STAGE 9LESSON 125

815 EDGE okraj LITTLE BY LITTLE pozvolna, krůček po krůčku INTEND zamýšlet

WHAT PART OF THE TABLE IS THIS? That part of... is the edgeCAN WE BALANCE A DINNER-PLATE ON ITS EDGE ? Yes, perhaps we can balance ... but it'd be

rather difficult and would depend on the type of plateCAN WE CUT BREAD WITH THE THICK EDGE OF A KNIFE ? No, we cant...

The verb "to edge" means "to move slowly, little by little," usually in a sideways direction, but also in any direction./

WHAT DOES THE VERB "TO EDGE" MEAN ? The verb ... "to move slowly,little by little" ...

WHY DOES A CAR HAVE TO EDGE FORWARD WHEN TURNING FROM A SMALL SIDE-STREET INTO A MAIN STREET AGAINST THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC ? A car has to edge forward

when ... so that other cars can see what it intends doing, and so slow down to let it pass ...TIN plechovka

816WHY DO FACTORIES PUT FOOD IN TINS ?/ Factories put food in tins to conserve it

WHAT METAL IS A TIN MADE OF? A tin is made of tinCOMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES OF ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS AND PARTICIPLESHELPFUL pomocnýAdjectives of two syllables which end in the letters -er, -le, -ow and -y form their comparatives and superlatives by adding -er and -est. For example, clever – cleverer – cleverest.

WHICH ADJECTIVES OF TWO SYLLABLES FORM THEIR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES BY ADDING -ER AND -EST ?/ The adjectives of two syllables which form ... are those

which end in -er, -le, -ow, or -yGIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Simple ... simpler ... simplest

Adjectives of two syllables which do not end in the letters - er - le - ow or -y and have the accent on the first syllable, form their comparatives and superlatives by using "more" and "most". For example, helpful more helpful the most helpful useless more useless the most useless

817 WHICH ADJECTIVES OF TWO SYLLABLES FORM THEIR COMPARATIVES AND

SUPERLATIVES BY USING "MORE" AND "MOST" ?/ The adjectives of two syllables which form ... are those which do not end in -er -le -ow or -y and have their accent on the first syllable

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Modern . .. more modem ... the most modernParticiples ending in -ed or -ing also form their comparatives by using "more" and "most". For example, pleased more pleased the most pleased boring more boring the most boringHOW DO WE FORM THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES OF PARTICIPLES ENDING IN -

ED OR -ING ? We form the ... by using "more" and "most"...GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE !/ Learned ... more learned ... Interesting...

Adverbs of two syllables made from adjectives by adding -ly form their comparatives and superlatives by using "more" and "most". For example, carefully more carefully the most carefully

818 HOW DO WE FORM THE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES OF ADVERBS OF TWO

SYLLABLES WHICH ARE MADE FROM ADJECTIVES BY ADDING -LY ? We form the ... which are made from adjectives by adding -ly by using "more" and "most"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ Happily; more happily; the most happilySYMPATHY soucit, pochopení

WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE DO YOU HAVE MOST SYMPATHY FOR ? The kind of people I have most sympathy for are those who lie in bed for years, or who are blind ...

ANXIETY úzkost, neklid ANXIOUS neklidnýDO YOU FEEL ANY GREAT ANXIETY ABOUT YOUR OWN PERSONAL FUTURE, OR THE

FUTURE OF THE WORLD ? Yes, I feel some anxiety... or... No, I don't feel any ...WHY IS A SHOPKEEPER ANXIOUS TO PLEASE HIS CUSTOMERS ?/ A shopkeeper is ... so that they

will come back again ...

819 ENTERTAIN bavit ENTERTAINMENT zábava

WHAT KIND OF ENTERTAINMENTS EXIST IN THE PLACE WHERE YOU LIVE? The kind of ...are...

SUPPOSING YOU COULD ENTERTAIN A FAMOUS PERSON AT YOUR HOUSE, EITHER A GREAT FIGURE IN HISTORY OR SOMEONE ALIVE TODAY, WHOM WOULD YOU CHOOSE?/

Supposing I could entertain ... I'd choose...BY ACCIDENT náhodou

IF BY ACCIDENT YOU KNOCKED SOMEBODY'S ARM WHILST HE WAS WRITING, WHATT) YOU SAY? If by accident... I'd say "I'm sorry", or just "Sorry"

BACKGROUND pozadí, průprava APPLY žádatWHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE BACKGROUND OF A PICTURE OR A PHOTOGRAPH ? By the

background... mean that part which is behind the main subjectWHEN A STUDENT APPLIES TO GO TO UNIVERSITY, IS HE ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT HIS

PERSONAL BACKGROUND ?/ Yes, when a ... or ... No, when a...

820 WHAT KIND OF ACTIVITIES DO YOU APPLY YOUR ENERGIES TO MOST? The kind of

activities ... are ...DOES THE LAW OF THE LAND APPLY TO EVERYBODY ? Yes, the law ... or, at least, it shouldWHERE DO YOU HAVE TO GO TO APPLY FOR A PASSPORT ? You have to go to... to apply...

HIGHLY vysoce, velmi THE BROWNS BraunoviGIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD " HIGHLY ". It's highly probable that the Browns won't

come todayANCIENT starověký, starodávný EGYPT Egypt

WHICH IS ONE OF THE MOST ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD ? One of the ... is the Egyptian civilization, or the Babylonian civilization...

SOMEWHAT poněkud, jaksiGIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "SOMEWHAT". I'd say he was somewhat lacking in

common senseAT ALL vůbec

821 GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "AT ALL". It's very strange; I've worked hard all day but

don't feel tired at allMERCHANT kupec

WHAT DOES A MERCHANT DO?/ A merchant buys and sells goodsIDIOM 28WHY ON EARTH = a very strong form of "why ?" dlaczego u licha ... e.g. Why on earth didn't you buy one, as they were so very cheap?

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "WHY ON EARTH" MEAN ? The idiom ... a very strong form of "why?"GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! I just can't understand why on earth they got married if they don't

like each other very muchDICTATION 67 UNITY jednotaThere are various means of transport/these days;/not as in the old days/ when people only had the choice/ of going on foot/ or on horseback,/ or by some/ horse-drawn means of transport./ Being overweight is usually due to overeating./ One usually needs to be taught/ how to operate a factory machine./ Unity is essential for success/ in a battle./ Alfred is the elder/ of the two children,/

though even he is not very old./ They just could not decide/ whether to rent a house/ for the summer / or stay at a hotel. / Eventually, however,/ they chose to rent a house.

822

LESSON 126EXPLAIN TO vysvětlit SUGGEST TO navrhnout, podotknout

CAN YOU EXPLAIN THE GAME OF FOOTBALL TO ME (OR ANY OTHER GAME YOU MIGHT KNOW) ? Yes, I can explain the ... A game of football is composed of...

CAN YOU SUGGEST TO ME A NICE PLACE FOR A HOLIDAY ? Yes, I can suggest ... or... No, I can't...

CONFIDENT sebevědomýNOW THAT YOU ARE AT THIS STAGE OF YOUR ENGLISH STUDIES, DO YOU THINK YOU'D BE ABLE TO TRAVEL ABROAD CONFIDENT OF MAKING YOURSELF UNDERSTOOD IN THE

LANGUAGE? Yes, now that I'm at... or... No, now that...AGREE ABOUT souhlasit AGREE THAT souhlasit s tím že ... AGREE TO souhlasit sAGREE WITH souhlasit s LAND IN PRISON zkončit ve vězení

823 IF YOUR FRIEND WANTS TO GO TO ONE CINEMA AND YOU WANT TO GO TO ANOTHER, AND YOU CAN'T AGREE ABOUT WHICH TO GO TO, WHAT DO YOU DO ? If my friend wants

to ... we ...DO YOU AGREE THAT LIFE WAS BETTER IN THE PAST THAN IT IS TODAY ?/ Yes, I agree that...

or... No, I don't agreeWOULD YOU AGREE TO DO AN EXTRA THREE HOURS OF ENGLISH TODAY ? Yes, I'd agree

to ... or... No, I wouldn't...WOULD YOU AGREE TO A PLAN THAT MIGHT LAND YOU IN PRISON ? Yes, I'd agree to ... or ...

No, I wouldn't...WHEN YOU DON'T AGREE WITH OTHERS, WHAT DO YOU DO?/ When I don't agree with ... I ...

TAKE CARE postarat se, pečovat RUN OVER přejet (někoho, něco) CARE FOR starat se o, zajímat se o

WHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO BE DONE WITH DRIVERS WHO DON'T TAKE CARE WHILST DRIVING, AND SO RUN OVER PEOPLE? I think that drivers who don't... ought to ...

824WHO TAKES CARE OF YOU WHEN YOU'RE ILL ?/ My ... takes care ...

DO YOU CARE WHAT PEOPLE SAY ABOUT YOU ? Yes, I care ... or ... No, I don't care what...When we ask someone to dance, we can say "Would you care for this dance ?", or "Would you like to dance ?"

WHAT CAN WE SAY WHEN WE ASK SOMEONE TO DANCE? When we ask ... we can say ...I DARE SAY = IT IS PROBABLE DARING REQUIREtroufám si tvrdit, pravděpodobně = odvážné tvrzení"I dare say you're right" means I think it is probable that you are right. For such an expression we always use the first person./

WHAT DOES THIS SENTENCE MEAN, IN OTHER WORDS ? - "I DARE SAY YOU'RE RIGHT." That sentence means, in other words, "I think it is probable that you are right"

WHAT KIND OF JOB WOULD YOU SAY REQUIRED THE MOST DARING? I'd say the kind of job which ... would be that...

EAGER nedočkavý, horlivý RUB škrábat, třít

825 WHEN PEOPLE ARE EAGER TO DO SOMETHING, WHAT DO THEY SOMETIMES LOOK LIKE?/

When people are ... they sometimes look alive, have bright eyes, and perhaps rub their hands together ...FACE (v) vypadat, směřovat, postavit se čelem FACE TO FACE tváří v tvář

WHERE DOES THIS WINDOW FACE ONTO ? This window ... the street, a courtyard...

IF YOU FOUND YOURSELF FACE TO FACE WITH A KILLER WITH A KNIFE IN HIS HAND, WHAT'D YOU DO? If I found myself... I'd ...

UP TO až do ...ABOUT HOW MANY PAGES OF THIS METHOD HAVE YOU STUDIED UP TO NOW ?/ I've studied

about ... pages of ...ATTACK útočitDO INNOCENT PEOPLE EVER GET ATTACKED IN THE STREETS OF YOUR HOME TOWN ? Yes,

innocent people ... or ... No, innocent...BURY zakopat, pohřbít

WHAT DOES A DOG DO WITH ITS BONE ? A dog buries its bone in the ground...

826 WHERE DO THEY BURY THE DEAD IN YOUR COUNTRY - OUTSIDE THE TOWN, IN THE

GROUNDS OF A CHURCH ... ETC. ? They bury the dead ...ANGER zlost

WHAT ANGERS YOU MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE?/ ... angers me more than anything elseINSULT urazít, urážka

WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST WAY TO INSULT A PERSON ? I think the best... is to ...IDIOM 29FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE = a very strong form of "please" na miłość boską e.g. For heaven's sake, be quiet! and let me get some sleep.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE" MEAN ? The idiom ... "a very..."GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! For heaven's sake, don't do that again! or I shall get very angry

827 DICTATION 68 MADNESS šílenstvíFootball is played throughout the whole world./ It is such a popular game/ that in some cases it is almost a form of madness./ Provided you go straight home after school,/ you will be in time to see/ your uncle before he leaves./ Everyone was dressed/ in their very best clothes/ for the big dance,/ which commenced at 8 p.m./ The waiter placed the tray/ carefully on the table./ The meal he had brought us/ consisted of potatoes/ and a small piece of meat/ which appeared to be old and hard.

LESSON 127AFRAID OF obávat se něčeho AFRAID THAT obávat že AFRAID TO bát se něco dělatWHY DO YOU SUPPOSE SOME PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY CHILDREN, ARE AFRAID OF THE DARK

? I suppose some ... because they imagine things that are not there...WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE AFRAID THAT THEY MIGHT GET KILLED IF THEY TRAVEL BY

PLANE MORE THAN BY OTHER MEANS OF TRANSPORT ?/ Some people ... because a plane accident is front-page news ...

ARE YOU AFRAID TO TRAVEL BY PLANE ? Yes, I'm afiaid... or... No, I'm not...We can also use "afraid" for an apology. For example, a shopkeeper might say to acustomer "I'm afraid we haven't got the size you want, sir".

828GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "AFRAID" USED IN AN APOLOGY/ I'm afraid I can't help

youCOMPOUND WORDS E.G. A LONG-HAIRED DOG dlouhosrstý pes WELL-TIMED dobře načasovanýA compound word can be formed by using an adjective and a noun together. For example, the adjective "long" can be put together with the noun "hair" and we can say "a long-haired dog" meaning a dog with long hair. Other examples are - "A blue-eyed baby, a one-legged man, and a broad-shouldered man."

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND WORDS FORMED BY PUTTING ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS TOGETHER. A blue-eyed baby, a one-legged man, a broad-shouldered man

Another way of forming a compound word is by using an adverb and a participle together. For example, the adverb "well" can be put together with the participle "cooked" and so we can say "a well-cooked meal". /

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF COMPOUND WORDS FORMED BY PUTTING ADVERBS AND PARTICIPLES TOGETHER. A badly-dressed man. A carefully-made plan. A well-timed move

829 WHISKERS vousy (kočky) HUNTING lov MOUSE – MICE myšiNOISELESSLY potichu GAP mezera FENCE ohrada, plot HEDGE živý plotA cat's whiskers are the same width as its body./ This means that, when it goes hunting for mice and birds, and wishes to pass noiselessly through a gap in a fence or a hedge, it can first try the width of the gap with its whiskers to see if it is possible to get through the gap without using force and making a lot of noise. /FOR WHAT PURPOSE DOES A CAT USE ITS WHISKERS ? A cat uses it's whiskers in order to pass ...

HAVE YOU ANY GAPS IN YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENGLISH YOU HAVE LEARNT (OR LEARNED) SO FAR ? Yes, I've some gaps ... or... No, I don't think I've any ...

HALL hala ENTRANCE vstup TOWN HALL radniceA hall is a large room. For example, we have the entrance hall of a house, the dining hall of a college, and a village or town hall where public meetings and even dances can be held. /

830 WHAT IS A HALL ? A hall is a large room

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES OF ITS USE. Entrance hall...POOL nádrž, bazén LIQUID kapalina INDOOR (S) vnitřní OUTDOOR (S) venkovníOUT OF DOOR venku SWIMMING POOL basénA pool is a collection of water or other liquid, either large or small. For example, "a pool of water on the road, a pool of blood" or "a swimming pool". /

WHAT IS A POOL ? A pool is a collection of water or other liquid...GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE! Pool of blood...

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF AN INDOOR SWIMMING POOL ? / The advantages... are that the water can be heated, and one can swim in it in any kind of weather...

WHICH DO YOU PREFER AN INDOOR OR AN OUTDOOR SWIMMING POOL ?/ I prefer ...DO YOU SPEND MOST OF YOUR TIME INDOORS OR OUT OF DOORS ? I spend most...

831 ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE E.G. NICE TO SEE vidět rád IT IS WELL TO je dobřeIt is well to note the construction Adjective + Infinitive. For example, "It is very nice to see you again."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF AN ADJECTIVE PLUS INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION. / It's good to be alive

MAKE + SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING * ADJECTIVE OR INFINITIVEE.G. MAKE HIM HAPPY učinit ho šťastným MAKE THE CAR GO způsobit aby auto jeloAnother construction to be noted is with the word "make" which is as follows:- Make + Somebody or Something + Adjective or Infinitive. For example, "It will make him happy (adj)" and "It will make the car go (inf)".

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE CONSTRUCTION "MAKE + SOMEBODY OR SOMETHING + ADJECTIVE OR INFINITIVE". / The news made them sad. We made the table look like new

832 KNEE koleno KNEEL - KNELT - KNELT kleknout

WHAT DO WE CALL THIS JOINT OF THE LEG ? We call... kneeON WHAT OCCASIONS DO PEOPLE KNEEL ? The occasions on which people kneel are when they say

their prayers ...LATE = RECENTLY DEAD OR ENDED zemřelý LATELY nedávno

WHO WAS THE LEADER OF THE LATE GOVERNMENT IN YOUR COUNTRY ? / The leader of... was...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SPEAK ABOUT THE LATE MR. JOHNSON ? When we speak... we mean he has died recently or lately

MATCH dopasovat, rovnat se JUDO judo

IS IT THE FASHION AMONG WOMEN TODAY TO MATCH THEIR HAND BAGS WITH THEIR SHOES, AND FOR MEN TO MATCH THEIR TIES WITH THEIR SOCKS OR HANDKERCHIEFS ?/

Yes, it's the fashion ... or... No, it isn't...

833 DO YOU THINK A SMALL MAN WHO KNEW JUDO WOULD BE A MATCH FOR A BIG MAN

WHO KNEW HOW TO BOX ? Yes, I think ... or... No, I don't think ...WHEN DO THEY HOLD FOOTBALL MATCHES IN YOUR HOME TOWN? They hold...

FUNERAL pohřebWHAT COLOUR CLOTHES DO EUROPEAN PEOPLE USUALLY WEAR FOR A FUNERAL ?

European people usually wear black for a funeralMYSTERY záhada, tajemství

DO YOU LIKE MYSTERY STORIES ? / Yes, I like ... or ... No, I don't like ...HUMBLE pokorný, prostý

CAN YOU NAME ANY GREAT MEN WHO WERE OF HUMBLE BIRTH ? Yes, I can ... Lincoln, Dickens ...

PATH stezkaWHY DO WE HAVE A PATH IN A GARDEN? We have a... so that people don't walk on the grass or on

the flowers ...INSURE pojistit, zabezpečit

834 IS IT THE LAW IN YOUR COUNTRY THAT EVERYONE MUST INSURE HIS CAR AGAINST

ACCIDENTS ? / Yes, It's the ... or ... No, it isn't...IDIOM 30SORE POINT choulostivá otázka = a subject which causes unpleasant memories of past difficulties and arguments. e.g. Don't ask him why he had to sell his car last year; it's a sore point with him.

WHAT'S THE MEANING OF THE IDIOM "SORE POINT" ? The meaning ... is "a subject which causes unpleasant memories ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Don't speak about what happened on holiday last summer; it's a sore point with her

DICTATION 69

It looks as if/ we are in double trouble./ Not only have we lost our money/ and return tickets home,/ but also the key of the front door. /1 will have to look the word up/ in a modem dictionary:/ this one is too old./ Though there has been some delay,/ the goods will nonetheless/ arrive in time./ Walking in the forest,/ we came across a great lion/ which did not seem at all fierce,/ lying lazily in the sun./ He certainly looked a real king, however,/ and did not need to sit upon a throne/ to let the world know/ that this was his kingdom.

LESSON 128

835 HYPHENED (OR HYPHENATED) COMPOUNDS SPOON pomlčkaE.G. A TEN - MINUTE TALK 10-minutový rozhovor

GIVE ME SOME FURTHER EXAMPLES OF HYPHENED COMPOUNDS, PLEASE ! A three-roomed flat. A slow-moving train. A ten-minute wait. An ash-tray. A table-spoon

836 THE ENGLISH MONETARY SYSTEM pěněžní systémjednotka, drobné PENNY PENCE pence SHILLING šiling MONETARY měnaThe English monetary system has now changed somewhat, but when reading old books it will be the old system that will be referred to, and so it is well to know something of that system, which was simply as follows:- The three basic units were the penny, the shilling and the pound. 12 pennies made a shilling and 20 shillings made a pound.

WHAT WERE THE THREE BASIC UNITS OF THE ENGLISH MONETARY SYSTEM ? The three ... were the penny, the shilling and the pound

HOW MANY PENNIES MADE A SHILLING ? / Twelve pennies ...HOW MANY SHILLINGS MADE A POUND ? Twenty...

The word "penny " has two plurals - "pennies" and "pence". When speaking about the actual coins, we say, for example, "I will give you six pennies", that is, six coins but, when speaking about value and not the actual coins, we say, for example, "This pencil costs ten pence."WHAT ARE THE TWO PLURALS OF THE WORD "PENNY", AND WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN

THEIR USE?/ The two plurals of ...The monetary system used today is much simpler. The shilling has gone, leaving a hundred pennies to make one pound, and instead of saying "pennies" or "pence" people usually say just the letter "p", e.g. This pencil costs ninety "pee" (90p).

837 IN THE MONETARY SYSTEM USED TODAY, HOW MANY PENNIES MAKE A POUND ? In the ...

a hundred ...DOUBLING CONSONANTSOVERCOME překonat SLOW DOWN zpomalit NATURAL přirozený PICK UP přisvojitFORBID - FORBADE - FORBIDDEN zabránit GATHER SPEED nabrat rychlostPECULIAR zvláštní, podivný PECULIARITY charakteristický SUFFIX přípona SUNNY slunečnýAs you have already seen, English spelling is no easy matter, and so the best way perhaps to overcome the difficulty is not by learning rules, which often confuse rather than help and slow down the natural speed at which the language should be used, but by noting carefully how each individual word is spelt and how it behaves when used in different ways. For example, instead of trying to remember the rule that explains why the word "forbid" doubles the "d" in its past participle "forbidden" whilst the word "happen" doesn't double its "n", it is perhaps better to note the behaviour of each individual word, accept its peculiarities without too much question, and remember them and practise using them. This way of learning can be used for language study in general, i.e. note and copy, without worrying too much about the reasons behind everything. This is, in fact, how some people are able to pick up a language in a matter of a few weeks.

838 WHAT IS PERHAPS THE BEST WAY TO OVERCOME THE DIFFICULTY OF ENGLISH SPELLING

? Perhaps the best... is not by learning rules ... but by noting how each individual word is spelt and how it behaves when used in different ways

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ Instead of trying to remember the rule ... preferred, whilst ... offered

Sometimes, however, a rule which is very clear and easy to remember, can help in the learning of the language. For example, with a word of one syllable which ends in a single vowel and a single consonant, the consonant is usually doubled when we add a suffix beginning with a vowel. For example "big-bigger; hit-hitting; sun-sunny" etc.

WHEN DO WE USUALLY DOUBLE A CONSONANT ? We usually ... with a word of one syllable which ends in a single vowel and a single consonant

839 GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! Sad-sadder; glad- gladden; run-running

WHEN WE SPEAK ABOUT THE DRIVING OF A CAR, WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF TO SLOW DOWN ? / When we ... to gather speed

EITHER OF THEM každá, kterákoli z nich NEITHER OF THEM žádný z nich EQUALLY rovnoměrně, stejněNotice the way in which we can answer the following: "Which of these books do you want?" - "Either of them, it does not matter, as they are both equally interesting", or "Neither of them, as they are both very boring."

IF I ASK YOU WHICH OF TWO THINGS YOU WANT, AND THE CHOICE IS OF NO IMPORTANCE TO YOU, WHAT DO YOU REPLY ?/ If you ask... either of them

AND IF YOU WERE NOT INTERESTED IN EITHER OF THE TWO THINGS, WHAT WOULD YOU REPLY? If I were ... neither of them

NEXT dalšíWHO'S SITTING NEXT TO YOU ? ... is sitting next to me

WHEN SHALL WE SEE EACH OTHER NEXT ? We'll see ... next...OBJECT předmět

840 WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE OBJECT OF LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ? / I think the

object of... is ...PAD podložka COTTON bavlna A PAD OF COTTON tampon COTTON-WOOL vata ABSORB vstřebat

WHEN WE CUT OURSELVES, WHY DO WE PUT A PAD OF COTTON WOOL OVER THE CUT ? When we cut... to absorb the blood and to cover and protect the wound

IS THIS CHAIR PADDED ? Yes, this ... or ... No, this chair...REACH OUT natáhnout

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're reaching out for me to give you somethingSCALE stupnice, měřítko THERMOMETER teploměrWHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE SCALE ON A THERMOMETER ? / By the scale ... we mean the marks

on it showing the degrees of temperatureWHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT A MAP IS DRAWN TO A SCALE OF ONE INCH TO

A MILE ? When we say that... we mean that an inch on the map represents a mile of actual land

841 UNFINISHED SENTENCES ENDING WITH "TO" CONTINUATION pokračování, trváníSometimes we leave a sentence unfinished, ending it with the word "to". For example, "I did not want to tell him but I had to". The continuation of the sentence would have been "had to tell him". /GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF AN UNFINISHED SENTENCE ENDING WITH "TO", PLEASE ! He said

I could go if I wanted to (go)FINISH THIS SENTENCE, PLEASE! - "I DON'T WANT TO DO IT, BUT I SUPPOSE I OUGHT TO ..."

... do itTAKE HOLD OF chopitse něčeho TAKE BY SURPRISE překvapit, zaskočit TAKE A BATH vykoupat se CHANCE příležitost BY CHANCE náhodou

WHY DO PEOPLE TAKE HOLD OF SOMETHING WHEN THEY SUDDENLY BECOME AFRAID ? People take ... in order to give them strength and support and to steady themselves

WHAT DO PEOPLE OFTEN DO WHEN THEY ARE TAKEN BY SURPRISE ? People often jump when they ...

842 HOW OFTEN DO YOU SUPPOSE THE AVERAGE PERSON TAKES A BATH?

I suppose the average ... about...WHAT DID HE SAY ? He said he supposed the average person took a bath about once a ...

Some other uses of "take" are "take a holiday; take a house for a year; take a degree; take an exam" etc./CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME OTHER USES OF THE VERB "TAKE" ? ... take a holiday; take a chance ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY WE GIVE SOMEONE A SECOND CHANCE ? When we say ... we mean they have failed at something or done something wrong and we are going to give them the

chance to do better ...WHY DO PEOPLE THESE DAYS HAVE A MUCH GREATER CHANCE OF LIVING TO A MUCH GREATER AGE THAN THEY DID IN THE OLD DAYS ?/ People these days ... because life today is

easier and more comfortable, and modern medicine has improved a lot in recent times ...

843 WHICH OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS OF YOUR LIFE HAVE HAPPENED TO YOU BY

CHANCE ? Of the most important... by chance are ...TEMPTATION pokušeníDO YOU EVER GET THE TEMPTATION TO DO SOMETHING VERY STRANGE? FOR EXAMPLE,

TO SHOUT SOMETHING OUT WHEN EVERYONE IN A ROOM IS VERY SILENT Yes, I sometimes ... or ... No, I never ...

WHAT ?/VIEW pohledWHAT KIND OF VIEW WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE FROM YOUR BEDROOM WINDOW? I'd like

... a view of...HIDE - HID - HIDDEN ukrýtWHERE'D BE THE BEST PLACE TO HIDE FROM THE POLICE IN THIS BUILDING ? The best place

... in this building would be ...WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO HIDE" ?/ The paradigm ... hide-hid-hidden

LIAR lhářWHO'S THE BIGGEST LIAR YOU'VE EVER MET ? ... is the biggest...

844 DETAIL detail, podrobnost

WHEN SOMEONE GIVES YOU AN ACCOUNT OF A FILM HE HAS SEEN, OR OF SOMETHING THAT'S HAPPENED TO HIM, DO YOU LIKE HIM TO GIVE YOU ALL THE SMALL DETAILS AS

WELL?/ Yes, when someone... I like him ... or... No, when someone ... I don't like ... but just the main points ...

845 IDIOM 31GET ONE DOWN = make one tired and unhappy znechutit někoho e.g. With all the noise and everyone getting angry it just gets you down after a time.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GET ONE DOWN" MEAN ? The idiom ... make ...GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! He had to stop work, because the problems and difficulties of the job

got him down after a time

DICTATION 70

CORNER (v) vehnat do rohu RAT krysaThe men arrived late/ at the works so often/ that they lost their jobs./ It is said that/ when a rat is cornered/ by a man/ and has to defend its life,/ it will fly/ at the man's throat./ John did not realize/ what he was doing/ and consequently forgot/ to shut the door behind him./ They have always led/ a very comfortable life till now./I suppose/ we shall reach the end of the book/ eventually/ if we keep working steadily./ The price of goods/ depends on supply and demand./ If the demand is great/ but the supply is small,/ the price will, of course, be high.

LESSON 129HOW DO YOU DO ? HOW ARE YOU ? jak se mášWhen we are introduced to somebody, we shake his hand and say "How do you do ?" and he replies the same "How do you do ?"

WHEN WE ARE INTRODUCED TO SOMEBODY, WHAT DO WE SAY ? When we are ... "How do you do ?"

AND WHAT DOES THE OTHER PERSON REPLY ? The other... "How do you do ?"When we meet somebody we know, we say "How are you ?" and they can reply in many different ways, but perhaps one of the most common replies is "Not too bad"./

WHAT DO YOU SAY WHEN YOU MEET SOMEONE YOU KNOW? When I meet... "How are you ?"AND WHAT DO THEY GENERALLY REPLY ? They generally reply "Not too bad"

UNDERNEATH vespod, doleThe difference between "under" and "underneath" is the same as that between "after" and "afterwards". "Underneath" means "under that" or "under it", and, unlike the word "under", it does not usually need to be followed by any other words. For example, "I knelt down by the car and looked under it", whilst "I knelt down by the car and looked underneath"./

846WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "UNDER" AND "UNDERNEATH" ? The difference ...

"underneath" means "under that" or "under it" ... it does not usually need to be followed by any other words

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! I knelt down by the car and looked under it... or ... I knelt down ... underneath

WANDER procházet se, potulovat se DISTINGUISH rozlišovatCAN YOU DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENCE IN PRONUNCIATION BETWEEN THE WORDS

"WANDER" AND "WONDER" ? / Yes, I can ... or... No, I can't...WHAT DOES THE WORD "WANDER" MEAN ? The word ...WHAT DOES THE WORD "WONDER" MEAN ? The word ...

STILL stále, ještě YET ještě, už

847 ANNOYANCE obtíž, zlost STRESS důraz GOOD HEAVENS! proboha!As we have already seen, we use "still" for something that is in progress at the moment, whilst we use "yet" for something that has not begun or happened. This means that "still" is generally used in positive sentences whilst "yet" is generally used in negative and interrogative sentences. In addition, however, we must note that when "still" is used in questions, it often gives the feeling of surprise or annoyance etc., and is generally spoken with a heavy stress, e.g. "What! Is that man still here?" - in other words, "Why doesn't he go home and let us all have some peace ?" - or, "Good heavens! You aren't still eating, are you?"

WHAT FEELING DOES THE WORD "STILL" OFTEN GIVE WHEN USED IN QUESTIONS ? The feeling the word ... is one of surprise or annoyance

HOW IS IT USED? It's used with a heavy stressGIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! "Good heavens! Are you still working ?"

When "still" is used with comparatives, such as "longer, quicker, worse" etc., it is similar in meaning to the word "even" (meaning "more"), e.g. "If we want to get there in time, we must go still faster" or "even faster".

848 WHEN "STILL" IS USED WITH COMPARATIVES, WHAT IS IT SIMILAR IN MEANING TO ?/

When "still" is ... "even" (meaning "more")GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! My French is bad, and my English is still worse

ACCORDING TO podleIF I SAID TO YOU THAT ACCORDING TO THE NEWSPAPERS THIS MORNING WORLD WAR

THREE HAD BEEN DECLARED, WOULD YOU BELIEVE ME ? No, if you said ...WHY NOT?

WHAT, ACCORDING TO YOU, IS THE BEST WAY TO DEAL WITH CRIMINALS ?/ I think the best way to deal...

WHEN THINGS DON'T GO ACCORDING TO PLAN, WHAT DO YOU DO ? When things don't go ...BAND skupina, páska, kapela DISTURBANCE zmatek MILITARY armádní SWEAT pot, potit se SHAPE tvar, forma

849 IN THIS COUNTRY, DO YOU GET BANDS OF YOUTHS GOING AROUND THE TOWNS

CAUSING DISTURBANCES ? Yes, in this country we get... or ... No, in this country we ...DO YOU LIKE THE SOUND OF A MILITARY BAND ?/ Yes, I like ... or ... No, I don't ...

WHY DO THEY PUT A BAND OF MATERIAL INSIDE A HAT? They put a ... in order to absorb the sweat and help the hat to keep its shape

CARRIAGE vozidloWHAT'S THE NOUN OF THE VERB "TO CARRY" ? The noun ... "carriage"

HOW MANY CARRIAGES DOES THE AVERAGE TRAIN CONSIST OF? The average train consists of perhaps ... carriages

IF A FACTORY SENDS YOU GOODS, WHO USUALLY PAYS FOR THE CARRIAGE - YOU OR THE FACTORY ?/ If a factory ...

850

ABOUT (cont.) o, kolem, skoro FOR WEEKS AND WEEKS po několik týdnů WHAT ABOUT (YOU) co (ty) na to We must now note some of the different uses of the word "about".

