caltrans guide trb04-4484 s719
DESCRIPTION
ROAD WORK ON COMPACTIONTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: CalTrans Guide TRB04-4484 S719](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051115/563dbbbf550346aa9aafeb40/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Guide to the Investigation and Remediation of Distress inFlexible Pavements
Presentation for:2004 Annual Meeting of theTransportation Research Board
Based on Study Funded by:California Dept. of Transportation
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Authors
Mike Cook, P.E. (Caltrans)Steve Seeds, P.E. (APTech)Haiping Zhou, P.E., PhD. (MACTEC)Gary Hicks, P.E., PhD. (MACTEC)
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Why did we need this?
Caltransβ’ 12 autonomous districtsβ’ Has lost a lot of experienceβ’ Staff amenable to new technology
Some practices have become outdatedNeed for standardized approaches that address typical flexible pavement problems
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Purpose of Presentation
Identify documentationReview basic processHighlight featuresShare information
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Documentation
Office Manualβ’ Detailed referenceβ’ Limited productionField Manualβ’ Assumes familiarity with
Office Manualβ’ Contains all primary toolsβ’ Assists field personnel
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Overview of Guide
IntroductionTypes of Flexible Pavementsβ’ Hot-Mix Asphaltβ’ Surface Treatmentsβ’ Composite (HMA over PCCP)
Factors Affecting Pavement Distress and Performance
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EnvironmentEnvironment
Traffic
Pavement Performance
PavementMaterials
SubgradeSoil
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Overview of Guide
IntroductionTypes of Flexible PavementsFactors Affecting Pavement Distress and PerformanceTypes of Pavement Distress and Their Mechanisms
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Pavement Distress Types
Typical distress types for both HMA pavements and surface treatmentsβ’ HMA
β¦Cracking, Deformation, Deterioration, Mat problems
β’ Surface Treatmentsβ¦Seal Coats, Slurry Seals/Microsurfacing
Distresses are consistent with Caltrans Condition Survey Procedure
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Distress Types Covered
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Pavement Distress Mechanisms
ββStripping
ββReflection Cracking
ββTop Down Cracking
ββThermal Cracking
βFatigue Cracking
βRutting
Mtls.Moist.Temp.
Wheel LoadDistress Type
Climate
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Example Illustration of Distress Mechanism (Rutting)
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Overview of Guide
IntroductionTypes of Flexible PavementsFactors Affecting Pavement Distress and PerformanceTypes of Pavement Distress and Their MechanismsInvestigation of Distress
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Main Objective of Process:
Identify and address the cause of the problem, not just the symptom.
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Flowchart of ProcessOverall Problem
Possible Investigation Requirements
RecordsReview
FieldDistressSurvey
StructuralEvaluation
FieldSampling
andTesting
LabTesting
Data Analysis
Probable Cause(s)
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Typical Distresses and Possible CausesD
istre
ss C
ateg
ory
Distress Type
Low
-Stre
ngth
or L
ow-S
tabi
lity
Mix
Poo
r Mix
Gra
datio
n
Low
Asp
halt
Con
tent
Hig
h As
phal
t Con
tent
Low
Air
Void
Con
tent
Hig
h Ai
r Voi
d C
onte
nt
Impr
oper
Fin
es C
onte
nt T
