calosha construction safety orders, lead

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Cal/OSHA CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ORDERS, LEADSECTION 1532.1, amended March 6, 2007

Title8 CaliforniaCodeofRegulations

Notes to the reader:

This version reflects revisions to the standard that were effective March 6, 2007. The California standard has additional requirements not found in the federal standard.

Reprinted by the Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program,California Department of Public Health, May 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Subsection Page

(a) Scope....................................................................................................................................1(b) Definitions...........................................................................................................................1(c) Permissible exposure limit.................................................................................................1

(d) Exposure assessment..........................................................................................................1(e) Methods of compliance......................................................................................................5(f) Respiratory protection .......................................................................................................5(g) Protective work clothing and equipment.........................................................................6(h) Housekeeping.....................................................................................................................7(i) Hygiene facilities, practices and regulated areas.............................................................7(j) Medical surveillance...........................................................................................................8(k) Medical removal protection.............................................................................................11(l) Employee information, training and certification .........................................................12

(m) Signs...................................................................................................................................13(n) Record keeping .................................................................................................................13(o) Observation of monitoring ..............................................................................................15(p) Lead-work pre-job notification........................................................................................15(q) Appendices .......................................................................................................................16

Appendix A. Substance Data Sheet for Occupational Exposure to Lead .............. A-1Appendix B. Employee Standard Summary ........................................................... A-4Appendix C. Medical Surveillance Guidelines...................................................... A-13

Qualitative and Quantitative Fit Test Protocols - See Section 5144 (RespiratoryProtection Standard), Appendix A

This reformatted standard may be reproduced or distributed for non-profit, not-for-sale, educational purposes. An

electronic version of this document is also available at http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/olppp. Please credit theOccupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, California Department of Public Health. For more information,please contact:

Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention ProgramOccupational Health BranchCalifornia Department of Public Health

850 Marina Bay Parkway, Building P, 3 rd FloorRichmond, CA 94804 (510) 620-5740Toll-free in California: (866) 627-1587


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ConstructionSafetyOrdersLead 1

Cal/OSHA CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ORDERS, LEADSECTION 1532.1, amended March 6, 2007


Reprinted by the Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program,California Department of Public Health, May 2008

Sec. 1532.1. Lead

(a) Scope.

This section applies to all construction work wherean employee may be occupationally exposed tolead. All construction work excluded fromcoverage in the general industry standard for leadby section 5216(a)(2) is covered by this standard.Construction work is defined as work for construc-tion, alteration and/or repair, including painting

and decorating. It includes but is not limited to thefollowing:

(1) Demolition or salvage of structures where leador materials containing lead are present;

(2) Removal or encapsulation of materialscontaining lead;

(3) New construction, alteration, repair, or renova-tion of structures, substrates, or portions thereof,that contain lead, or materials containing lead;

(4) Installation of products containing lead;

(5) Lead contamination/emergency cleanup;

(6) Transportation, disposal, storage, or containmentof lead or materials containing lead on the site orlocation at which construction activities areperformed, and

(7) Maintenance operations associated with the con-struction activities described in this subsection.

(b) Definitions.

Action level means employee exposure, without

regard to the use of respirators, to an airborneconcentration of lead of 30 micrograms per cubic

meter of air (30 g/m3) calculated as an 8-hourtime-weighted average (TWA).

Chief means the Chief of the Division ofOccupational Safety and Health or designee.

Lead means metallic lead, all inorganic lead com-pounds, and organic lead soaps. Excluded fromthis definition are all other organic leadcompounds.

NIOSH means the National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,or designee.

Supervisor means one who is capable ofidentifying existing and predictable lead hazardsin the surroundings or working conditions andwho has authorization to take prompt correctivemeasures to eliminate them. Supervisors shall betrained, as required by this section, and, whenrequired, be certified consistent with section (l)(3).

(c) Permissibleexposurelimit.

(1) The employer shall assure that no employeeis exposed to lead at concentrations greaterthan fifty micrograms per cubic meter of air

(50 g/m3) averaged over an 8-hour period.

(2) If an employee is exposed to lead for morethan 8 hours in any work day the employees'allowable exposure, as a time weighted average(TWA) for that day, shall be reduced according

to the following formula:Allowable employee exposure(in g/m3) = 400 divided byhours worked in the day.

(3) When respirators are used to limit employeeexposure as required under subsection (c) andall the requirements of subsections (e)(1) and (f)have been met, employee exposure may beconsidered to be at the level provided by theprotection factor of the respirator for thoseperiods the respirator is worn. Those periodsmay be averaged with exposure levels during

periods when respirators are not worn todetermine the employee's daily TWA exposure.

(d) Exposureassessment.

(1) General.

(A) Each employer who has a workplace oroperation covered by this standard shallinitially determine if any employee may beexposed to lead at or above the action level.


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ConstructionSafetyOrdersLead

(B) For the purposes of subsection (d), employeeexposure is that exposure which would occurif the employee were not using a respirator.

(C) With the exception of monitoring undersubsection (d)(3), where monitoring isrequired under this section, the employershall collect personal samples representativeof a full shift including at least one sample for

each job classification in each work area eitherfor each shift or for the shift with the highestexposure level.

(D) Full shift personal samples shall be represen-tative of the monitored employee's regular,daily exposure to lead.

(2) Protection of employees during assessment ofexposure.

(A) With respect to the lead related tasks listed insubsection (d)(2)(A), where lead is present,until the employer performs an employee

exposure assessment as required insubsection (d) and documents that theemployee performing any of the listed tasks isnot exposed above the PEL, the employershall treat the employee as if the employeewere exposed above the PEL, and not inexcess of ten (10) times the PEL, and shallimplement employee protective measuresprescribed in subsection (d)(2)(E). The taskscovered by this requirement are:

1. Where lead containing coatings or paint arepresent: manual demolition of structures(e.g,, dry wall), manual scraping, manual

sanding, heat gun applications, and powertool cleaning with dust collection systems;

2. Spray painting with lead paint

(B) In addition, with regard to tasks not listedin subsection (d)(2)(A), where the employerhas any reason to believe that an employeeperforming the task may be exposed to leadin excess of the PEL, until the employerperforms an employee exposure assessmentas required by subsection (d) and documentsthat the employee's lead exposure is notabove the PEL the employer shall treat theemployee as if the employee were exposedabove the PEL and shall implement employeeprotective measures prescribed insubsection (d)(2)(E).

(C) With respect to the tasks listed insubsection (d)(2)(C), where lead is present,until the employer performs an employeeexposure assessment as required insubsection (d), and documents that theemployee performing any of the listed tasks is

not exposed in excess of 500 g/m3, the

employer shall treat the employee as if theemployee were exposed to lead in excess of

500 g/m3 and shall implement employeeprotective measures as prescribed insubsection (d)(2)(E) of this section. Where theemployer does establish that the employee is

exposed to levels of lead below 500 g/m3,the employer may provide the exposedemployee with the appropriate respiratorprescribed for such use at such lowerexposures, in accordance with Table 1 of thissection. The tasks covered by this requiremenare:

1. Using lead containing mortar; lead burning

2. Where lead containing coatings or paint arepresent: rivet busting; power tool cleaningwithout dust collection systems; cleanupactivities where dry expendable abrasivesare used; and abrasive blasting enclosuremovement and removal.

(D) With respect to the tasks listed in

subsection (d)(2)(D), where lead is present,until the employer performs an employeeexposure assessment as required insubsection (d) and documents that theemployee performing any of the listed tasks is

not exposed to lead in excess of 2,500 g/m3(50 x PEL), the employer shall treat theemployee as if the employee were exposed to

lead in excess of 2,500 g/m3 and shallimplement employee protective measures asprescribed in subsection (d)(2)(E). Where theemployer does establish that the employee is

exposed to levels of lead below 2,500 g/m3,

the employer may provide the exposedemployee with the appropriate respiratorprescribed for use at such lower exposures, inaccordance with Table I of this section.Interim protection as described in thissubsection is required where lead containingcoatings or paint are present on structureswhen performing:

1. Abrasive blasting,

2. Welding,

3. Cutting, and

4. Torch burning.

(E) Until the employer performs an employeeexposure assessment as required undersubsection (d) and determinesactual employee exposure, the employer shallprovide to employees performing the tasksdescribed in subsections (d)(2)(A), (d)(2)(B),(d)(2)(C), and (d)(2)(D) with interimprotection as follows:


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1. Appropriate respiratory protection inaccordance with subsection (f).