WHAT KIND OF THINGS DO PEOPLE ARGUE ABOUT ? The kind of ... are politics, religion ...DO YOU THINK THERE'S ANYTHING TERRIBLE ABOUT TELLING PEOPLE YOU ARE NOT AT

HOME WHEN, IN FACT, YOU ARE ?/ Yes, I think there's something ... or ... No, I don't think...DO PEOPLE STAND ABOUT ON THE CORNERS OF THE STREETS IN YOUR TOWN ? Yes, people

stand about... or... No, people don't...ARE YOU IN THE HABIT OF MOVING THINGS ABOUT IN YOUR HOUSE, OR DO YOU LEAVE THINGS IN THE SAME PLACE FOR WEEKS AND WEEKS ?/ Yes, I'm in the ... or... No, I'm not in ...

but I leave things ...WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "THERE ARE FLOWERS ABOUT THE DOOR" ? When we

say ... we mean there are flowers around the door

851 I DON'T THINK THERE'S GOING TO BE ANOTHER WORLD WAR, WHAT ABOUT YOU ? - THAT

IS, WHAT DO YOU THINK ? Yes, I agree. I don't think ... or... No, I don't agree. I think there's going to ...

BITTER hořký (á) DISSATISFACTION nespokojenostDOES TEA WITHOUT SUGAR TASTE SWEET ?/ No, tea ... but it tastes bitter

WHAT DO YOU THINK MAKES PEOPLE BITTER, ESPECIALLY IN THEIR OLD AGE ? I think that what makes people ... is dissatisfaction with their lives; things not having happened as they had wished;

illness,... etc.NEAT čistý, upravený

WHAT WORD CAN WE USE INSTEAD OF THE WORD "TIDY" ? We can use ... "neat" instead of...POVERTY chudoba, nouzeWHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO BE DONE ABOUT THE POVERTY IN THE WORLD ? I think...

ADMIRE obdivovatWHOM DO YOU ADMIRE MORE THAN ANYONE ELSE ?/ I admire ... more than anyone else

GENEROUS velkorysý, štědrý

852 DO YOU THINK THE RICH ARE MORE GENEROUS THAN THE POOR? Yes, I think the ... or... No, I

don't...IDIOM 32

TOUCH AND GO = dangerously very uncertain o malý vlas... e.g. It was touch and go for a moment. I thought the piece of wood would break and we'd all fall into the sea.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "TOUCH AND GO" MEAN ? The idiom... uncertain...GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! The car was in a very bad condition, and it was touch and go

whether it would get us home or not

DICTATION 71

The ship sank slowly/to the ocean bed./Some of the men on board were drowned/ as they were unable to swim./ Others managed / to hold on to pieces of wood/ thaj were floating/ on the surface of the sea/ and so were able to save themselves,/ and were carried to land/ by the tide./ Empires have always meant/ the conquering of one country by another,/ and the country which conquers/ then demands a tax/ which makes it possible/ to conquer still more countries./ He was a great literary figure/ of his day,/ but today he is very little read./

LESSON 130

853 DEAR drahý

DO YOU THINK IT IS POSSIBLE FOR TWO PEOPLE TO REMAIN DEARFRIENDS FOR LIFE ? Yes, 1 think it's ... or ... No, 1 don't...

IS LIFE VERY DEAR TO YOU ? Yes, life's very ... or ... No, life isn't...WHAT'S THE DEAREST THING YOU'RE WEARING ? My ... is the dearest...

EASY snadno EASE klid, zmírnit, pohoda AT EASE v pohodě ILL AT EASE nešťastnýWHAT DO WE MEAN BY AN EASY CHAIR? By an easy chair we mean a comfortable chair

AND AN EASY LIFE ? A comfortable and unhurried lifeDO YOU FEEL AT EASE IN STRANGE COMPANY, OR DO YOU FEEL ILL AT EASE ? I feel... in

strange companyARE YOU ABLE TO DO THE DICTATIONS IN THIS BOOK WITH EASE ?/ Yes, I'm able to do ...

or ... No, I'm not able ...IF YOU HAVE A HEADACHE, WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE BEST WAY TO EASE THE PAIN ?

If I have a ... I think ... the pain is to lie down, relax, take an aspirin ... etc.

854

FAILURE nezdar, porucha TO BE OBLIGED být zavázán CANDLE svícen LIGHT - LIT – LIT osvítitWHEN THERE'S A FAILURE IN THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY, WHAT ARE WE OBLIGED TO

DO ?/ When there's a... we're obliged to light candlesWHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO LIGHT" ? The paradigm ... "light - lit - lit"

WHAT KIND OF THINGS DO YOU THINK MAKE A PARTY A FAILURE? I think the kind of things that are ...

STEAL krást ROB loupit THIEF zlodějThe difference in sentence construction when using the verbs "steal" and "rob" is as follows:-To steal + something + from somebody.The thief stole + my watch + from me.To rob + something or somebody + of something. The thief robbed + me + of my watch.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION WHEN USING THE VERBS "STEAL" AND "ROB" ?/ The difference... is "to steal + something..."

855 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE! The thief stole + a handbag + from Mary. The thief

robbed + Mary + of her handbagThe object of the verb "steal" is what is taken by the thief, whilst the object of the verb "rob" is the person or the place from whom or from which the thing is stolen, e.g. The man stole a car. The man robbed me (or the bank).

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OBJECTS OF THE VERBS "TO STEAL" AND "TO ROB" ? The difference ... is that the object of the verb "steal" is what is taken by the thief, whilst the object

of the verb "rob" is the person from whom or from which the thing is stolenGIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE!/ He stole a pen. He robbed them of a pen. He robbed the

Post OfficeHANDLE (v+n) ručka, klika, zacházet s GENTLE jemný

WHAT'S THIS ? It's the door-handle

856 WHAT KIND OF OBJECTS MUST BE HANDLED VERY GENTLY WHEN WE TOUCH THEM ? The

kind of objects that... are objects such as glass, eggs ...WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A PERSON WITH A GENTLE NATURE ? By a person... we mean someone

who is not cruel or rough ... etc.WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A GENTLE WIND ?/ By a ... we mean a wind that is not at all strong ...

DO YOU KNOW HOW TO HANDLE (I.E. USE) A GUN ? Yes, I know how ... or... No, I don't know...WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO HANDLE A HORSE ? The best way ... is gently, without making any

quick or sudden movements... etc.HAND-IN-HAND ruku v ruce ARM-IN-ARM rameno vedle ramene CUSTOM zvykGIRLFRIEND přítelkyně SHORTHAND těsnopis SYMBOL symbol HAND (v) podat

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY "WALKING HAND-IN-HAND"?/ By "walking hand-in-hand" we mean two people holding each other's hand as they walk

857 IS IT THE CUSTOM IN YOUR COUNTRY FOR A BOY TO WALK ARM-IN-ARM WITH HIS

GIRLFRIEND ? Yes, it's the custom ... or... No, it isn't...WHAT IS SHORTHAND? Shorthand is a system of writing in which we use symbols to represent the

sounds of words

WOULD YOU HAND ME THAT BOOK, PLEASE ! Yes, certainlyENQUIRE dotázat se INQUIRE vyšetřovat ENQUIRY informace INQUIRY OFFICE informační kancelářWHERE DO WE GO TO ENQUIRE ABOUT TRAIN TIMES AT THE STATION ?/ We go to the enquiry

office to enquire about train ...ESCAPE utéct, útěkIF YOU HAD BEEN A PRISONER DURING THE LAST WORLD WAR, WOULD YOU HAVE TRIED

TO ESCAPE ? Yes, if I'd been a ... I'd have tried to escape ... or ... No, if I'd been ...REGRET litovat

IS THERE ANYTHING YOU REGRET HAVING DONE OR NOT HAVING DONE ? Yes, there's something I regret... or... No, there isn't anything ...

WHAT ?/ WHY ?

858 TENDER jemný ENABLE umožnit LOVINGLY láskyplně

ARE THE BOTTOMS OF THE AVERAGE MAN'S FEET TOO TENDER TO ENABLE HIM TO WALK WITHOUT SHOES ON ? Yes, the bottoms ... or ... No, the bottoms of...

WHY ? Because he has been accustomed for a long time now to wearing shoes, although it doesn't take long to harden one's feet

IN THIS SENTENCE - "THE MOTHER PUT HER HAND TENDERLY ON HER CHILD'S HEAD" - WHAT DOES THE WORD "TENDERLY" MEAN ?/ In that sentence - "The mother..." - the word

"tenderly" means "gently and lovingly"IDIOM 33INSTRUCTION instrukceCAN'T MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT = can't understand it at all e.g. I can't make head nor tail of this letter I got from John this morning. I don't know whether he means he is coming tomorrow or not

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "CANT MAKE HEAD NOR TAIL OF IT" MEAN ? The idiom... means "can't understand it at all"

859 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! These instructions that go together with the machine are so

complicated that I can't make head nor tail of them

LESSON 131INTEREST podíl, zájem DOCUMENTS dokumenty SHARES akcie, podíly SEAT-BELT bezpečnostní pás

WHEN WE BUY AN INTEREST IN A BUSINESS, WHAT EXACTLY DO WE CALL THE DOCUMENTS WE BUY ? When we buy an... the documents we buy we call "shares"

IS IT IN YOUR OWN INTEREST TO WEAR A SEAT-BELT IN A CAR?/ Yes, it's in your own...VERBS, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ENDING IN "Y" TIDINESS pořádekWhen a verb ends in "y" with a consonant in front of it, we change the "y" into "i" when adding -es or -ed. For example, "carry - carries - carried".

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE ADD -ES OR -ED TO A VERB ENDING IN "Y" ? When we add... we change the "y" into "i"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE!/ study - studies - studied; hurry - hurries - hurriedNouns and adjectives usually behave in a similar way to verbs before a suffix is added, e.g. tidy - tidier - tidily - tidiness.

860 HOW DO NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES THAT END IN "Y" PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT

BEHAVE ? Nouns and ... behave in a similar way to verbs ...GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! pity - pitiful - pitiless

JUST jen tak, právě PREFERABLY nejspíš, radějiCAN YOU REMEMBER WHAT YOU DID JUST AS YOU CAME INTO THE ROOM ?/ Yes, I can ...

WHAT MUST A DRIVER DO WHEN THE GAP BETWEEN TWO OTHER CARS IS ONLY JUST WIDE ENOUGH TO ALLOW HIM TO PASS ? When a gap between two other cars is only just wide

enough to allow a driver to pass, he must drive very slowly, and preferably have someone standing in front of his car to wave him to the left or to the right...

LARGELY velkou měrou QUALITY jakost CLEVER bystrý, dovednýDO YOU THINK THAT SUCCESS IN LIFE (LIKE MAKING A FORTUNE) IS LARGELY A MATTER

OF LUCK, OR DO YOU THINK CERTAIN QUALITIES ARE REQUIRED WHICH ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN LUCK. IN OTHER WORDS, DO YOU THINK THAT RICH, SUCCESSFUL

PEOPLE ARE CLEVERER THAN POOR AND UNSUCCESSFUL PEOPLE, OR JUST LUCKIER ?/ Yes, I think that... or ... No, I don't think that... but I think that...

861 MAY moci AS WELL ... AS stejně tak jako WE MAY GO můžeme jít WE MAY AS WELL GO můžeme také jít

DO YOU THINK THAT PEOPLE WHO ARE IN PRISON FOR LIFE OFTEN THINK THAT THEY MAY AS WELL BE DEAD AS IN PRISON ? Yes, I think that people ... or ... No, I don't think ...

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THESE TWO SENTENCES ? - WE MAY GO TO THE CINEMA THIS EVENING AND WE MAY AS WELL GO TO THE CINEMA THIS EVENING The

difference is that the first sentence expresses a possibility, whilst the second one is saying that, as we do not know what else to do this evening, we may as well go to the cinema. In other words, going to the cinema

would be better than doing nothing

862ON ACCOUNT OF BOMB EXPLOSION kvůli (v důsledku) výbuchu bomby TIP spropitné, špička TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT vzít v úvahu ON MY OWN ACCOUNT na vlastní riziko

IF IT SNOWED IN THE MIDDLE OF SUMMER, WOULD YOU SAY THAT IT WAS ON ACCOUNT OF PAST ATOMIC BOMBS AND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS HAVING DISTURBED THE UPPER

ATMOSPHERE? Yes, if it ... or ... No, if it... I wouldn't say ...WHEN CONSIDERING THE PRICE OF A MEAL IN A RESTAURANT, DO YOU TAKE INTO

ACCOUNT SUCH THINGS AS THE SERVICE CHARGE AND THE WAITER'S TIP, ETC. ?/ Yes, when considering the ... or ... No, when ...

ARE YOU STUDYING ENGLISH ON YOUR OWN ACCOUNT OR BECAUSE YOU ARE FORCED TO ? I'm studying English ...

WHAT PART OF MY TONGUE IS THIS AND WHAT PART OF MY FINGER IS THIS? That's the tip of your tongue and the tip of your finger

When we are trying to think of a word or a name that we know well but doesn't come to us immediately, we say it's on the tip of our tongue./

863 WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE ARE TRYING TO THINK OF A WORD OR A NAME THAT WE

KNOW WELL BUT DOESN'T COME TO US IMMEDIATELY ? When we are trying ... we say it's on the tip of our tongue

NOT ... NOR ne ... ani ...IF YOU ARRIVED HOME AT MIDNIGHT DYING OF THIRST AND FOUND THAT, FOR SOME REASON, THERE WAS NOT A SINGLE DROP OF WATER IN THE HOUSE NOR A BOTTLE OF

DRINK, WHAT'D YOU DO ?/ If I arrived ... nor abottle of drink, I'd ...DELICATE delikatní, jemný

HOW SHOULD DELICATE THINGS BE HANDLED ? Delicate things should be handled with great care, i.e. delicately

OBSERVE sledovatDO PEOPLE BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY NORMALLY DO WHEN THEY THINK

THEY'RE NOT BEING OBSERVED ? Yes, people behave ... or ... No, I don't think ...WHY DO YOU THINK THIS IS ? I think this is because, when we are in company with other people, we

have to behave as we are expected to behave, out of consideration for them, but when we are alone, we can behave as we wish...

864 RIVAL soupeř, konkurence

WHY IS IT THAT, IN ALMOST EVERYTHING ONE DOES, ONE NEARLY ALWAYS HAS A RIVAL ? I think the reason that one nearly always has a rival in almost everything one does is that when

something is worth doing and pays well, there's nearly always more than just one person wanting, or trying, to do it...

PRESERVE uchovat, zabezpečitHOW DO WE PRESERVE FRUIT?/ We preserve fruit by putting it in bottles or tins

PAW tlapkaWHAT'S A PAW? A paw is the foot of an animal which has nails, like that of a cat, a dog, a lion etc ...

IDIOM 34LUCKY BREAK šťěstí = a piece of good luck usually following a period of little or no success e.g. For many weeks I was without work and without money, then I had a lucky break: a man offered me a very good job on a ship.HITCH - HIKE jet autostopem

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "LUCKY BREAK" MEAN ? The idiom ... "a piece of ..."

865 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! We had to hitch-hike, and for hours no one stopped for us, then we

had a lucky break: someone stopped for us and we covered 400 miles in one daySELLER prodejce SWIMMER plavec

DICTATION 72

He is now/ in control of one of the largest/ printing presses in the country./ Another step/ and the child would have stepped/ right off the table/ and fallen onto the floor./ After a bill has been passed by parliament,/ it becomes an act./ My uncle was always talking with pride/ about his many adventures abroad/ as a young man./I was introduced to the seller/ and gave the car a trial run/ and found it was working all right./ Although he was a strong swimmer,/ he was borne out to sea/ by the tide.

LESSON 132WOODEN HUT dřevěná chata WOOLLEN vlněný SILKEN hedvábný GOLDEN zlatýA wooden hut is a hut made of wood; a woollen hat is a hat made of wool; a silk dress is a dress made of silk, whilst silken hair is hair which is soft and smooth like silk; a gold watch is a watch made of gold, whilst golden hair looks like gold in colour.

WHATS A WOODEN HUT? A wooden ... made of woodWHATS A WOOLLEN HAT? A woollen ...made of wool

866 WHAT'S A SILK DRESS?/ A silk ... made of silk

WHAT'S SILKEN HAIR ? Silken .... like silkWHAT'S A GOLD WATCH? A gold ... made of gold

WHAT'S GOLDEN SKIN ? Golden ... looks like gold in colourEVERY OTHER DAY co druhý den

DO YOU HAVE ENGLISH LESSONS EVERY DAY OR EVERY OTHER DAY ? I have English...OTHERWISE jinak, neboli ENGAGED zaneprázdněný

WHEN A FRIEND CALLS UPON YOU AT YOUR HOUSE AND YOU ARE OTHERWISE ENGAGED, WHAT DO YOU DO ?/ When a friend ... I...

IF A CAR HAD NO WHEELS AND ALL ITS WINDOWS WERE BROKEN BUT OTHERWISE WAS IN GOOD CONDITION, WOULD YOU BUY IT ? Yes, if a car ... or ... No, if a car ...

PERFORM TRICK předvádět číslo PERFORMANCE představení

867 IF YOU HAD TO PERFORM IN A PLAY, WHAT KIND OF PART WOULD YOU LIKE TO

PERFORM ?/ If I had to perform ... I'd like to ...

CAN YOU PERFORM ANY TRICKS? Yes, I can ... or ... No, I can't...WHICH ONES?

WHAT TIME DOES THE LAST PERFORMANCE BEGIN AT YOUR LOCAL CINEMA? The last... at my... begins at...

ENVY závidětDO YOU ENVY A TEACHER HIS JOB ?

ADVICE (n) rada ADVISE (v) poradit PRACTICE (n) cvičení, praxe PRACTISE (v) procvičovat LICENCE (n) oprávnění LICENSE (v) licence, řidičský průkaz

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "ADVICE " AND "ADVISE " ?/ The difference ... that "advice" is the noun, whilst "advise" is the verb

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN SPELLING BETWEEN THE NOUN "PRACTICE" AND THE VERB "PRACTISE" ? The difference ... that the noun is spelt "-ce", whilst the verb is spelt "-se"

868 AND BETWEEN THE NOUN "LICENCE" AND THE VERB "LICENSE" ? It's the same difference

RECORD (n) záznam, dokument - the "e" is pronounced as in "rest" RECORD (v) zaznamenat, nahrát - the "e" is pronounced as in "see"

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "RECORD" (N) AND "RECORD" (V) ?/ The difference... is that "record" is the noun, whilst "record" is the verb

CAN YOU THINK OF ANY RECORD THAT HAS BEEN BROKEN RECENTLY ? Yes, I can think ... or ... No, I can't...

WHICH?HAVE YOU EVER RECORDED YOUR OWN VOICE ? Yes, I've recorded ... or... No, I haven't...

WHAT DID IT SOUND LIKE ? It sounded ...SCATTER rozptýlit, rozsypat ROW řada DISORDERLY neuspořádaný

WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF SCATTERING SEEDS ON THE LAND INSTEAD OF SETTING THEM CAREFULLY IN THE GROUND IN ROWS ?/ The disadvantages of... are that birds

eat them, the wind blows them away, etc ...

869 WHY DOES A DISORDERLY CROWD OF PEOPLE SCATTER WHEN THE POLICE ARRIVE ?

When the police arrive, a disorderly crowd of people scatters because people are afraid of being arrested or hit by the police,... etc.

TAP klepat, ťukat TURN ON otevřít ANTICLOCKWISE proti směru hodinových ručičekWHAT AM I DOING ? You're tapping your fingers on the table

IN WHICH DIRECTION DOES ONE NORMALLY TURN A WATER-TAP ON ? One normally turns a water-tap on in an anticlockwise direction

UPSIDE DOWN vzhůru nohama RIGHT WAY UP správněWHAT AM I DOING ?/ You're turning the book upside-down

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF "UPSIDE - DOWN" ? The opposite of... is the right way upWEAR opotřebovat, nosit RUB škrábat WORN-OUT obnošený MEND opravit

870 WHAT'D HAPPEN IF I KEPT RUBBING MY ARM ON THE EDGE OF THE TABLE, LIKE SO? If you

kept rubbing your... you'd wear the arm of your jacket (or dress) smooth and probably wear a hole in itWHAT DO WE DO WITH THINGS THAT ARE WORN-OUT ? / We mend or throw away thinks that are

worn-outEXPERIENCE zkušenost QUALIFICATION kvalifikace

WHICH DO YOU THINK'S MORE IMPORTANT - EXPERIENCE OR QUALIFICATIONS ? I think it depends ...

DEBT dluhWHAT DOES IT MEAN: "TO BE IN DEBT"? "To be in debt" means that we owe somebody something,

usually moneyINTERRUPT přerušit INTERRUPTION přerušení

WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE INTERRUPT SOMEONE WHO'S SPEAKING ? When we ... we say "Excuse me"

WHAT DO THEY SAY ON TELEVISION WHEN THERE'S AN INTERRUPTION ? When there's an interruption on television, they say "We're sorry for the interruption..."

871 MENTION zmínka, připomenutí

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "MENTION" IN IT./ Would you mention to Mr. Green the fact that he still hasn't paid his bill, and see what he says

IDIOM 35GET HOLD OF THE WRONG END OF THE STICK = understand the špatně porozumět opposite of

what is meant e.g. No, you've got hold of the wrong end of the stick. It's the opposite of what I meantWHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GET HOLD OF THE WRONG END OF THE STICK" MEAN ? The

idiom ... "understand the opposite ..."GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Every time you explain anything to him, he always seems to get

hold of the wrong end of the stick

DICTATION 73

CLOTHING oděv, prádloOn the whole/we speak English rather well now./ I have a clothing account/ at Westman's,/ where I spend nearly all my money./ The eastern states of North America/ were settled by the Europeans before the western states./ Before drawing money from a bank/ it is usually necessary/ to sign a cheque./ The size of the temple/ was much greater than we had expected./ After a very violent storm/ the navy found/ that many of its best ships/ had been broken on the rocks./I would not dare/ to differ with his opinions.

LESSON 133

872WAS + INFINITIVE"Was" (or "were") plus an infinitive expresses a future event in relation to the past, e.g. "I did not realize back in 1940 that I was never to see my mother again."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF "WAS" OR "WERE" PLUS AN INFINITIVE. They were to find out later that he had lied to them - at the time they had believed him

ACT čin, skutek CAPABLE způsobilý BRING AN ACTION AGAINST podat žalobu naWHAT DO YOU CONSIDER TO BE THE NOBLEST ACT A PERSON IS CAPABLE OF

PERFORMING ?/ I consider... the noblest act a person is capable of performingWHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO JUDGE A PERSON - BY WHAT HE SAYS OR HOW HE ACTS ? I

think the best way to ... is by ...WHERE'D YOU HAVE TO GO IF YOU WANTED TO BRING AN ACTION AGAINST SOMEONE ?

You'd have to go to the law courts if you wanted ...

873 BAR závora, kus MADMAN šílenec LOCK zámek, zamykat BARRISTER obhájce, advokát

WHICH IS HEAVIER: A BAR OF GOLD OR A BAR OF IRON (IF, OF COURSE, THEY ARE THE SAME SIZE)? A bar of gold is ...

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN THE POLICE PUT A BAR OF WOOD OR METAL ACROSS THE ROAD ? When the police put... it means that cars are not allowed to pass...

SUPPOSING AN ESCAPED MADMAN WERE RUNNING AROUND IN THIS BUILDING, WOULD YOU FEEL SAFER IF YOU LOCKED THE DOOR OF THE ROOM OR IF YOU BARRED IT?/

Supposing an escaped... I'd feel safer if...We can also use "bar" in a legal sense. For example, when we talk about the "prisoner at the bar", or a "barrister" being called to the bar, etc.GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "BAR" BEING USED IN A LEGAL SENSE. The prisoner at

the bar; called to the bar ...CART vozík, kára, fůra

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "TO PUT THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE" ?/ "To put the ..." means to put something first when it should come second

874 CAN YOU GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ? Learning to read and write a language before learning

to speak and understand it is like putting the cart before the horse, as a language should be listened to first, then spoken, then read, and then finally written

DECEIVE podvádětARE YOU VERY GOOD AT DECEIVING PEOPLE ? Yes, I'm... or... No, I'm not...

EITHER ten nebo ten, jeden nebo druhý EITHER SIDE obě strany NOT ... EITHER ani jedenARE THERE STUDENTS SITTING ON EITHER SIDE OF YOU ? Yes, there are ... or... No, there

aren't...GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF "NOT... EITHER"; This pen isn't his, and it isn't yours either

WHAT AND WHICHThe word "what" is generally used in a somewhat unlimited sense, whilst "which" is used in a more limited sense, e.g. "What kind of books do you like reading ?"- that is, of all the books that exist, whilst "Which of these books do you prefer ?" – that is, of the limited number we have here at the moment.

875WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "WHAT" AND "WHICH" ? The difference ... is that "what" is generally used in a somewhat unlimited sense, whilst "which" is used in a more limited senseGIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE!/ "What kind of food do you like to eat most ?" - that is, of

all the foods that exist, whilst, "Which of these dishes would you prefer ?" - that is, of the limited number of dishes of food we have here at the moment

FAINT jemný, omdlít, mdloba ENERGETIC aktivní, činorodý EXCITEMENT vzrušení FEAR obava, strach

WHAT DO PEOPLE THINK OR DO WHEN A FAINT SMELL OF BURNING REACHES THEIR NOSES ? When a faint... reaches people's noses, they think something is on fire, a cigarette end that is still

burning has perhaps fallen on something ... they try to find out where the smell is coming from ...WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "YOU MUST NOT BE FAINT-HEARTED IF YOU WISH TO SUCCEED IN

LIFE" ? / "You must not be ..." means that you must be strong, energetic, courageous and determined ...

876 WHY DO PEOPLE FAINT ? People faint because of excessive heat, excitement, fear, pain,...

GLASSES brýleWHY DO PEOPLE WEAR GLASSES ? People wear ...

DO YOU THINK PEOPLE LOOK BETTER WITH OR WITHOUT GLASSES ? I think some people ...HAPPEN TO stát se (náhodou)

WHEN YOU HAPPEN TO SEE SOMEONE IN THE DISTANCE WHILST WALKING DOWN THE STREET AND THAT SOMEONE IS A PERSON YOU DON'T PARTICULARLY WANT TO SPEAK

TO, WHAT DO YOU DO ?/ When I happen to see ... want to speak to, I...OUTWARD(S) vnější INWARD(S) vnitřní

WHY DOES A MAN'S STOMACH GROW OUTWARDS INSTEAD OF INWARDS AS HE GETS OLDER? A man's stomach ... as he gets older because he eats too much and does not take enough

exercise ...LEAN opírat se, naklánět se BENEATH níže GIVE WAY povolit, ustupovat FEATHER péro LEAD olovo VACUUM podtlak, prázdnota

877 WHAT AM I DOING ? You're leaning on the table

WHY DOES THE LEANING TOWER OF "MSA LEAN ?/ The leaning... because the ground beneath one side has given way

WHAT WAS THE FAMOUS EXPERIMENT THAT GALILEO IS SAID TO HAVE PERFORMED FROM THE TOP OF THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA ? The famous experiment... was the one that

showed that two objects of different weights, such as a feather and a piece of lead, fall at the same speed as each other if they fall through a vacuum ...

MANKIND lidstvo, pokoleníWHAT DO WE MEAN BY MANKIND? By mankind we mean people in the world in general

MONKEY opice CLOSELY těsně, blízkýWHICH ANIMAL IS MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO MAN ? The monkey is the animal which is...

PIGEON holub COUPLE pár MATE kolega CAGE klec, košWHICH BIRD DO WE USE FOR RACING ? We use the pigeon ...

HOW DO WE MAKE PIGEONS RACE? We make pigeons race by taking them a long way from home and then letting them go free to fly back home

Two little tricks that are sometimes used to make a pigeon hurry home faster are as follows:- If the pigeon's a female bird, her owner can give her a couple of false eggs to sit on a few days before the race. On the day of the race he takes her off the eggs and sends her away. She will fly home faster, because she will be worried about her eggs.If, on the other hand, the pigeon's a male bird, on the day of the race the owner can take the pigeon out of its cage where it has its female mate, and at the same time show him that he's putting another male bird in with his mate. During the race the pigeon will hurry home fast and angry, wanting to get back to his mate and throw out his rival.

878 WHAT ARE TWO LITTLE TRICKS THAT CAN BE USED IN PIGEON RACING ?/ The two little ...

are ...ARE YOU FOR OR AGAINST KEEPING ANIMALS IN CAGES ? I'm for keeping ... or... I'm against...

IDIOM 36SNAP DECISION rychlé rozhodnutí = A quick decision - fast, like the snap of one's fingers e.g. There wasn't time to think carefully: I had to make a snap decision.

879 WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "SNAP DECISION" MEAN ? The idiom... "quick..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Although it was a snap decision, it was the right one

DICTATION 74

It doesn't matter / if we occasionally make a mistake./ We were suddenly forced to stop/ by the appearance of men/ standing in front of us/ with bows and arrows./ Some of them/ had drawn back their bows/ ready to let fly at us./ The youth claimed/ that he had not stolen the apples/ but the shopkeeper would not believe him./ Last year I paid a visit/ to the Holy Land/ which is the birthplace of Christ./ We stood on the shore/ and watched the sun go down over the lake.

LESSON 134"SO" AND ITS MANY USES (CONT.)IT IS NOT SO to není tak (to není pravda) SO, YOU HAVE COME! no tak jsi přišel IT SO HAPPENS stává se to SO KIND AS být tak laskav JUST (EXACTLY) přesně tak WASH UP umýtSome further examples of the uses of the word "so" are:-1) He said the train had left, but it was not so (not true)2) So, you have come after all! (said as an exclamation)3) It so happens that I have just the thing you are looking for4) Would you be so kind as to help me wash up the plates and dishes ?/

880 CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME FURTHER EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THE WORD "SO" ? Some

further ... are 1) He said the train had ...MELT roztát, rozpustit

WHAT DO WE GET WHEN ICE MELTS ? We get water when ice meltsNOTHING TO DO WITH IT nemít nic společného s ...WHAT HAS THAT GOT TO DO WITH IT ? co to má společného s ...

IF WE WERE DISCUSSING ART AND I SUDDENLY SAID "AH YES, BUT WHAT ABOUT THE COST OF FOOD THESE DAYS ?", DO YOU SUPPOSE THAT'D HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH

THE DISCUSSION? No, if we were discussing ... I don't suppose that'd have ...AND WHAT'D YOU PROBABLY ASK ME?/ I'd probably ask you what the cost of food had got to do

with art?

881 PICK AT dobírat si PICK OUT vybrat

WHAT AM I DOING? You're picking at your clothes (or at the comer of your book, etc.)WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "TO PICK OUT" ? "To pick out" means to choose ...

REGARD vážit si GREET přivítat GREETINGS pozdravy BYE - BYE nashledanou CHEERIO nazdar CHEERS na zdraví, děkuji

WHAT'D YOU REGARD AS THE GREATEST FAVOUR THAT ANYONE COULD DO YOU ? I'd regard ... as the greatest favour that...

WHEN WE WISH TO SEND OUR GREETINGS TO A FRIEND THROUGH A THIRD PERSON, WHAT DO WE SAY ?/ When we wish ... we say "Give my regards to John when you see him"

WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE GREET SOMEONE IN THE STREET? We say "Hallo!" or "Good evening!" etc. when we greet...

AND WHAT DO WE SAY WHEN WE LEAVE SOMEONE? We say "Goodbye; Bye-bye; Cheerio" or just "Cheers" when we leave someone

882 SCENT vůně, zápach GIVE OFF vylučovat, vypouštět RIDER jezdec

WHICH FLOWER DO YOU THINK GIVES OFF THE NICEST SCENT?/ I think the ... gives off the nicest scent

CAN YOU TELL ME OF A CASE YOU KNOW WHERE AN ANIMAL HAS SHOWN IT HAS SCENTED DANGER BEFORE THE DANGER HAS ACTUALLY BEEN REACHED ? Yes, I can ...

or ... No, I can't...As an example, a horse will sometimes refuse to cross a bridge that is in danger of breaking, even though its rider might try to make it go on ... and animals, such as deer, can also scent danger when a tiger is about...GO RIGHT jít vpravo, správně TEMPER povaha LOSE ONE'S TEMPER ztratit trpělivostTHOUGHTFUL pozorný, zamyšlený GO BAD zkazit se SWEET sladký SWEET-TEMPERED příjemný

WHEN THINGS DON'T GO RIGHT, WHAT DO YOU DO - LOSE YOUR TEMPER, OR JUST BECOME VERY QUIET AND THOUGHTFUL, ETC. ? When things don't go... I...

