landing

47


50/99

< i l l F:nmch iir~'ille"/J(.if1g.~ ' .n ,~dlfIU.ud s /w l "t ' r Jt J,;IN g b t c , , ' , i ' " . 1u.',lr;e,dd-c l- tJ .ah,( ,

4111c R uJ.;s;I11'1Crul'.!iCl'1 \ 1 1 1 1 : 0 1 . ( 1 , VLlmptcl'C:'fllI},O,l.IJrm .dwilh ( 'weh,.: tl'i~l,[U' ' / " ' , f l 12pdt'. ciglu :lpdr{Wd(wi) Ip;Jr gum,

,4 ~I',r o F rlie ..U;/j(~~lll.Mllidrl P'il '!imJlb'TII:pfu,w f J . f f,1-/l]l',~.... ','u~'ll:,haifL'\ r . r h ~ "funding, ~-h~I~'ingJTrJdi~ wire em'1f~gJe-m{.I1'[in du? fu .. regrn \l I 'od .


51/99

THE LAND INCOS

fle nr 1 Jll,Jt:(Iil1Jt! d/jn; an d .1 arw tg ru 'b (Yoi} a nd th ene R u sian h ip in lh e H c ,e l, (h e c:ruiser Asl.,'o/{Jlrn own rh rou gh oum th e 'e xpc d~ tion , , 1 : 'th packet ofodb ine .,j rrem th e app earance of its fiv e lh:inu nn elsl), T he fltSlWlilVC consisted of the t idrl

Reginpnl Sind an engineer detachment,nd


52/99

such vigour tha.rlili'lc ANZAC (omrard POSM:lOllshad b C ' C I ~ ]ost~(Ind d'tc error W n landing m C O l ' I I l 1 i 1 ~hi3ili.rns~c:;.ljd r a beach O '! mHc ]o ng , d llc 'C0l'J'iS h ad bar'c~ yhalf [h:S!~l O!dy~~r ly y~ rd s\'! id e> c fic ail:in g impoo -sible (;on~elitiO!nuron ahe $1ll:SlU inyvihkh hadb e e n tnID~lt~o]]mi.mghe l ; ] l n r n l ~ I J ] g : .The de:fenderswcro e pcnn~ d : U m : J i ~ ! O cSibriidgehead! 1 l : :5 !S thr!l[J . 3 ,SOOyards hmg by < l I b O r U t ] . :Hl0 1 yards dicep" in brokent er ra in , ll h eI :Foop iS . exi la .u sr ed , cl ism"g.Hlized and inneed ofrlJod and warer, U [i)jU ke ~~s oppw;,iie~tl1nber :~I.Helles, B i:r- clw (Dod h ad been :: I shnte al lduo: a.ftemu on , end was 1)I~cs]ruedb} ' h ~s divisiona~eem manders 'w ho insi.s;l~cl tha t the b e a c h l h . e O l l d i beev~cua tled j' as th eir C O I 1 C IC S were in capab le of~~;$, i: !: i. ting< ' !ren~w~ rd Tu rk ish assauh . (~ n r a c ~ .K eW i l a l . 1 t. ' 1 !dS U f f C f i C d 2 ,O O O e a s u a l n e s < li n d w a s i n n opO's it io tn miaunch ;I. m~jor enunter-anack) B ird-wood :d gn alle d 10 Hamihea tha t h : L s position w a serhlcal l l n d t h < l ! ~ h 1;S,subord:inaw 5, h ad ard"ffised"," \~acuation. H


53/99

" - . '1 & 1 1 ( , ' Cm'e: di"idtUJ.:dhl!:ldqIJMfiI],FS flI,{fJ:urdl tmu s I ~ i " ! j1 ,!JW U Ol'llrnlillll "'flrM''I'llfIriilJ~neg . tJtJ (j91U)

. .. 1 S ' lI J Ipl :' r- r li uncll ~lJflk&}rTw-~bi~I', ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 / 1 0 0 oK one1fdic' n u l l , , . , t h i t i i ' pierSui l t :1 1 :tml!("".

'fufkis}l pn.'loot'n ~refw n:r~l'isll'i c e " ;" . . l"'~fifJtd JC : ! J . / m . r { ' Sm l \ . 1 f t~1i." p,riSmlI{!ES"

(Ie'r). l]IlJd the'm~my t ill!!\ '~I,'i,rh~1tCerlp.