2. Appropriate personal protective clothingand equipment in accordance withsubsection (g).

3. Change areas in accordance withsubsection (i)(2).

4. Hand washing facilities in accordancewith subsection (i)(5).

5. Biological monitoring in accordance withsubsection (j)(1)(A), to consist of bloodsampling and analysis for lead and zincprotoporphyrin levels, and

6. Training as required under subsection(l)(1)(A) regarding section 5194, HazardCommunication; training as required undersubsection (l)(2)(C), regarding use ofrespirators; and training in accordance withsection 1510, Safety Instruction forEmployees.

(3) Basis of initial determination.

(A) Except as provided undersubsections (d)(3)(C) and (d)(3)(D) theemployer shall monitor employee exposuresand shall base initial determinations on theemployee exposure monitoring results andany of the following, relevant considerations:

1. Any information, observations, or calcu-lations which would indicate employeeexposure to lead;

2. Any previous measurements of airbornelead; and

3. Any employee complaints of symptomswhich may be attributable to exposure tolead.

(B) Monitoring for the initial determinationwhere performed may be limited to arepresentative sample of the exposedemployees who the employer reasonablybelieves are exposed to the greatest airborneconcentrations of lead in the workplace.

(C) Where the employer has previously moni-tored for lead exposures, and the data wereobtained within the past 12 months duringwork operations conducted under workplaceconditions closely resembling the processes,type of material, control methods, workpractices, and environmental conditions usedand prevailing in the employer's currentoperations, the employer may rely on suchearlier monitoring results to satisfy the

requirements of subsections (d)(3)(A) and(d)(6) if the sampling and analytical methodsmeet the accuracy and confidence levels ofsubsection (d)(9).

(D) Where the employer has objective data,demonstrating that a particular product ormaterial containing lead or a specific process,operation or activity involving lead cannotresult in employee exposure to lead at or

above the action level during processing, use,or handling, the employer may rely uponsuch data instead of implementing initialmonitoring.

1. The employer shall establish and maintainan accurate record documenting the natureand relevance of objective data as specifiedin subsection (n)(4), where used in assessingemployee exposure in lieu of exposuremonitoring.

2. Objective data, as described in subsection(d)(3)(D), is not permitted to be used for

exposure assessment in connection withsubsection (d)(2).

3. Objective data for surface coatings andmaterials that contain lead shall meet thefollowing methodology:

a. Lead analysis shall be performed for eachunique surface coating and material thatmay constitute a health hazard toemployees engaged in activities withinthe scope of this section and;

b. Analysis of surface coatings and materials

shall be performed in a manner thatmeets the requirements of subsection(d)(9) and shall be recorded, as describedin subsection (n)(4).

(4) Positive initial determination and initialmonitoring.

(A) Where a determination conducted undersubsections (d)(1), (2) and (3) shows thepossibility of any employee exposure at orabove the action level the employer shallconduct monitoring which is representative ofthe exposure for each employee in theworkplace who is exposed to lead.

(B) Where the employer has previouslymonitored for lead exposure, and the datawere obtained within the past 12 monthsduring work operations conducted underworkplace conditions closely resembling theprocesses, type of material, control methods,work practices, and environmental conditionsused and prevailing in the employer's currentoperations, the employer may rely on suchearlier monitoring results to satisfy the


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requirements of subsection (d)(4)(A) if thesampling and analytical methods meet theaccuracy and confidence levels ofsubsection (d)(9).

(C) Objective data for an initial assessment thatdemonstrate surface coating or material thatcontain lead at concentrations equal to orexceeding 0.06% lead dry weight (600 ppm)demonstrate the presence of lead surface

coatings or material that constitute a healthhazard to employees engaged in lead-relatedconstruction work. The lead concentration ofpaint or materials is based on the lead contentin the nonvolatile components of the surfacecoating or material such as paint. Objectivedata as described in this subsection are notpermitted to be used in lieu of exposureassessment in connection with lead-relatedtasks listed in subsection (d)(2).

(5) Negative initial determination.

(A) Where a determination, conducted under

subsections (d)(1), (2), and (3) of this section ismade that no employee is exposed to airborneconcentrations of lead at or above the actionlevel the employer shall make a writtenrecord of such determination. The record shallinclude at least the information specified insubsection (d)(3)(i) of this section and shallalso include the date of determination,location within the work site, and the nameand social security number of each employeemonitored.

(B) Objective data that meet the requirements ofsubsection (n)(4) for an initial assessment that

demonstrate surface coating or material thatcontain lead at concentrations less than 0.06%lead dry weight (600 ppm) are sufficient toestablish a negative determination. The leadconcentration of surface coatings or materialsis based on the lead content in the nonvolatilecomponents of the surface coating or materialsuch as paint. Objective data as described inthis subsection are not permitted to be used inlieu of exposure assessment in connectionwith lead-related tasks listed in subsection(d)(2).

(6) Frequency.

(A) If the initial determination reveals employeeexposure to be below the action level furtherexposure determination need not be repeatedexcept as otherwise provided insubsection (d)(7).

(B) If the initial determination or subsequentdetermination reveals employee exposure tobe at or above the action level but at or belowthe PEL the employer shall performmonitoring in accordance with this subsection

at least every 6 months. The employer shallcontinue monitoring at the requiredfrequency until at least two consecutivemeasurements, taken at least 7 days apart, arebelow the action level at which time theemployer may discontinue monitoring forthat employee except as otherwise providedin subsection (d)(7).

(C) If the initial determination reveals that

employee exposure is above the PEL theemployer shall perform monitoring quarterly.The employer shall continue monitoring atthe required frequency until at least twoconsecutive measurements, taken at least7 days apart, are at or below the PEL but ator above the action level at which time theemployer shall repeat monitoring for thatemployee at the frequency specified insubsection (d)(6)(B), except as otherwiseprovided in subsection (d)(7). The employershall continue monitoring at the requiredfrequency until at least two consecutivemeasurements, taken at least 7 days apart, are

below the action level at which time theemployer may discontinue monitoring forthat employee except as otherwise providedin subsection (d)(7).

(7) Additional exposure assessments. Wheneverthere has been a change of equipment, process,control, personnel or a new task has beeninitiated that may result in additional employeesbeing exposed to lead at or above the action levelor may result in employees already exposed at orabove the action level being exposed above thePEL, the employer shall conduct additionalmonitoring in accordance with this subsection.

(8) Employee notification.

(A) Within 5 working days after completion of theexposure assessment the employer shallnotify each employee in writing of the resultswhich represent that employee's exposure.

(B) Whenever the results indicate that therepresentative employee exposure, withoutregard to respirators, is at or above the PELthe employer shall include in the writtennotice a statement that the employees expo-sure was at or above that level and a descrip-

tion of the corrective action taken or to betaken to reduce exposure to below that level.

(9) Accuracy of measurement. The employer shalluse a method of monitoring and analysis whichhas an accuracy (to a confidence level of 95%) ofnot less than plus or minus 25 percent forairborne concentrations of lead equal to or

greater than 30 g/m3. Methods for thedetermination of lead concentrations of surfacecoatings and material shall be determined by


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methods which have an accuracy (to aconfidence level of 95 percent) of not less thanplus or minus 25 percent at 0.06% lead dryweight (600 ppm).

(e) Methodsofcompliance.

(1) Engineering and work practice controls.

(A) The employer shall implement engineering

and work practice controls, includingadministrative controls, to reduce andmaintain employee exposure to lead to orbelow the permissible exposure limit to theextent that such controls are feasible.Wherever all feasible engineering and workpractices controls that can be instituted arenot sufficient to reduce employee exposure toor below the permissible exposure limitprescribed in subsection (c), the employershall nonetheless use them to reduceemployee exposure to the lowest feasible leveland shall supplement them by the use ofrespiratory protection that complies with the

requirements of subsection (f).

(2) Compliance program.

(A) Prior to commencement of the job eachemployer shall establish and implementa written compliance program to achievecompliance with subsection (c).

(B) Written plans for these compliance programsshall include at least the following:

1. A description of each activity in which leadis emitted; e.g. equipment used, material

involved, controls in place, crew size,employee job responsibilities, operatingprocedures and maintenance practices;

2. A description of the specific means that willbe employed to achieve compliance and,where engineering controls are requiredengineering plans and studies used todetermine methods selected for controllingexposure to lead;

3. A report of the technology considered inmeeting the PEL;

4. Air monitoring data which documents thesource of lead emissions;

5. A detailed schedule for implementation ofthe program, including documentation suchas copies of purchase orders for equipment,construction contracts, etc.;

6. A work practice program which includesitems required under subsections (g), (h)and (i) and incorporates other relevant

work practices such as those specified insubsection (e)(5);

7. An administrative control schedulerequired by subsection (e)(4), if applicable;

8. A description of arrangements made amongcontractors on multi-contractor sites withrespect to informing affected employees ofpotential exposure to lead and of regulated

areas.9. Other relevant information.