ende
r Mix
Seg
rega
ted
Mix
Poo
r Sur
face
Pre
para
tion
Exc
ess/
Insu
ffici
ent P
rime/
Tack
Impr
oper
Cra
ck S
ealin
g Te
chni
ques
Impr
oper
Com
pact
ion
Tech
niqu
es
Exc
ess
Moi
stur
e in
Mix
Low
HM
A Th
ickn
ess
Low
Bas
e/Su
bbas
e Th
ickn
ess
Poo
r Sub
grad
e C
ompa
ctio
n
Poo
r Bas
e/Su
bbas
e C
ompa
ctio
n
Poo
r Bas
e/Su
bbas
e G
rada
tion
Hig
h As
phal
t Bin
der V
isco
sity
Low
Asp
halt
Bin
der V
isco
sity
Tem
p. S
usce
ptib
le A
spha
lt Bi
nder
Rap
id A
ging
Asp
halt
Bin
der
Moi
stur
e Se
nsiti
ve M
ix
Poo
r Agg
rega
te D
urab
ility
Poo
r Agg
rega
te S
ound
ness
Poo
r Agg
rega
te C
lean
ness
Hig
h Ex
posu
re to
Moi
stur
e
Coo
l/Col
d Pr
evai
ling
Tem
pera
ture
s
Hot
Pre
vailin
g Te
mpe
ratu
res
Fre
eze-
Thaw
Cyc
ling
Lar
ge D
aily
Tem
pera
ture
Cyc
les
Hig
h Tr
affic
Vol
ume
Hig
h ES
AL T
ruck
Vol
ume
Exp
osur
e to
Stu
dded
Tire
s/C
hain
s In
adeq
uate
Pav
emen
t Stru
ctur
e
Poo
r Mat
eria
l Sel
ectio
n
Poo
r Dra
inag
e
Nar
row
or N
on-E
xist
ent S
houl
der
Nar
row
Lan
e W
idth
Exc
essi
ve H
oriz
onta
l Geo
met
ry
Longitudinal β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βFatigue β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Transverse β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βReflective β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Block β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βEdge β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Rutting β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βCorrugation β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Shoving β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βDepression β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Overlay Bumps β β βDelamination β β β β β β β β β β β β
Potholes β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βPatching β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βRaveling β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βStripping β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Polished Aggr β β β β β βPumping β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Segregation β β β βChecking β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βBleeding β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Legend: β Common cause of distress β Occasional cause of distress
Overall Problem Possible Causes of DistressStructural GeometricConstruction Materials Climate Traffic Design
Mat
P
robl
ems
Mix Design Design
Cra
ckin
gD
efor
mat
ion
Det
erio
ratio
n
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Typical Distresses and Possible Causes
Low
-Str
engt
h or
Low
-Sta
bilit
y M
ix
Poo
r Mix
Gra
datio
n
Low
Asp
halt
Con
tent
Hig
h A
spha
lt C
onte
nt
Low
Air
Void
Con
tent
Hig
h A
ir Vo
id C
onte
nt
Impr
oper
Fin
es C
onte
nt
Ten
der M
ix
Seg
rega
ted
Mix
Longitudinal β β β β β β βFatigue β β β β β β β
Transverse β β β β β βReflective β β β β β β
Block β β β β β βEdge β β β β β β
β Common cause of distress β Occasional cause of distress
Construction
Distress Type
Dis
tress
Cat
egor
yMix Design
Cra
ckin
g
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Possible Data Review/RequirementsLaboratory Testing (General Material Characteristics)
Des
ign
Rep
orts
Pla
ns a
nd S
peci
ficat
ions
QC
/QA
Rec
ords
As-
Built
Dra
win
gs
Lab
Mat
eria
l Tes
t Res
ults
Pas
t Sur
veys
/ND
T/Sa
mpl
ing
Res
ults
Mai
nten
ance
/Rep
air H
isto
ries
Tra
ffic
Dat
a
Env
ironm
enta
l/Clim
ate
Rec
ords
PM
S R
epor
ts
Win
dshi
eld
Surv
ey
Det
aile
d D
istre
ss S
urve
y
Non
dest
ruct
ive
Test
ing
Eva
luat
ion
of N
DT
Uni
form
ity
Stru
ct. C
apac
ity E
val.
(Cal
trans
)
Stru
ct. C
apac
ity E
val.
(Bac
kcal
c.)