54/99

Hamilton eommand m d ig set the ton fO T therem>linder of th e can1Lpaign. H enceforth ., ~h etroeps a l both bl"iclgehe'ld, c)(sred in dugout:sscrap ed r u n th e earth , sm d in Ihe Ilri Ilg-line t renchesand OU~O IS we're .!limib.rly excavated in [h osepo itions where [he terrain w as ~uall Ui l i l .b le :~1l1l 'digg ing . 1nmtiaUy there were fC\\l ' ' rhoughuj , nfpro longed ,e;.,:is eee under such COl l 1d i60n51 but,.uch WaiS th e inQ!'llw~:ab~,l!censeq UCHC'- 'C o f H am i lt on 'sO I r d c ' r to dig, [ g t i m ony th at th e clem ,cnt o f . u.rprisehad been lost, and that \I hat ol~"" cd W3'S~ liilled i f l c ~ e n l ~nessence f r o m the ! , . ; , t a t 1 cfriCnch-,~.arf3f1L'!of th e We:?ilJe:mJ'rantThe first priori ues for d1C anaekers were W leevacuation of ca ' ! I . ) 3 , & t i t : ' (wh ich had caus ed wealtconges t ion :!ltd h ad slow ed rhe initial reinforce-.eut aI:A. l i j im,C) and ttl f : e e d in upplies, especianyartillery J th e laek of w'hkh h ad b een I), severeh;lIld,i~JiP to t h e h .l . n d , i n g f 'U n :! C s ; a~(ho1[}gh t h e o n eI n d i a n m ournaln batte ry , h leh h ad landed \ \ 1 1 mth e l ' \ NZACs h ad ~ 'CitCd gr . .~'l b:l 'nucnce~ both hd a n l i 1 g i . n . & t tb e T u r k s a n d by r a i : d n g : Au' l r . ~ b s ~ a ! " Dmorale by the i r presence . E fforts w ere l'Illl.de 00im prove th e b ridgeh ead I mos t I I l T l J C l f l d y 3i~ "V 'Beach wh ere th e landing-forces stiU held ~~ttlIem ere th an th e h O l'lc]inc. n 26 Aprri ' l Scdd-,e l-D ah il' was c~ pntred., and as th e Turks w ~m :h drewth efo ur la nd in g -b ea eh e s were ~inkcd, th e l ine nowe nc om p assin g tlim eU p of ~ h c pe nin su ~a . 'T w o days.,after Ilth'l! tln n I:~ nd in g" H~Ullli~tonas reinforced byth e F rench who had been e acuated from K uruKale ~ W l ' the face ,of two Turkish d i l ,Ds i .mni .

The First Balde o,fKdt11iaHaf!l1J~1on M IS anxious to OOCUP} F lh e h eigh ts ofAchi. Baba, pag .sess~o i( i. o f I'h i ich l1lf(m]d allaw h~5aniUcrytD l I ' i m g e ' over m e en tire area, a n d nrderedan offensive IfO ir28 April, conducted b y Hunter-Weston and kuewn as the .First Banle of Krlth'ia.Sl

h e m ow line established by th e ' T urk ~[i from o rKrirh ia, under . ch i Bl!lba" were 31liilcked b y 29'LhOi\lwsio:n en the lefr 1(87 Bri.gade lefi, S8 rigl,n" 86 ~nrese rve), and th e french . l st Div is i .o1 i l on '[h e rig ht,with the 2nd S uuth Waks Borderers on theFrench right. l rhough by mid-morn ing the Brit-ish were ac tua lly on the slopes of A ch i B aba, the2 .9th h ad been 0 Imdly matdcd in th e 1andhlg 'S ~ha]3. spl rired T~~rldsh counter-arrack drove ~hcn~olI.Onibts occasion H am ilte n ,in te rv en ed . in person,ending an aide ashore m sl:3bil i.zc th e lin e; h m lh cdifficuit terrain and lumer- \ r\ 'csron's faUurc foec -erd lnate th e " l l r i o u s den1 lcnm , of b~s forceprevented SUCiCCS ' a n d w e A l 1 . 1 t ; ' s \ ! , i ~ t 1 : i 1 d J r r e ,ha,!i'l1,gsustained some 3,{IO O casualties from th e 14-,0(10engaged,

AI Imou ! ! 'h h y 2 8 A pril 'th e bulk of li t e B ritishf C l ' c e . s , w e r e a sb or.e , th e re w a s s u c h canf~s~on i l l lth e ' ]anding ' of equipm ent th at unti I th is cit i l l O wasrem ed ied and th e : JQ f lP S T e s~ e d, DO furth e r up ra-tions w ere cru;ib]c. R '~ ne-w ed Turkish :ul.aeks h adbeen m ade at Anzac, but th e Australasians h adinterrupted their digging ~ :o t b r G J . w bsck 'th e Tul1 'ks,even in hand-rc-haed bayonet - f igh ts , and L h e yh eM on dcsplte h e~li\1)Im.u


55/99

T 1HE E lA lT lE S O F K IU THIA

. Fn'lld\ mn"lll,r;dH!t-bi'J.~i8(leff(lul"p'l'Jund) til! u p ,r ,.th ebr idge , o f , O ! l ' , l r I"ulming,hmJ rhc Rh'er Cl Ide ffJ!lie ha r e ; .Bnt i : ih ,1'J'o~S.~'I!lII lI.!ihOO'iC (r#: I1 t ) . In r} . I~b.1it 'kgmu,ud .(Ire .r},c r u r .m ;II{'C' ~d-t,.z-B[JJI~an~

. ,1I'n.;nch ofdn~ :nlrkJd!1 2 5 . r J ! R t . 'g f m e J l 1 , ( (MalDi1l'i~ilm):sc t ; "Ond ira.lu t : lJerigJ\'t, n c ll ri ng :1 r ur ""m l, islUI m m m m tlji' ~ g i _ f c l u ! u r J l l.~IfI l l~" i i 'J:IbpI.'l;Q .,(, rJL~trnlian ' 1 4 ' 1 1 ; 1 'jl i lcmQri,a/. IlCiI'.nfl, l~25!I.(J)


56/99

mE Ill'. nus OF KR.ITHIA

..nleJI"Wh,ts f~f)~'l::hi&~: t i l t J ' s : \I, I' rheun,mfJ6 .jng , h i g ' / i ' AWi111dd1spcuted II " ou c h bitterc ns r d ln :m g tu :!\u E d!IC ;Wi'es'{lccup:Jli01J o r lIeU e ,Totlih bi ldtcd \I ' re' , ;s intile fDregruund.

';iiilMJl:mllcrs afdlle , 1 4 r hB J 1 J J l ~ i J i l 'B~!fGur' .~, ' .Ildks.