(C) The compliance program shall provide forfrequent and regular inspections of job sites,regulated areas, materials, and equipment tobe made by a supervisor.

(D) Written programs shall be submitted uponrequest to any affected employee orauthorized employee representatives, to Chiefand NIOSH, and shall be available at thework site for examination and copying by the

Chief and NIOSH.(E) Written programs shall be revised and

updated at least every 6 months to reflect thecurrent status of the program.

(3) Mechanical ventilation. When ventilation is usedto control lead exposure, the employer shallevaluate the mechanical performance of thesystem in controlling exposure as necessary tomaintain its effectiveness.

(4) Administrative controls. If administrativecontrols are used as a means of reducingemployees TWA exposure to lead, the employershall establish and implement a job rotationschedule which includes:

(A) Name or identification number of eachaffected employee;

(B) Duration and exposure levels at each job orwork station where each affected employee islocated; and

(C) Any other information which may be usefulin assessing the reliability of administrativecontrols to reduce exposure to lead.

The employer shall ensure that, to the extent relevant,employees follow good work practices such as describedin Appendix B of this section.

(f) Respiratory protection.

(1) General. For employees who use respiratorsrequired by this section, the employer mustprovide respirators that comply with therequirements of this subsection. Respiratorsmust be used during:


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(A) Periods when an employee's exposure to leadexceeds the PEL;

(B) Work operations for which engineeringcontrols and work practices are not sufficientto reduce exposures to or below the PEL;

(C) Periods when an employee requests arespirator; and

(D) Periods when respirators are required toprovide interim protection for employeeswhile they perform the operations specified insubsection (d)(2).

(2) Respirator program.

(A) The employer must implement a respiratoryprotection program in accordance withsection 5144 (b) (except (d)(1)(C)) through(m).

(B) If an employee exhibits breathing difficultyduring fit testing or respirator use, theemployer must provide the employee with amedical examination in accordance withsubsection (j)(3)(A)2. to determine if theemployee can use a respirator whileperforming the required duties.

(3) Respirator selection.

(A) The employer shall select, and provide toemployees, the appropriate respirator orcombination of respirators specified in Section5144(d)(3)(A)1.

(B) The employer shall provide a powered air-

purifying respirator in lieu of the respiratorspecified in Section 5144(d)(3)(A)1 whenever:

1. An employee chooses to use this type ofrespirator; and

2. This respirator will provide adequateprotection to the employee.

(C) The employer shall provide employees with afull facepiece respirator instead of a half maskrespirator for protection against lead aerosolsthat may cause eye or skin irritation at the useconcentrations.

(D) The employer shall provide HEPA filters forpowered and non-powered air-purifyingrespirators.

(g) Protectiveworkclothingandequipment.

(1) Provision and use. Where an employee isexposed to lead above the PEL without regard tothe use of respirators, where employees areexposed to lead compounds which may cause

skin or eye irritation (e.g., lead arsenate, leadazide), and as interim protection for employeesperforming tasks as specified insubsection (d)(2), the employer shall provide atno cost to the employee and assure that theemployee uses appropriate protective workclothing and equipment that preventscontamination of the employee and theemployee's garments such as, but not limited to:

(A) Coveralls or similar full-body work clothing;

(B) Gloves, hats, and shoes or disposable shoecoverlets; and

(C) Face shields, vented goggles, or otherappropriate protective equipment whichcomplies with section 1516.

(2) Cleaning and replacement.

(A) The employer shall provide the protectiveclothing required in subsection (g)(1) in aclean and dry condition at least weekly, and

daily to employees whose exposure levelswithout regard to a respirator are over

200 g/m3 of lead as an 8-hour TWA.

(B) The employer shall provide for the cleaning,laundering, and disposal of protectiveclothing and equipment required bysubsection (g)(1).

(C) The employer shall repair or replace requiredprotective clothing and equipment as neededto maintain their effectiveness.

(D) The employer shall assure that all protective

clothing is removed at the completion of awork shift only in change areas provided forthat purpose as prescribed insubsection (A)(2).

(E) The employer shall assure that contaminatedprotective clothing which is to be cleaned,laundered, or disposed of, is placed in aclosed container in the change area whichprevents dispersion of lead outside thecontainer.

(F) The employer shall inform in writing anyperson who cleans or launders protective

clothing or equipment of the potentiallyharmful effects of exposure to lead.

(G) The employer shall assure that the containersof contaminated protective clothing andequipment required by subsection (g)(2)(E)are labeled as follows:

Caution: Clothing contaminated with lead.Do not remove dust by blowing or shaking.Dispose of lead contaminated wash water in


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accordance with applicable local, state, orfederal regulations.

(H) The employer shall prohibit the removal oflead from protective clothing or equipment byblowing, shaking, or any other means whichdisperses lead into the air.

(h) Housekeeping.

(1) All surfaces shall be maintained as free aspracticable of accumulations of lead.

(2) Clean-up of floors and other surfaces where leadaccumulates shall wherever possible, be cleanedby vacuuming or other methods that minimizethe likelihood of lead becoming airborne.

(3) Shoveling, dry or wet sweeping, and brushingmay be used only where vacuuming or otherequally effective methods have been tried andfound not to be effective.

(4) Where vacuuming methods are selected, the

vacuums shall be equipped with HEPA filtersand used and emptied in a manner whichminimizes the reentry of lead into the workplace.

(5) Compressed air shall not be used to remove leadfrom any surface unless the compressed air isused in conjunction with a ventilation systemdesigned to capture the airborne dust created bythe compressed air.

(i) Hygienefacilities, practices and regulated

areas.

(1) The employer shall assure that in areas where

employees are exposed to lead above the PELwithout regard to the use of respirators, food orbeverage is not present or consumed, tobaccoproducts are not present or used, and cosmeticsare not applied.

(2) Change areas.

(A) The employer shall provide clean changeareas for employees whose airborne exposureto lead is above the PEL, and as interimprotection for employees performing tasks asspecified in subsection (d)(2), without regardto the use of respirators.

(B) The employer shall assure that change areasare equipped with separate storage facilitiesfor protective work clothing and equipmentand for street clothes which prevent cross-contamination.

(C) The employer shall assure that employeesdo not leave the workplace wearing anyprotective clothing or equipment that isrequired to be worn during the work shift.

(3) Showers.

(A) The employer shall provide shower facilities,where feasible, for use by employees whoseairborne exposure to lead is above the PEL.

(B) The employer shall assure, where showerfacilities are available, that employees showerat the end of the work shift and shall provide

an adequate supply of cleansing agents andtowels for use by affected employees.

(4) Eating facilities.

(A) The employer shall provide lunchroomfacilities or eating areas for employees whoseairborne exposure to lead is above the PEL,without regard to the use of respirators.

(B) The employer shall assure that lunchroomfacilities or eating areas are as free aspracticable from lead contamination andare readily accessible to employees.

(C) The employer shall assure that employeeswhose airborne exposure to lead is above thePEL, without regard to the use of a respirator,wash their hands and face prior to eating,drinking, smoking or applying cosmetics.

(D) The employer shall assure that employees donot enter lunchroom facilities or eating areaswith protective work clothing or equipmentunless surface lead dust has been removed byvacuuming, downdraft booth, or othercleaning method that limits dispersion of leaddust.

(5) Hand washing facilities.

(A) The employer shall provide adequate handwashing facilities for use by employeesexposed to lead in accordance with section1527.

(B) Where showers are not provided theemployer shall assure that employees washtheir hands and face at the end of the workshift.

(6) Regulated Area.

(A) Employers shall establish regulated areas,where feasible, for work areas whereemployees are exposed to lead at or above thePEL or performing the tasks described insubsection (d)(2).

(B) Regulated areas shall be posted with signs asdescribed in subsection (m)(2).

(C) Employers shall restrict access to theregulated area to employees authorized by


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the supervisor, to representatives of affectedemployees, as described in subsection (o) andto persons authorized by the Chief or NIOSH.

(D) Each employee authorized to enter theregulated area shall be provided with and berequired to wear protective equipmentrequired by subsections (f) and (g).

(j) Medicalsurveillance.

(1) General.