883 WHAT DO WE DO WITH FOOD THAT HAS GONE BAD? We throw away food that has gone bad

WHAT KIND OF THINGS PUT YOU INTO A BAD TEMPER ?/ The kind of ... temper are...WOULD YOU SAY THAT GENERALLY SPEAKING WOMEN WERE MORE SWEET-TEMPERED

THAN MEN ? Yes, I'd say that... or ... No, I wouldn't say ...FOUR WAYS OF FORMING THE FUTUREThere are four ways in which we can form the Future, and they are as follows:-

1) I shall go to London tomorrow (Normal Future)2) I go to London tomorrow (Present Simple)

3) I am going to London tomorrow (Present Progressive)4) I am going to go to London tomorrow (Future Intention)

Naturally, we can't use these different forms as we like. In some cases we use one form, whilst in other cases we use another, and, as with so much else in English, we best learn when to use them through practice./

WHAT ARE THE FOUR WAYS IN WHICH WE CAN FORM THE FUTURE? The four ways ... are 1)I shall got to London tomorrow (Normal Future) 2) I go to ...

884 CAN WE USE THESE DIFFERENT FORMS JUST AS WE LIKE? No, we can't...

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO LEARN WHEN TO USE THEM ? The best way to ... is through practiceBY NOW do nynějška

IF YOU HAD LEFT FOR SCOTLAND TEN HOURS AGO, WOULD YOU HAVE ARRIVED THERE BY NOW ? Yes, if I'd left ... or ... No, if I'd ...

WARN varovat AHEAD dopředu TRIANGLE trojúhelníkWHAT KIND OF SIGN DO WE SEE ON THE SIDE OF THE ROAD THAT WARNS US THAT

THERE'S DANGER AHEAD?/ The kind of sign we ... ahead is a red triangle with a picture of the danger in the middle. If, for example, it's a dangerous bend, a line in the shape of a dangerous bend ...

MERCY slitováníHAS IT BEEN THE HABIT THROUGHOUT HISTORY FOR THE CONQUEROR TO SHOW MERCY

TO THOSE HE HAS CONQUERED ? No, it hasn't been the ...

885 WHAT WOULD YOU HAVE DONE? I'd have...

DESIRE toužit, přáníWHAT'S A SIMILAR WORD TO "WISH" ? A similar word to "wish" is "desire"

HAVE YOU ANY GREAT DESIRE TO VISIT A PARTICULAR FOREIGN COUNTRY ? Yes, I've a great... or... No, I haven't any ...

WHICH ?/IDIOM 37IT NEVER RAINS BUT IT POURS = problems never come in ones and twos neštěstí chodí v páru but many come together e.g. There was nowhere we could buy any petrol for the car, there were no trains or buses until the next morning, and there was only one hotel, and that was full. Well, you know what they say, it never rains but it pours.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "IT NEVER RAINS BUT IT POURS" MEAN ? The idiom ... means that problems ...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! One thing went wrong after another. It's always the same; it never rains but it pours

886

DICTATION 75

INJUSTICE nespravedlnostThe chickens/ have not laid a single egg/ for an entire week./ The soldiers behaved with great courage/ and fought well,/ but still they lost the battle./ He had the choice/ of either entering the government/ and becoming some kind of official/ or of entering the church/ and becoming a priest./ The village looked very pretty/ lying in the valley /in the morning sunshine./ It is not uncommon/ to find public speakers/ preaching against the social injustices/ of the day./ His eyes travelled to the ceiling.

LESSON 135UPRIGHT svislý, vzpřímený LUNG plíce ORGAN orgán, těleso

WHY IS IT HEALTHIER TO SIT AND WALK UPRIGHT RATHER THAN WITH HEAD AND SHOULDERS BENT FORWARD ? The reason it's healthier ... is that the lungs and other organs of the

body are not pressed against each other, and with an upright back the blood moves more freely in the body and the person feels less tired ...

WORK OUT vyřešit, vypracovatWORK OUT THIS PROBLEM, PLEASE - WHAT IS IT THAT, THE MORE WE TAKE AWAY FROM

IT, THE BIGGER IT GETS? It is a hole: because the more we take away from a hole, the bigger the hole becomes

887 WHAT ARE YOU DOING ?/ I'm working out the problem of- "What is it..."

ADVANCE STEP BY STEP postupovat krok za krokem CONFUSION zmatek, nepořádek IN ADVANCE v předstihu IN ARREARS pozadu, (platit) nezaplacený THOROUGHLY skrz naskrz

WHY IS IT BETTER TO ADVANCE SLOWLY STEP BY STEP WHEN LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE RATHER THAN RUSH FORWARD TOO QUICKLY ?/ The reason it's better to advance ...

too quickly is that, unlike many other subjects, a foreign language requires that page one is thoroughly learnt before page two can be completely understood, as the work on each page is based on the work on the

pages that have gone before it, so to rush on too quickly would mean eventual confusion ...WHEN PEOPLE WORK FOR A WAGE, ARE THEY PAID IN ADVANCE OR IN ARREARS ? When

people work ... in arrearsBARE holý, nahý WEAPON zbraň SILENCE (v) umlčet, utišit BARELY sotva

ARE MY HANDS COVERED ? No, your hands ... but they're bare

IS IT POSSIBLE TO KILL A MAN WITH ONE'S BARE HANDS; THAT IS, WITHOUT USING A WEAPON OF ANY KIND ? Yes, it's possible to ...

888 HOW ?/ By putting your hands round his neck and pressing your thumbs hard into his throat

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "HE SILENCED HIM WITH A BARE WORD" ? "He silenced ..." means he silenced him with nothing more than a word ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "WE BARELY HAD TIME TO EAT" ? When we say "We barely ..." we mean we only just had time to eat

GO BACK vrátit se, jít zpět COME BACK přijít zpět RETURN vrátit se GO IN vejít COME IN vstoupit ENTER vstoupit DESCEND sestoupit, klesat GO DOWN sejít COME DOWN sejítSometimes you may find it difficult to know when to use the verb "go back" and when to use "come back", when to use "go in" and when to use "come in", exactly as when to use "bring" and when to use "take". There may appear to be no problem with these words but, in fact, pupils often confuse their use, as everything depends on where the person who is doing the act is at the time, and where the person who is speaking or writing about the action is at the time./ For example, if at the time of speaking I am at the school, I would say "After the lesson tomorrow, I shall go back home", whilst, if at the time of speaking I were at home, I would say "After the lesson tomorrow, I shall come back home". If, therefore, you are in any doubt as to what you should use, you can easily overcome the problem by using the word "return", which serves for both "go back" and "come back", and the word "enter", which serves for both "go in" and "come in"./

889 WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH THE WORDS "GO BACK" AND "COME BACK" AND "GO IN"

AND "COME IN" ? The problem with the ... is that everything depends on where the person who ...HOW CAN WE OVERCOME THE PROBLEM ? We can overcome the problem by using the word

"return"... and the word "enter" ...The same thing can be applied to the word "descend", which can be used for both "go down" and "come down". Though, in fact, it is seldom used in this way, you can use it if you are in difficulty and don't know whether you should use "go down" or "come down"./

890 WHAT WORD CAN WE USE INSTEAD OF "GO DOWN" OR "COME DOWN" ? We can use the word

"descend" instead of...DO WE, IN FACT, GENERALLY USE THE WORD "DESCEND" INSTEAD OF "GO DOWN" OR

"COME DOWN" ? No, we don't, in fact, generally use ...GET dostat, nabýt, získat, obdržet, obstaratAlthough the word "get" has many different meanings, we cannot always use it in place of the other verbs with the same meaning./ For example, we cannot say, "I hope one day to get a doctor". For this reason, when there is any doubt, it is perhaps safer to avoid using "get" and use the verb of the same meaning.

WHATS THE PROBLEM WITH USING THE WORD "GET" ? The problem with ... is that we can't always use it in place of the other verbs with the same meaning

HOW DO WE OVERCOME THE PROBLEM ? We overcome ... by avoiding its use and using the verb of the same meaning instead

CASE případ IN CASE v případě, že RISK riziko RUN A RISK riskovatWHAT DO WE CALL THE PERSON WHOM WE EMPLOY TO FIGHT OUR CASE IN THE LAW

COURTS? We call the person whom we employ to fight our case in the law courts a lawyer or a barrister

891 DO YOU CARRY AN UMBRELLA IN CASE IT RAINS, OR ARE YOU THE TYPE OF PERSON

WHO PREFERS TO RUN THE RISK OF IT RAINING ?/ I carry an ... or ... No, I don't carry ... I'm the kind of...

DEGREE stupeň BY DEGREES postupeně ANGLE úhel, hledisko RIGHT ANGLE pravý úhel WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "WE ADVANCED BY DEGREES" ? "We advanced by degrees" means we

moved slowly and carefully forwardHOW MANY DEGREES ARE THERE IN A RIGHT ANGLE ? There are 90 degrees in a right angle

WHAT'S THE TEMPERATURE TODAY? - I.E. ABOUT HOW MANY DEGREES IS IT TODAY ? It's about... degrees today

EXCUSE (v) (pronounced "excuz") tolerovat, prominout EXCUSE (n) výmluvaWHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "EXCUSE" (v) AND "EXCUSE" (n)?/ The difference ... is that

"excuse" is the verb, whilst "excuse" is the noun

892 FANCY předtucha, představa, fantazie WAIST pas, živůtek WAISTCOAT vestaWHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "I FANCY THAT JOHN WILL NOT COME THIS EVENING" ? If

you said "I fancy that..." you'd mean you had a feeling that John would not comeAND WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "I FANCY MYSELF TO BE IN ANCIENT GREECE" ?/ If

you said "I fancy myself..." you'd mean you imagined yourself to be ...WHAT PART OF THE BODY IS THIS ? That part of the body is the waist

DO YOU LIKE FANCY WAISTCOATS FOR MEN ? Yes, I like ... or... No, I don't like...WHAT DO YOU FANCY FOR YOUR DINNER THIS EVENING; THAT IS, WHAT'D YOU LIKE TO

HAVE ? I fancy ... for my dinner this eveningPINT půllitr GALLON galon LITRE litr

893 8 PINTS = 1 GALLON 1 PINT = 0.5679 LITRES/

HOW MANY PINTS MAKE A GALLON ? 8 pints make a gallonHOW MANY LITRES MAKE A PINT ? Point 5679 litres make a pint

JEALOUS žárlivýHAVE YOU GOT A JEALOUS NATURE ? Yes, I've got a ... or... No, I haven't got a...

MINE důl MINER horníkWHAT DO WE CALL A MAN WHO WORKS IN A MINE? We call a man who works in a mine a miner

TEND mít sklon, směřovatDO YOU THINK MOST PEOPLE TEND TO LIKE OTHERS OR TO DISLIKE OTHERS ?/ I think most

people tend to ...TOUGH tuhý, nepoddajný

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "TENDER" ? The contrary of "tender" is "tough"NAME A TOUGH METAL. Steel is a tough metal

894 CONTENT (n) (kon'tent) obsah, spokojenost CONTENT (v) (kon-tenf) uspokojit(with the accent on the first syllable) (with the accent on the second syllable)

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "CONTENT" (n) AND "CONTENT" (v) ? The difference ... is that "content" is a noun, whilst "content" is a verb

WHAT ARE THE CONTENTS OF YOUR POCKETS OR BAG ? The contents of my ... are a handkerchief, some money ...

ARE YOU CONTENT WITH YOUR LIFE ? / Yes, I'm ... or ... No, I'm not...WITNESS svědek

HAVE YOU EVER HAD TO GO TO THE LAW COURTS AS A WITNESS TO AN ACCIDENT OR A CRIME ? Yes, I've had to go ... as a witness ... or ... No, I've never had ...

RID zbavit se, odstranit GET RID OF zlikvidovatWHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO RID OURSELVES OF SOMEONE WHO'S CAUSING US TROUBLE ?/

The best way to ... is, if the problem is serious, to call the policeWHAT'D I EXPECT YOU TO DO IF I TOLD YOU TO GET RID OF THAT PEN ? If you told me ...

you'd expect me to throw it away

895 ABOVE ALL především

GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "ABOVE ALL" IN IT. Don't forget we need plenty of paper, pencils, rulers, etc. for the exam, but above all pens that write properly

IDIOM 38

IN A NUTSHELL = briefly; in a few words zkrátka řečeno, sečteno a podtrženo e.g. After all the complicated explaining you have been doing, what you really mean to say - to put everything in a nutshell - is that you are not able to do the job.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "IN A NUTSHELL" MEAN ? The idiom... "briefly..."GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! To put it in a nutshell, the answer is "no"

DICTATION 76

As a rule,/I do not waste a lot of time/ worrying about details of little importance./ Last night/ there was a terrible storm/ and the surface of the sea/ looked like/ a mass of hills and valleys./ There has been a wonderful improvement/ in his health/ and he is now beginning/ to enjoy life again./ Wisdom usually comes with experience./ Although he objected,/ he was still defeated./ I do not mind you smoking your pipe/ whilst I am eating./ We switched on the light/ and found that all the Christmas gifts/ had been stolen from the tree.

LESSON 136

896 FLOUR mouka GRIND - GROUND - GROUND mlít, třít SHARPEN ostřit

HOW IS FLOUR MADE? Flour is made by grinding cornHOW DO WE SHARPEN AN AXE ? We sharpen an axe by grinding it on a stone

HARM škoda HARMFUL škodlivý HARMLESS neškodný CREATURE stvoření, výtvorIF YOU WANTED TO HARM SOMEBODY, WHATD YOU DO ? If I wanted... I'd...

WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST HARMFUL CREATURE AND WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST HARMLESS CREATURE ON EARTH ?/ I think the ... is the most harmful creature and

the ... is the most harmless creature on earth"DO" WITH "WHO"The auxiliary verb "do" is not used with the interrogative pronoun "who" - e.g. "Who speaks German here ?" and not "Who does speak German here ?", unless, of course, one is being emphatic. Sometimes, however, you will find "do" together with "who", but this is because in such cases the word "who" should really be "whom", e.g. "Who do you think I saw yesterday ?" should really be "Whom do you think I saw yesterday ?"/

897 WHY IS IT WE SOMETIMES FIND THE AUXILIARY VERB "DO" WITH THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN "WHO" WHEN, IN FACT, "DO" IS NOT SUPPOSED TO BE USED WITH "WHO"? The

reason we sometimes find ... "who", is that, the word "who" in such cases should really be "whom"GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! "Who did you give the money to ?" should really be "Whom did

you give the money to ?"IRON (v+n) žehlit, žehlička, železoDO YOU IRON YOUR CLOTHES YOURSELF OR DOES SOMEONE ELSE IRON THEM FOR YOU ?

I iron my... or... Someone else irons my clothes for meLIKELY pravděpodobný UNLIKELY nepravděpodobný

DO YOU THINK IT'S LIKELY TO RAIN IN THE NEXT 24 HOURS ? Yes, I think it's likely to ... or... No, I don't think...

DO YOU THINK ITS VERY UNLIKELY THAT YOU WILL GO THROUGH THE ENTIRE WINTER NEXT YEAR WITHOUT CATCHING A SINGLE COLD ?/ Yes, I think it's very ... or ... No, I don't think

it's very ... but I think it's very likely that I will catch a cold

898 DO SOMEONE A FAVOUR udělat někomu laskavost THAT'S ALL RIGHT to je v pořádkuNOT AT ALL vůbec ne, rádo se stalo IT'S NOTHING to nestojí za řeč WELCOME vítejte DON'T MENTION IT rádo se stalo, to je maličkostWhen we give something to someone or do someone a favour etc., and they say "Thank you", there are many ways in which we can reply, depending to some extent on what we have given them or what we have done. We can say, for example, "That's all right That's O.K. Not at all. It's nothing. You're welcome. Don't mention it" etc., or we can just reply with a smile without saying a word./

WHEN WE GIVE SOMETHING TO SOMEONE, OR DO SOMEONE A FAVOUR ETC., AND THEY SAY "THANK YOU", WHAT DO WE REPLY ? When we give ... we reply "That's all right. That's O.K.

Not at all..."

899 UP (koncovka) udělat něco úplně TEAR - TORE - TORN trhatWhen we add the word "up" to a verb it sometimes gives it the meaning of doing something more completely. For example, "I'm breaking this match"; that is, once, whilst "I'm breaking this match up" means I'm breaking it many times./

WHEN WE ADD THE WORD "UP" TO A VERB, WHAT MEANING DOES IT SOMETIMES GIVE THE VERB ? When we add ... it sometimes gives the verb the meaning of doing something more

completelyGIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! "I'm cutting a loaf of bread into two halves", means, I'm cutting the

loaf once, whilst "I'm cutting the loaf of bread up" means I'm cutting it many timesWHAT AM I DOING ? You're tearing a piece of paper

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're tearing a piece of paper upPILE hromada, stoh ONE ON TOP OF THE OTHER jeden na druhém HEAP kupa, hromada

WHAT AM I DOING? You're piling your books one on top of the otherWHAT'S ANOTHER WORD SIMILAR IN MEANING TO THE WORD "PILE" ? Another word similar

to ... is "heap"As with many words which are similar in meaning, in some cases we prefer to use the word "pile", whilst in other cases we prefer to use the word "heap", whilst in still other cases we can use either one word or the other. A pile is usually tidier than a heap.

900 POINT špička, bod FREEZE - FROZE - FROZEN mrznout NOUGHT nula CENTIGRADE (OR, CELSIUS) celsiův teploměr ZERO nula FAHRENHEIT škála Fahrenheita

WHATS THIS? It's the point of your pencilWHAT DO WE USE TO SHARPEN THE POINT OF A PENCIL ? We use a knife to sharpen...

WHAT IS BOILING POINT ? Boiling point is 100 degrees centigrade or 212 degrees FahrenheitWHAT IS FREEZING POINT? Freezing point is nought (or zero) degrees centigrade, or 32 degrees

FahrenheitSCRATCH škrábat CHEEK líčko SCRAPE škrábat SCRATCH OUT vyškrábnout

WHAT'S THIS ? It's your cheek

901 WHAT AM I DOING?/ You're scratching your cheek with your finger

WHAT AM I DOING NOW ? You're scraping your cheek with your fingersWHAT DO WE HAVE TO USE IN ORDER TO SCRATCH OUT THE DATE ON A COIN ? We have to

use the point of a knife ... etc., in order to scratch ...DO WE USUALLY HAVE TO SCRAPE OFF OLD PAINT FROM A CAR OR A WOODEN DOOR

BEFORE PUTTING ON A NEW COAT ?/ Yes, we usually have to scrape off ...THE ... THE ... THE SOONER ... čím dříve THE BETTER tím lépeWOULD YOU SAY THAT THE MORE WE LEARN THE HAPPIER WE BECOME ? Yes, I'd say that...

or... No, I wouldn't say...GIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "THE SOONER... THE BETTER". The sooner we get the

job finished the better, so that we can have a restRESPONSIBLE zodpovědný COUNCIL rada

902 AT ABOUT WHAT AGE IS A CHILD CONSIDERED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR HIS OWN

ACTIONS ?/ A child is considered to be ... at about... years oldWHAT'S A LOCAL TOWN COUNCIL RESPONSIBLE FOR ? A local town council is responsible for keeping the streets clean, looking after the public gardens, supplying water and electricity to the houses,

etc....FRIGHT strach FRIGHTEN vystrašit

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN FRIGHTENED BY A GHOST ? Yes, I've been ... or... No, I've never been ...

WHAT HAPPENED ?MEAN (adj) lakomý

WHO DO YOU THINK ARE THE MEANEST PEOPLE YOU KNOW OF ? I think ... are the meanest people I know of

THOUGHTLESS bezmyšlenkovitý, nerozvážný CONSIDERATION vážnost, úctaWHAT DO WE MEAN BY A THOUGHTLESS PERSON? By a thoughtless person, we mean either

someone who doesn't think, or someone who shows little consideration for others...

903 PALE bledý SICKNESS nemoc, choroba, nevolnost

WHAT CAN MAKE A PERSON'S FACE TURN PALE ?/ Fright, fear, sickness etc., can make a person's face turn pale

IDIOM 39 PREPARATION přípravaOFF THE CUFF = without preparation, or, not official. (The expression conies bez přípravy from the habit in the old days of men writing notes on their hard shirt cuffs.) e.g. I can't give you a full and proper answer to your question but only one off the cuff.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "OFF THE CUFF" MEAN ? The idiom "off the cuff' means...GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! He had no time to prepare a proper speech and so had to give one

off the cuffHAVE YOU EVER HAD TO MAKE A SPEECH "OFF THE CUFF" ?

LESSON 137- ISH SICILY SicilieWhen we add the letters "-ish" to an adjective it means "rather" or "more or less". For example, "Sicily is not exactly a big island, like Japan or Britain, but it's biggish compared with the other islands in the Mediterranean."

904 WHAT MEANING DO THE LETTERS "-ISH" GIVE WHEN WE ADD THEM TO AN ADJECTIVE ?

The letters "-ish" give the meaning of "rather" or "more or less" when we add them to an adjectiveGIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ "The ceiling is not exactly white, but it's whitish"

We cannot always add the letters "ish" to an adjective. We do not say, for example, "simplish". This is because it does not sound very nice. We would instead say, "fairly simple".UPSET rozrušený FEEL UPSET být rozčílený TERRIBLY hrozně INTERFERENCE vměšování

WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "MY PLANS FOR THE FUTURE HAVE ALL BEEN UPSET BY THE INTERFERENCE OF MY FATHER" ? If you said that your plans for the future had all been ... you

would mean that he had not agreed with your plans, and had made you change them ... etc.IF YOU UPSET A DRINK OVER A LADY'S DRESS, WHAT'D YOU SAY AND DO ?/ If I upset a ... I'd

say "I'm terribly sorry" and would try to help her clean the dress in some way

905 IF I SAID "I'M FEELING VERY UPSET TODAY", WHAT WOULD I MEAN ? If you said that you were

feeling very upset today, you'd mean that something unpleasant had happened to you, or you had seen something unpleasant etc ...

WRECK zruinovat, vrak MISFORTUNE neštěstí, rána, osud SHIPWRECK vrak lodi TAKE TO zachránit sewrak, popsuć, zrujnować nieszczęście wrak statku uciekać, ratować się

HOW WOULD YOU FEEL, AND WHAT WOULD YOU DO, IF ALL YOUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE WERE WRECKED THROUGH SOME ACCIDENT OR SOME PIECE OF MISFORTUNE ?/

If all my plans for the future were wrecked ... I'd feel... and I'd...DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS IN A SHIPWRECK. In a shipwreck, the ship sinks and people take to

small boats, or drown ...ADVERTISE propagovat, inzerovat SALE prodej FOR SALE na prodej ADVERTISEMENT reklama ADVERTISING propagace, inzerce COMMERCIAL PRODUCT tržní produkt

906 HOW WOULD YOU ADVERTISE THE FACT THAT YOU HAD A HOUSE FOR SALE ? I'd advertise

the fact that... by putting an advertisement in the newspaper ... etc.WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST FORM OF ADVERTISING FOR SELLING A COMMERCIAL

PRODUCT ?/ I think the best form ... is ..."SOME" IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES USUAL obvyklýWe sometimes use the words "some, somebody" and "something", in interrogative sentences instead of the usual "any, anybody", and "anything". We generally do this when we expect a positive answer, and especially when we offer something to somebody. For example, "Would you like some more tea ?" - "Is there somebody here you're looking for ?" - "Would you like me to buy you something nice for Christmas ?" etc./

WHEN DO WE USE "SOME, SOMEBODY" AND "SOMETHING" IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES INSTEAD OF THE USUAL "ANY, ANYBODY" AND "ANYTHING" ? We use "some"...

when we expect a positive answer, and especially when we offer something to somebodyGIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE ! "Would you like some more tea ?" "Did I hear somebody

ring the front door bell just then ?" "Would you like something nice for dinner ?"

907 BARGAIN výhodná koupě BARGAIN OVER smlouvat cenu SECOND-HAND z druhé ruky BASEMENT suterén GET THE BETTER OF THE BARGAIN nakoupit levněji než se očekávaloWHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID THAT I HAD HAD TO BARGAIN FOR OVER AN HOUR WHEN

I BOUGHT MY SECOND-HAND CAR, BUT EVENTUALLY GOT THE BETTER OF THE BARGAIN?/ If you said that you had had to bargain ... you would mean that you had bought a car that was

not new and that, for more than an hour, you had had to argue about the price, because the price was not fixed. Eventually, the deal was to your advantage, which meant you got the car cheaper than the expected

price ...WHAT KIND OF GOODS WOULD WE EXPECT TO FIND IN THE BARGAIN BASEMENT OF A

SHOP? The kind of goods we'd expect... would be those which the shop was able to sell more cheaply than at the normal price ...

CAUTION opatrnost CAUTIOUSLY opatrněIN WHAT KIND OF SITUATIONS DO PEOPLE MOVE VERY CAUTIOUSLY ? The kind of situations

in which people ... is when there's danger ... etc ...

908 HOW MANY TIMES DO THE POLICE CAUTION YOU ABOUT BAD DRIVING BEFORE THEY

TAKE AWAY YOUR LICENCE ?/ The police caution you ... about bad driving before ...DELIVER pronést, sdělit, propustit DELIVER MAIL doručit poštu BEFOREHAND předem SET FREE uvolnit

AT WHAT TIME DO THEY DELIVER THE MAIL AT YOUR HOUSE ? They deliver the ... at about...IF YOU HAD TO DELIVER A SPEECH, WOULD YOU CAREFULLY PREPARE NOTES

BEFOREHAND OR WOULD YOU GIVE IT "OFF THE CUFF" ?/ If I had to deliver a speech, I'd ...WHICH WOULD SOUND MORE NATURAL ? Delivering the speech off the cuff would sound more

naturalWHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "THE PRISONERS WERE DELIVERED FROM THE

ENEMY" ? When we say that the prisoners were ... we mean that they were set freeCRITIC kritik

DO YOU THINK CRITICS SERVE A USEFUL PURPOSE ? IF SO, WHAT ? Yes, I think critics ... because they ... or ... No, I don't think ...

909 DO THEY ALWAYS KNOW WHAT THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT ?/ Yes, they always ... or ... No,

they don't always ...IDIOM 40HARD UP = having very little money (bez peněz) e.g. I can't let you have any money this week: I'm very hard up.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "HARD UP" MEAN ? The idiom ... "having very ..."

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! We were so hard up we couldn't even buy a newspaperOPPOSITION opozice SADLY smutně

DICTATION 77

Some people find it sad/ that the steam engine/ is hardly any longer used/ on the railways these days./ Although he strongly opposed the bill,/ he knew it would be passed/ all the same/ and so, after replying to the opposition,/ he returned sadly to his seat./ The guards were given orders/ to shoot the enemy on sight./I am an early bird,/ and so feel very bright/ in the morning/ and dull in the evening./ Find out if he is fit/ to do the job first.

LESSON 138DOUBLE CONTRACTIONSOne of the reasons spoken English is difficult to understand is due not only to contractions but to double contractions. For example, "I would have seen him if he had been there" becomes "I'd've seen him if he'd been there." - "I would have" becomes "I'd've."

910 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF A DOUBLE CONTRACTION. An example of a double contraction is

"He'd've gone if he'd been able to"EXPECT očekávat = TO LOOK FORWARD TO AN EVENT RELY ON

ARE YOU EXPECTING A LETTER FROM ANYONE IN THE NEXT FEW DAYS ? Yes, I'm expecting ... or ... No, I'm not ...

DO YOU THINK A CHILD CAN BE EXPECTED TO STUDY WITHOUT BEING FORCED TO DO SO, EITHER BY HIS TEACHER OR HIS PARENTS ?/ Yes, I think a child ... or... No, I don't think ...

I EXPECT BY NOW THAT YOU UNDERSTAND EVERYTHING I SAY WITH EASE - IS THAT RIGHT ? Yes, that's right... or ... No, that isn't right...

CAN YOU ALWAYS BE RELIED UPON TO DO THINGS THAT YOU HAVE PROMISED SOMEONE YOU WILL DO ? Yes, I can always be relied upon to ... or... No, I can't always be ...

911 FAST pevný FASTEN připevnit AEROPLANE letadlo TAKEOFF vzlétnout TOUCH DOWN přistát SAFETY-BELT bezpečnostní pás

WHAT DO WE HAVE TO DO IF WE WANT TO HOLD TWO PIECES OF WOOD FAST TOGETHER ? If we want to... we have to hammer a nail into them... etc

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE NOTICE "FASTEN YOUR SEAT - BELTS" THAT APPEARS IN AN AEROPLANE JUST BEFORE THE PLANE TAKES

OFF OR LANDS ? The meaning of the notice "Fasten your seat-belts" that appears in an aeroplane just before the plane takes off or lands is that we must tie our safety-belts around us to hold us fast when the

plane leaves the ground and when it touches downHASTEN spěchat, pohánět, pobízet HASTE spěch

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO HASTEN A LAZY WORKER?/ The best way to ... is to offer him more money or tell him he will lose his job ...

912 WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "MORE HASTE LESS SPEED" ? "More haste less speed" means that often if

we try to do something too fast we finish by doing it much slower than if we had taken our timeGARDEN GATE = GATE OF THE GARDENELIMINATE odstranit PORTER vrátný, obsluha HALL-PORTERWe can often put two nouns together in English and by doing so eliminate the need for the words "of the". For example, "the clock face" means "the face of the clock".

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF PUTTING TWO NOUNS TOGETHER AND SO ELIMINATING THE WORDS "OF THE" / "Hall-porter" meaning "the porter of the hall". "Book cover" meaning "the

cover of the book". "Table top" meaning "the top of the table"OVERNIGHT přes noc

IF YOU WERE EVER TO BECOME VERY RICH AND FAMOUS, WOULD YOU PREFER IT TO HAPPEN OVERNIGHT OR LITTLE BY LITTLE? If ever I were to become ... I'd prefer it to...

913 MERE pouhý, obyčejný

IS THERE ANY JOB YOU COULD THINK OF THAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO DO, NOT FOR MONEY, BUT FOR THE MERE HONOUR THAT GOES WITH THE JOB ? Yes, there's a job I can

think of that I'd like ... or... No, there isn't any job I can ...WHICH JOB ?/

NUISANCE obtíž, nepříjemnostWHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST THING TO SAY TO PEOPLE, OR DO WITH PEOPLE, WHO

MAKE THEMSELVES A NUISANCE ? I think the best... is to ...POST sloup, místo, postavení DOORPOST sloupek dveří GOAL branka DIG-DUG-DUG kopat POSTAGE poštovné

WHAT ARE THESE ? These are doorpostsWHAT DO WE HAVE TO DO WHEN WE WANT TO PUT POSTS IN THE GROUND TO MAKE THE GOALS FOR A GAME OF FOOTBALL OR RUGBY ?/ When we want to put posts in the ground to make

the ... we must dig fairly deep holes in the groundABOUT HOW LONG DO YOU THINK IT TAKES TO REACH THE POST OF BANK MANAGER IF

YOU START RIGHT FROM THE BOTTOM ? I think it takes about... years to reach the ...

914 HOW MUCH IS THE POSTAGE FOR A LETTER FROM YOUR COUNTRY TO ENGLAND ?/ The

postage for a letter from ... is ...PUNISH potrestat

HOW'D YOU PUNISH A PUPIL WHO WAS LACKING IN DISCIPLINE ? I'd punish a pupil who was lacking in discipline by ...

FOLD skládatWHAT AM I DOING? You're folding a page of your book

NATIVE pocházející z, domorodý COLONIALISM kolonializaceA native is a person born in a certain country or place. For example, "I'm a native of...".

WHAT'S A NATIVE ?/ A native is a person born in a certain country or placeTREASURE pokladIS THERE STILL ANY LOST TREASURE IN THE WORLD? Yes, there's still ... especially at the bottom

of the sea where treasure ships sank during storms in the old days

915 RECEIPT účet PROVE ověřit

WHY DOES ONE ASK FOR A RECEIPT TO BE SIGNED WHEN ONE DELIVERS GOODS ?/ One asks for a receipt to be signed when ... in order to prove that they have, in fact, been delivered

IDIOM 41TELL OFF vynadat = to speak angrily to someone for doing something wrong e.g. The teacher told the pupil off for being late for his lesson.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "TELL OFF" MEAN ? The idiom ... "to speak ..."GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! If I'm not home early at night, I get told off by my mother

DICTATION 78

We spent the whole afternoon/ gathering up the apples/ that had fallen on the ground./ A railway line/ does not have to be level,/ but it cannot climb too rapidly,/ otherwise a train cannot run on it./ As we weighed the cake/ my father gave a cry of surprise./ He had not realized/ it would weigh so much./ The theatre seats were well-made,/ so that the audience/ could relax/ and watch the play in comfort./ For one brief moment,/ I was certain he would obey.