"'."1 t;rencJI '75' in posifion~tdJC right of~beUnlo"dl ' inl?! ,~MHeHes . To rh e tl:nafrb,' g,ll'n , i J O the limbclll ' ,,fumed upon , i , r , ~sjd:e,fJtfJwi~s ~1\~ce1i'8,fo , ! ' h i ?~l!.mtl'l!lfU'[IOn rJIMug' i di'~Dpf'J]' ~'(J,p.~fwooldie CJ'C\\W r('iu- lcpr " h i " " rJj'crem~Jjndc:,. h:nrc rI~edkitin!:o1 _ 'l shilpedFrcuC'lllapee.


57/99

c I 1 J 'I Ig ) e d h i mind u n d aurherised th e u s e o f a smany m n ;I' - could be spared Ii'fun lh l: E .gYPI~ni on, II b :ich d c:ision he communica t ed to th eUl~iti!il~ommandaru in EIDP[, ir _]o: lm M~."eU; ,but i ncrcdib~YI un line w]d Hllmi~~()n. l \s Hamil tonh ad th us not req uested troops from M al."~ U . itwmsbelleved th ar ~ J1,e} ~N:.re nm needed; o l J 1 ~ y a f~e -r\dlm.i'r,t'd Gut-pratt!: an d de Robeck n n'lcm llcd 'rile IA dm i:m h:y of th e : p w : g r , e s s of the exped i t lO l I 1 d ld ,,Kiu: l1ener a'p~prccian: thatre[nfol'cemell wereneeded. he 4 2 n d iv[sion an d 2:9 Indian B r l g l 1 . d ewere o rd e red 1 b e disPil.tc hcd from Egyp,t. lean-w l t i ] c , HarnUron dug In, e v a c u a t d his ",000c : l S 1 . ] 3 : J t i c 'I and 3\wi ted t h e J F e in f o r c e m e n t s whlehh e' c ~ 'e n~ u ~n yrc alia ed w e re a t b is dispusal,

Um a.rn .von S an ders spent t h e : respite :l'eOir~roj-~JIIg h i S l fbmes ~ h.avi:llg bcgu n to b'3nsfer h isd h 'i . i on s om" t: r'i ng Bn la ir to th e 'b i'lu 1e- frm u e n liu '!L ' :l I, cn ingo f the ! landing. II I add ition , h e b reegh t adivision by hear ~Ironl th A .ial1c bore an droccil,'cd 1:\\'0 m ore from Cnnstan tinople , S \\!c llingh i forces ' l i O some 7 5 h a t r a l l o n . Enve r P , i i I I h ao rd ered a fu U -s c::lillc attack, lind after homhard-m en t of th whole of th e A llied line th e maiorQt1cnsi\llc, 3, launched on ~M ;lY1 b. some UI,OOOmen w f f i m Z J J (I ( II w .n re s; e"c . T h e a tt a { ; b ' ' l l \ e r 'C beavebut h epeles " a.nd the Turks were driven back:renewed as! auh s o.n lbe sm::ceeding tw o nightsfared no better, but the casualties, th ey ln flic te dwursc!lcd Hamil ton ' s 'p(}sirion. Th e Fr,ncb: i l l l f l i e r c d 0 S ereb mal the 2 : : "o J , m i . l Hrig ;, '1de had1 0 take o er parr e th e iIr line , and {linth e n igh t of; /6 Mall Z Au ,U 'a1ian B rigade and 1:11,(:'N C\,JZ ea:land ~ '1 fl!mtry Brigade were shipped fromA nzac m H clles ; and th e lead ing clements (125Lanca sh ~D i\e F us~lii,e r ,Bd~de ) o f +2.n d D~i:!!.~olladd ii s c 'm b a r l u :d f o o m E < I D t n .

The Second D~att.e of Kri:thiil\illitbthese reinforcements, Iarnllton planned aIIC,,\f o ff e n t i v e O n A c b m D a h i l l , tI'IIe econd B a n l l e o fK rirh ia . [ e rem ain ed off-sh a re , h av ing trans-(erred bis staff ~Ol II new command - s l : t i Pl Amu/irm.Th e A llied forces werc['lcorgan.ized fur the assault:]2 :5 and 29 Indian Brigad'es W e r - e . . .ttach ed nu, th en lw a g , t : d 2 9 1 h Dir\l i~i' ion!, a n e w clMs]oll W:iI . formedFrom,'t in: lW 'O ANZAC and m N '~'I\'il]Br,ig ad., and 2

"LfI:'U'~l:t.u!m-''l1tt.ln ,t ,Bl"i~i~h, tlla: }\!flln Britishu , r Jop "'Dn' ,( J I Jl 'J ifu l'm' ,M.rl lH1ild'e ,liltI'e ,l.:Of.lC - ion for l . l , t : DrnfloeUe' dilJuui?'flj';~igtl!!"c W~3nl theI/rdillllEy .~e'nliec,un i fQrm,w:l im n l'o ';'. fm d g i C s U pW 'l'c l J C ~hotl lrJc,... . . ' lcF.~p$",c . ' S . sI'l,~l'iou,~J ' ! I . ! 1 I r J J o s c w~mI . i \ l . ! ' ,fh~ ,t"1I1['i' " ' ! ,Qm ,i nfmpicliliolioifami l 1 D i l l 'l1!dQPfed prt .PSJ1(l 's ;~ Iy,byt J , t l i i C : ' C ' r . ; ~'l:n'ilii8jDEurope.