(A) The employer shall make available initialmedical surveillance to employeesoccupationally exposed on any day to lead ator above the action level. Initial medicalsurveillance consists of biological monitoringin the form of blood sampling and analysisfor lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels.

(B) The employer shall institute a medicalsurveillance program in accordance withsubsections (j)(2) and (j)(3) for all employees

who are or may be exposed by the employerat or above the action level for more than30 days in any consecutive 12 months;

(C) The employer shall assure that all medicalexaminations and procedures are performedby or under the supervision of a licensedphysician.

(D) The employer shall make available the re-quired medical surveillance includingmultiple physician review undersubsection (j)(3)(C) without cost to employeesand at a reasonable time and place.

(2) Biological monitoring.

(A) Blood lead and ZPP level sampling andanalysis. The employer shall make availablebiological monitoring in the form of bloodsampling and analysis for lead and zincprotoporphyrin levels to each employeecovered under subsections (j)(1)(A) and (B) onthe following schedule:

1. For each employee covered undersubsection (j)(1)(B), at least every 2 monthsfor the first 6 months and every 6 months

thereafter;2. For each employee covered under

subsections (j)(1) (A) or (B) whose last bloodsampling and analysis indicated a bloodlead level at or above 40 g/dl, at leastevery two months. This frequency shallcontinue until two consecutive bloodsamples and analyses indicate a blood leadlevel below 40 g/dl; and

3. For each employee who is removed fromexposure to lead due to an elevated bloodlead level at least monthly during theremoval period.

(B) Follow-up blood sampling tests. Wheneverthe results of a blood lead level test indicatethat an employee's blood lead level exceedsthe numerical criterion for medical removal

under subsection (k)(1)(A), the employer shallprovide a second (follow-up) blood samplingtest within two weeks after the employerreceives the results of the first blood samplingtest.

(C) Accuracy of blood lead level sampling andanalysis. Blood lead level sampling andanalysis provided pursuant to this sectionshall have an accuracy (to a confidence levelof 95 percent) within plus or minus 15 percentor 6 g/dl, whichever is greater, and shall beconducted by a laboratory approved byOSHA.

(D) Employee notification.

1. Within five working days after the receiptof biological monitoring results, theemployer shall notify each employee inwriting of his or her blood lead level; and

2. the employer shall notify each employeewhose blood lead level exceeds 40 g/dlthat the standard requires temporarymedical removal with Medical RemovalProtection benefits when an employee'sblood lead level exceeds the numerical

criterion for medical removal undersubsection (k)(1)(A).

(3) Medical examinations and consultations.

(A) Frequency. The employer shall makeavailable medical examinations andconsultations to each employee coveredunder subsection (j)(1)(B) on the followingschedule:

1. At least annually for each employee forwhom a blood sampling test conducted atany time during the preceding 12 monthsindicated a blood lead level at or above40 g/dl;

2. As soon as possible, upon notification by anemployee either that the employee hasdeveloped signs or symptoms commonlyassociated with lead intoxication, that theemployee desires medical adviceconcerning the effects of current or pastexposure to lead on the employee's abilityto procreate a healthy child, that theemployee is pregnant, or that the employee


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has demonstrated difficulty in breathingduring a respirator fitting test or duringuse; and

3. As medically appropriate for each employ-ee either removed from exposure to leaddue to a risk of sustaining materialimpairment to health, or otherwise limitedpursuant to a final medical determination.

(B) Content. The content of medical examinationsmade available pursuant tosubsections (j)(3)(A)2. - 3. shall be determinedby an examining physician and, if requestedby an employee, shall include pregnancytesting or laboratory evaluation of malefertility. Medical examinations made availablepursuant to subsection (j)(3)(A)1. of thissection shall include the following elements:

1. A detailed work history and a medicalhistory, with particular attention to pastlead exposure (occupational and non-occupational), personal habits (smoking,

hygiene), and past gastrointestinal,hematological, renal, cardiovascular,reproductive and neurological problems;

2. A thorough physical examination, withparticular attention to teeth, gums,hematological, gastrointestinal, renal,cardiovascular, and neurological systems.Pulmonary status should be evaluated ifrespiratory protection will be used;

3. A blood pressure measurement;

4. A blood sample and analysis which

determines:a. Blood lead level;

b. Hemoglobin and hematocritdeterminations, red cell indices, andexamination of peripheral smearmorphology;

c. Zinc protoporphyrin;

d. Blood urea nitrogen; and,

e. Serum creatinine;

5. A routine urinalysis with microscopicexamination; and

6. Any laboratory or other test relevant to leadexposure which the examining physiciandeems necessary by sound medical practice.

(C) Multiple physician review mechanism.

1. If the employer selects the initial physicianwho conducts any medical examination or

consultation provided to an employeeunder this section, the employee maydesignate a second physician:

a. To review any findings, determinations orrecommendations of the initial physician;and

b. To conduct such examinations, consulta-tions, and laboratory tests as the second

physician deems necessary to facilitatethis review.

2. The employer shall promptly notify an em-ployee of the right to seek a second medicalopinion after each occasion that an initialphysician conducts a medical examinationor consultation pursuant to this section. Theemployer may condition its participation in,and payment for, the multiple physicianreview mechanism upon the employeedoing the following within fifteen (15) daysafter receipt of the foregoing notification, orreceipt of the initial physician's written

opinion, whichever is later:a. The employee informing the employer

that he or she intends to seek a secondmedical opinion, and

b. The employee initiating steps to make anappointment with a second physician.

3. If the findings, determinations orrecommendations of the second physiciandiffer from those of the initial physician,then the employer and the employee shallassure that efforts are made for the two

physicians to resolve any disagreement.4. If the two physicians have been unable to

quickly resolve their disagreement, then theemployer and the employee through theirrespective physicians shall designate a thirdphysician:

a. To review any findings, determinations orrecommendations of the prior physicians;and

b. To conduct such examinations, consulta-tions, laboratory tests and discussionswith the prior physicians as the thirdphysician deems necessary to resolve thedisagreement of the prior physicians.

5. The employer shall act consistent with thefindings, determinations and recommenda-tions of the third physician, unless theemployer and the employee reach an agree-ment which is otherwise consistent with therecommendations of at least one of the threephysicians.


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(D) Information provided to examining andconsulting physicians.

1. The employer shall provide an initialphysician conducting a medicalexamination or consultation under thissection with the following information:

a. A copy of this regulation for lead

including all Appendices;b. A description of the affected employee'sduties as they relate to the employee'sexposure;

c. The employee's exposure level or antici-pated exposure level to lead and to anyother toxic substance (if applicable);

d. A description of any personal protectiveequipment used or to be used;

e. Prior blood lead determinations; and

f. All prior written medical opinionsconcerning the employee in theemployer's possession or control.

2. The employer shall provide the foregoinginformation to a second or third physicianconducting a medical examination orconsultation under this section uponrequest either by the second or thirdphysician, or by the employee.

(E) Written medical opinions.

1. The employer shall obtain and furnish theemployee with a copy of a written medical

opinion from each examining or consultingphysician which contains only thefollowing information:

a. The physician's opinion as to whether theemployee has any detected medicalcondition which would place theemployee at increased risk of materialimpairment of the employee's health fromexposure to lead;

b. Any recommended special protectivemeasures to be provided to the employee,or limitations to be placed upon the

employee's exposure to lead;

c. Any recommended limitation upon theemployee's use of respirators, including adetermination of whether the employeecan wear a powered air purifying respira-tor if a physician determines that theemployee cannot wear a negativepressure respirator; and

d. The results of the blood leaddeterminations.

2. The employer shall instruct each examiningand consulting physician to:

a. Not reveal either in the written opinionor orally, or in any other means ofcommunication with the employer,

findings, including laboratory results, ordiagnoses unrelated to an employee'soccupational exposure to lead; and

b. Advise the employee of any medicalcondition, occupational or non-occupational, which dictates furthermedical examination or treatment.

(F) Alternate physician determinationmechanisms. The employer and an employeeor authorized employee representative mayagree upon the use of any alternate physiciandetermination mechanism in lieu of the multi-

ple physician review mechanism provided bysubsection (j)(3)(C) so long as the alternatemechanism is as expeditious and protective asthe requirements contained in this subsection.

(4) Chelation.

(A) The employer shall assure that any personwhom he retains, employs, supervises orcontrols does not engage in prophylacticchelation of any employee at any time.

