SEPTE SEA OCTOBER 1992

e..,ArM~OIliot 1145M1ot.e1SnMs.n F..-.osco. CA !IolllX).1513.,$0557·1500

L.o& MgiIIn QlIiQ 107 So<Ilh a.-ay. Room lOllSloI Anoo'M. CA 9OCI12-uo:!21)-620-35&0

o.w-~ 801 It SIt.... 12l1l FlooI lotS 12-30S«r_. CA 95f11~1tl5-4IIS.ll2!>

THE CQHCl..USlONS N«> OPIHJONS EXPRESSED IN AR·TIClES ARE SOlELY THOSE OF THE AVfK)AS AND ARENO'NE~Y €NDORSEO lilY THE OEPofoATMENTOF COttSERVATlON

.'''''35

. 162. 163

• Contaminated induslrial sites• Waste water• land reclamation

Preventive action and environmentalprotection measures

• Air poliUlion control• Water protection• Soil protection• landscape and nature protection

Environmental politics and Its accep­lance

• Global and interregional concepts• Regional and local concepts

• Public relations• Environmental legislation• Ern.ironmental -""""'"

GEOTECHNICA 1993-INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCESTRADE FAIR . _ •..•............................_...................•..

CAPTAIN JACK'S STRONGHOlD ..MEDICINE lAKE VOLCANO AND LAVA BEDS

NATIONAL MONUMENT .........................•........••.•.•..•.....••..._ 145ANNOUNCEMENTS 154

THE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCHINSTITUTE (EERI) ANNUAL MEETING 1993 154

NINTH THEMATIC CONFERENCE ON GEOLOGICREMOTE SENSING 154

29TH FORUM ON THE GEOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 155TEACHER FEATURE 156BOOK REVIEWS 159STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT

AND CIACULATION . .PUBLICATIONS REOUEST FORM .CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SUBSCRIPTION AND CHANGE

OF ADDRESS FORM 164CONFERENCE ON LESSONS FROM THE LOMA PRIETA

EARTHQUAKE 164

In This Issue I

For more information. contact:German American Chamber of Commerce. Inc.

666 Frfth AvenueNewYOft(, NY 10103FAX: (212) 974·8838

EnvironmenlCllly conscious use of resources• Production and use of raw

materials• Pr<X!uction and supply of energy• Alternative raw materials and

energies• Soil and landscape• Water and waters

Acquisition of infonnalion• Prospection and exploration• Measuring lechnology and

analytics• RemOle sensing and photogram.

met",

• Geoinformation systems (GIS)• Modeling and simulation

GEOTECHNlCA 1993INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCES TRADE FAIR

Cologne, Germany

The Foreign Commercial Service in Germany. the U.S. Department of C0m­merce. and the Cologne Fair & Exhibitions Corporation \AIiIl present the InternationalTrade Fair and Congress for Geosciences and Tech~.May 5-8. 1993. Topics willmilile,

EliSe ManlSOl"llenIi Tabllio

Peggy Walkei'JottT..-

~ ~ 101kSWMl

1411l Floct lotS '.-33s.:r-. Co\.9581.~1I16-U5.5716

T..:ht\IcaI Editor.Co9, Edilor­GraphICS alld DesIgn:PvolocabOnS Soperv1SOl':

Orvisloo1 01 Mones & Geology JAMES F. DAVISStille GeologIst

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY

T"fle; RftourI:8 Agency DOUGLAS P WHEELER5Bcrelaf}' lor Resources

o.p.o_ 01 Conser;al"'" eDWARD G HEIDIGD,rector

CAliFORNIA GEOLOGY (ISSN 002lI .SMj_ puDkNll booInll!'lI'll\I by I!Ie~ 01 C...-rvalOl. Ow..- aI 1.4..­and GeaIavY n,. R!Icofds OIIa .. al 10S9 Vi.... S""'I, Sul1.103. s.cr.....nIO. CA 9508 \. $e<;onIl $M POS~~ paid IIs.:rarTIMlO, CA. Postmaster Send_"iI dla"ll" to CALI·FOflNIAGEOlOGY (USPS350 840), 60_ 2980, Sact."...nlO,CA $S812·2980

~~ 0M$00n 01 MInK ..., Geolclgy Pf'IIIICl5._,,",,*..., _ IIems~ 10 1he eatm __ ...

C~.... inducllId .. ". lNQoN'" CoflIr_ 1If1dB,ClhQIOOr."....--.-~I..-.g­_ •• wtIlcotne

CALIFORNIA

GEOLOGY

eo.__a S!IOUkl 011~_IO e­CAUFOftHIA GEOlOGY, 801 J(~ loIS'. 33.S--.CA 9581....3532

~$8_l»lJ1'(6_1 $15!02J1'S-CI2_1SO'300'3yrs.f11_J s.na ~

aI__ ~II)CAI..FORNlAGEOlOGYP ° BIn2illO.S--. CA 95112·29llO

A PUBLICATION OF ntEDEPARTNENT OF CONSERVATlONDIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY

sw.oIc.wom.. PETE WILSON

""""""

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992Volume 45/Number 5

CGEOA 45 is) 133·164 (1992)

Cover Pl1oto: Valentine Cave, a lava tube in lava BedsNational Monument, Siskiyou COUnly, California. lavabenches on Il1e walls mark the level 01 lava Il1at onceIlowed Ihrough Ihe lube. Photo by Bruce W. Rogers.

'" CALIFQANIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBER.<QCTOBER 1992

CAPTAIN JACK'S STRONGHOlDThe Geologic Events that Created a Natural Fortress

Siskiyou County

CAPTAIN JACK'S.'11 HONCI/OLD

LAVA BEOS NATIONALMONUMENT

97

OREGON--------~~--~------CALlFORNtA

_~66

AARON C. WATERS

This oft/ele. on abrIdged !!emOIl of 0 poperIn US. GeoI09lcal Sun.ey Clrwlar 838 (J 981.p 151 16JJ./OCllsn on the geologlc/oClors oftwo bellIes althe Modoc War. Addltlonol maneulien: and strategIeS ore dexrlbe(/ In Ihe orlglnolpublica/Ion. ..edltor

After seulcl'$ orrfued In the Modocs home­land rn the mld- J800s. the ModOl;S were relocated10 tile Klamath Indlon Reserootlon Anding thIsnew life urweceploble. they gradlJ(/l/y returned tolhelrO~If(lllond In late 1872 fighting brokeout when the u.s. Army ordered them 10 return10 the rescmoolion Under the leodershlp ofK/enrpoos. also known as Captain Jack. thegrossly outnumbered Modocs defended themse/lle!l throughout the winter

WEEO

Figura 1 Location map 01 Captain Jack's Stronghold, Lava BedsNa\Jonal Monument.

[ first describe tile terraIn in and near the Stronghokl. asseen through the eyes of a geologist. Then I return to theModoc War and dlscllss, in terms of terrain. the consequences01 the first and second assaults by the Anny on the Stronghold.followed by an analysis of how the Modocs were able to with­draw from the Stronghold undetected.

o 10 20 mile!1_---,-'-',.---,1I [o to 20 kjlometers

5

from the pursuing AmlY patrols. In fact this almost treelessexpanse of small and loose blocks of lava wouJd be the worstplace for the Modocs to hide, so they avoided the Schonchinflow. Some writers have assumed that the Stronghokl is -withinthe Schonchin flow," but the end of the Schonchin flow is 2.4miles (3.8 kml south of the Stronghold. The source of the flowis at the east base of Schonchin Bulle, another 4 miles (6.4 kmlfarther south. TIle Schonchin flow played no part in the ModocWar, excepl that a few of Captain Jack's band ambushed about60 sokllers there. possibly to avoid being trapped against theinhospitable west edge: of the now.

One part of the answer is that the Modocs chose asuperb nalural fortress. They were familiar with the terrainsouth of the shoreline of Tule Lake (F"tgures I and 2). TheArmy was ignorant of this Iandscape's military advantages.Ouoniclers of the Modoc War have not underslood thenature of the terrain in which the Modocs holed up anymore than did the U.S. troops and their offICerS. One hista­lian wrote vaguely about the Modocs Mdisappearing into theSchonchin lIow,~ as if this barren patch of recerttlava hadsome mythical power to swallow the McxIocs and hide them

INTRODUCTION

One of the Iasl Native Califomian uprisings, theModoc War (November 29. 1872 to June 4. 18731.

has been chronicled by many newspaper writers. historians.and social scientists (Murray. 1958: Thompson, 1971).The ","lien record. however, is blurred and contradictoryconcerning the causes. motives. heroism. and savagery ofprincipal participants on both sides (RidcIIe. 1974). Thisarticle is no attempt Mto set the record straight~ with reg.-1rdto what has been reported about the historic and SOCiologicalroots of the Modoc. War. Instead I investigate the questionrepeatedly asked; How dicl53 Modoc men, with twice asmany VJOmen and chiklren, withstand a siege throughoutthe dead of winter. rout 300 U.S. Anny soldiers engagedin the first major assault, and withdraw undetected afterrepulsing a second assault by 650 men supported by mortarsand howitzers?

CALIFORNIA GEOlOOV SEPTEM8ER/OCTOBER 1992 ",

o _ ... _ _ __ "K'

,

••-

•

. . .sif""".... ..•..',.. ~~T~~~· .', .•~>...' . \." .'. ...

~ .,,',

Figure 2. Map showing oeotogr and lonrllcattons of captaIn Jack's Slronghold. Map by DaVId Kimbrough and Aaron C. Warers, '976

,,. CAUFORNIA GEOLOOV SEPTEM6ERIOCTOBER 11192

EXPLANATION OF MAP SHOWINGGEOLOGY AND FORTIFICATIONS

of

Captain Jack's Stronghold

1976

FORTIFICATIONS

GEOLOGIC FEATURESMODOC FORTIFICATION - Cracks on plateau

margins and lops of schollendomes.

SCHOLLENOOME

rock piled to torm low thick walls 01 variousshapes.

b () U.S. ARMY FOATrFICATONS - Loose blocks of

"'-,SYMBOLS

COLLAPSE BASIN

TRAILS(with bridge .... ,stairs . and num·bered slops on Park Service trail)

ROAD

Cluell;!.

,,,,=,-B'.-I/I---tf--

STRIKE AND DIP(within scho!1endome areas, shows slope ofland: short line indicates the direction of tilt)

5 --.... CONTOURS (meters)

·-0_._

, .'

Lake shore in 1873

SURFACE FEATURES

PLATEAU REMNANTS - FlaHopped remainsof a once continuous lava-flow surface, whichin other parts of the map have been lowered,broken, and tilted into basins and schollen­domes.

AREA OF LARGE SCHOllENDOMES - Tiltedand broken solidified crust of a former lavaflow. The draining of molten lava caused thealready solidified crust to collapse into a veryrough landscape of schollendomes. smallbasins. collapse pits, deep cracks, and pilesof talus.

•

COLLAPSE PIT

NATURAL DEFENSE TRENCHNATURALOfFENSE:TREMCl-! PLATEAU

....." "------_.

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992

Photo 1. View toward Tule Lake trom Captain Jack's Stronghold Green tarmland covers anarea occupied by Tule Lake in 1872. Photo by D.L. Wagner.

THE TERRAIN

Today the country in and adjacent toCaptain Jacks Stronghold consists of fourkinds of topographk: surfaces (Figure 2).

I. The TuJeIake P1ain-which in1872-1873 lay beneath the waters ofTuJe L:1ke. Since 1906 most of this large,shalloYJ lake has been reclaimed as farm­land (Photo 1).

2. LowIands-underlain by lobes andtongues of solidified lava. border theshoreline to the east and VJeSt of theStronghold. The Io\.vIands are rough inplaces, but the maximum relief is 6 feet{2 mJ. At the shoreline, the lava tonguesgrade into pilloYJ lavas (pillow-like ellip­soids of basaltic lava. which formed wherethe molten lava tongues \.Vere quenchedand granulated by entry into the waters offormer Tule L:1ke) interspersed with sandybeaches of hyaloclastic (basaltic glass)debris.