TIu:.~~'1!lr.IfI~irunlil:nris. indie.uc/,fu ' dIe SCllnC,(.WJ,..g.e[-'}JI,r,~hW 'i d J crimStHJb.rnid tripe-; henCi ! dIe'ru:ckn!'mn~ ',. i l l ' ('11l "t1pp l1ed ro -mil' f1Jn't'l:T5 lHgcn'crnJ ' , H e' welY'S m e 'r i lJbl i l l r of L i7e J \ , l i U , t m : rC I ' " f J 9 \l o 1 . "~ , le c am t it 'J o Hi i 'lS"i \ I lU l fcd o n , lB ' D 'C ' , , 'C m b e r}914 for f'~I,tId J I J I ,mpl~liM,sllll.l;nJ~el1l ll:nd ~1~liiI',rafflmrs. (P nin .u ng 1 1"G . .Ii.l ' :m&le l on)

S .5


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T HE . E lArnss O F K IU T HIA

GIRDlER ,OF BATTILEReirnr i fo ' fOEl'Mell1ts tpr,io r to IlIy tl a

( p r i l l ' i l d p la ~ 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1ti : n ~ , )

421nd{Elln l.:anl~5hi"~)'DiiVi~onI~s (~ncM!hli"(! f lJ~i l i t:r) 8IriE~d~S/. 61, 71 ;!nd 81

La~ ir i! F tf iln :~ f:12>6 ( E 1 l 1 n Lm c :~ t'l:lr nb B rd ~ Jile : 4 1 M l l i S .J E 3 5 ~ lan~ire

I1tegimel l l t ; 9/ aM i IOJM~nthem~r R~ii im~i ' I (I ill (M~l ' \Che5~~.r1Br ipde: , 5 ' . 6/. 71 a n i l i l SliMi:lnc[i)cs'alfRe ,~~n l ! e" t

29 I i' ii :l 'i il ii 'i IB l I' ipde :IIJ S~ nl 'I 16 11 '1 ~nd 21 WtJ ll , G urk~ RJille:5: l'!tIIl P,M!'K-~ 0 1 '

W:t lcs"s QWiIll F cr oilit:p o ro S ik lMSi ii iJd i .g l! ! '! 'l il ru :1 Oivu~1o :n~5 .5 , (Sg I ;U ! i hS (;Q< t iO i ~ h ) B F i &>ade: ~I an d S J IR o ya l S O O lt.1 ;

IF ~ ille n;; '4 ~ ;m d S J I K [ : n g ' s Own k~t t~h Bor~"e1f ' .s ,IISoD(&:ot~I$Il Il:i"'~) Bn& ' l ~~~1 , ; ! ; n d ?'(~iI! S~~ " 1 a ! i K I

afC~i'I1I!I! rool; iU'J~II57 (Flr'8[i(I~i'k1' U" I 1 1~ I l'IrtJl1l~) B ! 1 i & < l . . d e ; ~r. 1 6 . / ~l1 id 7fl Ft (gh l rnd I J .! lh~ Inr3i i l rry~ .~JAfg: l 'U andS! l l he t l~d High-I;mde;r~

l li ld iF!r>enc:h D+ij' is ion1 Ml!'lrqpo1i~n Br i g~de : 1 1 7 6 l n R cg im e rn ::; 2 nd ,Airric~fI

IR~,gr1 i'l(!iilr _Colof i l i~1 ~r i 811dr l : 7i !JhMill 8ln CQ IQn ii ll I li ~ .g f r nenu' : 2 ; AI Ji ~t rn li rn n L i tl jh~ IH lo r~1 ! B l' if la d e~ltJ Ql ! Ieer t i la l lK i~ Ifliill'l ,~nlll11 1'1Ne w S o I 1 J d ' ! W: [l e~ I teg lm ( ! ii l! ;l :! l.!


59/99

T HE IlA T rL JE S O f K R IT i" tiA

A lI.slra ran U gh t H orse :!Ind N ew Z e3 i~ andoun ted R ifles, am ong ID e best treops in IheI I O m } l .

'Turkish CfmntJer~AtlaiCk. at Anz3 IcEk!fmre ~ - I. amill]]n i ,D' I~t i i l lU~dthe Th ird m 3il'1ttle'ofK rilh ia~ m h e Turks lennch ed a um ju u: 3 ,tl:a~ k upon' \nZ;lC. The Op'posLnglJ1enctu:swcJile within bailing

sometimes I1U mere th an 6 \! e y~ ,r ds apart,nwh ich cond ition s even a sm all rise 0 1 1 ' defens iee

ana iaed :g r-eat tac tica l sign ificance . W .n th eual "a,-, wenches and feamres 0 'terrain weren hom ely names, often ef the hnme ~U:J\l,'TlS of

hese who first ocr:upied them, Oli from officers'I 'h o h a d dis t in ,~~~shed tlkl,emseh"cs. Th u s , a tlll~e, the from :11,]'111:an along W"lke.rs Ridge ITop'l Qu llim .'l's P os~ .Cou rtn ey ', P ot; with

1 , 0 . th e fron t line v ia M ona h Gully . Shrap-el G ull)'., \, ictnria G ul1~., and t i t < areas undernem vcem rol ifldud l:!d L one P in e (:Irom a 'tre e)nd johnstcn's Jol1) ,. from Brigadier-Generel G.).oh lilsm n , cosn m an din g 2 nd A ustra lian D iv ision 'srtillery, w ho directedtheir fire to 'jolly IJIP' theg these positinns th e ANZACs exi Sledn a b arre n , iIlhusplt~b]e 1andscap'e, sh olft of \.....l i . ~ ' e rI

b)1 flies I(one o f th e most endu~ingO1Iemoll ' iesf GaLlipoli)" ill th e h urning heat, and Ilul~ble toela x e xc ep t 'in tht: I f


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THE ElATIlESOF KRlTlHiA< i ! I I I I j \ , l l ' l I l I i ' iJ/J~C~U.r i f lg'JjfmJ~pcillmJc,~~!'mpt1~illC.ID _!lrt' ,Cfflw"f'l't'd 10 'jlllil, ti n ,OOn l~S . The ITJIID il'[c .\:t rc m lf' r ig lu is u,.,ill,!r:lnli'fn'il upon wJi ' ich , r ,~Ct!~'l~'Jr : :ngm1i f1fblfrbed wire ~Dpu ck im tJ ' til, DUS ,rlll';IC.~f51sh'nl,pnel.