LESSON 139

916EXCUSE ME promiňte I'M SORRY promiňte ACCIDENTALLY náhodněGenerally speaking, we use "Excuse me" for something that is not very important and "I'm sorry" for a more important apology. This, however, like so many other things, is only a general rule.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "EXCUSE ME" AND "I'M SORRY" ? The difference ... is that we generally use "Excuse me" for something that is not very important, and "I'm sorry" for a more

important apologyWHAT DO YOU SAY WHEN YOU WANT TO PASS BETWEEN TWO PEOPLE WHO ARE

SPEAKING TO EACH OTHER ?/ When I want to ... I say "Excuse me, please"AND WHAT DO YOU SAY IF, IN PASSING, YOU ACCIDENTALLY STEP ON THE FOOT OF ONE

OF THE TWO PEOPLE WHO ARE SPEAKING ? If, in passing, I accidentally step... I say "Oh, I'm terribly sorry! I hope I haven't hurt you"

REJOICE jásat REJOICING jásot, jásající WEALTHY bohatý DISASTER katastrofa

917 WHY ARE PUBLIC REJOICINGS NOT AS COMMON NOW AS THEY WERE IN THE PAST?/ Public

rejoicings are not as common ... because many countries in the world today are at peace; and with the progress of science, people are becoming wealthier and healthier than in the past, and so national disasters

such as war, plague, hunger etc., are rarer ...SCREW šroub SCREWDRIVER šroubovák

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A NAIL AND A SCREW ? The difference ... is that a nail we hammer into a piece of wood, whilst a screw we turn and turn with a screwdriver

THEN pak, kromě toho, mezi tím The word "then" has three meanings:-1) At that time - e.g. I shall see him on Thursday and will give him the news then.2) Next - e.g. We'll have dinner first, and then watch T.V.3) In that case - e.g. If you don't understand, then ask.

WHAT ARE THE THREE MEANINGS OF THE WORD "THEN" ?/ The three meanings ... are "at that time; next; in that case"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE! 1) I began studying English last year, and before then (i.e. before that time) did not know a single word. 2) I shall study first, then go to the cinema. 3) You will

find the door locked; then what will you do ?

918 URGE naléhat

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO URGE SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING HE DOES NOT WANT TO DO ?/ The best way to urge someone to ... is to tell him how much better everything will be after he has

done it...YOU'RE RIGHT máš pravdu YOU'RE WRONG mýlíš seAM I RIGHT WHEN I SAY THAT THE OPPOSITE OF "BELIEVE" IS "UNBELIEVE" ? No, you aren't

right when you say that... but you're wrong, because the opposite of "believe" is "disbelieve"AFFAIR událost, senzace LOVE AFFAIR milostná aféra

IS IT WISE TO SPEAK ABOUT ONE'S PRIVATE AFFAIRS IN PUBLIC ? No, it isn't wise to ...ARE LOVE AFFAIRS ALWAYS HAPPY ?/ No, love affairs aren't...

BASIN mísa WASH-BASIN umyvadlo RIVER-BASIN koryto SHAPED LIKE mít tvar jako

919 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WASH-BASIN AND A RIVER-BASIN ? The difference

between ... is that a wash-basin is an object in which we wash our hands and face, whilst a river basin is so called because it is shaped like a basin ...

CHARM kouzlo CHARMING okouzlující, čarovný MUSICAL hudební SNAKE had SNAKE-CHARMER zaklínač hadů INSTRUMENT instrument, nástroj MAGIC magický

WHO'S THE MOST CHARMING PERSON YOU KNOW ? The most charming person I know is ...WHAPS A SNAKE-CHARMER?/ A snake charmer is a person who charms a snake by playing a musical

instrument...DO YOU BELIEVE THAT THERE ARE PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WHO CAN PUT A MAGIC

CHARM ON OTHER PEOPLE ? Yes, I believe that there ... or ... No, I don't...WHETHER zdaJust a short note to remind ourselves about the use of the word "whether". With the word "whether" we generally add the words "or not", and it usually expresses a doubt, e.g. "I wonder if Tom will come" or "I wonder whether Tom will come or not." The word "whether" cannot generally

be used to express a condition. Only "if" will do in such cases, e.g. If you meet James, tell him to come and see me./

920 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN USE BETWEEN THE WORDS "WHETHER" AND "IF" ? - AND

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE. The difference in ... is that with the word "whether" we generally add the words "or not", and it usually expresses a doubt,e.g. "I wonder if Tom ..." or "I wonder whether Tom ...". The

word "whether" can't generally be used to express a condition ...LAST poslední LATEST nejnovější, poslední LAST BUT ONE předposledníThe difference between "last" and "latest" is that, if I say "Have you read John Brown's last book ?" it usually means John Brown is dead and I am talking about the last book he wrote; whereas, if I say "Have you read John Brown's latest book?" it means that John Brown is still alive and I am talking about the book he has written most recently./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "LAST" AND "LATEST" ? The difference ... is that if I say "Have you seen Charles Smith's last painting?" it usually means Charles Smith is dead; whereas if I say "...

Charles Smith's latest painting ?" ... he is still alive ...

921 WHICH'S THE LAST LETTER BUT ONE IN THE ENGLISH ALPHABET ? Y's the last letter but...

BLACKBOARD tabule CHALK křídaWHAT DO WE WRITE ON A BLACKBOARD WITH ? We write on a blackboard with a piece of chalk

EYEBROW obočí EYELASH řasa EYELID oční víčko LID víko PAN pánev, kastrolWHAT'S THIS? It's an eyebrow

WHAT ARE THESE ?/ Those are eyelashesWHAT'S THIS? It's an eyelid

DOES WATER IN A PAN BOIL MORE QUICKLY WITH THE LID ON OR WITH THE LID OFF? AND WHY? Water in a pan boils more quickly with the lid on because, with the lid on, the steam and the

heat are kept in...FAVOUR (v) prokázat přízeň, mít v oblibě = TO APPROVE OF souhlasit TO HELP pomoci YACHT jachta

922 WHAT KIND OF FILMS DO THE PEOPLE IN YOUR COUNTRY FAVOUR THE MOST ?/ The kind

of films the people ... are ... (westerns, action films, war films, films about love ...)DOES BAD WEATHER FAVOUR A YACHT IN A RACE AT SEA ? No, bad weather doesn't...

WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU DON'T APPROVE OF SOMETHING ? When I don't approve ... I... (say so, or shake my head ...)

CLOTHE obléknout CHEAPLY levněji, nevkusnějiCAN A WOMAN CLOTHE HERSELF MORE CHEAPLY THAN A MAN?/ Yes, a woman can ... or...

No, a woman can't...ABILITY schopnost, způsobilostHAVE YOU ANY SPECIAL ABILITY THAT MOST PEOPLE DON'T HAVE? Yes, I've a special... or...

No, I haven't any...WHAT?

ENDLESS bez konceGIVE ME A SENTENCE CONTAINING THE WORD "ENDLESS". There was an endless stream of

traffic on the road

923 BUNCH kytice, chomáč, svazek GRAPE hroznové víno

WHICH'D YOU RATHER RECEIVE, A BUNCH OF FLOWERS OR A BUNCH OF GRAPES ?/ I'd rather receive a bunch of...

RESIST bránit se RESISTANCE vzdor GO QUIETLY klidně jít, tiše plynoutWOULD YOU RESIST ARREST BY THE POLICE ? Yes, I'd resist... or... No, I wouldn't resist arrest by

the police, but I'd go quietly ...IDIOM 42

GIVE THE COLD SHOULDER obrátit se k někomu zády = make to feel unwelcome e.g. I didn't know what I had done wrong, but everyone seemed to give me the coldshoulder.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "GIVE THE COLD SHOULDER" MEAN ? The idiom ... "make to ..."GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! Instead of a friendly welcome we were given the cold shoulder

NOBLE (n) šlechta, vznešený, urozený REVOLUTION revoluce

924

DICTATION 79Lacking central heating,/ we managed to keep the room/ sufficiently warm with an oil heater/ which our next-door neighbour/ had lent us./ The nobles had behaved so wickedly/ that the people marched against them,/ and so a bloody revolution broke out./ The Greeks in the old days/ believed in many gods,/ whereas in the Christian Bible/ there is only one god./ The accident was not really the soldier's fault:/ he simply did/ what the captain commanded him to do./ It was quite plain/ that he was a policeman,/ even though he was not in uniform.

LESSON 140THE MEALS APPROXIMATE přibližný CEREAL obilnina FRY - FRIED - FRIED smažit BACON slanina TOAST topinka MARMALADE marmeláda SUBSTANTIAL podstatný SNACK lehké jídlo SANDWICH chlebíček BREAK (n) přestávka SOUP polévka DESSERT moučník TEA čaj TAKE TEA posvačit CHEESE sýr

925 SUPPER večeře BISCUIT sušenka CHOCOLATE čokoládaMost people in England eat three average meals a day, the names of which depend on what time of the day they are eaten. The following is a list of six possible meals with their approximate times:-1) 8 a.m. Breakfast - consisting of a cereal with milk; fried eggs and bacon; toast and marmalade, and a cup of tea or coffee, generally with milk and sugar./ The English usually like to face the day with something substantial in their stomachs, as it helps to steady the nerves and keeps them calm. It also means that they do not need to eat too much at midday or in the evening.

WHAT'S THE FIRST MEAL OF THE DAY; AT WHAT TIME DO WE HAVE IT; AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? The first meal of... we have it... and it consists of...

2) 11 a.m. Snack - consisting of a cup of tea or coffee and a sandwich, usually taken during a ten or fifteen minute break at work.

WHAT DOES A SNACK CONSIST OF, AND WHEN DO WE TAKE IT ? A snack consists of... and we take it...

3) 1 p.m. Lunch - consisting of soup, meat, vegetables and a dessert. The main meal of the day is called dinner, which means that if lunch is the main meal of the day, then it can be called dinner instead of lunch./

926 WHEN IS LUNCH, AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? Lunch is at... and it...

WHY IS LUNCH SOMETIMES CALLED DINNER ? Lunch is sometimes ... because it is sometimes the main meal of the day

4) 4 p.m. Tea - consisting of a cup of tea and a piece of cake or a sandwich; again taken during a ten or fifteen minute break at work, or by a housewife together with her friends.WHAT DOES TEA CONSIST OF, AND WHEN AND BY WHOM IS IT TAKEN ?/ Tea consists of... and

it's taken at... by ...5) 7 to 9 p.m. Dinner - generally speaking it is more the middle and upper classes that have dinner. It consists of soup, meat, vegetables and dessert, etc. Most other people have a large tea, as soon as they arrive home from work at about 6 p.m., consisting of sandwiches, cakes or perhaps something more substantial, such as cheese, fish, meat, etc.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE EVENING MEAL TAKEN BY THE MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASSES AND THAT TAKEN BY MOST OTHER PEOPLE ?/ The difference... is that middle and... eat between 7 and 9 p.m. and the meal is called dinner, and consists of... whereas that taken by ... is

eaten at about 6 p.m., and consists of...

6) 10 to 11 p.m. Supper - consisting of either the same kind of food as at dinner or just something like cheese and biscuits and a hot drink of chocolate etc. It can be taken instead of dinner. Not many people take supper, as they do not like to go to bed on a full stomach.

927 WHEN IS SUPPER, AND WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ? Supper is at ... and consists of...

WHY DONT MOST PEOPLE TAKE SUPPER?/ Most people dont... because ...As has already been stated, most English people only eat three times a day, and then these three meals are not usually very big. If they do eat more than three times a day, the meals they have are usually very light. If they have a fairly large breakfast, they might have no snack at 11 a.m., and have a light lunch. If they have a large lunch, then they will probably have no tea and a light evening meal, and so on.

HOW MANY MEALS A DAY DO MOST PEOPLE GENERALLY EAT ?/ Most people generally eat three...

IF THEY DO EAT MORE THAN THREE MEALS A DAY, WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? If they do eat more ... it means that the meals are very light...

928

DINE obědvat, stolovat DINING-ROOM jídelnaWHAT'S THE NAME OF THE ROOM IN WHICH ONE DINES ? The name of the room ... is the dining-

roomJAM džem ORANGE pomeranč PEAR hruška PLUM švestkaThe difference between marmalade and jam is that marmalade is generally made from oranges whilst jam is made from other fruits, such as pears, apples, plums, etc./

WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MARMALADE AND JAM ? The difference... is that marmalade is generally made from oranges... jam ... other fruits...

THE COUNTRY země, vlast, venkov VICTORY vítězstvíSometimes we use "the country" not with the meaning of "the opposite of the town" but meaning "the people of a nation", e.g. "The country rejoiced at the news of the victory".

929 HOW ELSE CAN WE USE "THE COUNTRY" BESIDES MEANING "THE OPPOSITE OF THE

TOWN" ?/ We can use "the country" besides meaning "the opposite of the town" with the meaning of "the people of a nation"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! Most of the country was in favour of his electionHEAL léčit se, uzdravitABOUT HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR A CUT ON THE HAND TO HEAL ? The time it takes for a

cut on the hand to heal depends on how deep the cut is...LIVE (v) žít LIVE (adj) živý The "i" is pronounced as in the verb "to lie"

WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIVE (v) AND LIVE (adj)? The difference ... is that "live" is a verb, whilst...

DO YOU THINK ITS ALL RIGHT TO PERFORM EXPERIMENTS ON LIVE ANIMALS ?/ Yes, I think it's all right to ... or ... No, I don't think it's all right to ...

MILD jemný REMARK postřeh, zmínka LOOK(n) pohled STORMY bouřlivýWHAT KIND OF REMARK WOULD SOMEONE HAVE TO MAKE TO BRING A MILD LOOK OF

SURPRISE TO YOUR FACE ? The kind of remark someone would ... would be that he has the same Christian name or surname as myself, or that he used to live in the same town as myself... etc.

930 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD WEATHER? By mild weather, we mean weather that is not stormy, or

very hot, or very cold. In other words, not extremeWHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD DISCIPLINE ?/ By mild discipline, we mean discipline that is not very

severeAND WHAT DO WE MEAN BY MILD WINE, MILD EXERCISE, ETC. ? By mild wine, we mean not

strong wine, whilst by mild exercise, we mean not violent exercisePROOF důkaz, zkouška

IN YOUR COUNTRY, DO YOU HAVE TO CARRY DOCUMENTS AS PROOF THAT YOU ARE WHO YOU SAY YOU ARE ? Yes, in my country we have to carry ... or ... No, in my country we don't...

SAYING rčení, příslovíWHAT DOES THIS SAYING MEAN - "A BIRD IN THE HAND IS WORTH TWO IN THE BUSH" ?/

That saying means that what you've actually got in the hand you can be sure of, and that is worth twice what you might be able to get, because you can't be sure of getting it ...

931 HUNT pronásledování, hon, lov

WOULD YOU JOIN THE HUNT FOR A MURDERER ? Yes, I'd join the ... or... No, I wouldn't...WHY OR WHY NOT ?

ARMS zbraňěARE YOU FOR OR AGAINST THE POLICE CARRYING ARMS WHILST WALKING AROUND THE

STREETS ON DUTY ? I'm for the police ... whilst ... or ... I'm against the ...TRAP past

WHAT FOOD DO WE PUT IN A TRAP TO CATCH A MOUSE ?/ We put cheese in a trap to catch a mouse

WHY ? Because mice like cheese, and cheese has a strong smell, and so attracts the mice to itIDIOM 43TOUCH WOOD zaklepat na dřevo = what people say when they touch wood in the hope of e.g. We've been very lucky and everything's gone very well until now; touch wood.

932 WHAT DO PEOPLE DO AND SAY WHEN THEY WISH OR HOPE TO PREVENT BAD LUCK ?

When people ... they touch wood and say "touch wood"GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! I've been driving now for ten years without an accident; touch wood

DICTATION 80

She picked up her wedding ring/ from the floor/ and put it back on her finger./ A bird has a pair of wings/ and a tail./ The value of goods/ depends a great deal/ on how much they are in demand./ Unless the sea is very rough,/ the ship won't rock and roll very much./ Most people like to live a settled life,/ but often find their lives/ are interfered with/ by those who like to stir up trouble./ A chicken is not a very brave bird.

LESSON 141"BY" AND ITS MANY USESGO PAST projít kolem BY HIMSELF sám NEARBY poblíž

The word "by" has many different uses. The following sentences will serve as examples of how it is used:-1) "I like to sit and watch people pass by my window". "By" in this case means "to go past ".

2) "Mr. Williams lives by himself" means that nobody lives with him; whereas, "Mr Williams did the job all by himself" means "without help".

3) "He worked by night and slept by day" means "during the night" and "during the day". 4) "Hamlet was written by Shakespeare" means "Shakespeare was the writer of Hamlet".

5) "He came from a nearby village" - Exactly as we don't say "a far village" but "a distant village" so we don't say "a near village" but "a nearby village".

933 TELL ME THE MEANING OF THESE SENTENCES WITHOUT USING THE WORD "BY":-"I SAW HIM PASS BY MY HOUSE YESTERDAY" I saw him going past my house yesterday

"HENRY SAT IN THE ROOM ALL BY HIMSELF" Henry sat alone in the room"HENRY DID THE TRANSLATION ALL BY HIMSELF"/ Henry did the translation without help

"THIEVES OFTEN WORK BY NIGHT" Thieves often work during the night"THIS PICTURE WAS PAINTED BY ME" I was the painter of this picture

934 IS IT CORRECT TO SAY "THE MAN LIVED IN A NEAR TOWN" ? No, it isn't correct to...

WHAT MUST WE SAY INSTEAD? We must say "The man lived in a nearby town" instead

POT džbán COOKING POT hrnec na vaření FLOWERPOT květináč INKPOT kalamář INK inkoust JAMPOT sklenice na džem TEA-POT čajníkNAME ME SOME DIFFERENT KINDS OF POTS WE CAN HAVE. Some different kinds of pots we can

have are cooking-pots, flowerpots, jampots, inkpots, tea-pots, coffee-pots...IN RELATION TO pokud se týče RELATIONSHIP vztah, souvislost, spojitost RELATIVES příbuzní, RELATIVE relativní, poměrný OVERWEIGHT nadváha PYGMY trpaslík, skřítek DWARF trpaslík GIANT obr

DO YOU THINK MOST PEOPLE ARE OVERWEIGHT OR UNDERWEIGHT IN RELATION TO THEIR HEIGHT ? I think most people are ... in relation...

935 WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP LIKE BETWEEN SERVANT AND MASTER IN THE OLD DAYS

?/ The relationship between servant... was often not very good, and sometimes quite cruel...WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT EVERYTHING IS RELATIVE ? When we say that

everything is relative, we mean, for example, that a man is only tall because in relation to himself the people around him are short. Among pygmies or dwarfs a man of normal height would be considered a

giant, whereas the same man in Scandinavia or Texas would be considered short - it's all relative ...WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD WE CAN USE INSTEAD OF "RELATIONS" WHEN TALKING ABOUT

THE FAMILY ? Another word we can ... is "relatives"AT SEA na moři BY SEA po moři

HOW LONG ARE YOU AT SEA FOR WHEN YOU TRAVEL BY SEA FROM EUROPE TO AMERICA?/ How long you are at sea when you travel by ... depends on the ship, but I should think about...IN SEASON v sezoně OUT OF SEASON po sezoně

936 ARE APPLES IN OR OUT OF SEASON AT THE MOMENT ? Apples are ... season at the moment

THREAD navléknout, nit NEEDLE jehla SEW šít COMPASS kompas INJECTION injekceWHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO? You're pretending to thread a piece of cotton through the eye of a

needleABOUT HOW LONG DOES THE THREAD OF COTTON HAVE TO BE TO SEW A BUTTON ON A

SHIRT?/ The thread of cotton has to be about a foot long to sew a button on a shirtWHAT OTHER KINDS OF NEEDLES ARE THERE BESIDES SEWING NEEDLES ?/ There are

compass needles, and needles for giving injections ... besides sewing needlesWHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO SEW" ? The paradigm ... sew - sewed - sewed or sew -

sewed - sewn

937 USE UP spotřebovat GO SHOPPING jít nakoupit DO THE SHOPPING udělat nákup

WHEN ALL THE FOOD IS USED UP AT HOME, WHAT DO YOU HAVE TO DO ? / When all the food is ... I have to go shopping and buy some more ...

WHO DOES THE SHOPPING IN YOUR HOUSE? ...does the shopping in my houseAGENT agent, zástupce AGENCY agentura, kancelářWHEN YOU GO ON HOLIDAY, DO YOU FIX EVERYTHING UP THROUGH A TRAVEL AGENCY

BEFOREHAND OR DO YOU JUST GO ? When I go on holiday, I...TITLE titul CHAMPION šampion BOXER boxer DUKE vévoda LORD pan, lord

WHAT WAS THE TITLE OF THE LAST BOOK YOU READ ?/ The title of the last book I read was...WHO, AT PRESENT, HOLDS THE TITLE OF WORLD HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMPION BOXER? At

present... holds the title of...WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE THE TITLE OF DUKE OR LORD ETC. ? Yes, I'd like to have ... or ...

No, I wouldn't like ...

938 BELIEF víraDO YOU THINK THAT BELIEF IN RELIGION IS INCREASING IN THE WORLD GENERALLY, OR

GROWING LESS ? / I think that belief in religion is ...SHAVE holit se RAZOR břitva

WHAT DO WE SHAVE WITH ? We shave with a razorEFFORT úsilí, snaha

IS IT AN EFFORT FOR YOU TO GET UP IN THE MORNING ? Yes, it's an effort for... or... No, it isn't an ...

IDIOM 44KEEP ONE'S FINGERS CROSSED držet palec When we wish for something to happen, we cross our fingers like this (second finger over the first).IS IT THE CUSTOM IN YOUR COUNTRY FOR PEOPLE TO CROSS THEIR FINGERS WHEN THEY WISH FOR SOMETHING. IF NOT, WHAT DO THEY DO INSTEAD ? Yes, it's the custom in my... or...

No, it isn't the custom... Instead they...

939 DICTATION 81The storm had done/ a lot of damage on the beach,/ which took a lot of tidying up./ It was clear/ that the poor fellow/ was suffering from stage-fright,/ as it was the first time/ he had ever spoken in public./ Our plans/ were at a very advanced stage/ of development/ when we had to change them entirely;/ and in doing so received/ a stream of letters in protest./ They all went to the railway station/ to wave goodbye to their guest.

LESSON 142VERB + AND + VERB E.G. GO AND HAVE jdi a vem

GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF A VERB + AND + ANOTHER VERB, PLEASE ! Come and see me next Sunday. Let's wait and see what will happen. Would you go and buy me a newspaper, please ?

GO AHEAD jít napřed, odvážně JUST THE SAME to stejné, přesto, nicméněWHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE SEE A NOTICE BY THE SIDE OF THE ROAD SAYING

"WARNING - DANGEROUS BEND AHEAD" ?/ When we see a notice ... it means that further down the road, the road bends suddenly and that we should slow down if we want to avoid having an accident

940 WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD AND YOUR PARENTS FORBADE YOU TO DO SOMETHING, DID YOU USED TO GO AHEAD AND DO IT JUST THE SAME ? Yes, when I was a child and ... I used to

go ahead and ... or ... No, when I was a child ... I didn't used to go ...WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES? The consequences were that... my parents scolded me...

BATH lázeň, vana BATHE koupat se SUNBATHE opalovat se One of the main differences between "bath" and "bathe", apart from the fact that "bath" is generally used as a noun, whilst "bathe" is generally used as a verb, is that we have a bath at home, whilst we go for a bathe in the sea, in a river, or in a swimming pool etc.

WHAT'S ONE OF THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN "BATH" AND "BATHE" ? One of the... apart from the fact that "bath" is generally used as a noun whilst "bathe" is generally used as a verb, is that

we ...Other uses of the word "bathe" are, for example, "to bathe a wound with water, to bathe in sunshine" or "to sunbathe"./

941 WHY DO PEOPLE SOMETIMES BATHE THEIR EYES? People sometimes ... because they have some

kind of eye illness, or because their eyes feel tired ...DO YOU DO ANY SUNBATHING ? Yes, I do some sunbathing ... or... No, I don't do any sunbathing

CHEAT podvodník, podvodWHO'S THE BIGGEST CHEAT, OR WHAT IS THE BIGGEST CHEAT, YOU'VE EVER COME

ACROSS OR HEARD OF ? The biggest cheat I've ever... was ...WHAT HAPPENED?

WHAT DO YOU THINK OUGHT TO HAPPEN WHEN A PUPIL IS CAUGHT CHEATING IN AN EXAM?/ When a pupil is caught cheating in an exam, I think ... he should be sent out of the room...

DIP ponořit HORIZON obzor HORIZONTAL vodorovnýWHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO ? You're pretending to dip your pen into some ink in order to write

WHAT'S MY HAND DOING ? Your hand's moving in a horizontal direction, then suddenly dipping and coming up again

942 DOES THE SUN RISE OVER THE HORIZON IN THE EAST OR THE WEST ? The sun rises over the

horizon in the east.FEED - FED - FED krmit

IF A DOG SITS LOOKING AT YOU WHILST YOU ARE EATING AT TABLE, DO YOU FEED IT WHILST YOU YOURSELF ARE FEEDING, OR DO YOU LEAVE SOME FOOD ON YOUR PLATE

AND GIVE IT TO THE DOG AFTER YOU'VE FED ?/ If a dog sits ... I...HAY seno STRAW sláma STEM stonek, stvolThe difference between hay and straw is that hay is dried grass, whilst straw is the stems of wheat or other types of corn after it has been cut

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HAY AND STRAW? The difference ... is that hay is...THE USE OF THE APOSTROPHE "S"

943 PREFERENCE výběr, přednost TASTE styl, vkus STYLE styl DETERMINE určit, rozhodnout RUN utíkatGenerally speaking, we use the apostrophe "s" for people or animals, e.g. Mr Johnson's tie; my uncle's house; the horse's tail etc., but sometimes we can also use it for things, e.g. "The book's main purpose is to teach", which is the same as saying "The main purpose of the book is to teach". /

WHEN DO WE USE THE APOSTROPHE "S" ? - AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! We use the apostrophe "s" for people or animals, e.g. Mr. Johnson's tie; the horse's tail... also ... for things, e.g.

the book's main purpose ...As with so much else in a language, it is mainly a question of making a pleasant sound, being easy to pronounce, and having a smooth rhythm. For example, we might prefer to say "The history of Athens" rather than "Athens's history" as it runs more smoothly off the tongue. It is often a question of taste or style.

WHAT MAINLY DETERMINES THE USE OF THE APOSTROPHE "S" ?/ The use of the apostrophe "s" is mainly determined by whether or not it makes a pleasant sound, is easy to pronounce, and has a

smooth rhythmWith the names of people, we are almost obliged to use the apostrophe "s", whilst with animals and things we often have the choice. Often, however, even with the names of people, we have a choice. For example, we can say "The works of Shakespeare" if we like, in preference to "Shakespeare's works".

944 WHEN ARE WE ALMOST OBLIGED TO USE THE APOSTROPHE "S", AND WHEN DO WE HAVE THE CHOICE ?/ We are almost obliged to... with the names of people, whilst with animals and things we

often have the choice...HELP posloužit CAN'T HELP nemoct si pomoci

AT A PARTY, DO YOU THINK IT'S BETTER TO LET EVERYONE HELP THEMSELVES TO THE FOOD, OR FOR THEM TO BE SERVED BY SOMEONE ? At a party, I think it's better to let... or... At a

party... for people to be served by someoneIS THERE ANY MISTAKE IN ENGLISH THAT YOU CAN'T HELP MAKING WHEN YOU WRITE

OR SPEAK ? Yes, there's a mistake in ... or... No, there isn't any mistake ...WHICH ?/

LOAD náklad, náboj LOAD A GUN nabíjet zbraň BARREL sud ELEPHANT slon ROD prutWHICH ANIMAL DO YOU THINK CAN PULL THE HEAVIEST LOAD ? I think the elephant can ...

945 HOW DID THEY USED TO LOAD A GUN IN THE OLD DAYS ? They used to load a gun in the old days first by pouring gunpowder down the barrel of the gun, then packing the powder down hard with a

metal rod ... and then finally dropping the lead ball down the barrel on to the powderWHAT DO WE USE TO FISH WITH ? We use a rod (a fishing-rod) to fish with

VOYAGE plavba, výprava SPACE prostor, vesmírWHAT IS A VOYAGE ? A voyage is usually a journey by water, or into space

EXCELLENT vynikajícíCAN WE EXPECT EXCELLENT FOOD IN A FIRST-CLASS RESTAURANT?/ Yes, we can expect...

LOVER milenecCAN YOU NAME ANY GREAT LOVERS IN HISTORY ? Yes, I can name ... Casanova, Don Juan, Lord

Byron ...TOUR cesta, zájezd TOURIST turista

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN ON A TOUR ? Yes, I've been on ... or... No, I've never...

946 WHERE?

RABBIT králík PET mazlíček (domácí zvíře)DO YOU LIKE RABBITS AS PETS OR AS FOOD ? I like rabbits as ...

IDIOM 45KICK THE BUCKET natáhnout bačkory = to die e.g The old man had been ill for quite some time, and finally kicked the bucket last night

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "KICK THE BUCKET" MEAN? The idiom ... "todie"GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! We hadn't expected him to kick the bucket so soon

As death is a serious matter, this idiom would only be used on non-serious occasions.

LESSON 143MILL mlýn WINDMILL větrný mlýn WATERMILL vodní mlýn HILLY kopcovitý SAIL rameno mlýna MILLER mlynář RUN poháněný SITUATE umístit

947 HOLLAND Holandsko MOUNTAINOUS hornatý CLOTH látka PACKET balíčekThe difference between a windmill and a watermill is that, although both might contain a machine for grinding, a windmill is worked by the action of the wind on four giant arms called sails, which, turning round in the wind, turn the large stones inside the mill enabling the miller to grind his corn to make flour. A watermill, on the other hand, is run by water, and for this reason is situated by a fast-flowing river or stream. It is worked by a large wheel which is forced round and round by the water./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WINDMILL AND A WATERMILL ? The difference ... is that a windmill is worked by the action of the wind ... a watermill... is run by water...

We generally find windmills in flat country where the wind is strong. For this reason there are many in Holland. Watermills we generally find in hilly or mountainous country which has a lot of rain and many fast-flowing rivers or streams. Watermills can also be made to produce electricity or to drive various kinds of machines./

WHERE DO WE GENERALLY FIND WINDMILLS AND WATERMILLS ? We generally find windmills in flat country ... Watermills we generally find in hilly or mountainous country ...

The word "mill" can also be used with the meaning of "factory", but we usually think of a mill in this sense as producing such things as cloth or steel; whilst a factory usually produces a finished article like a car, an electric iron, or a packet of cigarettes, etc.

948 WHAT'S GENERALLY THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MILL AND A FACTORY ? / The

difference ... is that we usually think of a mill as producing such things as cloth or steel, whilst a factory usually produces a finished article like a car...

CONVINCE přesvědčit ADMIT přiznat se, připustit TRY zkusitWHEN A MAN COMMITS MURDER AND THE LAW CANNOT PROVE HE DID IT, EVEN

THOUGH EVERYONE IS CONVINCED HE DID, WHAT HAPPENS? When a man ...the man is set freeAND IF AFTERWARDS HE ADMITS TO THE CRIME, WHAT HAPPENS?/ If afterwards he ... he is still left free, because a man can't be tried twice for the same crime (unless perhaps further proof can be

found)WHAT MUST YOU BUY IN ORDER TO BE ADMITTED TO THE CINEMA ? You must buy a ticket in

order...RELIEVE ulevit, utišit PILL tabletka, prášek RELIEF úleva PARCEL balíček

949 IF WE HAVE TOOTHACHE, HEADACHE, STOMACH-ACHE ETC., WHAT CAN WE DO TO

RELIEVE THE PAIN?/ If we have toothache ... we can take a pill etc. to relieve the painHOW LONG IS A SOLDIER GENERALLY ON GUARD FOR BEFORE HE'S RELIEVED ? A soldier is

generally on guard for perhaps two to four hours before he's relievedWHAT'S THE NOUN OF "RELIEVE" ? The noun ... is "relief

DURING A WAR, WHAT DO WE MEAN BY RED CROSS RELIEF? During a war, by Red Cross relief, we mean parcels of food and medicine etc. sent to the soldiers who are prisoners behind the enemy lines ...

SELF sám SELFISH sobecký SELF-CONTROL sebekontrola CONTROL (v) řídit EMOTION cit, vzrušení

WHY IS IT THAT WE SELDOM KNOW ANOTHER PERSON'S REAL SELF ?/ The reason we seldom ... is that most people keep a part of themselves hidden from others...

WHAT DO YOU THINK A SELFISH NATURE IS DUE TO ? I think a selfish nature is perhaps due to the person being spoilt as a child ...