Cor
ing
Aug
er B
ase,
Sub
base
and
/or S
ubgr
ade
She
lby
(Pus
h) T
ube
Tes
t Pit
(Tre
nch)
Dyn
amic
Con
e/St
anda
rd P
enet
rom
eter
Soi
l Cla
ssifi
catio
n
Gra
datio
n
Moi
stur
e C
onte
nt
Den
sity
Den
sity
Asp
halt
Con
tent
Air
Void
Con
tent
Asp
halt
Bind
er V
isco
sity
Asp
halt
Tem
pera
ture
Sus
cept
ibilit
y
Agg
rega
te G
rada
tion
Coa
rse
Aggr
egat
e Ab
rasi
on
Agg
rega
te D
urab
ility
Agg
rega
te S
ound
ness
Moi
stur
e Se
nsiti
vity
R-V
alue
(Unb
ound
Mat
eria
ls)
Ind
irect
Ten
sile
(Bou
nd M
ater
ials
)
Res
ilient
Mod
ulus
(Fin
e/C
oars
e M
atls
)
Mod
ulus
(Asp
halt
Mix
ture
s)
Low Strength or Low Stability Mix β β β β β β β β β β β β β βPoor Mix Gradation β β β β β β β β β βLow or High Asphalt Content β β β β β β β β β β βLow or High Air Void Content β β β β β β β β β β β βImproper Fines Content β β β β β β β β βTender Mix β β β β β β β βSegregated Mix β β β β β β β β βSurface Prep./Excess/Lack Prime/Tack β β β β β βImproper Crack Sealing Techniques β β β βImproper Compaction Techniques β β β β β β β β β β β βExcess Moisture In Mix β β β β β βLow HMA Thickness β β β β β β β β β β β β βLow Base/Subbase Thickness β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βPoor Subgrade Compaction β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βPoor Base/Subbase Compaction β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βPoor Base/Subbase Gradation β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βLow or High Binder Viscosity β β β β β β β β β’ β βTemp. Susceptible Asphalt Binder β β β β β β β β’ βRapid Aging Asphalt Binder β β β β β β β β β β β βMoisture Sensitive Mix β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βPoor Aggregate Durability β β β β β β β β β βPoor Aggregate Soundness β β β β β β’ β’ βPoor Aggregate Cleanness β β β β β β β β β β β β βHigh Exposure to Moisture β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βCool/Cold Prevailing Temperatures β β β β β β βHot Prevailing Temperatures β β β β β β β β βFreeze-Thaw Cycling β β β β β β β β β β β βLarge Daily Temperature Cycles β β β β β β βHigh Traffic Volume β β β β βHigh ESAL Truck Volume β β β β β β β β β β βExposure to Studded Tires/Chains β β β β β β β β β β’ β’Inadequate Pavement Structure β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βPoor Material Selection β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βPoor Drainage β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βNarrow or Non-Existent Shoulders β β β β β β β β β β β βNarrow Lane Width β β β β β β β β β β β βExcessive Horizontal Geometry β β β β β β β β β β β β
Legend: β Typical test or data requirement β Occasional test or data requirement
Mat
eria
lsM
ix D
esig
nDistress
Possible Causes of Distress
Unbound Mat'ls (Strength-Related)Testing MethodsSurvey Bound MaterialsG
eom
etric
D
esig
nC
limat
eTr
affic
Stru
ctur
al
Des
ign
Structural Field Sampling &Records Review EvaluationC
onst
ruct
ion
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Possible Data Review/Requirements
Des
ign
Rep
orts
Pla
ns a
nd S
peci
ficat
ions
QC
/QA
Rec
ords
As-
Bui
lt D
raw
ings
Lab
Mat
eria
l Tes
t Res
ults
Pas
t Sur
veys
/ND
T/Sa
mpl
ing
Res
ults
Mai
nten
ance
/Rep
air H
isto
ries
Win
dshi
eld
Surv
ey
Det
aile
d D
istr
ess
Surv
ey
Non
dest
ruct
ive
Test
ing
Eva
luat
ion
of N
DT
Uni
form
ity
Str
uct.
Cap
acity
Eva
luat
ion
Low Strength or Low Stability Mix β β β β β β β β βPoor Mix Gradation β β β β β β βLow or High Asphalt Content β β β β β β βLow or High Air Void Content β β β β β β βImproper Fines Content β β β β β β βTender Mix β β βSegregated Mix β β β β β
β Typical test or data requirement β Occasional test or data requirement
Mix
Des
ign
Distress
Possible Causes of Distress
SurveyStructuralRecords Review Evaluation
Con
stru
ctio
n
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Use of Selection Tables
Overall Problem(by Distress Category
and Type)
Possible Causes(by GeneralCategory)
Possible DataRequirements
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Overview of Guide
IntroductionTypes of Flexible PavementsFactors Affecting Pavement Distress and PerformanceTypes of Pavement Distress and Their MechanismsInvestigation of DistressRemediation of Distress