Y Cridc:r '!!l'nSheiJ urrccn',:Utzae. IV .it ' , rcn Ike' t'J~fufTu,.1;, iGh Rrc ~~.iI_ ' i ; ! II m c .J E "J " ~ ~I(l.isrnlJi"il@('I : I J 5 1 r , I I I ' l l ' 1 ; , , " s 1 ' , 1 1 . 1 r i u n . .d.;nmc;P H d ~ E'd . !hI': crick,!:f 'i tJp'nlWCs;'~~fieuk'IlII.1UJU!l'~,!fie(kfl(i 'n:n in ' 1 J:lusf'-rod/ I1B Hri]p]de lIS'M'llh~S"~e 7 ' IIi'lIS:sud~hll~it.wm- II:wltnl he c .- o lli ld dlro\lIi:J C , ' T e l l . " l t i c . flt1',rnl!r tkrItI #IV 'Ill, r:I o n Glt1fip~mMu ~tr'Illircll 'J' I\'::ul'\r,cm(Ji"i~I.,neg . , no"6",28.9)


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grenades. L arg ; n um bers 0 pherieal grenades(aiclmamed 'erlcket balls' b . the British and,f\N Z G s.) were em p]oycdh yth e Tu rk . Ill' reply to'l!'h i h large num bers of grenades "" Fe O Oa.nu-ractured fr 1 m tin ' c a n s by th e Briti sh and - us-tral ieas, CoUoqui:aUy styled -,am-tin b om b s, ', th eseh e m e - m a d e w,e3!1)ons co'm'iJri! i lC d b u W 's :l i n g - ,c 'h argesal1dD u m p s of sc rap m etal ( 'e 'll'cnh h of b a r b e d wire)p ;:n ;k cd 'iU ' lo u ed 't in e a ns ,De pit th e t en - ibme t :ondmli nns, th e ph '[~ of '[h e, ~ZACw lI u eh '[h a t t h e y h dd on" , a g , a r i n s [e . p craee and h ']',oi Turk ish as "a td ts ,. n c uehlIttl$d\lI'll, mad by up 103 ,000 Turk, rill ~9'! \ II~~;succe sion 0 massed ch311I1(:S i '1 dense form a-ion , pres, ed h om e: wifu su ic i: d" J b r ave ry along th een tre ofd le AN ZACpnsil10n .. (Um an vanclaimed ttlc r,csponslb:ili ' l) ' : I Ior[be att~ld.~

D .l is p O ! l i s w b l e min i[ was m n s t ig a ' le d by lEnveln'.)~al{ing suffered lO,mm C ' a ! u a m t i, e s ( 0 0 the'\1 \Z Cs' 10 _ 'dead and .5 001 ; , _ nunded) , th e T urk sbandoned th e a ttack , A n ~m ack on th e nigh t of9120 M aac,w all. C ':liprurcdrh e forward trench atourm e. 's P ostl bu t th e u rks w ere evidt:: d by

.. 411;or . 2 ! 1 id J 1 I 1 :j \l j; Ii /U o e d 'lJi\'isiall'. l~h.i,


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lfhIE. BA .rnrs O F KR IT I-IIA

... (Jne 'OftJlt: ( : ,-6H'JU1if lhlJt : .5!rgigb~ lm' d~"pe.Rtl' l. U'li~de/lId "' I 'm~h1 1 ~ AJI1Z.l!ll:""" fh e .! ic m~n tmf l !1ccnM Z 1 1 ; d till J 9 M ay: the 'pJI,~,tfj;gnlph \1,~l~O;:WIl:I;,'I!,d,lr.ring th~ tln-'ni.'ll'i{'c o n 14}H'l'IJ'. Wh~'llIl tf'fllJmll'll"'i: 'i;'s, '!'mi(UI' orl"iJ\'Jli,li,ries : hadflJ be, Ill'lUfI,Eft'd I I i I J I diJjl1f~1!,of tJJOU ; w d s of -d"~rJm'p{}S; ' r IGlHld ' i~s.whfd, p.ro1rided 1min$lIJIlcl"ll'b,k h ,a2Y im ~fj d~li!','Iefdlh o r haftl' s i d e l o " \ . 11w,m~n ,' i ,[,;"l.l 'Iuing :i n r1 mb11("~groI111Id'Ire.~i' Z : r l , C s .(l1,uslm'iIJln W arJl : f t mm'i~d. i II 'c g . 1m . aU4fMJ. . NC :g , f Jf i: u il ll l t t lr # :1 '1 11 .'U'lin' ,~U_"lnz:lc ~ow:tmv'JOtll' si,r/el> (0&"n' dlcdClld: IiWJlitlurtdJ.:d'i:JJlrlii:;li' C:cI'n rl)! r , I l : [F1li(I:ealbnJ~,j dt~l,l\rZi~CIi,nIE!1.I " '1(ilundeif1 pris.oners~"{'ro gt'flem1Jy ~I',dJ-r.ruaf'Vd'b,. bow ~icles,dcspiw [lie: i5~''IIjfC I1IllllIT, u r dJe: IiJ:hli,~g'd,ur l ,ng ill!:,~mp~j1gll'. Here. JlliINZ. , . , g\~','II 1110oll'Riled'lurk n d'l"il'lk. ' f ' I .Ul hill i 1 l 'dj,e b>ltWsrotllJd J~ t lelJ ' jlhdJil.; till!! [cmJ.~nis q.piCldaf dil l! :;uub dl'fU coo.;en:di'i~I rch ' IJ if tJ ]'1:Go.fl i tJtdipiI:liin~'lJkj. (AUSI


