calotropis gigantea linn. - a complete busket of indian traditional medicine

Int. J. Pharm. Res. Sci., 2014, 02(1), 7-17. ISSN: 2348 –0882=============================================================================

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Calotropis Gigantea Linn. - A Complete Busket Of Indian Traditional MedicineS SARKAR 1*, R CHAKRAVERTY2, A GHOSH3.

1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Durgapur, West Bengal, India2Department of Pharmacology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India.3Department of Pharmaceutics, Durgapur, West Bengal, India.

Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, B.R.B. Basu Sarani, Bidhannagar, Durgapur-713212, W.B, India.

*Corresponding author: SIPRA SARKAR, Email id: [email protected]

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AbstractCalotropis genera comprise of two species, with

90% inhabiting southern Asian country and aremost endemic to the India, Indonesia, Malaysia,Thailand, and Srilanka, China. Calotropis giganteais a weed plant commonly known as giant milkweed. The plant is belonging to Apocynaceaefamily which includes latex bearing plants. C.gigantea is known for variousmedicinal properties in traditional medicinal systemand use to cure a variety of diseases. In last fewdecades, C. gigantea is extensively studied for itsmedicinal properties by advanced scientifictechniques and a variety of bioactive compoundshave been isolated from the differentparts of the plant and were analysedpharmacologically. The plant is reported foranalgesic activity, antimicrobial activity,antioxidant activity, anti-pyretic activity,insecticidal activity, cytotoxicity activity,hepatoprotective activity, pregnancy interceptiveproperties, purgative properties, procoagulantactivity and wound healing activity. The medicinalproperties of this plant represent it as a valuablesource of medicinal compound. This study iscollective information concerning the ethnobotany,

pharmacology, phytochemistry and biologicalactivities of the C. gigantea.Keywords: Calotropis gigantea, ethnobotany,phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, futureprospect.Introduction

Arka (Calotropis giganteaa) an importantdrug of Ayurveda is known in this country from theearliest time. It is mentioned by the earliest Hinduwriters and the ancient name of the plant whichoccurs in the Vedic literature was Arka alluding tothe form of leaves, which was used in the sacrificalrites. There are two common species of Calotropis,viz. Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R.Br. andCalotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br described by theSanskrit writers. [1] C. gigantea is a commonwasteland weed and commonly known as giant milkweed. This plant is a native of Bangladesh, Burma,China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan,Philippines, Thailand and Sri Lanka. C. gigantea isfrequently available in India and used for severalmedication purposes in traditional medicinalsystem. [2] Most recently C. gigantea isscientifically reported for several medicinalproperties (Figure 1) viz. the flowers are reported topossess analgesic activity , antimicrobial and


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cytotoxic activity [3]. Leaves and areal parts of theplant are reported for anti-diarrhoeal activity [4],anti-Candida activity [5] and antibacterial activity [6],antioxidant activity.[ 7] Roots are reported to containanti-pyretic activity[ 8], cytotoxic activity [9].

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANTTaxonomical classification [10]:-Kingdom: PlanataeSubkingdom: TracheobiontaSuperdivision: SpermatophytaDivision: MagnoliophytaClass: DicotyledonesSub class: AsteridaeSeries: BicarpellataeOrder: GentianalesFamily: ApocynaceaeSubfamily: AsclepidiaceaeGenus: CalotropisSpecies: Calotropis giganteaVernacular Names [11]:-Common names: Giant Milkweed, Crown Flower,Swallow Wort.Hindi: Safed aak, Aak, Alarkh, Madar, Sveta Arka,Akanda, Bara Akand.Gujarati: AakandoEnglish: Crown flower, giant Indian milkweed.Bowstring hemp, crownplant, madarMalaysia:Remiga, rembega, kemengu.Indonesia: Bidhuri (Sundanese, Madurese), sidaguri(Javanese), rubik (Aceh).Philippines: Kapal-kapal (Tagalog).Laos: Kok may, dok kap, dok hak.Thailand: Po thuean, paan thuean (northern), rak(central).Vietnam: B[oot]ng b[oot]ng, l[as] hen, nam t[it]b[at].French: Faux arbre de soie, mercure vegetal.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONMorphology of Calotropis gigantea leaf twig

with oppositely arranged subsessile leaves; Broadlyovate or elliptical, cottony,pubescent when youngand glabrous on maturity; Portion of the laminashowing venation pattern]Calotropis giganteaoccurs as a single ormany stemmed soft-wooded shrub, and occasionallya tree reaching to 6m. All parts ofthe plant exude white milky latex when cut.Botanical description of Calotropisincudes following parts:Bark & Branches