(B) If therapeutic or diagnostic chelation is to beperformed by any person in subsection(j)(4)(A), the employer shall assure that it bedone under the supervision of a licensedphysician in a clinical setting with thoroughand appropriate medical monitoring and thatthe employee is notified in writing prior to itsoccurrence.

(k) Medicalremovalprotection.

(1) Temporary medical removal and return of anemployee

(A) Temporary removal due to elevated bloodlead level. The employer shall remove anemployee from work having an exposure tolead at or above the action level on eachoccasion that a periodic and a follow-upblood sampling test conducted pursuant tothis section indicate that the employee's bloodlead level is at or above 50 g/dl; and,

(B) Temporary removal due to a final medicaldetermination.

1. The employer shall remove an employeefrom work having an exposure to lead at or


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above the action level on each occasion thata final medical determination results in amedical finding, determination, or opinionthat the employee has a detected medicalcondition which places the employee atincreased risk of material impairment tohealth from exposure to lead.

2. For the purposes of this section, the phrase"final medical determination" means the

written medical opinion on the employees'health status by the examining physician or,where relevant, the outcome of the multiplephysician review mechanism or alternatemedical determination mechanism usedpursuant to the medical surveillanceprovisions of this section.

3. Where a final medical determination resultsin any recommended special protectivemeasures for an employee, or limitations onan employee's exposure to lead, theemployer shall implement and actconsistent with the recommendation.

(C) Return of the employee to former job status.

1. The employer shall return an employee tohis or her former job status:

a. For an employee removed due to a bloodlead level at or above 50 g/dl when twoconsecutive blood sampling tests indicatethat the employee's blood lead level is ator below 40 g/dl;

b. For an employee removed due to a finalmedical determination, when a

subsequent final medical determinationresults in a medical finding,determination, or opinion that theemployee no longer has a detectedmedical condition which places theemployee at increased risk of material im-pairment to health from exposure to lead.

2. For the purposes of this section, the require-ment that an employer return an employeeto his or her former job status is notintended to expand upon or restrict anyrights an employee has or would have had,absent temporary medical removal, to a

specific job classification or position underthe terms of a collective bargainingagreement.

(D) Removal of other employee special protectivemeasure or limitations. The employer shallremove any limitations placed on anemployee or end any special protectivemeasures provided to an employee pursuantto a final medical determination when asubsequent final medical determination

indicates that the limitations or specialprotective measures are no longer necessary.

(E) Employer options pending a final medicaldetermination. Where the multiple physicianreview mechanism, or alternate medicaldetermination mechanism used pursuant tothe medical surveillance provisions of thissection, has not yet resulted in a final medicaldetermination with respect to an employee,

the employer shall act as follows:

1. Removal. The employer may remove theemployee from exposure to lead, providespecial protective measures to theemployee, or place limitations upon theemployee, consistent with the medicalfindings, determinations, orrecommendations of any of the physicianswho have reviewed the employee's healthstatus.

2. Return. The employer may return theemployee to his or her former job status,

end any special protective measuresprovided to the employee, and remove anylimitations placed upon the employee,consistent with the medical findings,determinations, or recommendations of anyof the physicians who have reviewed theemployee's health status, with twoexceptions:

a. If the initial removal, special protection,or limitation of the employee resultedfrom a final medical determination whichdiffered from the findings, determina-tions, or recommendations of the initial

physician; or

b. If the employee has been on removalstatus for the preceding eighteen monthsdue to an elevated blood lead level, thenthe employer shall await a final medicaldetermination.

(2) Medical removal protection benefits.

(A) Provision of medical removal protectionbenefits. The employer shall provide anemployee up to eighteen (18) months ofmedical removal protection benefits on each

occasion that an employee is removed fromexposure to lead or otherwise limitedpursuant to this section.

(B) Definition of medical removal protectionbenefits. For the purposes of this section, therequirement that an employer providemedical removal protection benefits meansthat, as long as the job the employee wasremoved from continues, the employer shallmaintain the total normal earnings, seniorityand other employment rights and benefits of


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an employee, including the employee's rightto his or her former job status as though theemployee had not been medically removedfrom the employee's job or otherwisemedically limited.

(C) Follow-up medical surveillance during theperiod of employee removal or limitation.During the period of time that an employeeis medically removed from his or her job or

otherwise medically limited, the employermay condition the provision of medical re-moval protection benefits upon theemployee's participation in follow-up medicalsurveillance made available pursuant to thissection.

(D) Workers' compensation claims. If a removedemployee files a claim for workers' compensa-tion payments for a lead-related disability,then the employer shall continue to providemedical removal protection benefits pendingdisposition of the claim. To the extent that anaward is made to the employee for earnings

lost during the period of removal, theemployer's medical removal protectionobligation shall be reduced by such amount.The employer shall receive no credit forworkers' compensation payments received bythe employee for treatment-related expenses.

(E) Other credits. The employer's obligation toprovide medical removal protection benefitsto a removed employee shall be reduced tothe extent that the employee receivescompensation for earnings lost during theperiod of removal either from a publicly oremployer-funded compensation program, or

receives income from employment withanother employer made possible by virtue ofthe employee's removal.

(F) Voluntary removal or restriction of anemployee. Where an employer, although notrequired by this section to do so, removes anemployee from exposure to lead or otherwiseplaces limitations on an employee due to theeffects of lead exposure on the employee'smedical condition, the employer shall providemedical removal protection benefits to theemployee equal to that required bysubsection (k)(2)(A) and (B).

(l) Employeeinformation, training and

certification.

(1) General.

(A) The employer shall communicate informationconcerning lead hazards according to the re-quirements of the Hazard CommunicationStandard, section 5194, including but notlimited to the requirements concerning

warning signs and labels, material safety datasheets (MSDS), and employee informationand training.

(B) For all employees who are subject to exposureto lead at or above the action level on anyday or who are subject to exposure to leadcompounds which may cause skin or eyeirritation (e.g., lead arsenate, lead azide), theemployer shall provide a training program in

accordance with subsection (l)(2) and assureemployee participation.

(C) The employer shall provide the training pro-gram as initial training prior to the time of jobassignment or prior to the start up date forthis requirement, whichever comes last.

(D) The employer shall also provide the trainingprogram at least annually for each employeewho is subject to lead exposure at or abovethe action level on any day.

(E) Where the certification of employee and

supervisor training is required, as describedin subsection (l)(3), the training shall beconducted by a training provider accreditedby the California Department of HealthServices, in accordance with Title 17,California Code of Regulations, Division 1,Chapter 8.

(2) Training program. The employer shall assurethat each employee is trained in the following:

(A) The content of this standard and itsappendices;

(B) The specific nature of the operations whichcould result in exposure to lead above theaction level;

(C) The purpose, proper selection, fitting, use,and limitations of respirators;

(D) The purpose and a description of the medicalsurveillance program, and the medicalremoval protection program includinginformation concerning the adverse healtheffects associated with excessive exposure tolead (with particular attention to the adversereproductive effects on both males andfemales and hazards to the fetus andadditional precautions for employees who arepregnant);

(E) The engineering controls and work practicesassociated with the employee's jobassignment including training of employeesto follow relevant good work practicesdescribed in Appendix B of this section;

(F) The contents of any compliance plan and thelocation of regulated areas in effect;


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(G) Instructions to employees that chelatingagents should not routinely be used toremove lead from their bodies and should notbe used at all except under the direction of alicensed physician; and

(H) The employee's right of access to recordsunder section 3204.

(3) Certification of training for residential andpublic buildings.

The employer shall ensure that all employeesand supervisors who are engaged in lead relatedconstruction work as defined in Title 17,California Code of Regulations, Section 35040,and have been shown to be exposed to lead at orabove the permissible exposure limit, meet thetraining requirements of this section, are trainedby an accredited training provider and arecertified by the California Department of HealthServices. Lead related construction work isdefined in Title 17 to be any construction,

alteration, painting, demolition, salvage,renovation, repair, or maintenance of anyresidential or public building, includingpreparation and cleanup, that, by using ordisturbing lead containing material or soil, mayresult in significant exposure of adults orchildren to lead. As used in the definition oflead related construction work, publicbuilding means a structure which is generallyaccessible to the public, including but notlimited to, schools, daycare centers, museums,airports, hospitals, stores, convention centers,government facilities, office buildings and anyother building which is not an industrial

building or a residential building. Regulationsfor accreditation of training providers and forthe certification of employees and supervisorsare found in Title 17, California Code ofRegulations, Division 1, Chapter 8.

(4) Access to information, training and certficationmaterials.

(A) The employer shall make readily available toall affected employees a copy of this standardand its appendices.