950 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SELF-CONTROL? By self-control we mean we control our own feelings,

desires and emotions without discipline coming from others ...LIE -LAY -LAIN ležet LIE - LIED - LIED lhát LAY - LAID – LAID položit něcoThree verbs which sometimes get confused with one another are -1) The irregular verb "to lie" as in "to lie in bed", its paradigm being "lie - lay - lain" 2) The regular verb "to lie" meaning "not to tell the truth", its paradigm being "lie - lied - lied" and 3) The verb "to lay" as in "to lay the book on the table", its paradigm being "lay – laid - laid".

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE IRREGULAR VERB "TO LIE" AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ?/ The paradigm... lie - lay - lain, and it means ... as in "to lie in bed"

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE REGULAR VERB "TO LIE", AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? The paradigm ... lie - lied - lied, and it means ... i.e. "not to tell the truth"

951 WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO LAY" AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN ? The

paradigm ... lay - laid - laid, and it means ... as in "to lay the book on the table"TIGHT těsně TIGHTLY pevně TIGHT-FITTING těsný AIRTIGHT vzduchotěsný LOOSE-FITTING volný CONTAINER nádoba WATERTIGHT vodotěsný

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're holding on tightly to the arm of the chairWHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "TIGHT" ? The contrary ... "loose"

WHICH ARE MORE COMFORTABLE - TIGHT-FITTING OR LOOSE-FITTING CLOTHES ? Loose-fitting clothes are more comfortable

WHY ? Because they allow one to move more easily. In hot weather they keep one cool whilst in cold weather they keep one warm, as they allow plenty of air between the body and the material the clothes are

made of and so act as a form of protection ...WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY A CONTAINER IS AIRTIGHT AND WATERTIGHT ?/ When

we say a ... we mean that no air or water can pass into it from outside, or vice versaAIM cíl, mířit TAKE AIM zamířit

952 WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO? You're pretending to take aim at the window with a gun

HAVE YOU ANY PARTICULAR AIM IN LIFE ? Yes, I've a ... or... No, I haven't a...WHAT?

DAMP vlhkýIS IT HEALTHY TO LIVE IN A DAMP HOUSE? No, it isn't healthy to ...

WHY NOT ? Because it can make us ill...INDEED vskutku, opravduWHAT DOES THE WORD "INDEED" MEAN, AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR ?/ The word "indeed"

means "really", and we use it for emphasisGIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! It's very cold indeed

JAW čelist, tlama

WHAT PART OF THE BODY'S THIS? It's the jawLADDER žebřík

DESCRIBE A LADDER./ A ladder's two pieces of wood or metal with several smaller pieces put horizontally across the two to act as steps for climbing when the ladder is leant against a wall...

953 USE OF THE HYPHENWhen to use a hyphen and when not to use a hyphen in English is by no means easy to learn. These days, writers, and sometimes even dictionaries, will disagree about the use of the hyphen. As with most things, it is often safer to observe each individual case and remember it. One point worth noting, however, could be that a hyphen can make a difference in meaning. For example, a "paper-knife" with a hyphen, is a knife which is used for cutting paper, whilst a "paper knife" without a hyphen is a knife made of paper.

TELL ME SOMETHING ABOUT THE USE OF THE HYPHEN IN ENGLISH./ When to use a hyphen and when not to...

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF HOW A HYPHEN CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING. "Paper-knife" with a hyphen means ... whilst the same words without the hyphen mean ...

954 IDIOM 46A LOAD OFF ONE'S MIND kámen spadl ze srdce = a relief from worry e.g. Now that I know the results at last, it's a great load off my mind.

WHAT DOES THE IDIOM "A LOAD OFF ONE'S MIND" MEAN ? The idiom "a load off one's mind" means "relief from worry"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! I'm glad you've arrived safely. It's a great load off my mind

DICTATION 82

I am afraid/1 cannot recommend him for the job./ A wound we get from fighting,/ whilst an injury we get by accident./ They decided to separate/ and sit at separate tables./ We generally finish a business letter/ with "Yours faithfully" or "Yours sincerely"./ When we apply for a job,/ the manager, or whoever it might be,/ usually asks for a reference./ The corn stood shoulder high,/ but sad to relate/ was full of weeds./ There is still a chance/ that the envelope containing the money/ might be found./

STAGE 10LESSON 144

955SHADE stín, odstín SHADOW stín OVERHEAD zaclonit PROJECTOR projektor BEAM paprsek světla SCREEN obrazovka OLD-FASHIONED staromodní

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF "TO SIT IN THE SUN"? The opposite of "to sit in the sun" is "to sit in the shade"

WHAT SHADE OF BLUE DO YOU PREFER - A LIGHT SHADE OR A DARK SHADE ? I prefer a... shade of blue

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO?/ You're pretending to shade your eyes from the sunBy the word "shadow", we generally mean a dark shape thrown onto a surface by an object standing in front of a light For example, if we put the light on in this room and held our hand over the table, we would be able to see the shadow of our hand upon the table.

WHAT DO WE GENERALLY MEAN BY THE WORD "SHADOW"? By the word "shadow" we generally mean a dark shape thrown onto a surface by an object standing in front of a light

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ When the sun rises in the morning, the houses etc. throw long shadows on the ground, whilst at midday, with the sun overhead, the shadows are short

956 AT THE CINEMA, WHEN SOMEONE PASSES IN FRONT OF THE PROJECTOR AND SO CUTS

THE BEAM OF LIGHT, WHAT DO WE SEE APPEAR ON THE SCREEN ? At the cinema, when ... we see the shadow of the person's head appear on the screen

DO YOU LIKE OLD-FASHIONED HOUSES WHERE THE CEILINGS ARE SUPPORTED BY BIG WOODEN BEAMS ?/ Yes, I like old-fashioned ... or... No, I don't like ...

WOULD YOU LIKE TO LIVE IN SUCH A HOUSE ? Yes, I'd like to ... or... No, I wouldn't...CHEER útěcha, potěšit CHEERS na zdraví CHEER UP! vzmuž se! povzbudit WINNER vítěz CONCERT koncert HIP! HIP! HURRAY! (OR, HURRAH!) hip, hip, hurá

SUPPOSING I WERE THE SPORTS MASTER AT A SCHOOL AND AFTER A GAME I SAID "THREE CHEERS FOR THE WINNERS", WHAT WOULD I THEN SHOUT, AND WHAT WOULD THE PLAYERS SHOUT IN REPLY ?/ Supposing you were the ... you would shout "Hip! Hip!" and the

players would shout "Hurray", both you and the players repeating this three times

957 WHAT DO PEOPLE DO AT A CONCERT WHEN THE PERFORMANCE HAS BEEN VERY GOOD?

People cheer at a concert when the performance ...WHAT DOES IT MEAN : "CHEER UP! THINGS ARE NOT AS BAD AS THEY SEEM" ? "Cheer up!

Things are not as bad as they seem" means that someone is telling us not to be so miserable, as the situation that is making us unhappy is not as serious as it appears to be

DIRECT přímo TELEPHONING telefonující CONTACT (v) kontaktovat se , spojit se TELEPHONE EXCHANGE telefonní centrála ENGLISH CHANNEL Kanál La Manche CHANNEL DOVER CALAIS kanál Dover Calais CURVE křivka, zatáčka COURSE kurz OFF COURSE z kurzu CURRENT proud MAINLAND pevnina TAKE THE NAME nazvat DIRECTLY přímo STRAITS průliv

958 WHEN TELEPHONING FROM YOUR HOME TOWN, ARE YOU ABLE TO CONTACT PEOPLE IN

OTHER COUNTRIES DIRECTLY OR DO YOU HAVE TO GO THROUGH THE LOCAL TELEPHONE EXCHANGE ?/ When telephoning from ... I can be put... or ... When telephoning ... I have

to go ...DIRECT ME TO THE NEAREST POST OFFICE FROM HERE, PLEASE ! You go out of the building,

turn ...WHEN SWIMMERS SWIM THE ENGLISH CHANNEL, DO THEY SWIM IN A DIRECT LINE FROM

DOVER TO CALAIS ? No, when swimmers ... they don't swim in ... but they swim in a curveWHY IS THIS? Because if they tried to go in a direct line, they'd be carried off course by the strong current

and land not at Calais but somewhere further along the coastSome people wonder what right the English have to call the channel between England and France the English Channel. Usually the water between the mainland and an island takes the name of the island or the name of a town on the island. For example, the sea of Japan, the Straits of Gibraltar or the Straits of Messina.

WHAT DO YOU DO DIRECTLY THE LESSON IS OVER ?/ I... directly the lesson is over ...

959 DO YOU THINK YOU'D BE ANY GOOD AT DIRECTING A LARGE BUSINESS ? Yes, I think I'd be

good at... or... No, I don't think I'd be any good at..FELLOW chlapík ASSOCIATE kolega COMRADE kamarád FELLOW-WORKER spolupracovník SCHOOL-FELLOW spolužák SOCIETY sdružení, společnostA fellow is a male person. We sometimes use the word for a man whose name we don't know, e.g. "Who was that fellow I saw you with yesterday ?" Another meaning of the word fellow is "associate" or "comrade", e.g. fellow-worker, school-fellow, etc. A third meaning of the word fellow is a member of a learned society, e.g. a Fellow of the Royal Society, or a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

WHAT ARE THE THREE MEANINGS OF THE WORD "FELLOW" ? – AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH. The three meanings of... are:

1) A man whose name we don't know, e.g. Who was that fellow ... ?2) An associate or comrade, e.g. fellow-worker ...

3) A member of a learned society, e.g. Fellow of the Royal Society ...WILL - WOULD TO BE IN THE HABIT OF mít ve zvyku

960 The words "will" and "would" can be used with the meaning of "to be in the habit of". For example, "He will sit in his chair by the fire for hours and hours smoking his pipe and not saying a word", or, "In the old days he would sit in his chair by the fire ... "

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF "WILL" AND "WOULD" USED WITH THE MEANING OF "TO BE IN THE HABIT OF". "The birds will come here every day to be fed" or "The birds would come here every

day to be fed"CAMERA vyfotit TAKE A PHOTOGRAPH vyfotit

WHAT DO WE DO WITH CAMERAS?/ We take photos with camerasJUICE šťáva

WHICH'S YOUR FAVOURITE FRUIT JUICE ? My favourite ...NEST hnízdo TAKE ADVANTAGE OF využít

WHAT DO WE CALL THE HOME A BIRD BUILDS FOR ITSELF? We call the home... a nestWHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY SOMEONE HAS FEATHERED HIS NEST ? When we say someone has ... we mean, usually in an unpleasant way, that someone has taken advantage of a certain

situation, and all he has thought about is making money out of the situation: he has put the money into the bank in order to live a comfortable life, rather like a bird that feathers its nest in order to make it

comfortable

961 NOON poledne

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR MIDDAY ? Another word ... is noonRARE vzácný, zřídka

NAME ME A RARE METAL. Gold is a rare metal

DICTATION 83

DEED skutek, smlouva UNDONE uvolněný, odvolaný GREASE mazatThe boy whistled to himself/ as he cycled down the empty street./ The evil deed has been done/ and cannot be undone,/ so we must accept the fact/ and stop crying about it./ Every now and again/ we have to grease our cars/ if we want them to run properly./ The girl sat cutting the pink cloth up/ into small pieces./ In the discussion that followed,/ Arthur lost his temper/ and began to quarrel violently.

LESSON 145JOKE žert, vtip

DO YOU LIKE PEOPLE WHO ARE ALWAYS LAUGHING AND JOKING ? Yes, I like people who ... or... No, I don't ...

CAN YOU TELL US A JOKE ? Yes, I can tell you a joke - "A man ..." ... or... No, I can't...

962 HIRE najmoutThe word "hire" is similar in meaning to the words "rent" and "let", but sometimes it is used differently. For example, although we hire or rent a car, we don't hire a house - we rent it. On the other hand we don't rent a servant to help us for a day - we hire him./

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "HIRE" AND "RENT" ? The difference ... is that we hire or rent a car but not a house ... we don't rent a servant... but hire him

LONELY osamělý LONELINESS samota SADNESS smutek SADLY smutně DEFINITION definice HUGE obrovský EMPEROR císař, imperátorThe word "alone" means "without company, by oneself, by itself etc For example, "I live alone" or "The house stood alone". The word "lonely", on the other hand, expresses a feeling of sadness which can be caused by being alone. For example, "He sat down sadly by the river looking the perfect picture of loneliness."/WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "ALONE" AND "LONELY" ? The difference ... is that "alone"

means "without company" ... whilst "lonely" expresses a feeling of sadness ...

963 Despite these two definitions, it doesn't follow that one feels lonely because one is alone, neither does it mean that one can't feel lonely in company - one is a physical condition, whilst the other is a spiritual condition. For example, one can say "I live all alone, but I never feel lonely" or "I suddenly felt terribly lonely standing there in the middle of that huge crowd."/

DOES IT NATURALLY FOLLOW THAT ONE IS LONELY WHEN ONE IS ALONE, OR THAT ONE CAN'T BE LONELY IN COMPANY ? No, it doesn't naturally ...

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! He sat alone, but seemed quite happy. An emperor in the old days must have felt very lonely surrounded by people he could not trust.

BY - AND ITS MANY USES (cont)BY THE HAND za ruku BY BIRTH od narození BY HEART zpaměti POETRY poezie MEASUREMENT měření NATIONALITY národnostThe following sentences are examples of some more uses of the word "by":-

964 1) They were walking slowly by the river - meaning "near".

2) We shall have finished the job by this time tomorrow - meaning "before or at".3) The workmen get paid by the hour. The room was 14 feet by 20 - "by" being used here with

measurements.4) He is Chinese by birth. He can learn poetry by heart very quickly. She led the child by the hand.

WHO'S SITTING BY ME ? ... is sitting by you WILL THE LESSON BE OVER BY 6 O'CLOCK?/ Yes, the lesson'll be over by ...

WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE GET PAID BY THE HOUR? The kind of people who get... are private teachers, factory-workers...

WHAT ARE THE MEASUREMENTS OF THIS ROOM ? The measurements of this room are ... by...WHAT NATIONALITY ARE YOU BY BIRTH ? I'm ... by birth

MAKE THE BEST OF využít, udělat nejlepší MAKE THE MOST OF vytěžit maximum z WELL tak"Make the best of" and "make the most of" are similar in meaning, and we use them when things are not exactly as we would like them to be. For example, if we return home late at night feeling very hungry and we find there's not much food in the house, we might say "Ah, well, we'll just have to make the best of what there is". In other words, we'll have to be content with what there is, and do the best we can with it.

965 WHEN DO WE USE THE EXPRESSIONS "MAKE THE BEST OF" OR "MAKE THE MOST OF" ?/ We

use the... when things are not exactly as we would like them to beGIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE! If we hadn't very much money, we might say "Ah, well, we'll just

have to make the most of what we've got"WHICH MEANS? To be content ...

REPORT oznámit, vysvědčení REPORTER reportér HEADMISTRESS ředitelka MISBEHAVIOUR neslušné chování HAPPENING událost, děníIF YOUR SCHOOL REPORT IS (OR WAS) GOOD (OR BAD) WHAT DO (OR DID) YOUR PARENTS

SAY ? If my school report ... my parents...HAVE YOU EVER BEEN (OR WERE YOU EVER) REPORTED TO THE HEADMASTER (OR

HEADMISTRESS) OF YOUR SCHOOL FOR MISBEHAVIOUR ?/ Yes, I've sometimes been ... or... No, I've never...

966 WHAT'S A NEWSPAPER REPORTER'S JOB? A newspaper reporter's job is to report the news, events

and happenings of the daySET sestava, komplet JET tryskové letadlo SMART elegantní WELL-DRESSED dobře oblečenýThe word "set" as a noun can mean a group of people or things. For example, the "jet set" is a set of very rich people who do a lot of travelling by jet aeroplane, or the "smart set" is a group of people who are rich and well-dressed. For things, we can have a set of tea-cups, that is cups all of the same kind, or a set of stamps, or knives, or false teeth, etc./

WHAT DOES THE WORD "SET" MEAN AS A NOUN ? The word "set" as a noun means a group of people or things

GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE! ... young set... set of handkerchiefs ...TRACK stopa RUNNING-TRACK běžecká stopa PRINT otisk RAILWAY-TRACK RUN běžecká trať

HOW IS A TRACK MADE? A track is made by people or animals constantly walking over the same piece of ground

WHAT'S A RUNNING-TRACK? A running-track is a track we find in a sports field, used for foot races...

967 WHAT ARE RAILWAY-TRACKS ?/ Railway-tracks are the lines on which trains run...

HOW CAN WE TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TRACKS OF A HORSE AND THOSE OF A COW ? We can tell the difference ... by the prints. The prints left by a horse are round like a horseshoe,

whilst those of a cow are split down the middle ...HOW DO THE POLICE TRACK A MURDERER? The police track a murderer mainly by asking people

questions ...ALIKE podobní LIKE EACH OTHER podobníWHAT CAN WE SAY INSTEAD OF "THEY ARE LIKE EACH OTHER" ?/ We can say "They are alike"

instead of "They are like each other"WHAT CAN WE SAY INSTEAD OF "THIS BOOK'S LIKE THAT BOOK" ? We can say "These two

books are alike" instead of "This book's like that book"PACKAGE balík, soubor PACKET balíček STRING provázekA package and a parcel are more or less the same thing, though a parcel we think of more as being tied with string. A packet, on the other hand, we generally think of as being a small package, or a container for something we buy, like cigarettes.

968 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PACKAGE, A PARCEL AND A PACKET ?/ The difference

... is that...CAMP tábor TENT stan

WHAT DO WE CALL A GROUP OF ARMY TENTS IN A FIELD? We call a group of... a campRAKE hrábě

DESCRIBE A RAKE. A rake's rather like a fork, or the spread fingers of a human hand, on the end of a stick. We use it, for example, in the garden for collecting dead leaves together

SADDLE sedloWHAT'S A SADDLE? A saddle is a thing, usually made of leather, used as

a seat on a horse or on a bicycleMESSAGE zpráva VIA přes, po ORAL ústní MESSENGER poselwiadomość przez ustny posłaniecHOW DO WE SEND A MESSAGE ? We send a message either in written form or orally, via a messenger;

or even via a pigeon

DICTATION 84

969 It was thus decided/ that the best plan/ would be to find/ some kind of natural harbour/ along the coast,/ protected perhaps by some high cliffs,/ and leave the boat there./ It was clear/ that both nephew and niece/ worshipped their uncle./ War was declared/ and all foreigners were seized/ by the police/ and thrown into prison./ The student's lodgings were very poor./ His room was furnished/ with just a bed,/ table, chair/ and a shelf for his books./ The student himself was so poor/ that he scarcely had the money/ to buy stamps/ for any letters/ he might need to write.

LESSON 146BEAT - BEAT - BEATEN bít, tlouct

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're beating your pen on the edge of the tableDOES YOUR TOWN USUALLY GET BEATEN AT FOOTBALL? Yes, my town ... or... No, my town ...

CHIEF vůdce CHIEFLY hlavně, především TRIBE kmenWHAT DO YOU FIND TO BE THE CHIEF DIFFICULTY FOR YOU IN LEARNING ENGLISH ?/ I

find the chief... to be ...CAN YOU THINK OF THE NAMES OF ANY CHIEFS OF RED INDIAN TRIBES ? Yes, I can think

of... Geronimo, Sitting Bull...

970 HOW DO YOU CHIEFLY SPEND YOUR FREE TIME ? I chiefly spend my free time ... reading,

watching TV ...DISAPPOINT zklamat DISAPPOINTMENT zklamání

ARE YOU EASILY DISAPPOINTED? Yes, I'm easily disappointed... or... No, I'm not...WHAT'S THE BIGGEST DISAPPOINTMENT YOU'VE EVER SUFFERED IN YOUR LIFE?/ The

biggest disappointment ...was when...FINE vybraný, jemný, pěkný SUPERIOR nadřazený REFINE(D) očistit, rafinovat SKILL schopnost SKILLED zručný APPROVAL souhlas, uznání ADMIRATION obdivThe word "fine" means 1) superior or highly refined, e.g. fine gold, 2) delicate, small or thin, e.g. fine thread, 3) highly skilled e.g. a fine judge of horses, and 4) used when showing general approval or admiration, e.g. a fine piece of work; a fine woman; a fine day.GIVE ME ONE OF THE FOUR MEANINGS AND AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "FINE". Superior or

highly refined, e.g. fine gold

971 HOLLOW dutý, prázdný, díra SOLID stálý SUNKEN potopený FALL TO PIECES rozpadnout se na kusy SORT druh, typThe word "hollow" means 1) not solid, and 2) sunken

WHAT DOES THE WORD "HOLLOW" MEAN ? The word "hollow" means ...WHAT SORT OF SOUND DO WE GET WHEN WE HIT SOMETHING HOLLOW ? We get a sort of

hollow sound when we hit something hollowHOW DO PEOPLE GET HOLLOW CHEEKS ? People get hollow cheeks through working too much, not

sleeping enough, not eating enough, illness, etc.AT WHAT TEMPERATURE DOES WATER CHANGE FROM A LIQUID STATE TO A SOLID

STATE?/ Water changes from ... at a temperature of nought degrees centigrade or 32 degrees FahrenheitWHEN SOMETHING IS NOT SOLIDLY BUILT, WHAT IS IT IN DANGER OF DOING ? When

something is not... it's in danger of falling down or falling to pieces ...WOULD YOU LIKE THE JOB OF SORTING LETTERS AT THE POST OFFICE? Yes, I'd like ... or ...

No, I wouldn't...

972

WHY OR WHY NOT ?THE LOT THEY ti všichni jim = HE OR SHE THEM = HIM OR HER/

IF YOU WERE MAKING A BARGAIN WITH SOMEONE AND THEY SAID "LOOK! HOW MUCH DO YOU WANT FOR THE LOT?", WHAT WOULD THEY MEAN? If I were making ... they would

mean that they were willing to buy all I had ...We sometimes use the word "they" when we should really use the words "he" or "she". We do this when we are not talking about any man or woman in particular but about people in general, as in the last question, which should really have been "If you were making a bargain with someone and he or she said ... etc.", because the word "someone" is singular and so we shouldn't use the word "they" with it; the word "they" being plural. However, we use the word "they" because, although being grammatically incorrect, it is shorter and easier than saying "he or she" when we don't know if it's a "he" or a "she" we're talking about.

973 WHY DO WE SOMETIMES USE THE WORD "THEY", AS IN THE LAST QUESTION, WHEN TO BE GRAMMATICALLY CORRECT WE OUGHT REALLY TO USE THE WORDS "HE" OR "SHE" ?/ We

sometimes use the ... because it's shorter and easier than saying "he" or "she", especially when ...LOUD hlasitý SOFT měkký, hebký TURN UP objevit se

ARE YOU THE KIND OF PERSON WHO DOESN'T MIND IF THE RADIO OR THE TELEVISION ETC. IS TURNED UP AS LOUD AS POSSIBLE, OR DO YOU PREFER ALL THE SOUNDS AROUND

YOU TO BE SOFT? Yes, I'm the kind of... or... No, I'm not the ... but I prefer all ...REPRESENT reprezentovat SYMBOLIZE znázornit, symbolizovat GENERAL hlavní CEREMONY obřadThe verb "to represent" means 1) to symbolize, e.g. The cross on the piece of paper represents the village church, whilst the circle represents the house where I live, 2) to show, e.g. The picture represents

Napoleon dressed in his general's uniform, and 3) to act in place of, e.g. The Queen was represented at the ceremony by her cousin./

WHAT'S ONE OF THE MEANINGS OF THE WORD "REPRESENT" ? - ANDGIVE ME AN EXAMPLE. One of the... is "to symbolize". For example, "Good

heavens! What's that drawing supposed to represent ?"

974 ASHAMED zahambený SHAME stud SHAMEFUL neslušný, hanebný INTERNATIONAL mezinárodní ON AN INTERNATIONAL SCALE na mezinárodní úrovní

HOW DO PEOPLE BEHAVE WHEN THEY FEEL ASHAMED OF WHAT THEY'VE DONE ? When people feel ashamed of... they drop their eyes... become red in the face... say they're terribly sorry... etc.

WHAT DO YOU CONSIDER TO BE THE MOST SHAMEFUL ACT COMMITTED IN RECENT YEARS, EITHER IN YOUR OWN PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OR ON AN INTERNATIONAL

SCALE ?/ I consider the most shameful act committed... to be...CAP čepice, baret

WHAT DO WE CALL THE SMALL ROUND HAT THAT SOME BOYS, ESPECIALLY ENGLISH SCHOOLBOYS, WEAR? We call the small... a cap

975 NONSENSE nesmysl RUBBISH smetí, odpad, nesmysl EXCLAIM křičet, volatWHAT DO WE EXCLAIM WHEN WE THINK SOMEONE'S TALKING NONSENSE ? When we think

someone's talking nonsense, we can exclaim either "Nonsense!" or "Rubbish!"RANK hodnost, pozice ADMIRAL admirál

WHAT'S THE HIGHEST RANK IN THE NAVY?/ The highest rank in the navy is admiral... First Sea Lord... etc.

TAILOR krejčí TAILORESS krejčováWHAT DO WE CALL A MAN WHO MAKES CLOTHES? We call... a tailor

WHAT DO WE CALL A WOMAN WHO MAKES CLOTHES ? We call... a tailoress or dressmakerBAGGAGE (US) zavazadla LUGGAGE zavazadla

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY BAGGAGE ? By baggage we mean suitcases, packages, parcels, etc., that we travel with

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR "BAGGAGE" ? Another word ... is "luggage"

976 DICTATION 85The cat followed her mistress/ into the kitchen/ hoping for some food./ I scarcely have the courage/ to tell him that/ he will never be a poet,/ only a writer of third-class verse./1 dare not think/ of the effect it will have on him,/ but he ought to be told./ Even if we get a loan,/ we shall only be postponing the day/ when we have to close the business/ as a complete loss./1 can still see the scene now,/ with the boy almost in tears/ standing before the headmaster's desk, / at the end of his first term at school,/ asking not to be sent away./ It was one of those old country houses/ with suits of armour/ standing in the entrance/ and deer wandering around in the grounds outside.

LESSON 147IT IS TIME + PAST TENSEAfter the words "it is time" we generally use the Past Tense or the Infinitive. For example, we say "Don't you think it's time you had your hair cut ?" or "Don't you think it's time to have your hair cut ?"

WHAT DO WE GENERALLY USE AFTER THE WORDS "IT IS TIME" ? We generally use the Past Tense or the Infinitive after the words "It is time"

GIVE ME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! It's time we went home. It's time to go homeTREAT jednat, zacházet s, považovat SHOCK otřes, šok EXCEPTIONALLY vyjímečně TREATMENT léčení

977 DO YOU THINK ONE SHOULD TREAT EVERYONE ALIKE - THAT IS, DO YOU THINK ONE

SHOULD TREAT A WAITER AS ONE WOULD TREAT A KING ? Yes, I think one should treat... or... No, I don't...

DO YOU KNOW HOW TO TREAT SOMEONE FOR SHOCK, OR SOMEONE WHO'S FAINTED ? Yes, I know how to ... or... No, I don't...

HOW ?/ By making them comfortable, keeping them warm ...CAN YOU THINK OF A BOOK OF HISTORY, SCIENCE, ETC. THAT TREATS ITS SUBJECT

EXCEPTIONALLY WELL ? Yes, I can think of... or ...No, I can't think ...WHAT DO YOU THINKS THE BEST TREATMENT FOR A COMMON COLD? I think the best

treatment... is ...ALLOWANCE plat, příděl, příspěvek MAKE ALLOWANCE vzít v úvahu, zohlednit

DO YOU THINK IT'S BETTER TO GIVE A CHILD A FIXED WEEKLY ALLOWANCE, OR GIVE HIM MONEY LITTLE BY LITTLE AS HE NEEDS IT ?/ I think it's better to give a child ...

IN OUR TREATMENT OF CRIMINALS, DO YOU THINK WE SHOULD MAKE ALLOWANCES FOR THE FACT THAT THE CRIMINAL HAS PROBABLY HAD A HARD LIFE AS A CHILD ... ETC.

? Yes, in our treatment of... I think we ... or ... No, in our treatment... I don't think ...

978 BEG prosit, žebrat FORGIVE prominout, omluvit FORGIVENESS odpuštění PARDON promiňte I BEG YOUR PARDON žádám vás o prominutí

ARE YOU AGAINST BEGGING IN THE STREETS ? Yes, I'm against... or... No, I'm not against...ON WHAT KIND OF OCCASIONS DO PEOPLE BEG FOR FORGIVENESS ? The kind of occasions

people ... are when they have done something seriously wrong, like ...When we have not quite heard what someone has said, we either say "I beg your pardon ?" or just "Pardon ?" or "Sorry ?"WHEN WE HAVE NOT QUITE HEARD WHAT SOMEONE HAS JUST SAID, WHAT DO WE SAY ?/

When we have not... we say "I beg your pardon ?" or just "Pardon ?" or "Sorry ?"CLOTH látka CLOTHE oblékat se, oblečení CLOTHING šaty, oděv

979 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WORDS "CLOTH" AND "CLOTHE"? The difference ...

is that "cloth" is material, it's a noun, whilst "clothe" is a verb meaning "to put on" or "to wear" clothesABOUT HOW MANY MORE PIECES OF CLOTHING DOES THE AVERAGE PERSON WEAR IN

COLD WEATHER THAN IN HOT WEATHER? The average person wears about... more pieces of clothing in ...

DISEASE choroba, nákaza CONTAGIOUS nakažlivý INFLUENZA chřipka MALARIA malárie FEVER horečka, zimniceA disease is an illness which is sometimes contagious, like influenza, malaria or yellow fever, etc.YELLOW FEVER žlutá horečka

WHAT DO WE GENERALLY MEAN BY A DISEASE ? By a disease we generally mean an illness which ...

FIRE zamířit, střílet, oheň!WHAT ARE THE ORDERS AN OFFICER GIVES HIS MEN WHEN HE WANTS THEM TO FIRE ON THE ENEMY IN A BATTLE ?/ The orders an ... Take aim! ... Steady!... Fire! (or, Ready! ... Aim!... Fire!)

980 ROOM prostor, pokoj, místo SOLUTION řešení

DO YOU THINK THERE IS, AND ALWAYS WILL BE, ENOUGH ROOM IN THE WORLD FOR EVERYBODY ? Yes, I think there is ... or... No, I don't think ...

IF NOT, WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM ? I think the best solution is ...

SHARP rychlý, náhlý, prudký, krutý, ostrý DULL tupý, matnýThe word "sharp" has many meanings, but basically it means "quick - sudden - violent - severe"./

WHAT DOES THE WORD "SHARP" BASICALLY MEAN ? The word "sharp" basically means "quick, sudden, violent or severe"

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SHARP PAIN AND A DULL PAIN ? The difference between ... is that a sharp pain is sudden and violent, but one that doesn't last long, whereas a dull pain is

less violent but more continuousDOES IT MAKE YOU FEEL A LITTLE ANGRY IF YOU HAVE TO WRITE WITH A PENCIL THAT

HASN'T GOT A SHARP POINT, OR CUT WITH A KNIFE THAT HASN'T GOT A SHARP EDGE ?/ Yes, it makes me feel a ... or ... No, it doesn't make ...

981 CAPE mys HORN roh

NAME ME SOME FAMOUS CAPES IN THE WORLD. Some famous ... are the Cape of Good Hope, in South Africa; Cape Horn, in South America...

RAW syrový, nezpracovaný UNPROCESSED nezpracovanýDO YOU EVER EAT RAW MEAT OR VEGETABLES ? Yes, I sometimes... or ... No, I never ...

WHY OR WHY NOT?WHAT DO WE MEAN BY RAW MATERIALS ? By raw materials we mean materials in their natural or

unprocessed stateGIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! Coal, wood, metal

SAMPLE vzorek, zkouška BEFOREHAND předem, dříveWHY DOES A BUSINESS SEND ITS CUSTOMERS A SAMPLE OF THE GOODS IT WISHES TO

SELL ?/ A business sends its ..., so that the customers can see beforehand what the goods look like before ordering a large quantity

982 UNDERGRADUATE student GRADUATE absolvent

WHAT DO WE CALL A UNIVERSITY STUDENT WHO HAS NOT YET TAKEN HIS DEGREE ? - AND ONE WHO HAS TAKEN IT ? A university student who has not yet... we call an undergraduate,

whilst one who has taken it we call a graduateVAIN zbytečný, marný, domýšlivý STRUGGLE (v) usilovat, zápasit

WHAT DOES THE WORD "VAIN" MEAN ? The word vain means ...GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE ! They struggled in vain to free themselves from the ropes that bound their hands behind their backs. He was very vain about his appearance. He was always looking at himself in

the mirrorDICTATION 86A search was made/ to see if the number of mice/ on board the merchant ship/ was excessive./ One of the boxes/ was split open with an axe/ and was found to be full of worms./ Baskets of oranges/ with a leaf or two still on them/ were put on the tables/ in preparation for the village feast,/ and it was felt/ that even the greediest of villagers/ would go away well satisfied./ It was decided/ that the land should be ploughed/ and beans grown on it./ We balanced the log of wood/ on the top of the old oil drum/ and with a lot of cursing/ managed to hammer the bent nail into it./ James, who was too lazy to help,/ just sat and laughed/ when the log fell on my toe,/ cutting the leather of my shoe.