63/99

!H E SI;m ES O F kA JIT IF IJ IALan ee-Cnrporal Alb e rt J ack;: ' lof Ie I I+th (Vi,c~oria)Batalion, 'greased l igb:min,g II tlll th e bll)'one1t',wlm sho t Ii\!!:' and bayonl..:fwd two mere. H ebecame m e AKZ t\ '," ,' Ilrsl VC of th e \V:JI", andprob ab ly th eir m ost fal'llJ'lous.t\ new ha7.a rd ~n bethM[lC!i n uw appea red ; lb.: dan ger of d is/case from th et h o U 5 > 1 n d ' 5 { ) f u n bu ried be d i e s p u t rC'!)r~ng i n theC l > i t l '\ l :m cheat ( n o t f o r n o t h i n g ' w a s theinsect-life o fG'a]Upol i refer red HI 0 : 1 5 'cOIipse-llies'). f\ truce wasagreed bcfL cen [h e '~ 0 ~rmi,ef> rorH M.a)T. whenm e b ud i,I:S w ere b u r i e d , a J 1 I ' I d it. te rm s of lI .tempor


64/99

TH e SA TIl.ES 0 K RIJH IA .some pn grc ,bUI;], !1lJlldtcd coumer - . track droveth e t'r"nch from th e nenche tb y h ad ga ined , Insneh aa ~Ua, k n a broad fron t, one rev r c cou ldundo Ihe w hole ope ru tlen , and th e re-oecupariono th e g round 'in itinUy C 'apt,urcd hy th e Frenchallnwed she Tuekstn enfilade, the r ig -h I n a n ] , ! ; of 2 ._ ava l Brigade, wh ich fe l I back w ith im m e lUi 'C' loiS""Th e' .. 2 -m .!.D iv is ion h ad m ade conside rab~ .e ~iml jbmt h e \~'ithdl~""3~of the Na:!,"9.~nnpde exposedth eir tlIank, and lfIle!}' h ad to Ii tire in th e e\r'e'ning,followed by 29th Division. Th B riti.sh alone lost4,00 'c;]sula.rie ill t h m s ICOStll), failure and its'ucc, ss at {)IUC points sc alarm-nedthe Turks that[ h l ; : ) o 'I.H :ga n ex ten din g th eir tn:nch-syslcRlI , m a k i n git ev en rn ure fom l.i d ab le ,

In earl Jlunc th e J\,Uks in I lc lles w ere stren g-th ened furth er by th e arrival of tile 52111d (Lm ._ -land] D iv i ion ; bu t th is cou ld not com pensate fo rth e troops lost ill th e su cce ssion of ill-con ceiv edep rations, Padre Creighton observed on 8 JUIl:l i!.![h al of th e ,2n d R oyal J 'u U k~ I O f 86 , B r ig ad e. onlyone officer w as lefi (th e )' h ad I'IJ~ tbe lcoreplaccmcra o m e rs w ho h ad [oined since land -iIlg ); IH U ~he remarked, some ~\iC.C even l~!'OIrSChi t :w h c n th e 2 nd l- [al'n l)si.'!.i!"cR eg i m en '( w as g iv en < 1 !respite riO~ th e front lin e, o nly IOU-odd m en wereleft, and nor nne officer, I .OSR IC : ; Win~he Turki shdlvls lons were in general C\'CI1 rnmc _'C\!C'I:IC.

" . . .U u n IiI U ? ' : 1U l 'iI l'. it 'r -l)pe'l.. No . 3 2'5 8 W' S Ul'lfo' o f s i.vItO) Iit \ ; lu I ' :H...'I:n';""1)';' L. \ ' Iumm:s :ih'ipPt.-d~oJ l~ , . . .1 . cg , f .I I ! '" ~1 ' } , IC , Ii \Cie>,f .OI"fflOO'p.(lft ofrhe'w " u . ipm l .' 1 Il [ o fb l J . .iUtjngJ , t J~II r l~,tudl ' ' ' l 'si~]'.1 \ U 1 ~ I _ ' i : r ' '9"5.ncf'n.~('I~-if le&jgned' .fHl'UUJplllifU.!l

wer-c nor poptJ,fut' ' l l r i d i l ' dIen:nml.;linl. lICr1 ~d ~~.i ! "C,o;oon j ' ft :p/;lcc,d b 1 ' "'lis.illb, ipla 'Rt ' ;; ; , 3 '258 i'i d!'fIl!llIfir-te.d w id .1 , I I PJiD"tJ,Ii~,\f'mck bchn'~'ll ,the ilndel'-c.V1'i:lg.i: 1e,{lS ,wl l idHf.lrmll~l"! !' lJ .med up ,t o si\Z I J J bl l ' IIJ~,1i'mn"Ik' .(PilfBril ' lg ,bj .Rnyil i:J 'l l Jdl)