(B) The employer shall provide, upon request, all

materials relating to the employee informa-tion training program and certification toaffected employees, their designatedrepresentatives, and to the Chief, and NIOSH.

(m) Signs.

(1) General.

(A) The employer may use signs required byother statutes, regulations or ordinances in

addition to, or in combination with, signsrequired by this subsection.

(B) The employer shall assure that no statementappears on or near any sign required by thissubsection which contradicts or detracts fromthe meaning of the required sign.

(2) Signs.

(A) The employer shall post the followingwarning signs in each regulated area or workarea where an employees exposure to lead isabove the PEL.

WARNINGLEAD WORK AREA

POISONNO SMOKING OR EATING

(B) The employer shall assure that signs requiredby this subsection are illuminated andcleaned as necessary so that the legend isreadily visible.

(n) Recordkeeping.

(1) Exposure assessment.

(A) The employer shall establish and maintainan accurate record of all monitoring and otherdata used in conducting employee exposureassessments as required in subsection (d).

(B) Exposure monitoring records shall include:

1. The date(s), number, duration, location andresults of each of the samples taken if any,

including a description of the samplingprocedure used to determine representativeemployee exposure where applicable;

2. A description of the sampling and analyti-cal methods used and evidence of theiraccuracy;

3. The type of respiratory protective devicesworn, if any;

4. Name, social security number, and jobclassification of the employee monitoredand of all other employees whose exposurethe measurement is intended to represent;and

5. The environmental variables that could af-fect the measurement of employeeexposure.

(C) The employer shall maintain monitoring andother exposure assessment records in accor-dance with the provisions of section 3204.

(2) Medical surveillance.


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(A) The employer shall establish and maintainan accurate record for each employee subjectto medical surveillance as required bysubsection (j).

(B) This record shall include:

1. The name, social security number, anddescription of the duties of the employee;

2. A copy of the physician's written opinions;

3. Results of any airborne exposuremonitoring done on or for that employeeand provided to the physician; and

4. Any employee medical complaints relatedto exposure to lead.

(C) The employer shall keep, or assure that theexamining physician keeps, the followingmedical records:

1. A copy of the medical examination resultsincluding medical and work historyrequired under subsection (j);

2. A description of the laboratory proceduresand a copy of any standards or guidelinesused to interpret the test results orreferences to that information;

3. A copy of the results of biologicalmonitoring.

(D) The employer shall maintain or assure thatthe physician maintains medical records inaccordance with the provisions of section

3204.

(3) Medical removals.

(A) The employer shall establish and maintainan accurate record for each employeeremoved from current exposure to leadpursuant to subsection (k).

(B) Each record shall include:

1. The name and social security number of theemployee;

2. The date of each occasion that the employeewas removed from current exposure to leadas well as the corresponding date on whichthe employee was returned to his or herformer job status;

3. A brief explanation of how each removalwas or is being accomplished; and

4. A statement with respect to each removalindicating whether or not the reason for theremoval was an elevated blood lead level.

(C) The employer shall maintain each medicalremoval record for at least the duration of anemployee's employment.

(4) Objective data for exemption from requirementfor initial monitoring.

(A) For purposes of this section, objective data areinformation demonstrating that a particular

product or material containing lead or a speci-fic process, operation, or activity involvinglead cannot release dust or fumes inconcentrations at or above the action levelunder any expected conditions of use.Objective data can be obtained from anindustry-wide study or from laboratoryproduct test results from manufacturers oflead containing products or materials, such assurface coating material. The data theemployer uses from an industry-wide surveymust be obtained under workplace conditionsclosely resembling the processes, types ofmaterial, control methods, work practices and

environmental conditions in the employer'scurrent operations.

(B) The employer shall maintain the record of theobjective data relied upon for at least 30 years

(5) Availability. The employer shall make availableupon request all records required to bemaintained by subsection (n) to affectedemployees, former employees, and theirdesignated representatives, and to the Chief andNIOSH for examination and copying.

(6) Transfer of records.

(A) Whenever the employer ceases to dobusiness, the successor employer shall receiveand retain all records required to bemaintained by subsection (n).

(B) Whenever the employer ceases to do businessand there is no successor employer to receiveand retain the records required to be main-tained by this section for the prescribedperiod, these records shall be transmittedto NIOSH.

(C) At the expiration of the retention period forthe records required to be maintained by thissection, the employer shall notify NIOSH atleast 3 months prior to the disposal of suchrecords and shall transmit those records toNIOSH if requested within the period.

(D) The employer shall also comply with anyadditional requirements involving transfer ofrecords set forth in section 3204(h).


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(o) Observationofmonitoring.

(1) Employee observation. The employer shallprovide affected employees or their designatedrepresentatives an opportunity to observe anymonitoring of employee exposure to leadconducted pursuant to subsection (d).

(2) Observation procedures.

(A) Whenever observation of the monitoring ofemployee exposure to lead requires entry intoan area where the use of respirators, protec-tive clothing or equipment is required, theemployer shall provide the observer with andassure the use of such respirators, clothingand equipment, and shall require the observerto comply with all other applicable safety andhealth procedures.

(B) Without interfering with the monitoring,observers shall be entitled to:

1. Receive an explanation of the measurementprocedures;

2. Observe all steps related to the monitoringof lead performed at the place of exposure;and

3. Record the results obtained or receivecopies of the results when returned by thelaboratory.

(p) Lead-work pre-job notification.

The employer shall provide written notification to

the nearest Division District Office in the mannerprescribed by subsections (p)(1) through (p)(4)when work is planned that includes any of thetasks listed in subsection (d)(2).

EXCEPTION NO. 1: The employer is not requiredto notify the Division if:

A. The amount of lead-containing materials to bedisturbed is less than 100 square or 100 linear feet;or

B. The only subsection (d)(2) task to be performedconsists of torch cutting or welding, not to exceed a

duration of 1 hour in any shift.EXCEPTION NO. 2: The employer is not requiredto notify the Division if the percentage of lead inthe material disturbed is less than 0.5%, 5,000 partsper million (weight by weight), or 1.0 mg/cm2.

(1) The employer shall ensure that the informationrequired by subsection (p)(2) is received by thenearest Division District Office at least 24 hoursprior to the commencement of the work by anyof the following means:

(A) Letter;

(B) Facsimile;

(C) Electronic mail; or

(D) Telephone call, followed by writtennotification sent or mailed within 24 hours ofplacing the call.

EXCEPTION: When an employer intends toinitiate unforeseen lead-work on an urgent basiswithin 24 hours, the notification requirement maybe met by giving telephone notice to the Divisionat any time prior to commencement of the work,followed by written notification sent or mailedwithin 24 hours of telephoning the Division.

(2) The written notification provided by theemployer shall contain the following:

(A) The name, address and phone number of theemployer;

(B) The address of the job (or common name ofthe site with closest streets or roadwaysidentified);

(C) The precise physical location of the leadrelated work at the job site;

(D) The projected starting date;

(E) The expected completion date or approximateduration of the work in days;

(F) The approximate number of workers planned

to do the lead-related work;

(G) The type of structure(s) in which or on whichthe work is to be performed;

(H) The amount of lead containing material to bedisturbed in square feet or linear feet;

(I) A description of the type of lead-related workto be performed and work practices that willbe utilized;

(J) The name of the supervisor who will beresponsible for the lead-related work; and

(K) The amount of lead in the disturbed materials(percent by weight, parts per million ormilligrams per square centimeter) if known.

(3) The employer shall notify the Division, andprovide the current information, if changes aremade to the starting date, the surface area to bedisturbed, or the type of lead-related workperformed or work practices to be utilized,before or upon adoption of that change.


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(4) An employer conducting ongoing, lead-relatedoperations and maintenance work on stationarysteel structures need only notify the Divisiononce for each structure if the duration of theoperations and maintenance work is less thanone year. If the duration of the work is morethan one year, the employer shall submit to theDivision at least once per year a supplementalwritten notification updating all of the

information required by subsection (p)(2) foreach structure.

(q) Appendices.

The information contained in the appendices tothis section is not intended, by itself, to create anyadditional obligations not otherwise imposed bythis standard nor detract from any existingobligation.