The bark is thick, rough and corky and ayellow-brown colour; twigs are green andfleshy and may have a covering of tomentum (whitefur like hairs)[Figure 1].Leaves

Leaves are opposite-decussate, simple,ovateto obovate with 4-6 pairs of suboppositenerves prominent on the abaxial surface, an acuteapex, sessile (almost decurrent) base, a pale greencolour, and quite large which is about 30x25cm[Figure 1] .Inflorescences

Inflorescences arise from the base of theleaves in pedunculate (c.7cm) cymes of 3-20[Figure2].Flowers

Flowers consist of 5 small triangular dirtywhite sepals, 5 thick ovate petals (c1cm x1cm)which are white at the base and purple at thetips and 5 purple tipped stamens, which surround awhite 5 lobed stigma 11[Figure 2].Fruits

Fruits consist of green, spongy ovoid fruits(follicles), up to 15cm long by 10cm wide. They


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split open to release plumed, papery light brownseeds with a pappus of white filaments up to 6cmlong on one side. The main flowering period wouldbe from March to October[Figure 2]. [12]

Figure 1 Bark, leaves & FlowersFigure2 FruitsMACROSCOPICAL CHARACTERISTICSMacroscopical characteristics of various parts ofCalotropis are as follows:Root

The root occurs in the entire condition. Thebark is separated from the wood 0.5-2.0 cm. indiameter bearing rootlets with diameter varyingfrom 0.2 to 0.5 cm. externally whitish grey incolour, wrinkled in the fresh condition, plenty of

whitish latex exudes from cuts or wounds in thebark. Fracture is incomplete.Leaf

Simple, opposite, sub-sessile, slightly thick,fleshy, coriacious,10-15 cm. long and 4.5 to 6.5 cm.broad, broadly cuneate, obovate or obovate oblong,slightly cordate and auricled at base with tuff ofshort simple hairs on the upper side near place ofthe attachment to the petiole. The tender leaves arecovered with ashy gray pubescence. Mature leavesare nearly smooth or even glabrous and palegreen[Figure 1]Flowers

Regular,bisexual, liliac or pale rose, purpleor light greenish yellow and have a faint odour.They are arranged in simple or rarely compoundcymose corymbs at the ends oflaterally placed or interpetiolar peduncles arisingfrom alternate sides of the nodes. Each cluster issurrounded by an involucre of several small oblongpointed scaly caducous bracts. Flower buds ovoid[Figure 2].Calyx

Five lobes broadly ovate with small fleshyteeth like glands within the base.Corolla

Regular, gamopetalous, pale rose purple orliliac, subcordate to broadly sub- campanulate witha short tube and five broad ovate, lanceolate,valvate, spreading lobes.Stamens

Five, inserted at the base of the coroFilaments united to form a large stamina columnprovided with five conspicuous radiating coronalappendages that are completely adnate to, butslightly shorter than the column. The appendagesare fleshy, pale


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purplish or yellowish white and laterallycompressed with a circinnately recurved hollowcorsal spur at base and two short obtuse obliquelydivergent cuticles towards the top just below theapex. Anthers short, broad,somewhat horny withbroadly triangularmembranous anther tips that are inflexed over thesides of the stigmatic hood.Root bark

The tap roots are found to be havingprominent tops with rounded head and rest ofthe portion spirally curved. These hard roots aregreyish white in colour and exhibit sapexudations at the places where bark has been cut.The bark of the older roots is cracked at places. Thebark is yellowish grey outside and yellowish whiteinside. The upper cork portion is spongy and roughwhile the inner portion of bark is smooth andmucilaginous. The dried bark is bitter to taste .MICROSCOPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Microscopical characteristics of variousparts of Calotropis are as follows:Stem