3. The Plateau-is the part of theStronghoki where the Modocs had theirliving quarters (Photo 1). It is the north­ernmost remnant of a lava flow plateauthat rises gradually from 33 feet (10m)above the former shoreline at the Strong­hold 10 1()()..130 feet (30-40 m) a fewmiles farther south. It is dimpled withsmall sag basins and vertical-walled coI-

lapse pits (Waters and others. 1990)(Photo 2). The plateau edges near thenow front are MlurndoYm margins. ~These formed when the crust rafted onthe now. cracked, and then slumped asthe lava drained from beneath.

4. Schollendomes--form the marginon Ihree sides of the plateau remnant Inthe Stronghoki area and border otherplateau remnants for many miles to theeast and southwest. A scholJendome isa part of a lava now·s crust which de­tached and formed an elongate domecharacterized by deep fissures and minorcracks branching from a central cleft.

Tulelake Pram Contrastedwilh the Tule lake of 1872

[n 1872 the area north of CaptainJack's Stronghold looked very differentthan it does now. Where today there aregrain fiekis Iac:ed with irrigation anddrainage ditches. In the 1BOOs the wa·ters of Tule L:1ke lapped against a steepslope of crazily tilled lava blocks thatformed a schollendome field. Thechange from lake to farms was broughtabout by diversion of Lost River 10 irri­gate lands fantler west. Between 1906and 1918. the lake shrank to less than aquarter of its former area. The hyalo­claslic silts and sands on the lakebed.

fortified with organic mailer from the ruleswamps. became rich farmland. The origi­nal shoreline in IB73. and the shapeof the present land surface immediatelyadjacent to it. are shO\Vl1 in Ftgure 2 by5-meter contours.

Only over a stretch of about 1/3 mile(500 m) did the shoreline of Tule lakecome against the belt of large scholten­domes that rim the plateau remnant ofthe Stronghold. The lava lowlands riseonly 10 feel (3 m) above the level of theformer lake. There is a temporary NativeAmerican village site on a rocky ledge justabove lake level on the eastern lowland,0.6 mile (1 km) northeast of the center ofthe Stronghold. There are grinding holesin the volcanic rock as v..oell as bird bonesand freshwater clamshells. A 33-foot(1 O-m) bluff drops from the Native Ameri­can village site to the former lake floor.now farmland. Here Tule L:1ke was deep.but at other pans of the lake. especially atthe heads of bays, there \.Vere wide sandybeaches. The beaches and bayhead barsconsisted of hyaloclaslic gravel. silt. andsand. Windbb.vn sand and slit from thesebeaches abraded and smoothed the roughJava surface of the adjacent lowlandsTravel along or close to the shoreline wasrelatively easy, but where the scholJen..domed margin of the plateau reached thelake, passage could be denied by a smallgroup of determined OUIJ'X)Sl snipers.

The Broken Surface 01the Lava Plateau

The plateau. schollendomed margin.and lowlands make up the lava plateau.Each represenlS a phase of a major epi­sode of volcanic activity, Tracing theirorder of development makes it easterto understand how the Modoc's naturalfortress was fonned.

The surface of the plateau at CaptainJack's Stronghold is the top of an unusu­ally thick lava flow. Numerous cracksalong the margin of the plateau penetratethe surface 35 to 40 feet (10 to 12 m).The flow is one of many that spreadnorth and east from vents in and nearMammoth Crater, 9.4 miles (I5 km) tothe south. Much of the lava, hO\l.'eWr.did not travel all this distance on the sur­face. Instead. large volumes of it fIov..oedmost of Ihe way through lava tubes. Smalldistributary tubes became active duringIhe last stages of eruption.

". CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBERIOCTOBEA 1m

A 3- 10 So-foot- (1- 10 IS'm-) thickcrusl fonned after the flow front stopped.A resurgence of volcanism sent largevolumes of lava lhrough the long systemsof tubes. Lilva entered the still-molleninterior of the flow and lifted the crust.allowing lava to break through in manyplaces. During the waning stages of volca­nism. large parts of the flow front arxlparts of the crust of the llow broke up andwere rafted slowly on the currents. At thebase of lhe flow front. small lobes arxltongues of molten lava escaped andfIoo.A.oed north.

Alter eruptive activity at the distantvents had ceased. the lava drained fromthe rubes and the unsupported parts ofthe plateau sagged. forming collapsebasins. Large masses of the soJ)djfied llowfront. and fjnger·lIke tongues of the crustextending hundreds of yards upstreamfrom the l10w front. also sagged and weredragged forward as the lava leaked frombeneath them. (Nole in Figure 2 the manysmall oval collapse basins. and the finger'Uke basins with schollendomes whichindent the plateau.)

Wherever the edge of the plateauturned dov.m to replace the escaping lavabeneath. deep tensional fissures formed in

the nap. Parts of these fissured marginsVJel'e ralted away, fanning scholJendomes.Where shallow distributary lava tubesdrained. there are numerous vertical­walled collapse pits and collapse trenches.Nearly all edges of the plateau remnantsbecame Inlricate mazes of deep fissureswhich are difficult to traverse.

Each of the faint lines in FIgure 2represents a crack or fissure 100 wide tojump over withoul extreme caulion. Foreach of these there are many more crackstoo small to show. These fissures, espe­cially the big ones at or near the lop ofthe tul'TldovJn flaps. are the naturaltrenches used by the Modocs. NOle thatthey are nearly continuous along the edgeof the plaleau on three sides of theModoc encampment. These plateau-erlgefissures. however. were only the last lineof defense. The Modoes also used clefts inthe schollendomes as senlry oUlposts.