1IlJrltisJj, I ITWlcl J1 in!I~ri~m.,J~dJg!'nl!e~floii~;fJl. 8.heR~in ,diet.b:regroulld. 'Jne ! i ' U . I ' I ' be;nsm e , , 1 ' t . ' l 1 " c . ~ dmune ' illUllle,a : :>;l Inl t: whi!lt i rnntl : 't:'lrri, 'ir,cning. , ,~1,8i'ij'ric...n.ru'e U'li;!i' fJ 'J hdiiS'lI ' 81Uj~~nicb s ! i'eMv;d .~ ,Hied ~IlfMel!::' ~~~i'i , th~ , 5i: ! , ;c . ll '! . m ' .. Quion'~A.1A ,1 flznc.d 'l 'I ri ll lC rSI ,e lumck ofl!l ' ' ' l i " , t J j , c d!l)' liD '1~Iid~MtJjm." II.QniDI l ' "fl/te1 5 t - J 1 ~(llu!(:nsll1tOd' , j , ' t :TilsrDlIII" 'n~B ! lU f lt 1iDn n ,t .~kill.:d, ft't.lffl U 116m die. h l '~ m : p , o o r ! l iI 'i !J i . ir ~ ~am:C'.8cltind di'll saJiI,dbllJ,'S in, [ \f r ,e '~ I. '~ rf>J !ddSr t lu l rd js :1.,S\l 'I iper. fI' i {ihse",~rjool~i fJ{J dlUUlgb i'.!jnocullln.(AL!stml;ll~ W . '1 1 "i \ 'l t: m ~ r i M "Reg. Itri. ,6 UJ (M )


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T H E iilA T T LE S O f ~IHf!-ilIA


66/99

Durin! !. ' t he p dod 0' th e Bartles of Kruh ia , j'UliedsubnHlr ' ines h ad call ed cons iderable havoc bysUpping i n ' t l : D '!'Ill; S e a {If M a r m a r a : panic w a scaused in C O D s t : a n t i neple bydThe depre'da,IiOl:il S ofll,c British L ieu tcnam -Comm and er M artin

T l I SD l I l t h in th e su bm a nn c E J 1, who was a \1.a r dedth e Vh:tona I roo, f iOf t.'Ilking th e war riglu up t o o th eTurkish C1Ilp~taLAn lequaUy impurtant submar ineoperation 1 as that carried ou t by Lieutenan t -Com mander O ttn He ' l : s i ,ng"who h ad ,a iled !h e ,21 from Gl . : rmany , I:hrou,h th e M e d irc rra nc aa .O n th e morn ing of 25 ~ '\


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"lrrilllmllll~., I!IIl'I.: b .~tin' 25Mil" , .

~~II.jc~tic.the IhafI,ll'i~,drnr11llid ships{Ili ,~t'll,ti(Jn (lffJk. ~tild: l J " , U 2] ,f, lIn:n. " _ .

.\e ' B n$ i: I, I~1,n n e Q.f~!'Jbcr ... UIJ"d

. . ,I IJ ic : l ! mu sedin m e (;'a ofh !n< inp .'i(;"Clil1'ilyd,rorJgl~ tJ l .'7 L\'I1_i'lQ .; Scp~C'mbe( 'be.m.n.in' t: ,c tJl .mgJerlmr ri '- 1 lI ', IJ .Dm ,. if lCll er .


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ill U a water sh ortaJ~~ , and t h e e n o ' l " C area wasunder thrc1iII'1 f r c ( l m Turkish artiUC'1J at e v e r ymmmrruenL Undc


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STALEMATE

] 1 ' 1 addi t ion [0 the continual m in or ra id in g,n~:p~llgnd bomba,rdmen t 31AlIl~,C, "'\10 I,arger.u :l:io ns we n ! fo ug h t O n 2,8 June m e ANZAC smouneed a d~mon" l .r n ll :i on ,11 th e esrrerne rigbt ofI J i J I C ' i r p o s i t i o n , from Tasman Post towards Pinen:idgc, to '1 1 cup>, Turk ish a ftj Inion and preven tmC'fillll fronl tt '3nflf~'ITing resourcea HI OpPtlSC l I D l ~mad at Helles (for which see below); when the

T urk s re spon de d t h eir s up po rtin g ' co lumn cameunder lire from both [he A ~ Z AC artU h :ry il~ dlBri.tish de Sb"Cjf,C'Fs" In r e t . d i a t r u o n j th e Turksm oun ted a cOW'l~er'-8n3!cku po n 1 11'Q u nn ~s P ll~ -Pepe's HiU sector oa the Ilight of ]'9/,0 june;fig htin g coati nued uno] dayli gilt and co 1 ' theTurks S l G , h e ; l , v w I D y thrill they It"Il lnu;:hed no r ~ r t l ' l l : rof ten lves,

'P.tiH.d'c, . 4 . . 1 . 1 ' : 'loftrl!lt;:cd' ,. u.~I:I"II'l13n~; 'I(;IS Il 'tcmJ i1p ,p lied' n r i ' l l : tJ'Rj'~~1iIdescribe th,~' tJlI'itlilrnr'~!dl'Jprednf du: "Ieight ofd ie h u .t 's !.m sa .o " '/lIis,nig.~r'l'C;I:B:I b e : J ' (,rlf!rnnll>ed witb British~lip~i';mdg's;,bisJ 9tl,8-pa'U:em fl'ilbcqlllipnu.:nf Imogs w i r l u : 1 ' : Ii'C(l.c/J, iJud die: ,b . i~, 'Vne lrewilJs m e ' 1 1 1 ' 1 0 . 1 ; : 'dQ,Ui1lfJ'Ras In . "um ' ll't rl.lm ,p~t:rnnJ"'l~i~~e"".'ll-,rjl\l is '~~~l lPle~'C'UIJ'"'di ,i(\S1 camplenn'oII',f (j,f~Ji 'CSi ! i _ 1 1 4 [Q p.:ts " d r - I . \ " DRJ~dJe m'aB .t s pI. yitJg du: :poptlllD".I"1 Hsf:n'lIJ:ID~Jm,btlng : i 3me or'tnQ-\!>!P'~ (PfJint in.r byj~t,[ike Cll ' iqJlW1Z;

.. j;\.t du!' L.,'lnditlg.:ltul:here C\~'C''t'',5ill~ ';' II typ'i'ml'd~gge,r'dmwn h:~'/Jm-id'Bllder IE,G i dlip fd l W i ldpubli lu'fl ill The 1I'l;~'CBook09HiJ' .