(I) Epidermis: This is an outermost layer ofuniseriate cells with thick cuticle. Uni- andmulticellular hairs clothe epidermis almostcompletely. Cells are barrel to rectangular and arecompactly arranged.(II) Cortex: These form a few layers below theepidermis which are collenchymatous(thickened corners). A few chloroplasts may alsooccur in these cells. Rest of the cortex isparenchymatous. Intercellular spaces are numerous.(III) Endodermis: This layer of uniseriate cellsforms a wavy ring around the vasculartissue(separates cortex from underlying tissues.)The ells are barrel- rectangular shaped and arecompactly arranged. Characteristic casparian

thickening is lacking. It, however, contain starchgrains (termed as starch sheath).(IV) Pericycle: It is in the form of small patches ofsclerenchymatous fibres. A fewparenchymatous cells of the original pericycle arepresent between these groups.(V) Vascular tissue system: Secondary growth isprominent. It shows groups ofprimary phloem, secondary phloem,cambium,secondary xylem, primary xylem andintraxylary phloem. Primary phloem is completelyobliterated. Patches of secondaryphloem occur above and close to thecambium.Cambium is unistratose.( but itsderivatives on either side which are alike, give anappearance of a broad zone of cambium) .Secondary xylem forms a broad and extensiveregion. It compres vessels and tracheids.The annual rings are feeble. Primary xylem occursnear the pith and is endarch. A fewgroups of phloem are situated just below theprimary xylem in the region of pith and are thegroups of intraxylary or internal phloem.(VI) Pith: Centre is occupied by thin walledparenchyma and also many latex vessels.(VII) Points of ecological interest: A welldifferentiated cortex, presence of conjoint,bicollateral, opens and endarch vascular bundlesindicate that the material is adicotyledonous stem. Intraxylary phloem which isprimary phloem of the bicollateral vascular bundleis characteristic.Leaf

Transverse sections through the midribshowed an upper and lower, single- layeredepidermis that was externally covered with a thick,striated cuticle, a few epidermal cells on both lowerand upper surfaces, parenchymatous cells that were


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thin-walled and isodiametric to circular.Intracellular spaces were present in ground tissueand the stele was crescent-shaped and composed ofbicollateral and open vascular bundles. The xylemconsisted mostly of vessels and tracheids, and astrip of cambium was present between the xylemand phloem tissues.The lamina which wasdorsiventral with the mesophyll, was seen to bedifferentiated into a palisade and spongy tissue. Theupper and lower epidermise were covered externallywith a thick, striated cuticle. Below the upperepidermis were three rows of elongated,closelyarranged, palisade parenchyma.Spongy parenchymatissues were almost radially elongated withintracellular spaces.Central cells were irregular inshape; laticifersand vascular bundles were alsopresent scattered in this region.[13]

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTSPhytochemical studies on Calotropis have

afforded several types ofcompounds such as Cardenolide,triterpinoids,alkaloids, resins, anthocyanins andproteolytic enzymes in latex, flavonoids, tannins,sterol ,saponins, cardiac glycosides. Flowers contain-terpenes, multiflorenol, and cyclisadol . [14]

LeavesThe leaves contain mainly the

amyrin,amyrin acetate, ß-sitosterol, urosolic acid,cardenolides, calotropin, calotropagenin.

LatexThe latex contains caoutchouc,

calotropin,calotoxin 0.15%, calactin 0.15%,uscharin0.45%, trypsin, voruscharin, uzarigenin,syriogeninand proceroside.[15]

Flower

The flower contains the flavonoids,queretin-3- ratinoside, sterol, calactin,calotoxin, calotropagenin, calotropin,polysaccharides with D-arabinose, glucose,glucosamine and L-rhamnose. Flowers also containenzymes 3-proteinase and calotropain(protease).Other chemical constituents of C. gigantea flowersare lupeol, uscharin,proceroside, proceragenin(cardenolide),syriogenin, taraxast-20(30)-en-3-(4-methyl-3-pentenoate), 3-thiazoline cardenolide,gigantin,giganteol, isogiganteol, uscharidin,uzarigeninvoruscharin a-calotropeol, 3-epimoretenol, alactuceryl acetate an a-lactucerylisovalerate [16]

BarkRoot bark of Calotropis contains

triterpenes, a new norditerpenyl ester, namedCalotropterpenyl ester, and two unknownpentacyclic triterpinoids, namelycalotropursenyl acetate and calotropfriedelenylacetate, akundarol isovalerate, mundarol isovalerateand quercetin -3- rutinoside. [17,18]

Propagation and managementPropagation methods

The tree seeds freely, and naturalregeneration is common. Vegetative propagationthrough half stumps assumes a special importanceas compared with the entire stumps because theyhelp in faster multiplication of the parent genotypewith plus characters, as each plant gives rise to 2half stumps. Stumps also help in propagating onlyone plant. Vegetative propagation through stem androot cuttings is very useful in large-scalemultiplication of the superior genotypes.Tree Management