The Schollendomed Marginof the lava Plateau

The frontal part of the thick flo\.v thatformed the plateau was broken up andtransfonned into a broad area ofschollcndomes. Thus the schollendomefield at Captain Jack's Stronghokl grades

upslope Into the tuI'lld<:M'Il edge of theplateau remnants. Downslope the frontalend of the schollendome fiek:l is engulfedby the thin lobes and tongues of lava thatescaped 10 lhe surface through the rup­tured !low front. In areas east and west ofthe central part of the Stronghold. thisescaping lava contributed 10 lhe buildingof the lowlands along lhe former shore ofTule Lilke.

The basins between the largestschoIlendomes, and also the turncloumbasins that proJect like fingers intO unbro­ken parts of the plateau. are dutlered withsmaller schollendomes. which VJel'e toosmall to be mapped. We have used theword hummocky in places In FlQUre 2to Indicate that such surfaces are qUIte

irregular. rough with various sizedschollendomes and riven with hundredsof cracks and fissures (Photo 3)

Several high schollendomes oulsiclethe plateau remnants provide excellentviews of the shoreline and lowland areas.The Modocs developed them into \Al'€11­camouflaged sniper positions by pilingloose fretworks of rock in or aroundparts of the central crack (Photo 4).

Photo 2. View southward across the lalla plateau toward Mount Shasta. A conapse pit Is in the center of the photo.Photo by D.L. Wagner.

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992 '"

Photo 3. In the foreground there is a fissure along the turndownedge of the plateau. In the background is the rugged, hummockyschollendome field that the Army had to cross to aUack the Strong­hold. Photo by OL Wagner.

craters (broad. low-relief craters) to the east between theStronghold and Hospital Rock. Several miles to the east ofthe Stronghold. lava erupted into the lake. building large volca­noes at The Peninsula, Juniper Butte, and Prisoners Rock.

The lowland areas are easily crossed. Although the lavasurface is rough, with small schollendomes about 3 feet (1 m)high. there are none of the large schoUendomes. deep fiSSUring.or broken areas like those that make the adjacent schol1endomefield so difficult to cross. Moreover. waves and wind have scat­tered hyaloclastic sands and silts over the surface of many low­land areas. The soldiers on the lowland areas near Gillem'sCamp. or on the hyaloclastic flats near Hospital Rock, had flO

concept of the kind of terrain they would enco..Jnler in theirassaults on the Stronghold.

The Stronghold

Note the nature of the natural fortress which was to be thehome of the Modocs for 5 months. The northern tip of theplateau surface overlooks a bay on the south shore of TuleLake. The part of the plateau closest to the lake is a roundedtable approximately 500 feet (150 m) in diameter. It is bor­dered on three sides by a field of large schoJlendomes, but tothe south a neck about 160 feet (50 m) wide connects it with alarger remnant of the plateau.

The plateau surface where the Modocs lived is dimpled byeight collapse pits. Each is a steep-sided hole 6 to 50 feel {2 to15 m} in diameter and 10 to 26 feet (3 to 8 m) deep. Roors ofthese pits are covered with large angular boukiers that havetumbled from the roof and walls. Around these bould€rs. espe­cially beneath the overhanging walls of the pits. there are smallchambers which would protect up to five people each. Three of

Lowlands Built of PillowLavas and Hyaloclastic Debris

Outcrops along the fonner shorelineof Tule Lake show that lava flowed intothe lake from the south. On contact withwater. molten lava forms pillow lavas andhyaloclastic deposits. These materialsaccumulated along the edges of the origi­nal Tule Lake. pushing the shorelinenorthward. For details of the mechanics ofpillow lava formation and various kinds ofhyaloclastic deposits consult Fuller (1931)and Waters and Fisher (1971).

In a quarry developed for road-build­ing materials. near the site of the fonnerNative American village. we can examinetypical examples of pillow lavas withchilled glass rinds. pillow breccias. andgranulated slag-like bits of hyaloclasticmaterial. [n near~ areas. molten lavaalso entered the lake through lava tubes.Good examples of this are on HoveyPoint west of the Stronghold. There areseveral additional vent areas and maar

Photo 4. High schollendome used as a sniper position at the edge ot the Stronghold.Photo by DL Wagner.

'" CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBERIOCTOBER 1992

Photo 5. CaptalO Jack's Cava. Photo by D.L. Wagnor.

these collapse pits, Captain Jack's Cave.Schonchin John's Cave. and Family Caveare easily reached from the inner trailconstructed by the Park ServiCe (Photo 5).Outside Captain Jack's Cave a smallmound of pahoehoe (smooth) lava servedas a rostrum from which the Modoc lead'ers coukI address their people.

Loose rocks on the sulfate of theplateau VJere piled Ioo.v. fonning a partialbreastworks around parts of the camp.Army soldiers made these walls thickerand higher after the Modocs withdrewfrom the Stronghold, The main defensepositions used by the Modocs. hovJever.are the deep natural cracks and crevassesalong the top of the turrxioom edges ofthe plateau. and simllar fissures along thelOPS of high schoUendomes (Photo 6).The more strategic and important of theseModoc defense trenches are labeled InFigure 2. lhey fonn a sinuous line alongthe entire northwest margin of the pia.teau, then curve eastward into a naturalU-shaped ambush line, 1he floors of thesenatural defense trenches were cleared sothe defenders could quickly pass alongthem. From the central Stronghold, theModocs used shan radial routes to reachvarious pans of the trench system withoutencountering difficult crevasses.

Most of the scattered Modoc outposts,high isolated overlooks with unimpairedviews of the surrourxllng country. are inthe central cracks of the highest schollen·domes. No doubt additional Modoc out­posts within the area of Figure 2 navegone unrecognized during the mapping.

These natural defense features of theStronghold are not unique. Many otherplateau remnants have more-lonnidableand deeply"crevas.sed tumdOVJl'l edges.The Stronghokfs Wliqoe value was Itsproximity to the shoreline of Tule Lake.thus assuring a constant supply of water.VJOCUS rOOl. waterfowl. fish. and freshwa­ter clams. Also. lIS location denied com­munication for an enemy using the easilytraversable route along the lakeshore.MoreoYer. the Modocs were \lIe1l awareof an easy escape route to the south overthe fiat surfaces of scattered remnants ofthe lava plateau. The heavily fissured andscholleodomed terrain surrounding theseplateau remnants would be difficult andslow for a traveler unfamiliar with theterrain.