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Cost Analysis
Flowchart of Process
Repair/Rehabilitation Alternatives
Structural Section Design and/or Mix Design
Probable Cause(s)
Patch Sealing/Micro-Milling
SurfaceLevel
SurfaceTreat-ment
Over-lay
Removeand
Replace
Recon-struct
Treatment Selection
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Candidate Rehab & Repair Treatments
Par
tial D
epth
Ful
l Dep
th
Cra
ck S
ealin
g
Rou
t and
Sea
l
Saw
and
Sea
l*
Mic
ro-M
illing
Col
d M
illing
(Par
tial D
epth
)
Rut
Fille
r
Lev
elin
g C
ours
e
Chi
p Se
al
Fog
Sea
l
Slu
rry
Seal
Mic
rosu
rfaci
ng
San
d Se
al
Scr
ub S
eal
Bon
ded
Wea
ring
Cou
rse
OG
FC
Thi
n O
verla
y ( β€
30
mm
)
CAP
M ( β€
75
mm
)
Stru
ctur
al O
verla
y
Inla
y (P
D M
ill &
Fill)
Hot
In-P
lace
Rec
ycle
Par
tial D
epth
CIP
R*
Ful
l Dep
th C
IPR
*
Hot
Cen
tral P
lant
Rec
ycle
Mill
& Fi
ll (F
ull D
epth
)
Ful
l Dep
th R
ecla
mat
ion
Virg
in M
ater
ials
Dra
inag
e Im
prov
emen
ts
Hea
ter S
carif
y
Fab
ric*
Geo
grid
*
SAM
I*
Longitudinal x x β x x x β β β β β x β β β x x x x β x x x β β x
Fatigue β β β x β β x x x β β β β β β β β x
Transverse β β β β β β β x β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βReflective β β β β β β β x β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Block β β β β x β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βEdge β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Rutting β β β β β β x β β β β β β β β β β β βCorrugation β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Shoving β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βDepression β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Overlay Bumps β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βDelamination β β β β β β β β β
Potholes β β β β β β β β β β β β βPatching β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βRaveling β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βStripping β β β β β β β β β β
Polished Aggr. β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βPumping β β β β β β β β β β
Segregation β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βChecking β β β β β β β β β β β β β βBleeding β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
β Candidate treatment β Marginal treatment. Product selection is critical x Special product or technique required* Requires an overlay or other suitable surface treatment No Caltrans Specification
Surface Treatment HMA OverlayM
at
Prob
lem
sD
eter
iora
tion
Def
orm
atio
nC
rack
ing
Recon-struct Pre-Treatments
Dis
tress
Cat
egor
y
Distress Type
HMA Patch
Sealing/Micro-Milling
Remove & Replace (HMA Surface)
Surface Leveling
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Candidate Rehab & Repair Treatments
Par
tial D
epth
Ful
l Dep
th
Chi
p Se
al
Fog
Sea
l
Slu
rry
Seal
Mic
rosu
rfac
ing
Bon
ded
Wea
ring
Cou
rse
OG
FC
Thi
n O
verla
y ( β€
30
mm
)
CA
PM ( β€
75
mm
)
Str
uctu
ral O
verla
y
Longitudinal x x x β β β x β βFatigue β x β β
Transverse β β x β β β β βReflective β β x β β β β β
Block x β β β β βEdge β β β β β β β
β Candidate treatment β Marginal treatment. Product selection is criticalx Special product or technique required
HMA Overlay
Cra
ckin
g
Surface Treatment
Dis
tres
s C
ateg
ory
Type
HMA Patch
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Distress Cause(s) Addressed
Low
-Stre
ngth
or L
ow-S
tabi
lity
Mix
Poo
r Mix
Gra
datio
n
Low
Asp
halt
Con
tent
Hig
h As
phal
t Con
tent
Low
Air
Void
Con
tent
Hig
h Ai
r Voi
d C
onte
nt
Impr
oper
Fin
es C
onte
nt
Ten
der M
ix
Seg
rega
ted
Mix
Poo
r Sur
face
Pre
para
tion
Exc
ess/
Insu
ffici
ent P
rime
or T
ack
Impr
oper
Cra
ck S
ealin
g Te
chni
ques
Impr
oper
Com
pact
ion
Tech
niqu
es
Exc
ess
Moi
stur
e in
Mix
Low
HM
A Th
ickn
ess
Low
Bas
e/Su
bbas
e Th
ickn
ess
Poo
r Sub
grad
e C
ompa
ctio
n
Poo
r Bas
e/Su
bbas
e C
ompa
ctio
n
Poo
r Bas
e/Su
bbas
e G
rada
tion
Hig
h As
phal
t Cem
ent V
isco
sity
Low
Asp
halt
Cem
ent V
isco
sity
Tem
p. S
usce
ptib
le A
spha
lt C
emen
t
Rap
id A
ging
Asp
halt
Cem
ent
Moi
stur
e S
ensi
tive
Mix
Poo
r Agg
rega
te D
urab
ility
Poo
r Agg
rega
te S
ound
ness
Poo
r Agg
rega
te C
lean
ness
Hig
h Ex
posu
re to
Moi
stur
e
Coo
l/Col
d Pr
evai
ling
Tem
pera
ture
s
Hot
Pre
vailin
g Te
mpe
ratu
res
Fre