C. gigantea has been cultivated in SouthAmerica and on the Caribbean Islands for the


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production of fibres at a spacing of 1-1.5 m.Whencultivated, annual yields of up to 500kg/ha are expected. A single harvest per season ispreferable to double(ortriple)harvest; a singleharvest would result in a net saving of energy inputboth on the farm and in the processing plant. Wellsuited for intensive energy farming in arid or semi-arid regions where frost is not a limiting factor.[19]

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Antimicrobial activityAqueous, methanol, ethanol and petroleum

ether extracts of the leaves of C. gigantea werereported to possess anti-Candida activity againstclinical isolate of Candida albicans, C.parapsilosis, C.tropicalis and C. krusei.[20]

The aqueous extract of leaves of C. giganteawas reported to possess antibacterial activityagainst Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Micrococcus luteus and Klebsella pneumonia.[21]The aqueous extract of the latex of C. giganteawas reported to exhibit significantly inhibitoryeffect on S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli and C. krusei.[22]

Antifungal activity of C. gigantea wasreported against plant pathogenic fungi likeFusarium mangiferae, that causes serious threat inmango cultivation. [23]

Alam et al. (2008) reported the antibacterialactivity of methanol extract from the rootbark of C. gigantea and its petroleum ether,chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. Both ofmethanol extract and its chloroform fraction showedactivity against Sarcina lutea, B.

megaterium and P. aeruginosa. Petroleum etherfraction showed activity against B.subtilis and Shigella sonnei, whereas ethyl acetatefraction showed activity against P.Aaeruginosa and E. coli.[24]

Analgesic activityThe alcoholic extract of the flowers of C.

gigantea was reported for analgesic activity inchemical and thermal models in mice. The analgesicactivity was performed by acetic acid inducedwrithing test and hot plate method. Oral dose ofethanolic extract of C. gigantea flower produced asignificant decrease in the number of writhings anddelay in paw licking time. [25]

The CNS activity (analgesic activity) of alcoholicextract of peeled roots of C. gigantea wastested in albino rats. Analgesic activity wasobserved in Eddy’s hot plate method and acetic acidinduced writhings. Oral dose of the extract (250 and500 mg/kg body weight) significantly delayed thepaw licking time and the numbers of writhings weregreatly reduced. [26]

Wound healing activityRoot bark extract of C. gigantea was

investigated for wound healing activity in Wistaralbino rats.

The rats were topically treated with extractformulated in ointment for excision wound healingmodels and extract was given orally (100, 200 and400 mg/kg dose) for incision wound healingmodels. The results indicate that extract treatmentaccelerated wound healing in rats. [27]

The crude latex of C. gigantea was evaluated for itswound healing activity in albino rats


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using excision and incision wound models. At adose of 200 mg/kg/day C. gigantea latex showedthe significant wound healing activity as treatedanimals exhibit 83.42 % reduction in wound areawhen compared to controls which was 76.22 %. Theextract treated wounds are found to epithelize fasteras compared to controls. [28]

Cytotoxic activityThe cardenolide glycosides collected from

the root C. gigantea were reported to carrycytotoxic activity against several human and mousecell lines. Calotropin, frugoside and 4'–O-β-Dglucopyransylfrugoside was found as the activeprinciples.[29]

Two compounds (compound 1 and 2) isolated fromethanol extract of the roots of C.gigantea were reported to display inhibitory effectstowards chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 andhuman gastric cancer SGC-7901 cell lines.[30]

Crude ethyl acetate extract from the flower of C.gigantea was reported to inhibit theEhrlich’s ascites carcinoma in mice. Intraperitonealinjection (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) ofthe extract significantly decreases the viable tumourcells and body weight gain induced by the tumourburden and prolonged survival time. The extractalso restores the haematological and biochemicalparameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, bloodurea, ALP, SGPT and SGOT) that was alteredduring tumour progression, at 200 mg/kg bodyweight dose extract exhibits the best activity. [31]

Anti-diarrhoeal activityThe hydroalcoholic (50:50) extract of aerial

part of C. gigantea was studied for anti-diarrhoealactivity against castor oil-induced-diarrhoea modelin rats. The extract exhibited significant reductionsin fecal output and frequency of droppings at the

doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight(intraperitoneal dose). The extract also showedsignificant inhibition in weight and volume ofintestinal content. [32]

Anti-pyretic activityChitme et al. (2005) reported the anti-pyretic

activity of the water:ethanol (50:50) extract ofC.gigantea roots. Anti-pyretic activity was studiedby using yeast and TAB (Typhoid) vaccineinducedpyrexia in Albino Swiss rats and rabbits. At thedose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight(intraperitoneal injection) extract significantlyreduced the fever and body temperature wasnormalized. [33]