Still another unusual topographicfeature was vital in helping the Modocswithstand the wlnler siege-the corral.Just west of the Stronghokl encampmentis a small and deep collapse basin.bounded by three large schollendomes.and the steep and deeply fissured tum­down flap of the plateau. A smooth andeasily crossed slope leads off the plateauand northward through a gate across theend of the southern schollendome Into thenatural corral (Photo 7), Stray cattle onthe southern plains. and others capturedin Modoc raids, were driven nonh acrossthe plateau remnanlS and into thIS naturalcorral. They VJeTe penned by piling a wallof rocks and brush across the narrow gate(Figure 2). ll,us an adequate supply ofbeef was available throughout the winter.

THE MODOC WAR

In late November of 1872 two groupsof Modocs INCre encamped at their wintervillages about 1/2 mile Oess than 1 km)apan on either side of Lost River a fewmiles upstream from where it enteredTule Lake. On November 29 there wasa shoocout when the Modocs VJere sur­prised by a patrol of sokliers sent to putthem on the Klamath Indian Reservation.

TVJO groups of Modocs. one led byCaptain Jack. and the other led byHooker Jim. headed for the Stronghoklon the opposite (south) shore of TuleLake. Jack's group, which inc1uded thewomen and children from both villages.paddled the 13 miles (21 km) across thelake from the mouth of Lost River. Thefollowing day they IAlCre joined by HookerJlm's small group of warriors. who hadridden horses along the 35-mile (56-km)route around the east end of the lake,They took revenge for lhe Modoc fatal­ities of the early morning shootout bykilling all the IT\(!n at isolated ranches andselilements along the north and eastshores of Tule L:!ke. In the wake of therevenging Modocs. the settlers' widO\AlSand chiklren made the long walk acrossStukel Mountain to the securiry of othersettlemenlS.

Assault ot January 17. 1893

The Army. stung by its failure to~round up-the Modocs and shocked bythe murder of the 14 settlers. was prepar­ing a second attempt. AdcIitionaltroopswere called from other Army posts. andgroups of volunteers from Oregon andCalifornia (whose enlistment period was

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992 '"

Photo 6. Deep natural fissure that is pan of the maIn defense linealong the turndoWn edge of the plateau Defenders could movequickly WIthout being seen. Phoro by D L Wagner.

only 30 days) were hastily organized and haphazardly trained,Also recruited were unorganized volunteers and labor supportfrom nearby towns and ranches. By early January, 400 ~nghting

men-were ~raring to go.MUeutenant Colonel Frank Wheatonset January 17 lor the anack on the Modoc:s' then-unnamedencampmenl, It soon became kno.un as Captain Jack's Strong­hold, Colonel Wheaton ordered a pmcet'S from u.oest and east.Three hundred men were to be commined 10 ban1e. I ()() held inreserve, Captain Green's dismouJ\led cavalry, along \/Jith contin­gents of Oregon and California I.dunteers. was to attack from!he"oest and bear lhe brunt of the fighting, Captain Bemanfssmaller command was 10 advance from the east, primarily as aholding lorce to keep the Modocs from escaping along thelakeshore lovknds_ On January 16 the Iroops moved into posi­tion on the bluff overlooking the southwest comer of Tule Lake(near Gillem's Camp on modem maps). On the same day.Bernard's forces advanced wesl over the lowlands adjacent tothe south shore of TuJe Lake. Because of a heavy fog lhey went100 far and drew Mcxioc nre which wounded Ihree soldiers.Bernard's group then \/Jithdrew to an area near Hospital Rock(about 2 miles (3 kml east of the Stronghold) and camped forthe nighL

The morning of January 17 was ooId and there was a heavyrog aromd the lake. Wheaton and Green's lroops. although onthe march at dawn. were slow in making their~ dooMl GiHemBluff and organiztng a line of skirmishers as they advancedta..vard the Sironghok:l. No doubt Modoc scouts had beenaware of the troops' Il'lO'.IerTleOts since early dawn. but it wasafter II a m. before Modoc: snipers opened fire. The mostdetailed account of the number of men, their positions. andtheir movements during the ~baltle" Is in Thompson (1971),Alter IAlowlding some soldiers and kilting several others, theModocs relinquished some of their outposts. thus leading theadvancing troops eastward untit they were enmeshed in thechaos of deep cracks and crevasses \/Jithin the schoIIendornedarea. Here the Modoc nre from their natural defense trencheswas deadly; Army casualties mounted, and yet not one Modochad been ""'" by the befuddled """",. The pion 01 """'....up onto the plateau was abandoned Some parts of the hnewere already in retreat leaving the dead on the field. CaptainGreen auempted 10 JOl.nd the Stronghold along the lakeshoreand make contact with Bernard's command on the east Hismen suffered many casualties; mosl relreated or were killed. buta few remained concealed behind bouIclers until darkness, andthen made their way over to Bemard's position. Captain Greenwas among them.

Bernard's group had also been in trouble during the: day,Casualties were inflicted by Modoc snipers. The terrain,although not as dirftcult as that on the u.oest side, is extensivelyschollendomed. and in places it contains treacherous crevasses,After Bernard's men Ieamed thai the assault on the u.oest sidefailed they began a retreat on the east s;de_

The day after the rout the Modocs searched the baltleflcidand recovered moch valuable booty (RidcSe, 1974). They foundthe ground covered with ammunition. rilles. and ocher kinds ofguns where the Oregon volunteers had stampeded. In the areawhere most of the Army casualtIes had occurred were ninecarbines and six belts filled \/Jith carbine cartridges. Considerablefield equipment. boots, and clothing VJere also recovered.