LESSON 148

983 TURN TO obrátit se na BADLY špatně MISJUDGE zmýlit se, nesprávně posoudit TRAFFIC LIGHTS dopravní světla TURN = CHANGE TURN OUT obrátit se, ukázat se TO BE DISHONEST být nepoctivý QUEUE řadaOUT OF TURN poza kolejką STEP OUT OF TURN wejść poza kolejką

WHOM DO YOU TURN TO WHEN YOU ARE IN TROUBLE OR NEED HELP BADLY ? I turn to ... when I'm in ...

IN WHAT ORDER DO TRAFFIC LIGHTS TURN FROM STOP TO GO AND VICE VERSA; THAT IS, IN WHAT ORDER DO THE COLOURS CHANGE ?/ The order in which traffic lights turn from ... is ...

DO YOU FIND YOU OFTEN MISJUDGE A PERSON YOU MEET FOR THE FIRST TIME ? FOR EXAMPLE, YOU MIGHT THINK HE'S HONEST AND HE TURNS OUT TO BE DISHONEST, OR

YOU THINK HE'S NICE AND HE TURNS OUT TO BE THOROUGHLY UNPLEASANT Yes, I often find I... or... No, I don't often find ... I...

WHAT DO YOU DO, OR HOW DO YOU FEEL, IF YOU ARE IN A QUEUE AND SOMEONE STEPS OUT OF TURN IN FRONT OF YOU?/ If I'm in a queue and someone steps ... I...

984 ALOUD nahlas

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "TO READ TO ONESELF" ? The contrary of ... is "to read aloud"...DO ONE'S BEST vynasnažit se, dělat to nejlepšíDO YOU ALWAYS TRY TO DO YOUR BEST IN EVERYTHING YOU DO? Yes, I always try to ... or...

No, I don't...BEYOND mimo, za WILD divoký FANTASTIC fantastiký EXPECTATION očekáváníIF YOU FACED SOUTH AND COULD LOOK AT THE HORIZON FROM WHERE YOU'RE SITTING

NOW, WHICH VILLAGE, TOWN, CITY OR COUNTRY WOULD BE JUST BEYOND THE HORIZON?/ If I faced south and could ... the village of... would be ...

HAS ANYTHING EVER HAPPENED TO YOU WHICH HAS BEEN BEYOND YOUR WILDEST DREAMS - THAT IS, BEYOND YOUR MOST FANTASTIC EXPECTATIONS ? Yes, something has

happened to ... or... No, nothing has ever...WHAT?

985 WHO WOULD YOU SAY WAS BEYOND DOUBT THE GREATEST PERSON ALIVE TODAY ? I'd

say that... was beyond doubt the ...COARSE obyčejný, prostý CULTIVATE šlechtit CULTIVATED vzdělaný UNCULTIVATED neupravený, nekulturní UNREFINED suruvý, nevytříbenýWHAT DO WE MEAN BY COARSE CLOTH OR COARSE FOOD ? By coarse ... we mean rough to feel

or to taste; not refined ...WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A COARSE PERSON OR COARSE BEHAVIOUR? By a coarse ... we mean

not refined, educated or cultivated; or, unrefined, uneducated or uncultivatedDOT kapka

WHAT'S THIS? It's a dotWHERE DO WE PUT DOTS WHEN WE'RE WRITING ? When we're writing, we put dots over the

letters "i" and "j"; at the end of sentences; and in colons and semi-colons

986 FIRM pevný, firma FLESH tělo, maso

IS THE FLESH ON AN OLD MAN'S ARM USUALLY FIRM ? No, the flesh on an old man's arm isn't usually firm. It depends on how old the man is; how he has lived; whether he's still physically active;

whether he takes any exercise, etc....WOULD YOU SAY THAT YOU WERE FIRM IN YOUR CHARACTER, FIRM IN YOUR

DECISIONS, FIRM IN PURPOSE ETC. ? Yes, I'd say I was ... or... No, I wouldn't say I was ...WHICH IS THE BIGGEST FIRM IN YOUR HOME TOWN ?/ The biggest... is ...

ROT shnít ROTTEN zhnilý, zkažený, zplesnivětWHERE DOES MEAT ROT MORE QUICKLY - IN THE HEAT OR IN THE COLD ? Meat rots more

quickly in the heatCAN YOU THINK OF ANY FOOD THAT PEOPLE LIKE TO EAT WHEN IT'S ROTTEN ? Yes, I can

think of some food that... certain cheeses, certain birds, etc....SHEET prostěradlo, arch, list, vrstva

987 ARE YOU ABLE TO SLEEP COMFORTABLY IN A BED WITHOUT SHEETS ?/ Yes, I'm able to sleep

... or... No, I'm not able ...WHICH IS THINNER, A SHEET OF PAPER OR A SHEET OF STEEL ? Usually a sheet of paper, but it

depends: a sheet of metal can be made very thin these daysWHAT HAPPENS TO A SHEET OF WATER WHEN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR FALLS

BELOW FREEZING POINT ? When the temperature ... a sheet of water freezes into a sheet of ice

RAY paprsekWHEN ARE THE RAYS OF THE SUN AT THEIR HOTTEST ?/ The rays of the sun are... at noon

SAUCE omáčka, šťávaWHAT'S YOUR FAVOURITE SAUCE? My favourite ...

VEIL závoj, rouškaWHEN AND WHY DOES A WOMAN SOMETIMES WEAR A VEIL ? A woman sometimes ... at a

funeral in order to hide her tears ... sometimes at a wedding ...YIELD poddat se, vzdát se, povolit, poskytovat, vynášet KILO (KILOGRAM) kilo

988 IF SOMEONE PUT A 100 KILO OBJECT ON YOUR BACK, WOULD YOUR LEGS YIELD

BENEATH THE WEIGHT ?/ Yes, if someone ...WOULD YOU YIELD TO A THIEF WHO WAS TRYING TO STEAL SOME THING FROM YOU

WITHOUT A FIGHT ? Yes, I'd yield to a ... or... No, I wouldn't...WHY OR WHY NOT ? Because, if he were carrying some kind of weapon, it'd be too dangerous not to

yield ... or... because I'd be so angry, I wouldn't care if I got hurtEARNEST vážný, seriozní

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY AN EARNEST PERSON ? By an earnest person, we mean someone who's serious or sincere

LESSON 149RUN SHORT OF wyczerpać się, kończyć się

WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU RUN SHORT OF MONEY ? When I run... I borrow some from...ALTOGETHER dohromady, celkem

CAN YOU THINK OF A FILM THAT YOU'VE SEEN THAT WAS ALTOGETHER BAD ? Yes, I can think ... or ... No, I can't...

WHICH? WHY?

989 TAKING THINGS ALTOGETHER, DO YOU THINK LIFE ON THIS EARTH IS WORTH LIVING?/

Yes, taking things ... I think ... or ... No, taking things ...BITE - BIT - BITTEN kousnout

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're biting your fingerWHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO BITE" ? The paradigm ... bite - bit - bitten...

CONFIDENCE důvěra SECRET tajemství KEEP A SECRET udržet v tajnosti SELF-CONFIDENCE sebedůvěra IN CONFIDENCE důvěrné IN SECRET tajné

IS THERE ANYONE YOU CAN THINK OF IN WHOM YOU HAVE SUCH CONFIDENCE THAT YOU COULD TRUST THEM TO KEEP YOUR GREATEST SECRETS ?/ Yes, there's someone I can ...

or ... No, there isn't anyone ...WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT SOMEONE IS FULL OF SELFCONFIDENCE? When

we say that... we mean that he has great confidence in himself, or in his ability to do something...WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY WE SPEAK TO SOMEONE IN CONFIDENCE ? When we say

we speak... we mean we speak to them in secret...

990 DRAG táhnout FIGURATIVE obrazný, přenesený MEAN TO SAY chtít říct FALL BEHIND zůstat vzadu, zůstávat pozadu BIT trocha, drobek COME ON přiblížit se, postupovat

WHAT BASICALLY DOES THE WORD "DRAG" MEAN ? Basically, the word "drag" means to pull something heavy along, or to move slowly

We can also use the word "drag" in a figurative sense, e.g. "Whatever you do, don't drag me into the argument"

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "DRAG" USED FIGURATIVELY. You mean to say that you've dragged me all this way just to show me that!

WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "THE FILM WAS QUITE GOOD, BUT IT DRAGGED A BIT IN THE MIDDLE" ? / If you said "The film was ..." you would mean that it moved a little slowly and heavily

in the middle ...

WHAT DOES A MOTHER MEAN WHEN SHE'S OUT WALKING WITH HER CHILDREN AND SHE SAYS "COME ON NOW, DON'T DRAG BEHIND" ? When a mother's out with ... and she says "Come on

now ..." she means that she wants her children to keep near her and not walk slowly and so fall behind and get lost...

991 FLASH záblesk LIGHTNING blesk THUNDER hrom THUNDERSTORM bouře APPROACH přiblížit se THUNDER ROLL zahřmění PASS (time) uplyne ONCE MORE ještě jednouWhen there's a thunderstorm, we first see the flash of lightning, then later, after a few seconds, we hear the thunder, even though, in fact, the thunder and lightning happen at the same time. The reason for the delay in hearing the thunder is that sound travels more slowly than light/

WHY IS IT THAT IN A THUNDERSTORM WE FIRST SEE THE FLASH OF LIGHTNING, THEN, AFTER A DELAY OF A FEW SECONDS, WE HEAR THE ROLL OF THUNDER ? The reason that in

a ... is that sound travels slower than lightIf we want to find out whether the storm is approaching us or going away from us, all we have to do is count the number of seconds that pass between seeing the flash of lightning and hearing the thunder roll, and then, when the lightning flashes a second time, to count once more. If, the second time, the number of seconds we count between seeing the lightning and hearing the thunder is greater than the first time, then the storm is moving away; if, on the other hand, the number of seconds is less, then the storm is approaching. /

992 HOW CAN WE FIND OUT IF A STORM IS APPROACHING US OR GOING AWAY FROM US ? We

can find out if... by counting the number of seconds that pass between seeing the flash of lightning and hearing the thunder roll...

SIGNAL signálWHAT AM I DOING ? You're making a signal for someone to stop

SLIP uklouznout SLIDE klouzat CRASH srážka, náraz, úder CRUSH rozdrtit ONOMATOPOEIA zvukomalba BANANA banán SKIN (of a fruit) slupka z ovoce CONNECTION spojení, svazekThere are many words in English that give us an idea of their meaning by their sound. This connection between sound and meaning is known as onomatopoeia. For example, we have the two words "slip" and "slide" which are both similar in meaning, but the word "slip", which has a short, quick sound, we generally use for a short, quick action like slipping on a banana skin in the street, whilst the word "slide", which has a longer and slower sound in its pronunciation, we generally use for a longer and slower action like snow sliding down the side of a mountain./

993Another two examples of onomatopoeia can be seen with the words "crash" and "crush". For example, "The glass fell on the floor with a crash" and "He crushed the letter angrily in his hand".

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ONOMATOPOEIA? By onomatopoeia we mean the connection between the sound and the meaning of a word

GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ An example is "slip" and "slide". We use "slip" for a short, quick action, like slipping on a banana skin, whilst we use "slide" for a longer, slower action, like snow sliding

down the side of a mountainWHAT KIND OF SOUND DOES THUNDER MAKE WHEN IT BREAKS ? Thunder makes a crashing

sound when it breaksWHAT AM I DOING? You're crushing a piece of paper in your hand

SLIGHT nepatrný, lehký, tenký, drobný UNIMPORTANT bezvýznamný

994 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A "SLIGHT HEADACHE" OR A "SLIGHT DELAY" ? By a "slight

headache" or a "slight delay" we mean a headache which's not very strong, and a delay of a very few minutes

WHAT THEN DOES THE WORD "SLIGHT" MEAN ?/ ... light, little, unimportantAS - AND ITS DIFFERENT USES WHILE chvíle, strávit čas

The different uses of the word "as" are as follows:-1) With the meaning of "when" or "while", e.g. As I was coming to school it was raining.2) Used to show a reason for something, e.g. As Mr. Green has not arrived yet, let us go and have a drink whilst we are waiting.3) With the meaning of "in the same way", e.g. Try and do it exactly as I have done it4) In comparisons, e.g. I am as tall as my father. It is not as (or so) easy as it appears.5) In the construction "the same... as", e.g. His hair is the same colour as mine.6) In the construction "such ... as", e.g. He is not such a bad fellow as he appears to be.7) Used when giving examples, e.g. We study all sorts of subjects, such as history, science, art, mathematics etc./

995TELL ME THE SEVEN DIFFERENT USES OF THE WORD "AS", PLEASE ! AND GIVE ME AN

EXAMPLE OF EACH. The seven different... are 1)...SAUCER talířek, podšálek, miska TABLECLOTH ubrus

WHAT DO WE USE A SAUCER FOR ? We use a saucer to stand a cup on, in order to prevent any of the liquid that might collect round the bottom of the cup getting onto the table or tablecloth and leaving a

mark ...FADE zvadnout, vyblednout SUNLIGHT sluneční světlo

WHAT MAKES THE COLOUR IN CLOTH FADE?/ Sunlight can make the colour in cloth fade ...KNOT uzel, svazek WORK LOOSE utrhnout se UNDO zrušit, uvolnit UNDONE uvolnit se, odvolaný

WHAT HAPPENS TO A KNOT IF WE DON'T TIE IT TIGHTLY ENOUGH ? If we don't tie ... it will slip, work loose and eventually come undone ...

SCARCE řídký, vzacný, ojedinělýWHY DOES FOOD BECOME SCARCE IN WAR TIME ? Food becomes scarce in war time because the

fields get destroyed, there aren't enough men to work the land, as they're away fighting, and everything's in a general state of confusion ...

996 PLANT rostlina

WHICH PLANT DO YOU THINK LOOKS THE NICEST ? I think the ... plant looks the nicestREGAIN získat znovu CONSCIOUSNESS vědomí BLOODSTREAM proud krveDICTATION 87We cannot call the man a liar,/ as we have no means of checking/ the truth of his statement./ The actual salary for the job/ is based upon a fixed scale/ which gives the employee/ an increase each year;/ with the amount being settled/ by the government./ The head of the unconscious patient/ was raised/ and a kind of powder/ was anxiously applied to his wound/ with a pad of cotton wool./ When the patient regained consciousness,/ the doctor forbade him all food,/ as he was eager to get him well again/ as soon as possible/ by immediately getting rid/ of whatever poison/ might be in the patient's bloodstream./ He also advised him/ to remain thoroughly idle/ for several days after leaving hospital.

LESSON 150

997 ANNOY obtěžovat, rozčilovat BORED otrávený, unuděný BORING nudný PASS (change) přejít, minout FALL ASLEEP usnout FLY létat UNINTERESTING nezajímavýWhen people are very annoyed, they can easily pass from being annoyed to being angry, whilst, when people are very bored, they can easily fall asleep.WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "TO BE ANNOYED" AND "TO BE BORED" ? The difference

... is that when people are ...WHAT KIND OF THINGS ANNOY YOU ? The kind of things that... are a fly flying round me whilst I'm

trying to sleep ... etc.WHAT KIND OF THINGS BORE YOU ?/ The kind of things ... are dull people ... uninteresting work...

etc.WHAT DO YOU DO WHEN YOU FEEL BORED ? When I feel bored I... listen to music...

WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO DEAL WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE BORING ? The best way to ... is to ... make an excuse and leave ...

ANY nějaký SOME některý WHICHEVER kterýkoli CONSUME sníst, zkonzumovatOne of the differences between the words "any" and "some" is that we can use "any" in an unlimited sense, for example, "If you could visit any country in the world, which would you choose ?", that is, whichever country you preferred, whilst the word "some" we use in a more limited sense, for example, "There's some country, which I can't think of at the moment, which consumes more coffee than any other country in the world", that is, a country in particular. When the word "some" is used in this sense, the noun which follows it is singular, e.g. some country, and not some countries. Generally, as we know, "some" is used as the plural of "a", e.g. a book - some books./

998 GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF THE WORD "ANY" USED IN AN UNLIMITED SENSE AND "SOME"

USED IN A LIMITED SENSE. "If you could have any book you liked in this library, which would you take ?" and "There's some book in this library in which I saw a photograph of the last king"

APPLAUD zatleskat APPLAUSE aplaus, potlesk CLAP tleskat, plácnoutWHAT AM I DOING ? You're clapping your hands together in applause for something

WHAT DOES AN AUDIENCE DO WHEN IT APPLAUDS A SINGER OR AN ACTOR ETC. ?/ An audience shouts and claps when it...

BLADE ostří SHOULDER-BLADE lopatka OAR vesloWHAT DO WE USE THE WORD "BLADE" FOR? We use the word blade for

1) a blade of a knife, a sword or a razor 2) a blade of grass

3) a shoulder-blade, or 4) a blade of an oar;

that is, generally speaking, something which is flat and shaped like these objects

999 SORE bolestIF YOU SHOUTED TOO MUCH OR RUBBED YOUR FINGER ON THE EDGE OF THE TABLE LIKE

THIS, WHAT'D HAPPEN?/ If I shouted too ... I'd get a sore throat, whilst if I rubbed my ... I'd get a sore finger

CORK korekWHAT'S A CORK MADE OF, AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR? A cork is made of cork, and we use it

to put into the neck of a bottle in order to stop the liquid in the bottle escaping...DRIVE AWAY zahnat, odstrašit RUDE hrubě, sprostě OVERCHARGE ošidit, předražit

HOW DOES A SHOPKEEPER, WITHOUT REALIZING WHAT HE IS DOING, SOMETIMES DRIVE CUSTOMERS AWAY FROM HIS SHOP ? A shopkeeper, without... by being rude to them, keeping them

waiting too long, overcharging them ... etc.HOW ARE MOST TRAINS DRIVEN THESE DAYS - BY STEAM OR BY ELECTRICITY ?/ Most

trains these days are driven by electricitySORROW smutek, žal

1000The difference between "pain" and "sorrow" is that, generally speaking, we use "pain" more in the physical sense, like a pain in the arm, whilst "sorrow" we use in a spiritual sense, like the sorrow a mother feels at the loss of one of her children.

WHAT, GENERALLY SPEAKING, IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "PAIN" AND "SORROW" ? - AND GIVE ME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! Generally speaking the difference ... is that we use "pain" more

in the physical sense ... whilst "sorrow" we use in a spiritual sense ...FOND OF mít rád, být fandou

ARE YOU FOND OF CHILDREN AND ANIMALS?/ Yes, I'm fond of... or ... No, I'm not...ARE YOU FOND OF THE THEATRE ? Yes, I'm fond of... or ... No, I'm not...

WIPE utírat FOREHEAD čelo CARPET koberec MAT rohožka RUG kobereček, předložkawytrzeć, otrzeć czoło dywan wycieraczka dywanik, kilim

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're wiping your forehead with the back of your handThe difference between a carpet, a mat, and a rug is that a carpet is usually quite large, sometimes covering the whole floor of a room; a mat we usually put in front of the door for people to wipe their feet

on before entering the house, whilst a rug is usually not very large and is placed in front of the fire or by the side of the bed, and is often made of longer and looser threads than a carpet./

1001 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CARPET, A MAT AND A RUG? The difference ... is that a

carpet is usually quite large ...SOUR kyselý RIPE trpký UNRIPE nezralý OVERRIPE přezralý

WHAT HAPPENS TO MILK IF WE LEAVE IT FOR TOO LONG BEFORE USING IT ? If we leave milk too long before using it, it goes sour (or turns sour)

WHAT'S SOUR FRUIT, AND WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF SOUR FRUIT?/ Sour fruit is fruit that isn't ripe (or is unripe), whilst the opposite of sour fruit is overripe fruit

APPOINT sjednat, stanovit POSITION pozice, situaceIF YOU COULD CHOOSE, WHAT KIND OF POSITION OR JOB WOULD YOU LIKE TO BE

APPOINTED TO ? If I could choose, the kind of... I'd like to be ... would be that of...BLAME obvinit, vyčítat

IN ROAD ACCIDENTS WHO, OR WHAT, DO YOU THINK IS TO BLAME MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE ? In road accidents, I think ... driving too close ... is to blame more than anything else

1002 COURT dvůr, soud NOBLE vznešený TENNIS-COURT tenisové hřiště RECTANGLE obdélník, pravoúhelník RECTANGULAR pravoúhlý NET síť

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A KING'S COURT ?/ By a king's court, we mean all the important nobles, ministers, or famous men in the land who collect around the king ...

DESCRIBE A TENNIS-COURT. A tennis-court is a piece of ground covered either with grass or some kind of material. If with grass, it is carefully rolled flat. It's rectangular in shape with white lines painted on

it to show the spaces in which the ball must hit the ground. The rectangle is divided in half by a net... etc.TAME krotký, pokojný

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF A WILD ANIMAL? The contrary of... is a tame animalWAX vosk

WHAT DO WE USE FOR MAKING CANDLES ? / We use wax for making candlesBANK břeh

WHAT DO WE CALL THE SIDES OF A RIVER? We call the sides of a river "the banks"

1003 AT LAST nakonec, konečně IN THE END nakonecWe do not use "at last" in negative sentences; instead we would use "in the end", e.g. "At last, we managed to get the tin open", or, "In the end, we didn't manage to get the tin open."

MAKE A SENTENCE USING THE WORDS "AT LAST". After searching all day, we at last realized our mistake in thinking that what we were looking for could be found without help

MAKE A SENTENCE WITH THE WORDS "IN THE END". In the end, we did not find what we were looking for

DICTATION 88

The moment the prisoner/ had climbed the high fence/ and made good his escape,/ he went to the place/ where he had been told/ a weapon of some kind/ had been buried for him./ The child got down on his knees/ to look at the poor dog's paw,/ which had a small nail caught in it./ It is a mystery/ why some people live a life of virtue/ whilst others live/ in exactly the opposite way./ From the carriage window/ we had a clear view of the ancient town/ through the gap in the mountains./ Wandering around the village/ we came across a funeral/ at the entrance of a small church./ It was obviously not the funeral/ of any distinguished person,/ as was clear by the humble-looking crowd.

LESSON 151

1004 SPARE šetřit, volný, náhradní PUNCTURE vpich, píchnout se

WHAT WOULD I MEAN IF I SAID "HE CANT SPARE THE MONEY TO BUY HIMSELF A NEW SUIT" ? If you said ... you'd mean he has some money, but must use it for other things and has none left, or

spare, with which to buy himself a new suitWHAT DO YOU DO IN YOUR SPARE TIME ? I... in my spare time

WHY DO WE CARRY A SPARE WHEEL IN A CAR ?/ We carry a ... so that, if we get a puncture in any of the four we are using, we can change it immediately ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A SPARE ROOM AT HOME ? By a spare ... we mean an extra room in the house which we keep empty for guests etc.

FOOL hlupák PART (v) oddělit IDIOT idiotWHAT DO WE MEAN BY "A FOOL AND HIS MONEY ARE SOON PARTED" ? By a ... we mean that,

when an idiot has any money, it is not long before he loses it by doing something stupid with it...HAS ANYBODY EVER FOOLED YOU ? Yes, I've been fooled by someone ... or... No, nobody has ever

fooled me

1005 WHO? WHEN? WHERE? HOW?

SPILL - SPILT - SPILT (OR SPILLED) rozlítWHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE POUR TOO MUCH WATER INTO A GLASS ? When we pour too ...

some of the water spills over the edge of the glass ...WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "THERE'S NO USE CRYING OVER SPILT MILK" ? "There's no use ..."

means that, whatever misfortune it is that has happened cannot be changed, and so it is a waste of time crying about it...

FORMER bývalý LATTER pozdější, novější THE FORMER ten první THE LATTER ten druhýWHAT DO I MEAN WHEN I SAY "IN FORMER TIMES MOST PEOPLE HAD TO WALK

EVERYWHERE THEY WENT"?/ When you say that in former times ... you mean that in earlier days most... but not nowadays

When we say "Paris and Rome are capital cities; the former is in France whilst the latter is in Italy", we mean that the first mentioned is in France whilst the second mentioned is in Italy.

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY "BEETHOVEN AND TOLSTOY WERE BOTH GREAT MEN; THE FORMER WAS GERMAN WHILST THE LATTER WAS RUSSIAN"? When we say "Beethoven ..." we mean the first mentioned was German whilst the second mentioned was Russian

1006 ARISE nastat, vyskytnout BACK(v) couvat BACK OUT odstoupit, vycouvat

WHEN AN ARGUMENT ARISES, WHAT DO YOU DO ? - DO YOU BACK OUT OF IT BEFORE IT GETS TOO HEATED, OR DO YOU GO INTO IT WITH PLEASURE ? When an argument arises, I ...

BLESS velebit, chválit, obdařitWHAT DOES A PRIEST DO WHEN HE BLESSES PEOPLE ? A priest... makes a movement with his

hand ... when he blesses peopleWHICH WOULD YOU RATHER BE BLESSED WITH - HEALTH OR WEALTH ?/ I'd rather be blessed

with ...

1007 CRACK prasknout, zlomit WORKMANSHIP řemeslné zpracování, zručnost DAMPNESS vlhkost DRYNESS sucho, střízlivost WHIP prut, bičovat

WHAT 'D HAPPEN IF I BIT HARD ON MY PEN (OR PENCIL) ? If you bit ... you'd crack itWHAT CAUSES CRACKS IN THE WALLS AND CEILING ? Age, dampness, dryness or bad

workmanship can cause cracks in walls and ceilingsWHY DOES THE DRIVER OF A HORSE AND CART CRACK HIS WHIP ?/ The driver of a ... to make

his horse go faster without actually having to hit the horseSPIN - SPUN - SPUN roztočit TEAM tým SPIN-DRIER ždímačka

WHAT HAPPENS BEFORE A GAME OF FOOTBALL STARTS? Before a game of... the captains of the two sides spin a coin to decide which half of the field their team will play in

WHAT'S A SPINNING MACHINE ? A spinning machine is a machine used for spinning wool or cotton thread

WHAT'S A SPIN-DRIER? A spin-drier is a machine for drying clothesDO YOU PREFER TEAM GAMES OR GAMES IN WHICH YOU PLAY AS AN INDIVIDUAL?/ I

prefer ...

1008 FORTH vpřed REPLACE vyměnit, nahraditThe word "forth" means "forward" or "out". It is one of those words which's used more in written than in spoken English./ In spoken English, we generally replace the word "forth" with the word "out". For example, instead of saying "bring forth, set forth" etc., we say "bring out, set out" etc.

TELL ME ABOUT THE WORD "FORTH", PLEASE ! The word "forth" means "forward" or "out". It is one ...

GIVE ME A SENTENCE CONTAINING THE WORD "FORTH", PLEASE ! The writer set forth his arguments with great skill

SPOT bod, tečka, místoWHY DO WE SOMETIMES CALL A DOG "SPOT" ?/ We sometimes... because it has a coloured spot

somewhere on its coat. If, for example, it's a white dog, it might have a black spot in the middle of its back ... etc.

WHAT KIND OF SPOT DO YOU PREFER FOR A PICNIC ? I prefer... a quiet spot by the sea ... for a picnic

ARRANGE uspořádat, plánovat ARRANGEMENT úprava, plán BOOK (v) rezervovat IN ANY CASE v každém případě

WHICH SHOP IN THIS PLACE DO YOU THINK ARRANGES ITS GOODS IN ITS WINDOWS THE BEST, AND WHICH DO YOU THINK ARRANGES ITS GOODS THE WORST ?/ I think the shop in

this place which arranges ... is ... whilst the one which arranges them the worst is ...

1009HAVE YOU ARRANGED TO DO ANYTHING THIS EVENING ? Yes, I've arranged to ... or... No, I

haven't...WHAT?

DOES A FAMOUS ACTOR, SINGER OR ENTERTAINER GENERALLY MAKE HIS OWN ARRANGEMENTS WITH THE THEATRE WHERE HE'S BOOKED TO PERFORM ? No, a famous

actor ... does not generally ... He generally has a manager who makes all the arrangements for him ...WHY ?/ Because entertaining is one job, and managing is another, and to do two jobs at the same time could be very tiring. In any case, entertainers are often not practical businessmen, and so find it rather

difficult to run themselves ...VESSEL nádrž, plavidlo BLOOD-VESSEL cévaA vessel is any kind of container, such as a cup, a bottle, a drum etc. We also call a ship a vessel, and also have "blood-vessels" in the body.

WHAT IS A VESSEL? A vessel is any kind ...

1010 WARMTH teplo

WHAT'S THE NOUN OF THE ADJECTIVE "WARM"? The noun of ...is "warmth"MEANWHILE mezitím

MAKE A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "MEANWHILE". James was still eating, so meanwhile, I decided to finish the little piece of sewing I still had to do

PECK zobat BEAK zobákWHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT A CHICKEN PECKS THE GROUND? When we say

that... we mean that it picks up food from the ground with its beakPOLITENESS zdvořilost JEALOUSY závist

DICTATION 89

Although it was freezing cold/ outside the hut,/ inside we were all sweating with the heat./ We found that we could grind the com/ with reasonable ease/ between two stones/ and produce enough flour/ for several loaves of bread/ which, when they had been baked,/ we piled neatly one on top of the other./ It was clear/ that they were rivals,/ for one could see that/ beneath their politeness to each other/ they suffered from a bitter jealousy/ and envy./1 was given my pint of beer/ in a thick glass/ which felt as heavy as lead/ and had a large handle to it./ The path turned at an angle/ of ninety degrees/ and passed between rows of flowers/ which gave off a strong scent.

LESSON 152

1011BLOCK blok, špalek, blokovat

WHAT CAN WE USE A BLOCK OF WOOD FOR? We can use a block of wood for putting under the wheels of a car to stop it running down hill... under the leg of a table which is not level... etc.

WHY DO THE POLICE SOMETIMES BLOCK A ROAD ? The police sometimes... because an accident may have happened further up the road ... they may be looking for a criminal... part of the road might be in

danger of sliding down a hill... etc.CREAM smetanaWHAT IS CREAM AND WHERE DOES IT COME FROM ? Cream is the fat part of the milk which rises

to the surface, or anything which looks like it in appearanceWHY DO SOME PEOPLE RUB CREAM INTO THEIR HANDS AFTER DOING ROUGH OR DIRTY

WORK ? Some people rub ... in order to help clean their skin and keep it smooth ...SPRING - SPRANG - SPRUNG skákat JACK-IN-THE-BOX překvapení v krabičce SPRING (n) péro, jaro CURIOUS zvědavý, podivný UNFASTEN uvolnit

1012 A "Jack-in-the-box" is one of those surprise boxes in which there is a head made of paper, or some such material, fixed on a spring, so that when someone, curious to know what is inside, unfastens the lid of the box, the head suddenly springs out and makes the person jump with fright.

WHAT'S A "JACK-IN-THE-BOX" ?/ A "Jack-in-the-box" is one ...WHAT'S THE MOST CURIOUS THING THAT HAS EVER HAPPENED TO YOU ? The most curious

thing...ARTICLE předmět, článek, odstavec

ABOUT HOW MANY ARTICLES WOULD YOU SAY THERE WERE IN THIS ROOM ? I'd say there were about... articles in this room

WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE WRITE ARTICLES IN NEWSPAPERS ? The kind of people who ... are professional writers, or people who have special knowledge of particular subjects ... etc.

BOLD smělý, statečný, výrazný COURAGEOUS odvážný, statečný DENTIST zubař IMPRISON uvěznit IMPRISONMENT zajetí, vazba REMEDY lék, prostředek SHAMELESS nestydatý, odvážný STRIKING nápadný, výrazný, do očí bijící WELL-DEFINED zřetelný

1013 The word "bold" is similar in meaning to the word "brave"; both have the meaning of courageous, without fear etc., but, like so many words which are similar in meaning, they are often used differently. "Bold" we use more with the meaning of being confident and going forward without fear of danger; whereas one can be brave without even moving - for example, when face to face with one's dentist, or when suffering from an illness that has no remedy, or when facing the possibility of imprisonment for one's beliefs etc.Another two meanings of the word "bold" are- "shameless", e.g. a bold dress; and - "clear, striking" or "well-defined", e.g. "The name over the shop was written in bold letters."/

WHAT DOES THE WORD "BOLD" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME EXAMPLES. The word "bold" means being confident and going forward without fear of danger, e.g. The soldiers marched boldly forward to

meet the enemy; "shameless", e.g. She wore a very bold dress; and "clear, striking, well-defined", e.g. The house was painted in very bold colours

STAIN mořit, mořidlo, skvrna WOODWORK výrobek ze dřeva REMOVE odstranit DRY CLEANER'S čistírna

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "TO PAINT A TABLE" AND "TO STAIN A TABLE" ? The difference ... is that paint does not enter into the woodwork of the table, but forms a covering or coat, which can be scraped off. Stain, on the other hand, is a thinner liquid which enters into the woodwork and colours

it

1014 HOW CAN ONE REMOVE A STAIN FROM ONE 'S CLOTHES ? One can remove ... by using a stain

remover; depending on what kind of stain it is. Usually it is easier to take the clothes to the dry cleaner's ...CREEP - CREPT - CREPT plížit se, plazit se, léztThe word "creep" means either to move like a snake with the body close to the ground, or just to move slowly and cautiously.