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ConstructionSafetyOrdersLead,Appendices

Cal/OSHA CONSTRUCTION SAFETY ORDERS, LEADSECTION 1532.1


APPENDICES

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Appendix Page

A. Substance Data Sheet for Occupational Exposure to Lead .............. A-1B. Employee Standard Summary............................................................ A-4

C. Medical Surveillance Guidelines...................................................... A-13

Qualitative and Quantitative Fit Test Protocols - See Section 5144(Respiratory Protection Standard), Appendix A


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ConstructionSafetyOrdersLead,AppendixA A-1

APPENDIX ASubstanceDataSheetforOccupationalExposuretoLead

I. SubstanceIdentification

A. Substance: Pure lead (Pb) is a heavy metal atroom temperature and pressure and is a basicchemical element. It can combine with variousother substances to form numerous leadcompounds.

B. Compounds covered by the standard: Theword "lead" when used in this interim finalstandard means elemental lead, all inorganiclead compounds and a class of organic leadcompounds called lead soaps. This standarddoes not apply to other organic leadcompounds.

C. Uses: Exposure to lead occurs in severaldifferent occupations in the constructionindustry, including demolition or salvage ofstructures where lead or lead-containingmaterials are present; removal or encapsulation

of lead-containing materials, new construction,alteration, repair, or renovation of structuresthat contain lead or materials containing lead;installation of products containing lead. Inaddition, there are construction-relatedactivities where exposure to lead may occur,including transportation, disposal, storage, orcontainment of lead or materials containinglead on construction sites, and maintenanceoperations associated with constructionactivities.

D. Permissible exposure: The permissibleexposure limit (PEL) set by the standard is

50 micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air(50 g/m3), averaged over an 8-hour workday.

E. Action level: The interim final standardestablishes an action level of 30 micrograms of

lead per cubic meter of air (30 g/m3),averaged over an 8-hour workday. The actionlevel triggers several ancillary provisions of thestandard such as exposure monitoring, medicalsurveillance, and training.

II. HealthHazardData

A. Ways in which lead enters your body. Whenabsorbed into your body in certain doses, leadis a toxic substance. The object of the leadstandard is to prevent absorption of harmfulquantities of lead. The standard is intended toprotect you not only from the immediate toxiceffects of lead, but also from the serious toxiceffects that may not become apparent untilyears of exposure have passed. Lead can beabsorbed into your body by inhalation(breathing) and ingestion (eating). Lead (exceptfor certain organic lead compounds not covered

by the standard, such as tetraethyl lead) is notabsorbed through your skin. When lead isscattered in the air as a dust, fume or mist it canbe inhaled and absorbed through your lungsand upper respiratory tract. Inhalation ofairborne lead is generally the most importantsource of occupational lead absorption. You canalso absorb lead through your digestive systemif lead gets into your mouth and is swallowed.If you handle food, cigarettes, chewing tobacco,

or make-up which have lead on them or handlethem with hands contaminated with lead, thiswill contribute to ingestion. A significantportion of the lead that you inhale or ingestgets into your blood stream. Once in yourblood stream, lead is circulated throughoutyour body and stored in various organs andbody tissues. Some of this lead is quicklyfiltered out of your body and excreted, butsome remains in the blood and other tissues. Asexposure to lead continues, the amount storedin your body will increase if you are absorbingmore lead than your body is excreting. Eventhough you may not be aware of any immedi-

ate symptoms of disease, this lead stored inyour tissues can be slowly causing irreversibledamage, first to individual cells, then to yourorgans and whole body systems.

B. Effects of overexposure to lead

(1) Short term (acute) overexposure. Lead isa potent, systemic poison that serves noknown useful function once absorbed byyour body. Taken in large enough doses,lead can kill you in a matter of days. Acondition affecting the brain called acuteencephalopathy may arise which develops

quickly to seizures, coma, and death fromcardiorespiratory arrest. A short term doseof lead can lead to acute encephalopathy.Short term occupational exposures of thismagnitude are highly unusual, but notimpossible. Similar forms ofencephalopathy may, however, arise fromextended, chronic exposure to lower dosesof lead. There is no sharp dividing linebetween rapidly developing acute effects oflead, and chronic effects which take longerto acquire. Lead adversely affectsnumerous body systems, and causes formsof health impairment and disease which

arise after periods of exposure as short asdays or as long as several years.

(2) Long-term (chronic) overexposure.Chronic overexposure to lead may result insevere damage to your blood-forming,nervous, urinary and reproductive systemsSome common symptoms of chronicoverexposure include loss of appetite,metallic taste in the mouth, anxiety,constipation, nausea, pallor, excessive


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tiredness, weakness, insomnia, headache,nervous irritability, muscle and joint painor soreness, fine tremors, numbness,dizziness, hyperactivity and colic. In leadcolic there may be severe abdominal pain.Damage to the central nervous system ingeneral and the brain (encephalopathy) inparticular is one of the most severe forms oflead poisoning. The most severe, oftenfatal, form of encephalopathy may be

preceded by vomiting, a feeling of dullnessprogressing to drowsiness and stupor, poormemory, restlessness, irritability, tremor,and convulsions. It may arise suddenlywith the onset of seizures, followed bycoma, and death. There is a tendency formuscular weakness to develop at the sametime. This weakness may progress toparalysis often observed as a characteristic"wrist drop" or "foot drop" and is amanifestation of a disease to the nervoussystem called peripheral neuropathy.Chronic overexposure to lead also resultsin kidney disease with few, if any,

symptoms appearing until extensive andmost likely permanent kidney damage hasoccurred. Routine laboratory tests revealthe presence of this kidney disease onlyafter about two-thirds of kidney function islost. When overt symptoms of urinarydysfunction arise, it is often too late tocorrect or prevent worsening conditions,and progression to kidney dialysis or deathis possible. Chronic overexposure to leadimpairs the reproductive systems of bothmen and women. Overexposure to leadmay result in decreased sex drive,impotence and sterility in men. Lead can

alter the structure of sperm cells raising therisk of birth defects. There is evidence ofmiscarriage and stillbirth in women whosehusbands were exposed to lead or whowere exposed to lead themselves. Leadexposure also may result in decreasedfertility, and abnormal menstrual cycles inwomen. The course of pregnancy may beadversely affected by exposure to leadsince lead crosses the placental barrier andposes risks to developing fetuses. Childrenborn of parents either one of whom wereexposed to excess lead levels are morelikely to have birth defects, mental

retardation, behavioral disorders or dieduring the first year of childhood.Overexposure to lead also disrupts theblood-forming system resulting indecreased hemoglobin (the substance in theblood that carries oxygen to the cells) andultimately anemia. Anemia is characterizedby weakness, pallor and fatigability as aresult of decreased oxygen carryingcapacity in the blood.

(3) Health protection goals of the standard.Prevention of adverse health effects formost workers from exposure to leadthroughout a working lifetime requires thata worker's blood lead level (BLL, alsoexpressed as PbB) be maintained at orbelow forty micrograms per deciliter ofwhole blood (40 g/dl). The blood leadlevels of workers (both male and female

workers) who intend to have childrenshould be maintained below 30 g/dl tominimize adverse reproductive healtheffects to the parents and to the developingfetus. The measurement of your blood leadlevel (BLL) is the most useful indicator ofthe amount of lead being absorbed by yourbody. Blood lead levels are most oftenreported in units of milligrams (mg) ormicrograms (g) of lead (1 mg = 1,000 g)per 100 grams (100 g), 100 milliliters(100 ml) or deciliter (dl) of blood. Thesethree units are essentially the same.Sometimes BLLs are expressed in the form

of mg% or g%. This is a shorthand nota-tion for 100 g, 100 ml, or dl. (References toBLL measurements in this standard areexpressed in the form of g/dl.)

BLL measurements show the amount oflead circulating in your blood stream, butdo not give any information about theamount of lead stored in your varioustissues. BLL measurements merely showcurrent absorption of lead, not the effectthat lead is having on your body or theeffects that past lead exposure may havealready caused. Past research into lead-

related diseases, however, has focusedheavily on associations between BLLs andvarious diseases. As a result, your BLL isan important indicator of the likelihoodthat you will gradually acquire a lead-related health impairment or disease.

Once your blood lead level climbs above40 g/dl, your risk of disease increases.There is a wide variability of individualresponse to lead, thus it is difficult to saythat a particular BLL in a given person willcause a particular effect. Studies haveassociated fatal encephalopathy with BLLs

as low as 150 g/dl. Other studies haveshown other forms of diseases in someworkers with BLLs well below 80 g/dl.Your BLL is a crucial indicator of the risksto your health, but one other factor is alsoextremely important. This factor is thelength of time you have had elevated BLLs.The longer you have an elevated BLL, thegreater the risk that large quantities of leadare being gradually stored in your organsand tissues (body burden). The greater


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your overall body burden, the greater thechances of substantial permanent damage.The best way to prevent all forms of lead-related impairments and diseasesbothshort term and long termis to maintainyour BLL below 40 g/dl. The provisionsof the standard are designed with this endin mind.