eze-
Thaw
Cyc
ling
Lar
ge D
aily
Tem
pera
ture
Cyc
les
Hig
h Tr
affic
Vol
ume
Hig
h ES
AL T
ruck
Vol
ume
Exp
osur
e to
Stu
dded
Tire
s/C
hain
s
Inad
equa
te P
avem
ent S
truct
ure
Poo
r Mat
eria
l Sel
ectio
n
Poo
r Dra
inag
e
Nar
row
or N
on-E
xist
ent S
houl
der
Nar
row
Lan
e W
idth
Exc
essi
ve H
oriz
onta
l Geo
met
ry
Partial Depth β β β βFull Depth β β β β β
Crack Sealing β βRout and Seal β βSaw and Seal* β βMicro-Milling β β β
Cold Milling (P. Depth) β β βRut Filler β β
Leveling Course β βChip Seal x x β x β β β βFog Seal β β β β β β
Slurry Seal β β β β x β x β x β β β β β βMicrosurfacing β β β β x β x β x β β β β β β β
Sand Seal β β β β β βScrub Seal β β β β β β
Bonded Wearing Course β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βOGFC β β β β β
Thin Overlay (β€ 30 mm) β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βCAPM (β€ 75 mm) β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βStructural Overlay β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Inlay (PD Mill & Fill) β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βHot In-Place Recycle β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βPartial Depth CIPR* β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Full-Depth CIPR* β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βHot Central Plant Rec. β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βMill & Fill (Full Depth) β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
F.D. Reclamation β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βVirgin Materials β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β
Drainage Improvements β β βHeater Scarify β
Fabric* β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βGeogrid* β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β β βSAMI* β β β β β β
β Candidate treatment β Marginal treatment * Requires an overlay or other suitable surface treatment x Special product or technique required No Caltrans specification
Causes of Pavement Distress Addressed by Rehabilitation and Repair TreatmentsS
ealin
g/M
icro
-M
illin
gTr
eatm
ent C
ateg
ory
Candidate Treatments
Rec
on-
stru
ctPr
e-Tr
eatm
ents
Surfa
ce
Leve
ling
Rem
ove
and
Rep
lace
(HM
A
Surfa
ce)
Sur
face
Tre
atm
ent
HM
A
Ove
rlay
HM
A P
atch
![Page 26: CalTrans Guide TRB04-4484 S719](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051115/563dbbbf550346aa9aafeb40/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Distress Cause(s) Addressed
Trea
tmen
t Cat
egor
yCandidate
Treatments
Low
-Str
engt
h or
Low
-Sta
bilit
y M
ix
Poo
r Mix
Gra
datio
n
Low
Asp
halt
Con
tent
Hig
h A
spha
lt C
onte
nt
Low
Air
Void
Con
tent
Hig
h A
ir Vo
id C
onte
nt
Impr
oper
Fin
es C
onte
nt
Ten
der M
ix
Seg
rega
ted
Mix
Partial Depth βFull Depth βChip SealFog Seal β
Slurry Seal β β β βMicrosurfacing β β β β
BWC β β β β βOGFC
Thin Overlay (β€ 30 mm) β β β β β β β βCAPM (β€ 75 mm) β β β β β β β β β
Structural Overlay β β β β β β β β β
β Candidate treatment β Marginal treatment
Surf
ace
Trea
tmen
tH
MA
O
verla
yH
MA
Pa
tch
![Page 27: CalTrans Guide TRB04-4484 S719](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051115/563dbbbf550346aa9aafeb40/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Use of Treatment Selection Tables
Overall Problem(by Distress Category
and Type)
Candidate Rehabilitation and Repair Treatments
Causes of PavementAddressed by
R&R Treatments
![Page 28: CalTrans Guide TRB04-4484 S719](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051115/563dbbbf550346aa9aafeb40/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Development Status
Method has been tested on several projectsReview process completeManuals have been finalized and will be produced for statewide distributionOne-day training course under development
![Page 29: CalTrans Guide TRB04-4484 S719](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051115/563dbbbf550346aa9aafeb40/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Acknowledgements
Terrie Bressette (Caltrans)Rita Leahy (MACTEC)David Peshkin (APTech)
![Page 30: CalTrans Guide TRB04-4484 S719](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051115/563dbbbf550346aa9aafeb40/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Thank You!