WHAT DOES THE WORD "CREEP" MEAN ? The word "creep" means ...GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE! 1) The thief s hand crept across the table to steal the

woman's handbag. 2) Because the road was blocked, the cars were creeping slowly forwardSTEPS kroky, schody STAIRS schody UPSTAIRS nahoru DOWNSTAIRS dolů SIMILAR podobnýThe two words "steps" and "stairs" are similar, but we generally think of steps leading up to a public building or down the mountain-side to a beach; whilst stairs we think of as being indoors, like the stairs leading from one floor of a building to another. When talking about steps we say "go up the steps" and "go down the steps", but when talking about "stairs" we say "go upstairs" and "go downstairs".

1015 WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "STEPS" AND "STAIRS" ?/ The difference ... is that we

generally think of "steps" as being out of doors ... "stairs" being indoors ...PASSAGE průchod, chodba, pasáž EXTRACT výňatekA passage is a very narrow way, generally between two houses, or inside a house, like a corridor. We can also use the word with the meaning of "sea passage", or with the meaning of a short extract taken from a speech or a piece of writing.WHAT DOES THE WORD "PASSAGE" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES. The word ... "a

very narrow way" ... also ... For example,... corridor... sea passage ... piece of writing...STEER řídit, kormidlovat

WHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO ?/ You're pretending to steer a car, a bicycle or a shipASIDE na bok, na boku DRAW ASIDE odtáhnout stranouThe word "aside" means "on one side" or "to one side".

WHAT DOES THE WORD "ASIDE" MEAN ? The word ... "on one ..."DO YOU PUT MONEY ASIDE EACH WEEK FOR ANY SPECIAL PURPOSE? Yes, I put money

aside ... for a special purpose ... or... No, I don't...

1016 AT A PARTY, WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN A MAN DRAWS ANOTHER MAN ASIDE FROM

THE REST OF THE CROWD ?/ At a party, when a ... it means he has something to say to him that he does not want the others to hear...

STICK-STUCK-STUCK nalepit, nabodnout, lpět PIN sponka OPPOSITION opozice, odporWHAT DO WE DO WITH A STAMP? We stick a stamp on an envelope

WHAT DO WE DO WITH A PIN? We stick a pin into two pieces of paper or cloth to hold them together. We also use a type of pin for pinning notices onto notice-boards ...

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "STICK" ? The paradigm ... stick - stuck - stuck ...WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY A MAN STICKS TO HIS OPINIONS ?/ When we say ... we

mean his opinions remain fixed and he refuses to change them against strong oppositionBORDER hranice, okraj, lem

ARE THE POLICE ALLOWED TO FOLLOW A CRIMINAL ACROSS THE BORDERS OF THEIR OWN COUNTRY INTO ANOTHER COUNTRY ? No, the police aren't...

1017 WHY NOT ? Because the police of one country have no right to enter another country without the

permission of that country

WHAT MUST THEY DO INSTEAD? They must ask the other country to help them catch the criminal instead

WHAT DO WE GENERALLY FIND ALONG THE BORDERS OF A FIELD?/ We generally find a hedge or a fence along the ...

PATTERN vzorDO YOU PREFER PLAIN CLOTHES OR CLOTHES WITH A PATTERN ON THEM ? I prefer ...

WHO DO YOU THINK SHOULD BE MORE RESPONSIBLE FOR SETTING THE CORRECT PATTERN OF BEHAVIOUR FOR A CHILD - ITS PARENTS OR ITS TEACHERS ? I think a child's ...

should be more responsible ...WEAVE - WOVE - WOVEN tkát, proplétat, plést

WHAT AM I DOING?/ You're weaving the first finger of your right hand over and under the fingers of your left

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "WEAVE" ? The paradigm ... weave - wove - wovenWHAT KIND OF THINGS DO WE MAKE BY WEAVING ? We make cloth, baskets etc. by weaving

1018 RUIN (S) ruina, ruiny FINANCIAL finanční

HOW CAN DRINK CAUSE A PERSON'S FINANCIAL RUIN ?/ How drink can cause a person's financial ruin depends a lot, of course, on the individual; but a person who drinks constantly often smokes constantly, both of which habits can be very expensive. Also a person who's constantly drunk can lose his

job or his position in society. On the other hand, some of the wealthiest members of society are heavy smokers and drinkers

ARE THERE ANY OLD RUINS IN YOUR HOME TOWN ? Yes, there are ... or ... No, there aren't...WHAT KIND ? HOW OLD ?

WHISPER šeptání, šeptatWHAT AM I DOING ? You're whispering

WHY DO PEOPLE WHISPER? People whisper because they don't want others to hear what they sayLAMP lampa

HOW DO YOU PREFER TO SEE A ROOM LIT - WITH OVERHEAD LIGHTS OR WITH LAMPS ? I prefer to see a...

GARAGE garáž

1019 DO MOST PEOPLE IN YOUR TOWN KEEP THEIR CARS IN GARAGES OR LEAVE THEM IN THE

STREET? Most people in my ...UNSCREW odšroubovat (šroub) ON RECEIPT OF po obdržení ...DICTATION 90We managed/ to unscrew the lid of the box/ with the point of a knife,/ and instead of the treasure/ we had expected to find inside,/ found nothing but a heap of coins,/ which, after scraping away the dirt/ that had collected on them,/ we saw were not even very old./ Perhaps some thief/ had already stolen/ whatever else had been inside./ On receipt of the news,/ given us by an eye-witness,/ that our side had won the battle,/ there was great rejoicing/ in the streets./I scratched the back of my head,/ and fancied that some kind of trick/ must have been employed/ in order to have got the licence,/ and so began to make enquiries/ which I knew might be rather risky/ and lead to trouble.

LESSON 153STIFF ztuhlý, strnulý, naškrobený, tvrdý PASTE vložit, vlepit REFUSAL odmítnutíThe word "stiff" means "not easily bent", like a stiff piece of wire, or a stiff neck from reading too long; or it can mean "not easily worked", like a stiff paste. We can also use the word figuratively. For example, "The man had a stiff manner".

WHAT DOES THE WORD "STIFF" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES. The word ... "not easily ...". For example, a stiff arm, a stiff piece of card, a stiff refusal...

1020 ASTONISH užasnout, překvapit

WHAT DO PEOPLE SAY AND DO WHEN THEY ARE ASTONISHED ?/ When people are astonished, they open their eyes, and perhaps their mouths, wide, raise their hands and say something like "Good

heavens!"BOUND ohraničený OUT OF BOUNDS za hranicí, zakázaný, mimo BOUNDARY hraniční čára, okraj

IS SPAIN BOUNDED ON ALL SIDES BY THE SEA ? No, Spain isn't... but a lot of it isWHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE SEE A SIGN SAYING "OUT OF BOUNDS" ? When we see a... it

means it is forbidden to go beyond that point...HOW DOES ONE GENERALLY MARK THE BOUNDARY OF ONE'S PROPERTY ?/ One generally

marks ... with a boundary-wall, fence, hedge etc....BEE včela STING - STUNG - STUNG píchnout žihadlem SENSATION pocit, vzrušení, dojem SLAP plácnutí, políček IODINE jod

WHAT'S A BEE LIKELY TO DO IF IT LANDS ON YOU WHILST YOU'RE SUNBATHING AND YOU DISTURB IT ? If a bee lands on you whilst... it's likely to sting you

1021 WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF THE VERB "TO STING"? The paradigm ... sting-stung-stung

FROM WHAT ELSE DO WE GET A STINGING SENSATION ?/ We get a stinging sensation when someone slaps our face, or when we cut ourselves and have to put some iodine on the cut to clean it... etc.

CURL kadeř, kudrlinka, natáčetWHAT DO WE CALL A PIECE OF HAIR THAT FORMS THE SHAPE OF A RING? We call a piece of

hair that ...a curlCAN SMOKE CURL UPWARDS WHEN THERE'S A STRONG WIND? No, smoke can't curl...

WHY NOT ? Because the wind straightens the smoke out and sends it flying across the sky ...STORE obchodní dům VARIETY mnohotvárnost TINNED FOOD konzervované jídloA store is a shop which sells a great variety of goods. It can either be a very large shop in the city, which sells food, clothes, furniture and almost anything you can think of; or it can be a shop in a village, which sells all sorts of articles that the people in the village might need - that is, anything from eggs to shoes. The word "store" is often used in the plural.

1022 WHAT'S A STORE (OR STORES)? A store is a shop which sells a great variety of goods. It can either...

The verb "to store" means to collect and keep for future use, whilst the noun "store" means a collection of something or other for future use./

WHAT DOES THE VERB "TO STORE" MEAN ? The verb ... "to collect..."AND THE NOUN? A collection of...

DO YOU (OR YOUR MOTHER OR YOUR WIFE) KEEP A STORE OF TINNED FOOD AT HOME ? Yes, I keep a ... or ... No, I don't...

ATTEMPT pokus MOUNTAINEER horal, horolezec CONQUERED poražen, zdolán, podrobenWAS MOUNT EVEREST CONQUERED AT THE FIRST ATTEMPT?/ No ... but many teams of

mountaineers had attempted to climb it for many years before it was finally conquered ...BOW(n) luk BOW(v) sklonit se BOW TIE motýlek RAINBOW duha

1023 The noun "bow" and the verb "bow" are different in pronunciation. A "bow" (n) we use for firing arrows, and to describe anything which is bow-shaped, such as a "bow tie" or a "rainbow"; whilst the word "bow" (v) means to bend the body into the shape of a "bow" (n), for example, when one bows before the king.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "BOW" (n) AND "BOW" (v) ?/ The difference ... is that... for firing arrows ... to bend the body ...

STOVE sporák, pec RUN ON tu: fungovat na, ohřívatA stove can either be used for heating or for cooking, and can run on gas, electricity or wood etc.

WHAT DO WE USE A STOVE FOR, AND WHAT DO WE RUN IT ON ? We use a stove for ... and we run ...

CURRENT proud, aktuální, nynějšíThe word "current", apart from meaning the current of a river or of the sea, is also used with the meaning of current events, and current opinions etc.

WHAT DOES THE WORD "CURRENT" MEAN ?/ The word "current", apart from...

STRETCH táhnout se, napnout, úsek

1024 The basic meaning of the word "stretch" is "extend".

WHAT'S THE BASIC MEANING OF THE WORD "STRETCH" ? The basic ...WHAT AM I DOING? You're stretching yourself

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're stretching out your hand to take somethingWHAT AM I TRYING TO DO? You're trying to stretch your tie, pullover, dress etc.

HOW FAR DOES THE ROAD OUTSIDE THIS BUILDING STRETCH ? The road outside... stretches as far as...

AWKWARD nevhodný, trapný, nešikovný, špatně přístupný CUPBOARD kredenc EMBARRASS překážet, vaditThe basic meaning of the word "awkward" is "difficult" or "having little skill".

WHAT'S THE BASIC MEANING OF THE WORD "AWKWARD" ? The basic...WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE AWKWARD IN THEIR MOVEMENTS? The reasons some people are ... could be many and various. Perhaps they are suffering from an illness, or perhaps as a child they played

very little sport or the usual games that children play and so never developed an easy movement of the body ...

1025WHAT'S THE MOST AWKWARD THING YOU HAVE AT HOME-THAT IS, THE MOST

DIFFICULT THING TO USE, LIKE A CUPBOARD THAT WON'T OPEN PROPERLY ?/ The most awkward ... is ...

WHAT HAS BEEN THE MOST AWKWARD MOMENT OF YOUR LIFE, THAT IS, THE MOST EMBARRASSING MOMENT ? The most awkward ... was ...

WELL studnaWHAT DO WE CALL A HOLE IN THE GROUND FROM WHICH WE GET WATER ? We call a hole

in ... a wellDECREASE snížit, pokles

WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF THE WORD "INCREASE"? The opposite of... "decrease"FAN větrák, ovívat, fanoušek

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're fanning yourself with your bookARE YOU A FAN OF ANY FOOTBALL CLUB (OR FILM STAR ETC.)?/ Yes, I'm a fan ... or... No, I'm

not a...GOAT koza ROCKY skalistý HILLSIDE svah, úbočí

1026 TELL ME SOMETHING ABOUT GOATS (DESCRIBE THEM ETC.). Goats have two horns, a beard,

give milk, often live on mountains or rocky hillsides ...PINCH štípat, přiskřípnout

WHAT AM I DOING? You're pinching your cheekWHY DID WOMEN IN THE OLD DAYS SOMETIMES PINCH THEIR CHEEKS ? Women in the old ...

pinched their cheeks in order to bring some colour to their facesPROPOSE navrhnout, plánovat"To propose" means to suggest or to intend, e.g. "This is the plan I propose", or, "Next year they propose to go to Ireland for their holiday."

WHAT DOES "TO PROPOSE" MEAN ? "To propose" means ...GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH, PLEASE ! This is the ... and ... Next year...

DICTATION 91

The doctor gave Edward/ some liquid/ with which to bathe/ the lids of his eyes./ The river descended slowly/ through a kind of chalk basin/ and only began/ to hasten itself/ when joined by a second river./ The boy had cut/ a branch off the tree/ with his knife,/ which had an edge on it/ like a razor,/ and was using it/ as a fishing rod./ It is very easy/ to be cheated/ and deceived,/ especially if one receives/ no warning./ One can think that/ what one has bought/ is quite without

value./ I was urged/ to try and get on/ the town council/ by my friends,/ but it would have been/ a great nuisance/ for me to have to attend/ the meetings.

LESSON 154

1027 SWING - SWUNG - SWUNG TO AND FROM houpat se tam a sem

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're swinging your pen to and from holding it between your finger and thumbWHAT'S MY PEN DOING ? Your pen's swinging to and from ...

BOWL miska, pohár SUGAR-BOWL cukřenkaWHEN WE PUT SUGAR ON THE TABLE, WHAT DO WE CALL THE CONTAINER IT'S IN? When

we put... a sugar-bowlFUN legrace, zábava PLAYFULNESS hravost FUNNY zábavný PUZZLE hádanka, rébus, záhada JIGSAW skládačka

1028 CARDBOARD lepenka CROSSWORD PUZZLE křížovka ACCOMPANY doprovodit CLUE vodítko, klubko, klíčThe word "fun" means amusement; sport; playfulness etc. For example, "It was nothing serious; we just did it for fun."

WHAT DOES THE WORD' "FUN" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE. The word ... "Our dog enjoys all kinds of fun and games"

The word "funny" has two meanings, either "amusing", in which case we laugh or smile, for example, "Charlie Chaplin made some very funny films"; or "strange", in which case we look puzzled, for example, "It's very funny that we haven't received a letter from Richard for over a week. I wonder what has happened" /

WHAT DOES THE WORD "FUNNY" MEAN ? - AND GIVE ME EXAMPLES. The word ... "He looks so funny; I can't keep a straight face whenever I look at him" ... "It's very funny weather we're having for

this time of year"A jigsaw puzzle consists of many little pieces of wood or cardboard of different shapes and sizes, which, when fitted slowly and correctly together, form a complete picture of something.A crossword puzzle, on the other hand, consists of a large square divided into many small squares. Into each square we write a letter of the alphabet in order to form words. Accompanying the large square is a list of clues, the answers to which determine the words we form in the squares. For example, clue number one might be "The capital of Japan (5 letters)", and so we write in the squares the word "Tokyo"; or it might be "A queen of ancient Egypt (9 letters)", and we write the word "Cleopatra".

1029 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A JIGSAW PUZZLE AND A CROSSWORD PUZZLE ? ...

consists of little pieces of wood... consists of a large square...SWEAR - SWORE - SWORN přísahat, klít EVIDENCE důkaz, svědectví COPY (n) kopieBefore a witness gives evidence in an English court of law, he is obliged to put his hand on a copy of the Bible, or on a book of his own religion, and say, "I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help me God."/

BEFORE A WITNESS GIVES EVIDENCE IN AN ENGLISH COURT OF LAW, WHAT'S HE OBLIGED TO DO AND SAY ? Before a witness... he's obliged to put...

Another meaning of the verb "swear" is to use bad language. For example, some people swear when they are angry or hurt.

WHAT'S ANOTHER MEANING OF THE VERB "SWEAR", AND WHEN DO PEOPLE SWEAR ?/ Another meaning ... and people swear...

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SWEAR" ? The paradigm ... swear - swore - sworn

1030 BREATH dech BREATHE dýchá OUT OF BREATH bez dechu

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're breathingAND WHAT'S THIS COMING OUT OF MY MOUTH? Your breath is coming...

The difference between "breath" and "breathe" is that "breath" is the noun whilst "breathe" is the verb.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "BREATH" AND "BREATHE"?/ The difference ... is that...HOW LONG CAN YOU HOLD YOUR BREATH FOR ? I can hold my ...

WHY DO PEOPLE GET OUT OF BREATH? People get out of breath through running, climbing the stairs ... etc.

STRIP svléct se, obnažit STRIPE pruh STRIPED proužkovaný UNDRESS svléct se, odložit si SERGEANT seržant

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR "UNDRESS" ? Another word ... is "strip"WHAT AM I ABOUT TO DO? You're about to tear a strip of paper out of your book ...

DO YOU PREFER A STRIPED TIE OR A SPOTTED ONE ?/ I prefer a ...

1031 WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN WE SAY A SERGEANT IS STRIPPED

OF HIS STRIPES ? When we say a ... we mean that he has done something wrong and in consequence loses his stripes and rank of sergeant

BURST puknout, vybuchnout PAPER BAG papírový sáček BURST INTO TEARS propuknout v pláčWHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO? You're pretending to blow up a paper bag and burst it

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "TO CRY" AND "TO BURST INTO TEARS" ?/ The difference ... is that a person can cry without trying to control himself, whilst one generally bursts into tears

after having tried to control oneself...SWELL - SWELLED - SWELLED (OR SWOLLEN) otékat, zduřet, rozvodnit se SWELLING otok AREA plocha INSECT hmyz FLOOD záplava

WHAT USUALLY HAPPENS TO THAT AREA OF THE BODY WHERE A BEE OR SOME OTHER INSECT HAS STUNG US? That area of the body where ... usually swells

WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE SWELLING? We either do nothing and let it go away by itself or put something on it - a cream or something ...

1032 WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SWELL" ?/ The paradigm ... swell - swelled - swelled (or swollen)

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A RIVER SWELLS AND BURSTS ITS BANKS ? When a river ... the land around becomes flooded ...

TOWEL ručníkAFTER WASHING, WHAT DO WE WIPE OUR HANDS AND FACE ON ? After washing we ... a towelTOY hračka

WHAT WAS YOUR FAVOURITE TOY AS A CHILD ? My favourite ... was ...FRAME rámek, kostra FRAME OF MIND nálada

WHAT DO WE CALL THE WOODEN OR METAL BORDER ROUND A PICTURE OR WINDOW ?/ We call the wooden ... a frame

CAN YOU THINK OF ANOTHER USE OF THE WORD "FRAME" ? Yes, I can think ... the frame of the human body

WHAT FRAME OF MIND DO YOU USUALLY FEEL IN WHEN YOU GO TO WORK (OR TO SCHOOL) ? I usually feel in a... frame of mind when ...

1033 LUMP hrouda, žmolek, kostkaDO YOU PREFER SOUP WITH LUMPS OF MEAT AND VEGETABLES IN IT, OR DO YOU PREFER

JUST PLAIN SOUP ?/ I prefer...SHALLOW mělký, povrchní

WHAT'S THE CONTRARY OF "DEEP"? The contrary of... is shallowTRAIN vyškolit, cvičit, vlak

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO TRAIN A DOCTOR ? It takes about... years to train...TRAY podnos

WHAT DO WE USE A TRAY FOR ? We use a tray to carry cups and saucers etc., on...CLAY hlína

WHAT DO WE MAKE WITH CLAY ? We make cups, saucers, bowls etc. with clayCLERK úředník

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A CLERK?/ By a clerk we usually mean a man who works with a pen in an office ...

1034 HOOK hák

WHAT DO WE USE A HOOK FOR ? We use a hook for hanging things on; or we use it on the end of a line for catching fish with ...

RESIGN rezignovat, odstoupitWHY DOES ONE RESIGN FROM ONE'S POST? One resigns from one's post either because one has

done something wrong, or because one doesn't agree with the people one has to work with ...TREMBLE třást se, chvět

WHAT'S MY HAND DOING ? Your hand's tremblingWHAT MAKES PEOPLE TREMBLE? Fear makes people tremble

BERRY jahodaWHAT CAN WE MAKE WITH BERRIES?/ We can make jam with berries

DITCH příkopa EXCESS nadbytečný, přemíraWHY DO THEY OFTEN PUT A DITCH ROUND A FIELD? They often put a ... to take away the excess

water from the field ...

1035 PASTRY těsto"Paste" is a mixture of flour and water etc., which is used either for making pastry for cooking, or for sticking things together like paper on walls etc.

WHAT IS "PASTE", AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR ? "Paste" is a mixture ... and we use it either...

LESSON 155STRICT přísný, tvrdý DISOBEY neposlušný

WHY MUST DISCIPLINE IN THE ARMY BE VERY STRICT ? Discipline in the... because soldiers must be trained to behave, not as individuals, but as one solid mass. For this reason the individual's

personal wishes have to be strictly controlled. He must be so conditioned to taking orders that, in the heat of battle, he will be more afraid of disobeying an order than he will of the enemy, and will behave not as an

individual, but as part of a body ... etc.Another meaning of the word "strict" is "exact".

WHAT'S ANOTHER MEANING OF THE WORD "STRICT" ? Another meaning ... is "exact"GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ "What you say is not strictly true"

1036 REVENGE odveta, pomsta REPAY odplatit SATISFYING uspokojující WRONG špatně

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE EXPRESSION "REVENGE IS SWEET"? By the expression ... that, when we have been wronged by somebody; it is very pleasant and satisfying to repay the wrong, or in other

words to get our revenge against him; although of course, it is not very civilized .TRIP výlet

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A TRIP? By a trip we mean a short journeyDIVE potápět se ADVISABLE vhodný, doporučitelný

IS IT ADVISABLE TO DIVE INTO SHALLOW WATER? No, it isn't advisable to ...WHY NOT ?/ Because you'd hit your head on the bottom, perhaps drown ... etc

COMMITTEE komise PARLIAMENTARY parlamentníA committee is a group of people appointed to attend to some kind of special business. Usually this group is appointed by some larger group, to which it belongs. For example, we have university committees, trade-union committees, parliamentary committees, and so on.

1037 WHAT'S A COMMITTEE ? AND GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES, PLEASE ! A committee is a ... Some

examples are university committees ...COUGH kašel

WHAT AM I DOING ?/ You're coughingREWARD odměna

DO YOU THINK CHILDREN SHOULD BE GIVEN A REWARD FOR BEHAVING THEMSELVES PROPERLY ? IF SO, WHAT KIND OF REWARD ? OR DO YOU THINK CHILDREN SHOULD BE

TAUGHT TO BEHAVE CORRECTLY BECAUSE IT IS THE RIGHT THING TO DO AND NOT JUST FOR THE SAKE OF RECEIVING A REWARD ? I think children ...

TWIST skroutit, svinoutWHAT AM I PRETENDING TO DO?/ You're pretending to twist a piece of paper in your hands, perhaps

so that it can be used to get a light from a fireCOMPLAIN stěžovat si TO ONE'S TASTE podle chuti

IN A RESTAURANT, WHEN THE FOOD IS EITHER NOT GOOD ENOUGH OR NOT TO YOUR TASTE, DO YOU CALL THE WAITER AND COMPLAIN, OR DO YOU JUST STAY QUIET AND

EAT WHAT YOU'RE GIVEN ? In a restaurant, when the food ... I...

1038 COWARD zbabělec

WHY DO YOU SUPPOSE SOME PEOPLE ARE COWARDS WHILST OTHERS ARE BRAVE ?/ I suppose the reason some people ... is that some people are ... smaller, weaker, more afraid to die ...

RUST rez, korozeWHAT HAPPENS TO IRON WHEN IT IS LEFT IN A DAMP ATMOSPHERE ? When iron is left ... it

rustsSTROKE udeřit, tah, hladit

WHICH WOULD CUT DEEPER INTO WOOD: A STROKE FROM A SWORD OR FROM AN AXE, AND WHY ? A stroke from an axe would cut deeper, as an axe is heavier than a sword

HOW MANY STROKES OF THE PEN DOES IT TAKE TO FORM THE CAPITAL LETTER "N" ?/ ... three ...

WHY DOES A CAT LIKE TO BE STROKED ? ... it is said that it probably reminds it of when it used to be cleaned by its mother's tongue ...

ROAR řvát, hulákat, řev, rachot

1039 WHAT KIND OF NOISE DOES A LION MAKE? The kind of noise ... is a roaring noise

SHOWER sprchaWHAT DO WE MEAN BY A RAIN SHOWER ? By a rain shower we mean a very short period of rain

WHICH DO YOU PREFER: A BATH OR A SHOWER ? I prefer a ...SLOPE úbočí, stráň, spád BRAKE brzda STEEP příkrý, svah

WILL A CAR STAND STILL ON A SLIGHT SLOPE WITHOUT ITS BRAKES ON ? / No, a car won't stand ...

WHAT HAPPENS TO IT? It begins to slide (or roll) slowly down the slopeAND IF THE SLOPE IS VERY STEEP WHAT HAPPENS ? If the slope is ... the car gathers speed and

probably finishes up by crashing into something and causing a fairly serious accidentSOIL půda, země

IS THE SOIL DEEP ON THE SIDE OF A MOUNTAIN ? No ... but it's shallow or thinWHY? / Because it gets carried away by the rain ...

1040 COAT OF ARMS erb, znak DESIGN návrh SHIELD štít, znakA coat of arms is a design, generally in the shape of a shield, used by a noble family, a town or a university etc. as its symbol.

WHAT'S A COAT OF ARMS? A coat of arms is a ...BLEED - BLED - BLED krvácet

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT SOMEBODY BLEEDS TO DEATH ?/ When we say that... we mean that, being so badly injured or wounded, they lose so much blood that they die

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "BLEED" ?/ The paradigm ... bleed - bled - bledSPIT - SPAT - SPAT plivat, prskat

IS IT FORBIDDEN TO SPIT IN THE STREETS IN THIS COUNTRY ? Yes, it's forbidden ... or... No, it isn't...

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SPIT"? The paradigm ... spit-spat-spatRICE rýže

1041 IN WAR TIME, WHY ARE MESSAGES SOMETIMES WRITTEN ON RICE PAPER ?/ In war time, the

reason messages ... is that, if the messenger gets caught by the enemy, he can eat the messageTYPEWRITER psací stroj

WHAT DO WE USE A TYPEWRITER FOR? We use a typewriter for typingCOMB česat, hřeben

HOW MANY TIMES A DAY DO YOU COMB YOUR HAIR ? I comb my hair about... a dayRUBBER guma RUB OUT smazat, vygumovat TYRE pneumatika

WHAT DO WE USE RUBBER FOR? We use rubber for making car or bicycle tyres etc., and for rubbing out mistakes if we are working in pencil...

DAYBREAK svítání, rozbřesk INKY inkoustový

DICTATION 92

The girl's eyebrows and eyelashes/ were very dark,/ whereas her hair was fair./ The sailors' ship/ had been wrecked/ near the shore of the island,/ and they managed to walk/ to the land/ in the pale light/ of a silvery moon,/ as the water was only/ waist deep./ Next morning at daybreak/ they came across/ some of the natives/ of the island - / strangelooking people/ with feathers in their hair;/ one of them/ with an inky black monkey/ on one shoulder,/ which was tearing at a small bunch/ of bananas/ the native was holding in his hand./ This man, it appeared,/ was addressed by the others/ with some kind of title,/ and it seemed/ that they spoke to him/ with great caution,/ afraid perhaps of his temper/ and the punishment/ he was able to order for them/ with a mere word.

LESSON 156

1042 RIBBON stuha, páska TIE UP zavázatWHAT DO WE USE RIBBON FOR ? We use ribbon for tying up presents. A girl uses it to tie up her hair,

and we also use it in a typewriterSTUFF materiál, hmota MANUFACTURE vyrábět, zhotovitThe word "stuff' we use for anything liquid or solid, raw or manufactured, and especially anything for which we cannot think of the name at the moment of speaking. For example, in a shop we might say "I wonder if you have any of that stuff used for fixing glass in a window ?"

WHAT DO WE USE THE WORD "STUFF" FOR ?/ We use the word "stuff for ...ROAST péct OVEN pec, trouba

HOW DO WE ROAST MEAT? ...by holding it before or over a fire, or by putting it in an oven

1043 TRUNK trup, kmen, kufr DESTINATION cíl SEPARATELY odděleně TRUNK-ROAD hlavní CALL telefonický hovor TRUNK-CALL meziměstský hovor

WHAT DO WE CALL THE MAIN PART OF THE BODY, THAT IS, THE BODY WITHOUT HEAD, ARMS OR LEGS ? We call the main ... the trunk

CONSEQUENTLY, WHAT IS A TREE TRUNK ?/ A tree trunk is the main part or body of a treeWHAT DO WE MEAN BY A TRUNK USED FOR TRAVELLING? By a trunk used ... we mean a large, strong box (often wooden) in which we put the main part of our clothing when we travel. We usually send

it on to our destination separately, whilst we ourselves just travel with a suitcase.The word "trunk" therefore we generally use for the main part of anything. For example, a trunk-road is a main road, whilst a trunk-call on the telephone is a longdistance call. We also call an elephant's nose a trunk

WHAT ARE THE OTHER USES OF THE WORD "TRUNK" ?/ The other uses of ... are ... trunk-road ... trunk-call...

SHELL mušle, skořápka OUTER vnější

1044 WHAT DO WE CALL THE OUTER COVERING OF AN EGG OR A NUT ? We call the outer... the shellSOW - SOWED - SOWED (OR SOWN) sít, rozsévat

AT WHAT TIME OF THE YEAR DOES THE FARMER SOW HIS WHEAT SEED IN YOUR COUNTRY AND HOW DOES HE SOW IT?/ The fanner sows his ... in ... and he sows it... by machine ...

WHAT'S THE PARADIGM OF "SOW"? The paradigm ... sow - sowed - sowed (or sown)WRAP balit, ovinout WRAP UP zabalit

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're wrapping ...WHAT DO WE USE TO WRAP UP A PARCEL? We use cardboard, paper, string etc. to wrap up a parcelDO YOU WRAP UP WELL WHEN YOU GO OUT IN COLD WEATHER ?/ Yes, I wrap up ... or... No, I

don't...BRIBE úplatek

1045 IF YOU WERE IN A HIGH POSITION, WOULD YOU ACCEPT BRIBES? Yes, if I were in ... or... No,

if I were ...THREATEN ohrozit, vyhrožovat THREAT hrozba, pohrůžka

WHAT AM I DOING ? You're threatening to hit somebody with your handHAS ANYBODY EVER THREATENED YOU WITH A KNIFE OR A GUN ? Yes, somebody has ... or...

No, nobody has ever ...WHAT HAPPENED ? OR, WHAT'D YOU DO IF THEY DID ?/ ... If they did, I'd give them whatever

they wanted ...ACCORDING TO THE LAW IN YOUR COUNTRY, DO YOU KNOW IF A THREAT IS

CONSIDERED AS SERIOUS AS AN ACTUAL DEED ? - IN OTHER WORDS, IF A MAN THREATENS TO KILL ANOTHER MAN, DOES A COURT OF LAW CONSIDER THAT AS

SERIOUS AS IF THE MAN HAD ACTUALLY COMMITTED THE DEED ? According to the law in my ...

CHEST hrudník DRAWER zásuvka CHEST OF DRAWERS prádelník, komodaWHERE ARE THE HEART AND LUNGS SITUATED IN THE BODY ?/ The heart and lungs are

situated in the chest...