The January 17 assault was a spectacular victory for theModocs. There were 37 casualties of the Army and Oregonand California volunteers. The Modoc:s had no casualties, InThompson's u.oords (197 I), MThree hundred men had beenunable 10 make the slightest dent on the magnificenl union oflaw and Ird>an _ .•

In many lM'\lIen accounts the hea\.y fog is blamed for theArmy's debacle. bul il can be argued thai the fog UIOIked 10 theAnny's advantage. not the Modoc:s'. The M<xloc; early defensewas accomplished entirely by snipers in Modoc outposts. Fromtheir secondary nalural defense trenches at the lOp of the pla.teau. other Modoc defenders could not see through the fog anddetennine which parts of the Army's line were hWlg up onfissured ground, which parts v.rere advancing, and which wererouted and in retreat.

Winter of 1873

Aher lIS humiliating defeat. the Anny made changes incommand and gradua1ly grew to a force of 675 soIdiets and

'" CAlIfORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBER,OCTOSEA 1992

Photo 7. The Stronghold's natural corral, used to hold cattle dunng the Modoc war. Photo byD.L. Wagner.

70 Wann Springs Indian scouts. Across the country sympathyfor the Modocs was expressed. A Peace Commission wasfotmed but the meetings were fruitless.

On April 11 the Modocs killed military commander GeneralCanby and one other member of the Peace Commission. Theyreasoned if the white leaders were killed the soldiers would leave,This event spurred the Army into action.

Assaull of April 15

The planning, execution. and results of the April attack werethe same as the assault of January 17. except the scenario IWaS

played in slow motion. On the night of April 14 the soldiersedged forward in the dark until they were roughly in the sameposition as were the troops of January 17 when they cameunder Modoc fire. But In this second assault. the troops on thewest side were moving into position when a soldier lost his fool­ing among the jagged rocks, firing his rifle acddentally. TheModocs were alerted, and their cries of warning were passedalong the perimeter of the Stronghold. The soldiers haslily builtrock lorts as shelters.

On Apri115. mortar and howit7.er sheUs were poured intothe Modoc encampment, and the troops began a cautious andslow advance. The next day an attempt to push forward stronglyon the south flank of the west side failed. During the nightwomen. children. and most of the Modoc warriors withdrew10 the south, undoubtedly following the VJell known route acrossthe plateau remnants along which the Modocs had driven cattlemto the nall.oal corral. A few Modoc:: warriors remained to harassand taunt the troops ~in very plain. if not the classical English M

(Thompson. 1971),

On the morning of April 17 the artillery stopped pouringshells into the Stronghold. and troops on both the east andwest sides began a cautious advance. No sounds came fromthe Modocs' position, no shots were fired as the soldiersapproached and entered the Stronghold.It IWaS an empty M sweep.MOver 650 Arnlyregulars had spent 3 days and 3 nights inMbattle" and had suffered 23 casualties(six killed, 17 wounded). Their attemptto Mround up" or else Mexterminate" theModocs was a failure. even though theynow occupied the Modocs' Stronghold.

The Modocs' Withdrawal Route

Much nonsense has been written inAnny reports. as IJ,i('Jl as by historians andother writers. about the route by which150-170 people, mostly women and chil­dren. \.VCre able to leave the Strongholdundetected. It was inconceivable to theArmy command that the Modcx:s couldslip away so silently in the night withoutthe soldiers' knowledge. The WannSprings Indians, hired as mercenaries,were suspected of being traitors, allowingthe Modcx:s to "escape up a gully.· near

the line the Wann Springs Indians held. Historians, as well. haveappealed to the finger·like collapse draws south of the Strong­hold, plus connivance with the Warm Springs scouts. Yet thesecollapse draINS are so cluttered with schollendomes and riven\With deep cracks and crevasses that It I.UOUkI be impossible toget such a large group through. plus dogs and horses. in onenight. Even more fanciful are the written statements in someserious reports that the Modocs ~s1ipped past the Wann Springsscoots in a large lava trench" (no such "trench" or "guilyM isthere), or the less ambiguous (but no less impossible) statementthat they... ~disappeared into the Schonehin Flow·'

To a geologist equipped with aerial photographs of theterrain, the escape route of the Modocs is obvious. They simplywalked south and then southeast at a brisk pace on the plateauremnants (Figure 2). avoKling the collapse basins. turndownflaps. and schollendomes (Photo 8).

Where had lhe Modocs gone? Would they relUm? Wastheir disappearance only a ruse before a surprise aUack?Colonel Gillem and his troops did not know. Hoo.r.'eveI". a fewModocs remained. for an occasional crack of a sniper's riflewas heard and Modocs were sometimes spotted walking onthe southern plateau remnants. After the occupation. a fewdays were spent in building rock fons and rock walls for defensein case the Modocs returned. Over 200 of these fortificationshave been located. some of which are shown by appropriatesymbols in rlgure 2 Another 30 or 40. including a long butdiscontinuous rock wall. were built by Mason's troops beforethe April assault.

During this activity the troops scleded an easy east-westroute across the plateau remnants south of the Modocs' formerliving quarters. This route was fortified with ten larger and stron­ger ~hoIlow-square~ forts (Photo 9). The outer trail. constructedby the Park Service.f~ this line of forts in its east-westcourse (FIgure 2).

CAliFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEM8ER'OCT06ER 1992 "3

PhcKo 8. Wllhdrawal route southat the SllCMlghoId. on !he Lavaplateau_ Photo by DL Wagner

EPILOGUE

Once the Modocs were dislodgedfrom the Stronghokl the: end INaS inevl·lable.~. on April 26 a group ofModocs accomplished one last spectacularvictory when they ambushed an Anl'Y)'patrol at Hardin Butte. south of theScronghokl. By _May !he Modocs."'" quarrel;ng bonerly. Thoy >p!ln,..-.dlnto groups thaI were holn:Ied by Annypal:rcMs aided by Warm Spmgs scouts.Some Modocs who surrendered or werecaptured assisred the Army In IrackIngCaptain Jack and other fuglwe Modocs.Captain Jack surrendered on June I,1873 and, along W'ilh three other Modocleaders, was hanged 4 months later. Theremaining 155 Modocs v..oere sent to areselVation in Oklahoma.