Insecticidal activityMethanol extract of C. gigantea root bark

and its chloroform and petroleum ether fractionswere evaluated for residual film toxicity, fumiganttoxicity and repellent effect against several inster oflarvae and adult of Tribolium castaneum. Methanolextract showed high insecticidal activity against T.castaneum followed by petroleum ether fraction andchloroform fraction. None of the sample showedfumigant toxicity. [34]

Anti-inflammatoryEthanol extract of C. gigantea was reported

for the anti-inflammatory activity againstcarrageenan induced paw edema in Wistar albinorats. The oral administration of 400mg/kg of C.gigantea showed significant anti-inflammatoryactivity, the activity was found more than that of100mg/kg of Ibuprofen. [35]

Antioxidant activity


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Leaves of C. gigantea were reported to carryantioxidant activity. The study reports the DPPHradical scavenging activity, reducing power activityand nitric oxide scavenging activity of thehydroalcohlic extract of C. gigantea leaves. Extractexhibited the maximum DPPH radicalscavenging activity (85.17%) at 400μg/mlconcentration. At 100μg/ml concentration extractshowed 54.55% nitric oxide scavenging activity.Reducing power of the extract was found toincrease with increasing the concentration ofextract. [36]

Pregnancy interceptive propertiesDifferent organic solvents of C. gigantea

roots were reported to exhibit pregnancyinterceptive activity in rats. The extract exhibited100% pregnancy interceptive activity at a dose of100 mg/kg.The extract also exhibited 100% efficacyat the dose of 12.5 mg/kg when administered in theDays 1-5 and 1-7 postcoitum schedules. [37]

Procoagulant activityThe latex of C. gigantea is reported to carry

procoagulant activity. The latex extract hydrolysedcasein, human fibrinogen and crude fibrin clot in adose dependent manner. Extract hydrolyses thesubunits of fibrinogen, subunit Aa hydrolyzed firstfollowed by Bb and g subunit. The crude extracthydrolysis crude fibrin clot strongly compared totrypsin and papain. Proteins present in the latex ofC. gigantea are strongly proteolytic and responsiblefor procoagulant activity of C. gigantea. [38]

Hepatoprotective effectsEthanol extract of stems of C. gigantea was

reported for hepatoprotective activity in maleWistar rats against carbon tetrachloride induced

liver damage. The extract resulted in significantlydecreased of AST, ALT and lipid peroxide levelsand showed effective protection of liver. The extractalso protects the rats from oxidative damage. [39]

Vasodilation Effect:Effect of latex from Calotropis gigantea in

the green frog R hexadactyla showed a significantincrease in cardiac output. Evidence suggests theprime action of latex on thecardiovascular system involves changes in thecation (Ca, Na) permeability, with consequentexcitation of Ca channels in the heart muscle and anincrease coronary flow. Therefore,dilatation property is likely responsible for thepharmacologic actions of the latex.[40]

SOME FORMULATION OF THIS PLANTAbedi et al published that Production of primarycarbon has involved by the carbonization ofCalotropis Gigantea (Giant Stabragh)in a negligiblyventilated atmosphere to drive out Comparison ofK2co3 and Khco3 for Preparation of volatiles,leaving a porous carbon structure with lowCarbonaceous Adsorbent. [41]

Vidya C et al published that green synthesis of ZnOnanoparticles by zinc nitrate and utilizing the biocomponents of leaves extract of CalotropisGigantea. The ZnO nano crystallites of average sizerange of 30-35 nm have been synthesized by rapid,simple and ecofriendly method. Zinc nanoparticleswere characterized using scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).[42]

Conclusion

Empirical knowledge about medicinalplantsplays a vital role in primary health care andhas great potential for the discovery of new herbaldrugs.The pharmacognostical studies including


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macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of variousparts of Calotropis gigantea would be ofconsiderable use in the identification of this drug.These findings may be useful to supplementexisting information with regard to theidentification and standardization of Calotropisgigantea to distinguish it from substitutes andadulterants. [43]

In recent years, ethnomedicinal studiesreceived much attention as this brings to light thenumerous little known and unknown medicinalvirtues especially of plant origin. Pharmacologicalscreenings of C. gigantea revealed its medicinalpotential and represents as a valuable medicinalplant with several medicinal properties. As thepharmacologists are looking forward to developnew drugs from natural sources, development ofmodern drugs from C. gigantea can be emphasizedfor the control of various diseases. A systemicresearch and development work should beundertaken for the conservation of C. gigantea anddevelopment of products for their better economicand therapeutic utilization. [44]