1046 A chest is also a large, strong box, usually made of wood, which we use for storing things in, like clothes, tools, medicine, money etc. A chest of drawers is a chest with drawers in it. It is usually a piece of furniture in which we keep clothes.WHAT'S ANOTHER MEANING OF THE WORD "CHEST"; AND WHAT IS A CHEST OF DRAWERS

? Another meaning of... is "a large, strong ...", whilst a chest of drawers is ...CROP úroda, sklizeň

WHAT KIND OF CROPS DO THEY GROW WHERE YOU LIVE ?/ The kind of crops ... are ...STOCK sklad STOCK SIZE velikost skladu IN STOCK na skladě OUT OF STOCK vyprodaný CURE léčit STOCK-CAR obyčejné autoThe word "stock" means "a store of goods", but when used as an adjective, it means "regular, normal, usual" etc.

WHAT DOES THE WORD "STOCK" MEAN ? The word "stock" means ...

1047 DO MEN'S CLOTHES SHOPS SOMETIMES STOCK WOMEN'S CLOTHES AS WELL; AND VICE

VERSA ?/ Yes, men's clothes shops ... or ... No, men's ...SUPPOSING A PERSON IS STOCK SIZE AND HE GOES TO BUY CLOTHES FROM A SHOP, DO

YOU THINK HE'S MORE LIKELY TO FIND HIS SIZE IN STOCK THAN IF HE WERE AN EXCEPTIONALLY BIG PERSON OR AN EXCEPTIONALLY SMALL PERSON ? Yes, supposing a

person is ... I think ...WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF "IN STOCK"? The opposite ... "out of stock"

WHAT'S THE STOCK CURE FOR A HEADACHE OR FOR A COMMON COLD ?/ The stock cure for a headache is to lie down and take a pill, whilst for a cold it is to go to bed and take medicine ...

Stock-car racing is racing in which the kind of car that is used is not a special racing car but basically a normal car made for the road.

WHAT'S STOCK-CAR RACING ? Stock-car racing is ...COPPER měď REDDISH červenavý

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY COPPER-COLOURED HAIR? By copper-coloured hair we mean hair which is the colour of copper; that is, a reddish brown colour

1048 SOAP mýdlo

WHAT'S THE NAME OF THE SOAP YOU GENERALLY USE? The name of... isSPADE lopata

WHAT DO WE USE A SPADE FOR ?/ We use a spade for diggingBRASS mosaz

WHAT COLOUR'S BRASS ? Brass is a yellowish golden colourBUCKET vědro, kbelík

WHAT DO WE USE A BUCKET FOR ? We use a bucket for carrying water, sand and so on inMECHANIC mechanik MECHANICAL mechanický

WHAT KIND OF WORK DOES A MECHANIC DO? A mechanic repairs machines ...WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY WE DO SOMETHING IN A MECHANICAL MANNER ? When we say we ... we mean we do it as if we were a machine, or were like a machine; in other words,

without thinking about what we're doing

1049

DICTATION 93

SWITCH (n) švihat, vypínačThe cinema queue/ extended down the street/ and curved round the corner./ It was one of those rare films which can be enjoyed/ by different types of people./ The knife was not sharp enough/ to cut the piece of raw meat./ We were relieved to find the baggage/ where we had left it./ George touched the light switch/ and got a shock/ from the electric current./ The racecourse had been closed/ for a whole season./ In the shadows,/ leaning against a wooden beam,/ was a ladder./ A piece of straw/ is really the stem of a wheat plant./ If you give me/ a needle and thread,/ I will sew up the hole/ in your shirt./ A nurse's job/ is to help to heal people/ who are sick.

LESSON 157SHELTER kryt, útočiště, chránit

WHAT IS A SHELTER ? A shelter is a small construction, built for protection against the weather. For example, at a bus stop we might find a small construction of some kind which shelters us from the wind

and rain whilst we are waiting for a bus. This is called a bus shelterAVENUE alejAn avenue is a road with trees on either side, or it can be a wide street (with or without trees) with buildings on either side.

WHAT'S AN AVENUE ? An avenue is a...

1050 BREADTH šířka

WHAT'S THE NOUN OF THE WORD "BROAD" ? The noun of... is breadth ...BUNDLE svazek, ranec, hromádkaA bundle is a number of articles or objects fastened together. For example, a bundle of sticks, or a bundle of clothes./

WHAT'S A BUNDLE? A bundle is a ...ANYHOW jakoli, v každém případě ADMIT připustit uznatThree examples of the use of the word "anyhow" are as follows:-1) Anyhow, you must admit he's a bit of a fool (meaning "in any case, at least").2) He's such a careless worker, he does things just anyhow ("carelessly").3) I've tried very hard, but I can't get it to work anyhow ("in any way whatever").GIVE ME THREE EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THE WORD "ANYHOW", PLEASE ! Three examples

of... are 1)...SAW pilaA saw is a tool used for cutting (or sawing) wood or metal etc.

1051 WHAT'S A SAW?/ A saw is a...

COTTAGE dům na vsiWHAT IS A COTTAGE? A cottage is generally thought of as a small house in the country

FLAVOUR chuť, vůně ICE-CREAM zmrzlinaWHAT'S YOUR FAVOURITE FLAVOUR OF ICE-CREAM ? My favourite ... is ...

CROWN korunaWHAT DOES A KING WEAR ON HIS HEAD FOR CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS? A king wears a

crown on his...CURTAIN záclona DRAW THE CURTAINS zatáhnout záclonyWHEN AND WHY DO PEOPLE DRAW THEIR CURTAINS ? People draw... when it's dark and when

they switch their lights on, because they don't want people from outside to see into their room ...FUR kožešina, srst"Fur" is the thick, soft hair of animals like that on a cat.

WHAT IS "FUR" ? "Fur" is the ...

1052 STRAP řemen, pás, připoutat se STRIP (n) proužek WRIST-WATCH náramkové hodinkyA strap is a strip of leather or some such material. We use a strap, for example, for a wrist-watch.

WHAT'S A STRAP, AND WHAT DO WE USE IT FOR?/ A strap is a... and we use...WHY DO PEOPLE STRAP THEMSELVES INTO A CAR ? People strap ... so that if there is an accident,

they will not be thrown about... etc.CUSHION poduška, polštář

WHY AND FOR WHAT DO WE USE A CUSHION? We use a cushion to sit on or kneel on ... to cover a hard surface and make us feel more comfortable ... etc.

SUCK vysát, cucat, lízatWHAT AM I DOING? You're sucking your thumb, or the end of your pen

AT ABOUT WHAT AGE DO CHILDREN USUALLY STOP SUCKING THEIR THUMBS ?/ Children usually stop ... at about...

1053 FATE osud, zhouba EXTRAORDINARY nezvyklý, mimořádný AS THOUGH (OR, AS IF) jako kdyby DESTINY osud, určeníBy fate we mean that the events of our lives are not controlled or determined by ourselves, no matter how hard we try, but by some power beyond ourselves...

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY FATE ? By fate we ...Napoleon believed in fate, or destiny. Probably because his life was so eventful, and the events so extraordinary, with so much depending on mere chance, that it must have seemed to him as though he were in the hands of fate.

WHY DOES A MAN LIKE NAPOLEON BELIEVE IN FATE ?/ A man like ... because his life is so eventful...

WHAT EVENTUALLY WAS NAPOLEON'S FATE? Napoleon's fate was eventually to be defeated in battle

MEANTIME mezitím, zatímGIVE ME A SENTENCE WITH THE WORD "MEANTIME". If, in the meantime, it starts to rain, we

shan't goPERCENTAGE procento, část PER CENT procent

1054 WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION DO YOU THINK SMOKES ? I think about... per cent of

...SWEEP - SWEPT - SWEPT zamést BROOM metla

WHAT DO WE SWEEP THE FLOOR WITH?/ We sweep ... a broomSWALLOW polykatWHAT'S THE DANGER OF LETTING A BABY SUCK THINGS, LIKE COINS AND OTHER BITS OF

METAL? The danger of... is that it might swallow them

OUNCE (oz.) unce, kouse POUND (Ib.) libra STONE (st.) kámen HUNDREDWEIGHT (cwt.) cent = 112 funtů TON tuna16 OUNCES = 1 Pound (453.6 grams)14 POUNDS = 1 Stone8 STONES = 1 Hundredweight20 HUNDREDWEIGHTS = 1 Ton

1055 HOW MANY OUNCES MAKE A POUND ? 16 ounces make a pound

HOW MANY POUNDS MAKE A STONE ?/ 14 pounds ...HOW MANY STONES MAKE A HUNDREDWEIGHT ? 8 stones ...

HOW MANY HUNDREDWEIGHTS MAKE A TON ? 20 hundredweights make a tonHOW MANY GRAMS ARE THERE IN A POUND? There are 453.6 (453 point 6) grams in a pound

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS FOR OUNCE; POUND; STONE AND HUNDREDWEIGHT ? The signs ... are oz., lb., st., and cwt....

NEGLECT zanedbávat DECAY kazit se, hnít, chátrat, upadatWHAT HAPPENS IF YOU NEGLECT TO CLEAN YOUR TEETH EACH DAY?/ If you neglect... they

will decay ...RATE sazba, tempo, cena

AT WHAT RATE DO YOU THINK THE AVERAGE PERSON WALKS ? I think the... at about 4 miles (about 6.5 kilometres) per hour perhaps

1056 PATIENCE trpělivost PATIENT trpělivý, pacient

DO YOU AGREE THAT PATIENCE IS A VIRTUE ? Yes, I agree that... or... No, I don't...ARE YOU PATIENT ? Yes, I'm ... or... No, I'm not...

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN A PATIENT IN A HOSPITAL ? Yes, I've been ... or ... No, I've never...REFRESH občerstvit REFRESHMENT občerstvení

HOW DOES ONE REFRESH ONESELF?/ One refreshes oneself by eating, sleeping and drinkingWHAT DO WE MEAN BY REFRESHMENTS ? By refreshments we mean food and drink

WHAT ARE THE REFRESHMENTS LIKE IN THE REFRESHMENT ROOM AT THE STATION OF YOUR HOME TOWN ? The refreshments in the refreshment room at... are ... quite good ...

PAUSE pauza, přestávkaDO YOU LIKE PEOPLE WHO GO ON TALKING WITHOUT A PAUSE FOR HOURS AND HOURS ?/

Yes, I like ... or ... No, I don't... or... I don't mind ... if they are interesting

1057 JEWEL klenot, kámen MONARCH monarcha

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE CROWN JEWELS OF ENGLAND? By the Crown Jewels ... we mean the jewels which belong to the monarch and which are kept for safety in the Tower of London

DELIGHT uchvátit, potěšitWHAT KIND OF WORK DELIGHTS YOU MOST ? The kind of work which... is...

PRESSURE tlak, tíseňTELL ME WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE? High blood pressure ... can be

caused by overeating, not enough exercise ...BEAST zvíře, bestie

NAME A WILD BEAST. The lion, the tiger...POINT bod, hrot SCREEN (v) zaclánět, chránit, krýt

DICTATION 94

As we sat on our caps/ on the slightly damp grass,/ in the shade of a tree,/ screened from the wind/ by a thick hedge,/ we ate our sandwiches/ and drank fruit juice,/ which cheered us up,/ even to the point of telling each other jokes./ We had hunted all that morning/ but with little success,/ as our aim on occasions/ had not been very straight./ Sometimes we had fired our guns/ without realizing/ that they had not been loaded;/ and so, apart from a rabbit/ that we had caught in a trap,/

we had very little to show/ for our efforts./ We continued eating our cheese sandwiches/ until our jaws began to ache,/ and thought of the soup and meat/ that awaited us at home.

LESSON 158

1058 ABSENCE nepřítomnost

WHAT DOES IT MEAN: "ABSENCE MAKES THE HEART GROW FONDER" ? "Absence makes ..." means that, if we don't see a person for some time, we feel more fond of him ...

DO YOU AGREE ? Yes, I agree ... or... No, I don't agree ....ABSOLUTELY absolutně, naprosto, zcelaIS THERE ANYTHING YOU'RE ABSOLUTELY SURE OF, BESIDES DEATH ? Yes, there's something

... or ... No, there isn't...WHAT?

BACKBONE páteř RUN běžetWHAT'S THE BACKBONE? The backbone is the bone that runs down the middle of the back

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY THAT A MAN HAS NO BACKBONE?/ When we say... we mean that he is weak in character and has no courage...

1059 CALCULATE kalkulovat

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE SAY SOMEONE IS CALCULATING ? When we say... we mean he has little feeling for others, or that he calculates and plans everything in advance ...

CANAL kanál SHIPPING námořní doprava, loďstvoWHAT IS A CANAL ? WHAT IS IT USED FOR ? AND NAME A FAMOUS CANAL. A canal is a sort

of man-made river used for shipping. A famous canal is the Panama Canal (or the Suez Canal)CAPITAL kapitál, hlavní město, velké písmeno

WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT CAPITAL FOR STARTING A BUSINESS?/ When we talk... we mean the money required in order to rent a place (office, shop etc.), furnish it, pay for

advertising ... etc.IMITATE napodobit GROWN UP dospělý

WHY DO CHILDREN IMITATE THEIR PARENTS ? Children imitate ... because it's a natural way of learning, and children like to pretend that they too are grown up...

1060 IMMENSE ohromný, nesmírný

DO YOU THINK ITS RIGHT THAT CERTAIN PEOPLE SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO POSSESS IMMENSE PERSONAL WEALTH ? Yes, I think it's ... or... No, I don't...

DO YOU THINK YOUR OPINION WOULD CHANGE IF YOU YOURSELF SUDDENLY CAME INTO POSSESSION OF IMMENSE PERSONAL WEALTH ?/ Yes, I think my ... or... No, I don't think ...

JOY radostWHAT'S THE GREATEST JOY OF YOUR DAILY LIFE? The greatest joy of... is...

QUALIFY získat kvalifikaci, posouditHOW LONG DOES IT TAKE A PERSON TO QUALIFY AS A DOCTOR ? It takes a person about...

years to ...SACRED svatý, posvěcený, posvátný

WHICH ANIMAL'S SACRED IN INDIA ? The cow is sacred in IndiaSACRIFICE oběť, zasvětit LESSEN zmenšit, snížit

WHY DID PEOPLE IN THE OLD DAYS MAKE SACRIFICES TO THE GODS ?/ People in the... to thank them; to lessen the anger of the gods, etc.

1061 WHAT'S THE BIGGEST SACRIFICE YOU'VE EVER MADE IN YOUR LIFE? The biggest sacrifice

I've ... was ...GAY veselý, barevný

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY GAY COLOURS? By gay colours, we mean bright colours

INSTANT okamžitě, momentDO YOU ANSWER LETTERS THE INSTANT YOU RECEIVE THEM, OR DO YOU WAIT A DAY

OR TWO ?/ I answer... or... I wait...ORNAMENT ornament, ozdoba PURELY výhradně, zcela, čistěDO YOU BELIEVE THAT EVERY PIECE OF FURNITURE IN A ROOM SHOULD HAVE A USE, OR

DO YOU BELIEVE THAT CERTAIN PIECES CAN BE PURELY ORNAMENTAL? I believe that...PEARL perla

WHAT'S A PEARL DIVER? A pearl diver is a person, often a woman, who dives down to the bottom of the sea in order to look for pearls which are found in certain kinds of shellfish ...

1062 EXPLORE prozkoumat, hledat UNIVERSE vesmír, svět

DO YOU BELIEVE THAT ONE DAY MAN WILL BE ABLE TO EXPLORE THE WHOLE OF THE UNIVERSE ? Yes, I believe that... or... No, I don't...

ACCUSE obvinit, obžalovatWHAT WOULD YOU DO IF YOU WERE WRONGLY ACCUSED OF A CRIME ? If I were wrongly ...

I'd try to get a good lawyer to defend me ...

DICTATION 95

William lit a match/ and, heating the wax with it,/ put the melted wax/ over the knots/ on the coarse string/ round the parcel,/ accidentally dropping/ some of the wax on the rug./ Jane had been out shopping all day./ Refusing to hire a car,/ she had walked everywhere/ and, now, where the bare flesh of her feet/ had been rubbing against her shoes,/ she felt quite sore, which made her earnestly regret/ not having hired a car./ The surface of the water/ lay like a sheet of glass/ and the distant bank/ was veiled in darkness./ Beyond this, all was silent./ The soldiers stood/ in order of rank,/ waiting for the command/ to attack the enemy's castle,/ which was like a small dot in the distance.

LESSON 159PATRIOTISM vlastenectví NATIONALISM nacionalismu DISTINCTION rozdíl, odlišnost

1063 PATRIOT vlastenec DEFENCE obhajoba NATIONALIST nacionalista DIMMISH najasný, kalnýPatriotism and nationalism often appear similar in meaning, but perhaps we could make a distinction by saying that patriotism is more the love of one's country, whilst nationalism is often the hatred of another country. A patriot will die in the defence of his country, whereas a nationalist will die in attacking another country.

HOW PERHAPS MIGHT WE DEFINE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM ?/ We might perhaps ... by saying that patriotism is more the love of one's own country,

whilst nationalism is often the hatred of another country ...DO YOU AGREE WITH SUCH A DEFINITION ? Yes, I agree... or... No, I dont agree...

DO YOU THINK THERE'S MORE PATRIOTISM THAN NATIONALISM IN YOUR COUNTRY OR IN THE WORLD GENERALLY? Yes, I think there's ... or... No, I don't think...

DO YOU THINK NATIONALISM IS INCREASING OR DIMINISHING IN THE WORLD THESE DAYS ?/ I think nationalism is ... in the world these days

GLORY chválaWHAT DO SOLDIERS MEAN BY "DEATH OR GLORY"? By "Death or Glory" soldiers mean that they

will either die in battle or will win the battle; but will never accept defeat...

1064 PERMANENT stálý TEMPORARY dočasný PICK (fruit) sbírat (ovoce), výběrový

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PERMANENT JOB AND A TEMPORARY ONE ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF EACH. The difference ... is that a permanent job is one that can last for

years, like that of an office-clerk, whilst a temporary job is just for a short period of time, like fruit-picking during harvest time...

PERMIT (v) dovolit, tolerovat PERMIT (n) povolení

HOW OLD MUST A PERSON BE BEFORE HE'S LEGALLY PERMITTED TO DRIVE A CAR, BUY CIGARETTES, OR DRINK ALCOHOL IN THIS COUNTRY ?/ A person must be...

DO YOU THINK THAT'S REASONABLE ? Yes, I think that's... or... No, I don't...

1065WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE IN PRONUNCIATION BETWEEN "PERMIT" USED AS A VERB AND

"PERMIT" USED AS A NOUN? The difference... is that, as a verb, the stress is on the second syllable, whilst as a noun, it's on the first

REDUCE snížit, omezitWHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE BEST WAY TO REDUCE ONE'S WEIGHT? I think the best... is to ...

SCENERY krajina, rozhledWHAT KIND OF SCENERY DO YOU PREFER ? The kind of scenery ... is ... mountain scenery...

ADMISSION vstup GALLERY galerie MAINTAIN udržovatDO YOU THINK THAT ADMISSION TO MUSEUMS, ART GALLERIES ETC., OUGHT TO BE FREE

AND THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD PAY TO MAINTAIN SUCH PLACES ?/ Yes, I think that... or... No, I don't...

BARBER holič POLE tyč, pól, polák SURGICAL chirurgickýWHAT WAS THE OLD SIGN FOR A BARBER'S SHOP ? The old sign ... was a red and white striped

pole which was hung outside the barber's shop

1066WHAT DID THE COLOUR RED REPRESENT, AND WHY ? The colour red represented blood, because

in the old days the barber, apart from cutting hair, also used to perform small surgical operationsELASTIC pružný

WHAT DO WE USE ELASTIC BANDS FOR ? We use ... for wrapping round things like banknotes etc., in order to keep them together

ENCOURAGE povzbuditHOW CAN WE ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO STUDY ?/ We can encourage ... by offering them a reward,

or by explaining that the more we know, the easier life can become...GRACE vděk, přízeň GRACEFUL půvabný, elegantní, vděčný

WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST GRACEFUL ANIMAL IN ITS MOVEMENTS ? I think the ... is the most...

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY "THE GRACE OF GOD"? By "the grace of God" we mean that God will favour us and give us what we wish ...

LIBERTY svoboda STATUE socha TORCH svítilna, pochodeňWHERE'S THE STATUE OF LIBERTY? The statue of... is at the entrance of New York harbour

1067 DESCRIBE IT./ It's a huge statue of a woman representing freedom, which was given to America by

France. In one hand Liberty holds a lighted torch ...TEMPT pohánět, zlákat, vábit DONKEY osel CARROT mrkev

WHAT'S THE CLASSIC WAY OF TEMPTING A DONKEY TO MOVE ? The classic way of... is by tying a carrot onto the end of a piece of string, then tying the other end of the string onto the end of a stick,

and hanging the carrot just in front of the donkey's nose so that he is tempted to move forward to take it. As the stick's tied to the donkey's own back, the carrot will move forward with the donkey, and so the donkey

has to move forward again and again and, of course, he never reaches the carrotFIRMNESS neústupnost, přísnost RUDENESS hrubost WHIP (v) bičovat, bít

DICTATION 96

As the blade of the oar/ dipped into the water,/ it hit the side/ of the strange-looking vessel,/ which was shaped like a saucer/ and seemed to be made of cork./ The chickens wander about/ pecking and biting at plants./ Remaining seated in the saddle,/ the rider produced the parcel/ and the message/ from under his huge cape./ The poor tailor worked day and night,/ despite having a fever./ His cheeks had become hollow/ and the flesh on his face/ had lost its firmness./ The chief of the tribe/ ordered the men to be whipped/ for their shameful behaviour./ Some begged for

mercy,/ but the chief would not yield./ The court blamed the accident/ and the prisoner's rudeness,/ on the fact that/ the prisoner was over-fond of drink.

LESSON 160

1068GUIDE průvodce HISTORIC historický

WHEN YOU VISIT A PLACE OF HISTORIC INTEREST DO YOU PREFER TO HAVE A GUIDE ? Yes, when I... or... No, when I...

WHY OR WHY NOT?ENGINEER inženýr

WHAT KIND OF WORK DOES AN ENGINEER DO? The kind of work ... is building houses, bridges, ships etc....

GRATEFUL vděčnýWHAT KIND OF GIFT WOULD YOU BE MOST GRATEFUL TO RECEIVE ?/ The kind of gift I'd

be ... would be ...URGENT naléhavý, pilný

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN A PARCEL OR A LETTER ETC. IS MARKED "URGENT" ? When a parcel or... it means that the person who's sending it wants it to arrive and be attended to as soon as possibleDEPARTMENT oddělení

WHICH DEPARTMENT OF A LARGE STORE WOULD YOU PREFER TO WORK IN ? The department of... I'd prefer to ... would be the ... department

1069 EXPLODE explodovat

WHAT'S ANOTHER WORD FOR "BLOW UP" ?/ Another word ... is "explode"PRECIOUS cenný, vzácný

WHAT DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST PRECIOUS THING ON EARTH, OR THAT YOU PERSONALLY POSSESS ? I think the most... is ...

HESITATE váhat, zdráhat seWHAT DOES IT MEAN: "HE WHO HESITATES: IS LOST" ? - AND GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE !/ "He who..." means that, although, generally speaking, it is better to think carefully before

making a decision, there are certain occasions in life when, if we hesitate, we lose our courage. For example, to dive into cold water in a swimming pool, especially from a high diving-board, needs a bit of

courage, particularly if one's not used to it, and the more one hesitates the more difficult it becomes to do...PUMP pumpa, pumpovat

WHAT DO WE USE A PUMP FOR ? We use a pump to pump water or air etc. into or out of something. For example, when we pump up a football, or pump water out of a boat

1070 TOTAL celkový, kompletní BILLION miliarda

WHAT'S THE TOTAL POPULATION OF THE WORLD ? The total... about ... billion...HALLO HELLO HULLO ahoj

WHAT ARE THE THREE SPELLINGS OF THE WORD "HALLO" ? The three ... are...REPRODUCE reprodukovat, obnovit REPRODUCTION reprodukce

DO YOU PREFER TO SEE ORIGINAL, BUT THIRD CLASS, PAINTINGS HANGING ON THE WALLS IN A HOUSE, OR GOOD REPRODUCTIONS OF GREAT AND FAMOUS MASTERPIECES ?

I prefer to see ...TUBE tuba, hadice SQUEEZE vymáčknout TOOTHPASTE zubní pastaARE YOU THE TYPE OF PERSON WHO SQUEEZES A TUBE OF TOOTHPASTE IN THE MIDDLE,

OR DO YOU PRESS IT AT THE END OF THE TUBE ? I'm the type of person ...

1071 DISGUST zhnusit, znechutit, vzbudit odporWHAT DISGUSTS YOU MORE THAN ANYTHING ELSE ? The thing that disgusts ... is ... bad manners

...

COLLAR límecWHAT'S THIS?/ It's the collar of your....

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A WHITE-COLLAR WORKER? By a white-collar worker we mean someone who works wearing a white collar; that is, has a clean job, such as in an office

CONGRATULATE gratulovatON WHAT KIND OF OCCASIONS DO WE CONGRATULATE PEOPLE ? The kind of... are when they

have won a prize, passed an exam, got married etc.SOLEMN vážný, slavnostní, posvátnýON WHAT KIND OF OCCASIONS DO PEOPLE SPEAK SOLEMNLY AND WEAR SOLEMN FACES

?/ The kind of occasions on which... are funerals, state ceremonies etc....FRESH čerstvý

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A FRESHMAN AT UNIVERSITY? By a freshman ... we mean a first-year student; that is, someone who's new or fresh to the university...

1072 WHAT'S THE OPPOSITE OF FRESH FRUIT ? The opposite of fresh fruit is tinned fruit, dried fruit, or

fruit that is old and losing its taste ...SUBSTANCE substance

WHAT SUBSTANCE IS THIS TABLE MADE OF ?/ The substance this table is made of is woodBAY zátoka

WHICH DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL BAY IN THE WORLD ? I think the Bay of... is the ...

ESSENCE podstataWHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE ESSENCE OF CIVILIZATION ? I think the essence ... is good

manners; that is, consideration for others, trying to disturb or upset others as little as possibleCANVAS plátno WATERPROOF nepromokavý NYLON nylon CAMPING táboření

DESCRIBE A TENT. A tent is made of waterproof canvas, or nylon, supported on poles, and is used for sleeping in when we go camping ...

DESPAIR zoufat si, beznaděj

1073 DO YOU DESPAIR EASILY ? Yes, I despair ... or ... No, I don't...

LESSON 161PREJUDICE předsudek, zaujatost

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY PREJUDICE ? By prejudice we mean we form an opinion for or against someone or something before we have sufficient knowledge of the person or thing ...

WHAT KIND OF PREJUDICES DO PEOPLE SUFFER FROM ? The kind of prejudices people ... are against other nations; people they've heard about but never met; certain kinds of music or books ...

MODEL model REPRESENTATION reprezentace, vzorWHAT DO WE MEAN BY THE MODEL OF AN AEROPLANE ? By the model of... we mean a small

representation of a real aeroplane that we often put on a table or desk as an ornament...HOW OFTEN DOES A CAR COMPANY CHANGE ITS MODELS ?/ A car company changes its models

about once every ... yearsWHAT'S YOUR IDEA OF A MODEL HUSBAND OR WIFE ? My idea of a... is one who ...

1074 PURPLE nachový, fialový, purpurový

DO YOU LIKE PURPLE ? Yes, I like purple ... or ... No, I don't...REPUBLIC republikaWHAT'S A REPUBLIC? A republic is a country that's run by a government elected by the people, with the

head of state also being elected and not necessarily permanent, unlike a king or a queen ...TUNE melodie

WHAT'S YOUR FAVOURITE TUNE ? My favourite ...DOZEN tucet

WHAT'S A BAKER'S DOZEN? A baker's dozen is thirteen. A dozen is twelve of anything, but a baker's dozen is thirteen

WHAT DOES IT MEAN : "TO TALK NINETEEN TO THE DOZEN" ?/ "To talk ..." means to talk very quickly without stopping, and usually too much

COMPLICATED komplikovanýWHAT'S THE MOST COMPLICATED THING YOU'VE EVER HAD TO LEARN ? The most

complicated thing I've ever had to learn was ...SPLENDID skvostný, báječný

1075 WHICH DO YOU THINK'S THE MOST SPLENDID BUILDING IN THE WORLD? I think ... is the

most...EXCELLENT dokonalý, znamenitý

WOULD YOU SAY THAT YOUR ENGLISH WAS EXCELLENT NOW ?/ No, I wouldn't say ... but I'd say it was very good, or at least quite good ...

FAMILIAR známý, důvěrný, intimní, familierníWHY MUSTN'T AN ARMY OFFICER GET TOO FAMILIAR WITH HIS MEN ? An army officer

mustn't... because if he becomes a friend, they may not obey him ...TEST test, zkoušet INADVISABLE nevhodný, nedoporučitelný

WHY WOULD IT BE INADVISABLE TO BUY A SECOND-HAND CAR WITHOUT FIRST GIVING IT A THOROUGH TEST ? The reason it'd be inadvisable ... is that appearances can easily deceive, and

there might be a lot of things wrong with it that are not obviousDIAMOND diamantWHY DO WE SAY "DIAMONDS ARE FOREVER" ?/ We say ... because they don't wear out and seldom

lose their valuePROCESSION procese, průvod

1076 WHAT DO PEOPLE DO IN THIS COUNTRY WHEN A FUNERAL PROCESSION PASSES BY?

People in this country ... when a funeral...MODEST skromný LUXURY přepychový SHOW přehlídka, obdiv EXAGGERATE přehánět

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A MODEST WAY OF LIVING ? By a modest... we mean a type of living without luxury or too much expense or excessive show ...

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A MODEST PERSON ?/ By a modest... we mean someone who doesn't boast of, or exaggerate, his achievements...

REPUTATION pověstHOW CAN A HOTEL (RESTAURANT, SHOP, SCHOOL, ETC.) GET A BAD REPUTATION ? A

hotel... can get... by behaving badly to the public, cheating, not giving good value, etc....CONSCIENCE svědomí

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A GUILTY CONSCIENCE? By a guilty conscience, we mean that we have done something wrong and are worried about it. Usually we have not been found out or punished, but we

still feel uncomfortable about it...SUSPECT podezřívat

1077 WHAT DO THE POLICE DO WHEN THEY SUSPECT A MAN OF COMMITTING CRIMES BUT

HAVE NO PROOF ?/ When the police suspect... they watch his every movement...EXCHANGE výměna, zaměnit

WHAT'S THE RATE OF EXCHANGE IN THIS COUNTRY FOR THE POUND? The rate of... is ...IS THERE ANYTHING YOU OWN THAT YOU WOULDN'T EXCHANGE FOR ALL THE WORLD ?

Yes, there's something ... or... No, there ...WHAT? WHY?

PROGRAMME programWHAT'S YOUR PROGRAMME FOR THIS EVENING?/ My programme for... is...

DO YOU KEEP AT HOME THEATRE PROGRAMMES, FOOTBALL MATCH PROGRAMMES, ETC. OF SPECIAL OCCASIONS YOU HAVE BEEN AT (OR TO) ? Yes, I keep at home ... or... No, I don't...

MOTION pohyb NOTE DOWN zaznamenat REORGANISE reorganizovat CUT DOWN omezit, zredukovat

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY A "TIME AND MOTION" MAN IN INDUSTRY ? By a "time ..." we mean a man who goes around with a watch and a piece of paper and notes down how long each job takes. Then, by

reorganising the job, he cuts down the time it takes ...

1078 PROMPT hbitý, okamžitý, nabádatWHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF DOING THINGS PROMPTLY INSTEAD OF LEAVING THEM

TILL TOMORROW?/ The advantages of... are that we get them out of our mind ...MOTOR motor

WHAT DO WE USE A MOTOR FOR? We use a motor for driving a car, a bus, a bicycle etc.SUSPICION podezření

CAN THE POLICE IN THIS COUNTRY HOLD YOU IN PRISON JUST UNDER SUSPICION ? Yes, the police can ... or ... No, the police ...

MULTIPLY násobitMULTIPLY 30 BY 3, PLEASE ! 30 multiplied by 3 equals 90

MUDDY blátivý REPLAY opakování, zodpovědět DOORMAT rohožka

1079

DICTATION 97

As the team came forth/ onto the field/ the crowd applauded by clapping and shouting./ Within minutes/ the ball was in the net/ for the first goal./ Courageously, the opposing side/ fought back, looking for revenge./ The game dragged a little,/ and then, to everyone's annoyance,/ a storm began to approach/ with scarcely a second or two passing/ between the flash of lightning/ and the crack of thunder./ The game had to stop,/ because the field soon became/ a muddy paste/ and arrangements had to be made/ for a replay./ Fortunately, my friend had brought/ a spare raincoat,/ which he was able to lend me./ Leaving the ground, we signalled a taxi/ and went home./ When we arrived home,/ we were careful to wipe our shoes/ on the doormat/ before entering the house.