REFERENCES

Fullef. R_E.. 1931, The aqueous chiMing ofbasiIIl: lava on the CoIumtlIa RlY8f Pla­teau AmencanJoumaI oI5aence, II. 21.P 281-300

Murray. K.A 1958, The Modocs and thelrwarUIWtlfSItY ot QkIahoma Press. Norman.Oklahoma, :u6 P

Riddle, J.e. 1974. The IndLan hlslO1)' 01 theModoc War Uoon Press, Eugene.Oregon, 295 p

Thompson, E,N, 1971, The Modoc War~

Argus Books, Saaamento. CaMorma,188 p. plus IlluStratiOns and maps.

WaletS. A.C.. and FISher. R.V., 1971.Base surges and their deposits cape..Wlos and Taal volcanoes Joumal ofGeophysical Research. II 76. p. 5596·561'

W31etS. A.C.• Dotw'IeIIy-Noian. J M~ andRogers. B.W, 1990, 5elecIed caves andlava-tube systems Il"I and near LavaBeds NatJOnal Monument GalIfOfTllaUS Ge0l0gIcaI Society BuIlelln 1673.102 p., 6 plates.

Aaron C Waters (J905·19911was a pwfe!OSOf at several universi·ties, Includlng Stanford, JohnsHopkIns. University of CalIforrua atSanta Barbara. and the UnJYerSity 01CabfOl'TUll al Santa CNZ, v.ohere hecof<Ulded the Earth Sciences Dep.vt.menl He. focused his research on the

"*""" mOO 01 !he """"""""Unste:f Stales and clUIhored daWcsndies on the Cobnbia RNer Basalt.o..-..do> Range "*'anoes. and !heB..Rl and Range prowlCe. 10 1982.he wa!l awarded the Penrose Medal01 !he~ 5000ly 01 Amm<a11 teIXllJ'"IIUOr' ol his disIinguashedcareer in geok:q,I

Photo 9 Fondicauon constructed by theArmy alter the Modocs abandoned theStrongnold Photo by Elise Mamson. ".

... CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMQERJOCTOBEA 1992

Medicine Lake Volcano and Lava BedsNational Monument

Siskiyou and Modoc Counties

JULIE M. DONNELLY-NOLAN. Geologist

Photo 1. View trom MI. Hottman south across Uttle Glass Mountain toward Mount Shasta. Photo by D.L. Wagner.

Originally published In rhe1987 Geological Society of AmericaCentennial FIeld Guide. CordilleranSection, this field guide has beenupdated jar CALIFORNIA GEOL­<XiV. The trip can be completed Inone day or extended fo fnlJe$tlgoleoIlier features such as those sug­gested at the end 01 this guide. Oneof these side trips Is described Inthis Jssue: MCaptain Jack's Str0ng­hold (The Geologic Events that Cre­ated a Nanni Fortress)~....editor.

LOCATION

Medicine Lake volcano is in theModoc Plateau physiographk prov­

ince in non.heaslem California. about30 miles (SO km) northeast of MI. Shasta.his a Pleistocene and Holocene shieldvolcano whose products cover about

900 square miles (2.500 kml); volume isestimated to be 180 cubic miles (750 km~

(Dzurisin and others, 199 Il. Lava BedsNational Monument is on the northernflank of the volcano. llle monumentencompasses mostly basaltic and someandesitic lavas. Higher on the \/Ok::ano,basaltic lavas are mostly absent. Ande-site dominates, but high-silica lavasare present including the spectacularlate Holocene rhyolites and dacites ofOass Mountain. Utile Glass Mountain(Photo I), and the Medicine daciTe flow(Anderson. 1941). A wide variety ofvolcanic and Tectonic phenomena canbe seen at Medicine Lake volcano. Manyfeatures are young and wen exposed.making it an ideal place for a field tripTo see the range of volcanic adivity frombasaltic to rhyolitic (see map).

Medicine Lake sits at an elevationof 6,676 feet (2.005 m) within a

4.5· by 7.5-mile (7- by 12-kml caldera;the highest point on the caldera rim is7,913 feet (2,398 m) and the plaleausurrounding the volcano is about 4.000feet (1.200 m) in elevation. lhe volcanois traversed by numerous roads, andaccess is good although most roads areunpaved. Four·whe€l-drive vehicles areunnecessary for this trip and lor accessto most of the volcano. but high clear­ance is recommended. It is wise to callahead for road and weather conditions.Cau the Doublehead Ranger DistrictTulelake, California (Modoc NationalForest) for information about the easternhalf of the volcano including the calderaand the campgrounds at Medicine Lake.Call the Shasta-Trinity National Forestheadquarters in Redding. California forthe southwestern pan of the volcano,and the Klamath National Forest head·quarters In Yreka. California for thenorthwestern part.

CALIFORNIA GEOLOOY SEPTEMBERXJCT08ER 1992 "5

location map for field triP toMedicine Lake Volcano and LavaBeds NalionaJ Monument. Insetshows maior highways In thearea. Trip goes trom south 10north.

HWy 1311

iHWY 1311

I,,,I

, .J,i,,I,,iI

!

LAVA BEDS

,

NATIONAL MONUMENT

VOLCANO

II:la"a,n Falla. OR ,..~ , ,

I

'0C0'

••

,,III '0

h'.Jr - - - oJ,,I

I

,,­,

'"",-

'11:"",.,n F.... OR

u.s. For••,Sa,vll;. oUIe.

4

MEDICINE LAKE

Hwy t1 3.. --,,,,,n,,.)\_" ~ -'·;~~~'~~~~U-'i-"'4ic:Ina......a

"...(]" lilt" GI..a _ ....

+ .1°121 0 .5'

Campgrounds are available at Lava Beds Natk>naJ Monu­ment. Be advised that campgrounds can fill up on holiday week­ends. Depending on the weather and the depth of winter snow­fall. it may not be possible to drive across the caldera in earlysummer. It is recommended this field trip guide be loU~between the Fourth 01 July and early October. Roads may beopen and dear in June and into early November. but be sureto contact the local Forest Service or Park Service office 10 findout. Lava Beds National Monument is open all year.