,67


70/99

.. O fflc c J'8 ofrhc' 2nd, I lo.r/iJ f'Ul"WCni' in ,9fi"eUroIIIlIdlc.: ' ,[[mdi'Ji\!f rligbl isl . ieI:Ut 'Dtl l : J~ ' Li rJrJt ' l Dem-,!",ol .Uutldy u ' ll il 1 Jr ad -

jl:j,(MI, w ho "11 .S I ' i ,J i l :d tjlil ()JOllie, U; ,Cfm~'1'Ri~Il' W~l'Slht ' , Ij'fSf tJflhc b~ l , tm l i~ l


71/99

SA.RI'8,.AIIR.lr having been de'rcrnlim:d dllat the only ehanceefS Il .J ]I ~OCS W;< IS a ma rO f offensive, Ia.oo[Uon \V l1 ISellocared n w , ~ n ew c liv islon s: ihe r uO lh , 1] th and' 13~h ,\\I'hich l~oge thef fo~med.~ nC\I; ' IX Co:rps, wil[ 'JJ;)3~d and 54th Dtvlslcesatraehed, H i ll 'W i li ll ll i~ u E l re -1 ( [ uested acapabLc and e~::p:ericnced officer ~Qcommand ir, d.t 'hcr Geneea 1 5 B}i :ng or I t~wlin$on,rhen occupied on th e \I \'e stc rn 1"']\UiIH. A s bnth of[]u;:.'i'Cwere ~1(I]1iQr~ 'O UWl"~IiI"'nl-Gl;!nel


72/99

l:h an th e 'e.!ililb lis hme:n t . o f 1hirlecI]J dMs :!o [[s ), T h enew In''00lP!!~ howeYCW'1 were not or th e q lH llh y ofth ose wh o h iild ~ landcd in A pri], bu t were COI1~-ple~e.lyrllw: th e r n Om ~ l Ith ~nd 13th Dhrisi'[lns w e r e'N ew A rni1 ;1 ;y'a n d o on t< lin e d h a ,rd ~ y a n y cxpe:r icnced.peuoElne]~ and m e S Jr -d < lin d 5 4lth ' i I ' I ' , c r e Ter r i -u : n : l i a . I . 8 " T h i s was e l ! i ; p e d a U y { < I ' M . ! cOJ.lsi.dC'dng t h eincO:l11peH :I1iOe,of tbc:l.eadenllip.Churchill fa~'olil~ed landing these mew fnrma-l i u n s o n l i t e lJiUhli:ris~.hnRus~ b 1 ! 1 1 l l b i i s W ! I: S :r e ~ e c t c d lpanl.}' heeause d~Ro,bed:: thowg:tnl i le snbm iii r ined


73/99

~S .A ! l l , 1 1 i lA ! IR

Wehib 1)~ISha(iEssa,d]'s bfUl[hcr)"l nd fi'l'O sourh ofG aba Tepe ~o rom, idg a ~ i,r Jik e tw e en [ i ' l l . c JereesatH.cn~s < 1 I J n dAnza.c," StJ'l~a w a s c o v c r e d ~ , a sma~~1force s tyled the - [;I


74/99

Top to the sea at the south of the brid rehead washeld by ] SI ustralian Division "md '~"nd :3 LightHo lfS c B r ig ;a d cs ; ih e anack on L one I l l i ne W1'ISdclivcn,:d by 1 r \u s lf< il ia n B l i ig . l d l i . :. , reinforced byth e 7 t h an d 1 2 1 . h Ba.l1;[~~~on,!lrom 2 : and J B r l l i b " t t d c srespecti ..dy. Itwas a truly desperate 3.SS9IUh. madea long til (rom of o n J I y som e 220 Y I l I : d S , ag i l i n s tsll1ungl},built trenches ronfcd over to form .st~nng-poinus. Much of (he Ilig-nting was l i terally hand-m-harul and ,e. l>(l : rcmdy eonfescd; it lasted untilthe~a 'l of severa l Turkish cnumer-artscks on 9l lgUS1. , but fir-cm the evening of I) ugust LoneP i rae was in A ustnd ian h .~nds. Seven V i i C t O w l < 1 l

Cro Sl ! iI i. :. 'i w e D I e ' w on iu I f n , i s act ion; 1 A . u st l ral iamBli ' : igndc sustsined more than ] ,7 00 c asu altie s outuf 2 / . H : m . the 2nd H:;]m'l~i.on u ffe ri ng' a easualty-(".U.eor some H per cen t, yet th ey dung' 01 '110 thepos i t ion . O th er coW art. w ere als o Q 1 IJ .d c0 1 1 1 differentsections of (h e I'!.Z~U; front, I:nma notably theI c'h a r- gc o f 3 Ughl. Ho rs ,e B r:ig nd e on th e mornlng 'of 7 .'uguSl: nI Russell's Top. north 3nd u

cam 008 - gallipoli 1915 - frontal assault on turkey

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