Your employer has prime responsibility to

assure that the provisions of the standardare complied with both by the companyand by individual workers. You, as aworker, however, also have a responsibilityto assist your employer in complying withthe standard. You can play a key role inprotecting your own health by learningabout the lead hazards and their control,learning what the standard requires,following the standard where it governsyour own actions, and seeing that youremployer complies with provisionsgoverning his or her actions.

(4) Reporting signs and symptoms of healthproblems. You should immediately notifyyour employer if you develop signs orsymptoms associated with lead poisoningor if you desire medical advice concerningthe effects of current or past exposure tolead or your ability to have a healthy child.You should also notify your employer ifyou have difficulty breathing during a

respirator fit test or while wearing arespirator. In each of these cases, your em-ployer must make available to you appro-priate medical examinations or consulta-tions. These must be provided at no cost toyou and at a reasonable time and place. Thestandard contains a procedure wherebyyou can obtain a second opinion by aphysician of your choice if your employerselected the initial physician.


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ConstructionSafetyOrdersLead,AppendixB A-4

APPENDIX BEmployeeStandardSummary

This appendix summarizes key provisions of the standardfor lead in construction that you as a worker shouldbecome familiar with.

I. PermissibleExposureLimit(PEL)

subsection(c)

The standard sets a permissible exposure limit(PEL) of 50 micrograms of lead per cubic meter of

air (50 g/m3), averaged over an 8-hour workdaywhich is referred to as a time-weighted average(TWA). This is the highest level of lead in airto which you may be permissibly exposed over an8-hour workday. However, since this is an 8-houraverage, short exposures above the PEL arepermitted so long as for each 8-hour work dayyour average exposure does not exceed this level.This standard, however, takes into account the factthat your daily exposure to lead can extend beyonda typical 8-hour workday as the result of overtimeor other alterations in your work schedule. To deal

with this situation, the standard contains a formulawhich reduces your permissible exposure whenyou are exposed more than 8 hours. For example, ifyou are exposed to lead for 10 hours a day, themaximum permitted average exposure would be

40 g/m3.

II. ExposureAssessmentsubsection(d)

If lead is present in your workplace in any quantity,your employer is required to make an initialdetermination of whether any employee's exposure

to lead exceeds the action level (30 g/m3 averaged

over an 8-hour day). Employee exposure is thatexposure which would occur if the employee werenot using a respirator. This initial determinationrequires your employer to monitor workers'exposures unless he or she has objective data whichcan demonstrate conclusively that no employee willbe exposed to lead in excess of the action level.Where objective data is used in lieu of actualmonitoring the employer must establish andmaintain an accurate record, documenting itsrelevancy in assessing exposure levels for currentjob conditions. If such objective data is available,the employer need proceed no further on employeeexposure assessment until such time that conditions

have changed and the determination is no longervalid.

Objective data for surfaces and materials that is lessthan 0.06% lead dry weight (600 ppm) is indicativeof materials that will not give lead concentrationsabove the action level. Lead analysis must beperformed for each unique surface coating ormaterial. Surface coating or material objective datacannot be used to replace air monitoring for

exposure assessments required for the lead-relatedtasks listed in subsection (d)(2).

Objective data may be compiled from varioussources; e.g., insurance companies and tradeassociations and information from suppliers orexposure data collected from similar operations.Objective data may also comprise previouslycollected sampling data including area monitoring.If it cannot be determined through using objective

data that worker exposure is less than the actionlevel, your employer must conduct monitoring ormust rely on relevant previous personal sampling,if available. Where monitoring is required for theinitial determination, it may be limited to a rep-resentative number of employees who are reason-ably expected to have the highest exposure levels. Ifyour employer has conducted appropriate airsampling for lead in the past 12 months, he or shemay use these results, provided they are applicableto the same employee tasks and exposure condi-tions and meet the requirements for accuracy asspecified in the standard. As with objective data, ifsuch results are relied upon for the initial deter-

mination, your employer must establish and main-tain a record as to the relevancy of such data tocurrent job conditions.

If there have been any employee complaints ofsymptoms which may be attributable to exposureto lead or if there is any other information orobservations which would indicate employeeexposure to lead, this must also be considered aspart of the initial determination.

If this initial determination shows that a reasonablepossibility exists that any employee may beexposed, without regard to respirators, over the

action level, your employer must set up an airmonitoring program to determine the exposurelevel representative of each employee exposed tolead at your workplace. In carrying out this airmonitoring program, your employer is not requiredto monitor the exposure of every employee, but heor she must monitor a representative number ofemployees and job types. Enough sampling mustbe done to enable each employee's exposure level tobe reasonably represent full shift exposure. Inaddition, these air samples must be taken underconditions which represent each employee's regu-lar, daily exposure to lead. Sampling performedin the past 12 months may be used to determine

exposures above the action level if such samplingwas conducted during work activities essentiallysimilar to present work conditions.

The standard lists certain tasks which may likelyresult in exposures to lead in excess of the PEL and,in some cases, exposures in excess of 50 times thePEL. If you are performing any of these tasks, youremployer must provide you with appropriaterespiratory protection, protective clothing andequipment, change areas, hand washing facilities,


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ConstructionSafetyOrdersLead,AppendixB A-5

biological monitoring, and training until such timethat an exposure assessment is conducted whichdemonstrates that your exposure level is below thePEL. Objective data cannot be used to replace airmonitoring for this exposure assessment.

If you are exposed to lead and air sampling is per-formed, your employer is required to notify you inwriting within 5 working days of the air monitoringresults which represent your exposure. If the results

indicate that your exposure exceeds thePEL (without regard to your use of a respirator),then your employer must also notify you of thisin writing, and provide you with a description ofthe corrective action that has been taken or willbe taken to reduce your exposure.

Your exposure must be rechecked by monitoring, atleast every six months if your exposure is at or overthe action level but below the PEL. Your employermay discontinue monitoring for you if2 consecutive measurements, taken at least 7 daysapart, are at or below the action level. Airmonitoring must be repeated every 3 months if you

are exposed over the PEL. Your employer mustcontinue monitoring for you at this frequency until2 consecutive measurements, taken at least 7 daysapart, are below the PEL but above the action level,at which time your employer must repeatmonitoring of your exposure every six months andmay discontinue monitoring only after yourexposure drops to or below the action level.However, whenever there is a change ofequipment, process, control, or personnel or a newtype of job is added at your workplace which mayresult in new or additional exposure to lead, youremployer must perform additional monitoring.

III. MethodsofCompliancesubsection(e)

Your employer is required to assure that noemployee is exposed to lead in excess of the PELas an 8-hour TWA. The standard for lead inconstruction requires employers to instituteengineering and work practice controls includingadministrative controls to the extent feasible toreduce employee exposure to lead. Where suchcontrols are feasible but not adequate to reduceexposures below the PEL they must be usednonetheless to reduce exposures to the lowest levelthat can be accomplished by these means and thensupplemented with appropriate respiratory

protection. Your employer must establish aregulated area that includes the work area whereairborne exposure to lead is above the PEL, orwhere the lead-related tasks listed in subsection(d)(2) are performed.

Your employer is required to develop andimplement a written compliance program priorto the commencement of any job where employeeexposures may reach the PEL as an 8-hour TWA.The standard identifies the various elements that

must be included in the plan. For example,employers are required to include a description ofoperations in which lead is emitted, detailing otherrelevant information about the operation such asthe type of equipment used, the type of materialinvolved, employee job responsibilities, operatingprocedures and maintenance practices. In addition,your employer's compliance plan must specify themeans that will be used to achieve compliance and,where engineering controls are required, include

any engineering plans or studies that have beenused to select the control methods. If administrativecontrols involving job rotation are used to reduceemployee exposure to lead, the job rotationschedule must be included in the compliance plan.The plan must also detail the type of protectiveclothing and equipment, including respirators,housekeeping and hygiene practices that will beused to protect you from the adverse effects ofexposure to lead.

The written compliance program must be madeavailable, upon request, to affected employeesand their designated representatives, the Chief and

NIOSH.

Finally, the plan must be reviewed and updatedat least every 6 months to assure it reflects thecurrent status in exposure control.

IV. RespiratoryProtectionsubsection(f)

Your employer is required to provide and assureyour use of respirators when your exposure to leadis not contro

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