In conclusion, the present manuscript maybe useful to supplement information with regard toits identification and in carrying out further researchof its use in the treatment of various diseases.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors are thankful to Bengal College

of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, forgiving the all facilities, thankful to All Professors ofBengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences andResearch for guidance and Botanical Survey ofIndia, Howrah-2, W.B, India for identification ofthe plant.References

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29. Kiuchi F. Fukao Y, Maruyama T, Obata T,Tanaka M, Sasaki T, Mikage M, Haque ME,Tsuda Y, Cytotoxic Principles of a BangladeshiCrude Drug, Akond Mul (Roots ofCalotropis gigantea L.). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1998;46(3):528-530.30.Wang Z, Wang M, Mei W, Han Z, Dai H, A newcytotoxic pregnanone from Calotropisgigantea. Molecules 2008; 13(12):3033-3039.31. Habib MR, Aziz MA, Karim MR, Inhibition ofEhrlich’s ascites carcinoma by ethyl acetateextract of the flower of Calotropis gigantea L. inmice. Journal of Applied Biomedicine2010, 8(1), 47-54.32. Chitme HR, Chandra R, Kaushik S, Studies onanti-diarrhoeal activity of Calotropisgigantea r. br. in experimental animals. J PharmPharmaceut Sci 2004; 7(1):70-75.33. Chitme HR, Chandra R, Kaushik S, Evaluationof antipyretic activity of Calotropis gigantea(Asclepiadaceae) in experimental animals.Phototherapy Research 2005;19(5):454-456.34. Alam MA, Habib MR, Nikkon F,Khalequzzaman M, Karim MR, Insecticidal activityofroot bark of Calotropis gigantea L. againstTribolium castaneum (Herbst). World Journal ofZoology 2009;4(2):90-95.35. Das S, Das S, Das MK, Basu SP, Evaluation ofanti-inflammatory effect of Calotropisgigantea and Tridax procumbens on Wistar albinorats. J. Pharm. Sci. & Res.2009; 1(4):123-126.36.Singh N, Jain NK, Kannojia P, Garud N, PathakAK, Mehta SC, In vitro antioxidant activityof Calotropis gigantea hydroalcohlic leaves extract.Der Pharmacia Lettre 2010;2(3):95-100.

37. Srivastava SR, Keshri G, Bhargavan B, SinghC, Singh MM, Pregnancy interceptive activityof the roots of Calotropis gigantea Linn. in rats.Contraception 2007;75(4):318-322.38. Rajesh R, Raghavendra Gowda CD, Nataraju A,Kumar G, Karthik L, Bhaskara Rao KV,Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract ofCalotropis gigantea leaves – an in vitro study.International Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences Review and Research 2010;4(2):141-144.39. Lodhi G, Singh HK, Pant KK, Hussain Z,

Hepatoprotective effects of Calotropis giganteaextract against carbon tetrachloride induced liverinjury in rats. Acta. Pharm. 2009;59:89-96.40. Palejkar Carol J.*, Palejkar Jignesh H., PatelMayuree A., Patel Anar J. A comprehensive reviewon plant Calotropis gigantea. International journalof institutional Pharmacy and life sciences. 2(2):March-April 2012.41. Mohammad Abedi and Zaker Bahreini-Preparation of Carbonaceous Adsorbent from Plantof Calotropis Gigantea by Thermo-ChemicalActivation Process and its Adsorption Behavior forRemoval of Methylene Blue; World AppliedSciences Journal 11 (3): 263-268, 2010.42. Vidya C, Shilpa Hirematha*,M NChandraprabhab, M A Lourdu Antonyraja , InduVenu Gopala, Aayushi Jaina and Kokil Bansala ;Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles byCalotropis Gigantea: International Journal ofCurrent Engineering and Technology,118-120.43. Sharma A, Kharb R and Kaur R,Pharmacognostical Aspects Of Calotropis Procera(Ait.) R. Br. International Journal of Pharma andBio Sciences. 2011:2(3).480-488.44. Dhananjaya BL, Kemparaju K, Vishwanath BS,Procoagulant activity of Calotropis gigantea latex


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associated with fibrin(ogen)olytic activity. Toxicon2005;46(1):84-92.

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