11le VJeather is Wlpredictable from day to day al high eleva­tions. Temperatures commonly drop to freezing even duringsummer nights at Medicine Lake. A typical summer day willreach 90°F (32°0 allower elevations and 70-SOoF (21-2ro

on the upper pan of the volcano. with occasional isolated thun­derstorms in the afternoon. Food and gas are not availablealong this route; water is available only at Medicine Lake andat the Visitor Center and campground in Lava Beds NationalMonurnerJl.

Wear glc:Jol.es and eye protection when examining and climb-­ing on young. glassy, high-Silica fiolNS. You will need lights (andsomething warm to v..rear) for Stop 8 and any other caves youvisit: flashlights may be borrowed from the Visitor Center inUlva Beds National Monument after entrance fees are paid.Remember not to collect samples in the monUlTl0'lt. Watch outfor raulesnakes at lower elevations. panicularly In the monu·ment. Be aware that each year new roads open and old ones

'" CALIFORN!A GEOlOGY SEPTEMBER.OCTOOEA 1992

close. Obtain Forest Service maps for the area (a new series of7.5-minute topographic maps is also available).

I have INTitten this as a one-day trip. It is designed 10 show avariety of rock types and morphologic features. If each stop takeshalf an hour. the whole trip should take about 10 hou~. Manyother stops are IX>SSible. and I have listed a few below if you wishto make it a muillple-day trip. A few other stops are described inDor.neUy-Noian and others (1981). The classic geologic referenceis Anderson (1941). which contains a useful. although generalizedmap. Some petrologic references include Condie and Hayslip(1975). Mertzman (1977a, 1977b). Grove and Baker (1984),and Grove and others 11988).

The turnoff to Medicine Lake is on Highway 89 about16.5 miles (26.5 km) east of McCloud and about 20 miles(32 km) easl of Interstate 5. Driving east, the turnoff is just pastthe Bartle store; there is a small sign on your left. Tum northonto a good paved road that goes through the site labeled Bartleon the map. Continue north about 4 miles (6.5 km) to a junctionwith another paved road (Forest Road 49) on the right; a signpoints toward Medicine Lake. Tum right. Trip mileage begins atthis intersection. (Note thaI the Ieft·hand road, Forest Road 15.continues north as a good paved road past UnJe Glass Mountainand across the northwest flank of Medicine Lake volcano. thentums west and connects wilh Highway 97 al Macdoe1.)

ROADlOG

pahoehoe toes. Climb this large spallarcone and look al the welded spatter.This stop gives you an opportunity tosee one 01 the several types of ventsfor the many basaltic flows of Medicinelake volcano (Photo 3). Other venttypes include much smaller spattercones aligned to form spatter ramparts,cinder cones, and pit craters (Stop 7).With the exception 01 the lake Basalt(Anderson. 1941) in the caldera. whichhas an unusuallexture and may repre-

mile km

Photo 2. A ca...er rappets 60 leet (18 m) frllo the Mossy Carpetentrance to Catwalk Cave. a part 01 the Gaping Holes la...a tubesystem which is contained in the basall erupted Irom Giant Crater.Photo by Broce W. Rogers.

Stop 1. Doubte Hole Crater, Walksouth across the thin pahoehoe(smooth) high-alumina basalt to thecrater. Note the small surface tubes and

Turn left onto the good gravel road.The road sign points to GrasshopperFlat. Follow the road wesl for 0.5 miles(0.8 km) to the large spaller cone (vol­canic material explosively ejected fromand bUilt up around a vent) on your lefl.Stop and park off the road.

There is a sign and parking area on thelett for Jot Dean ice cave. As you con­tinue across this Holocene basalt thaterupted Irom Double Hole Crater, notethe dellation that took place after thelava formed a ~high·water mark.~

crusted over. and then let the crustdown as itllowed away via one ormore tubes.

Odometer readings are in miles (kilome­ters are in parentheses).

Junction of paved roads 4 miles (6.5 km)north of Highway 89 and Bartle. Turnnght and head northeast across Plio­cene high-alumina basalt known as theWarner Basalt (Anderson, 1941). Notethe thick red soil. It is beller developedthan any soil you Will see on the youngerlavas of Medicine lake volcano. Afterabout 9 miles (14.5 km).the road dropsover an east-lacing fault scarp ontoyoung Medicine lake basaltic lavas. Theroad crosses a lava tube that begins atGiant Crater and can be traced lor atleast 14 miles (23 km), makmg it one ofthe longest known lava tubes (Photo 2)(Greeley and Baer. 1971). Con\lnuedriving north.

0.0

mile km

18.9 (30.2)

17.6 (28.2)

18.4 (29.4)

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEM8ERJQCTOBER t992 '"

mite km

Turn left. Follow the narrow dirt roadabout 0.3 miles (0.5 km) to the first widespot on the left where several cars canbe parked.

Stop 3. Cracks. Cross the road andwalk about N30cE inlo a logged area.You will see large cracks in the ground.Continue walking northeast about100 yards (100 m) to the largest crael<.about 30 feet (10m) deep and 30 feet(10 m) wide. This set of cracks devel­oped over a rhyolite dike (Fink and Pol­lard. 1983) during emplacement of LittleGlass Mountain and several domes ofidentical composition larther to thenortheast. Note that the ragged edgesof the cracks could be fit back togetherin an east-west sense. The walls of thecracks expose the interior of a fountain­led andesite flow. You can easily seethe agglutinated (welded by volcanicglass) texture and angular lithic (rock)fragmenls typical of this type of flow.The andesite erupted from the glaciated

Forest Service ranger station. Continuestraight ahead. Travel on this road isrough and slow.

Base of Little Mount Hollman cindercone. The road forks. Go straighlahead. put your vehicle in low gear.and dnve to the top of the cinder cone.If it is early in the summer and there aresnowdrifts around the base of the cone.there may be snowdrifts across the roadto the top. Ralher than backing downthis rather steep and exposed road. youmay want to walk to the top. The viewfrom the top is worth it.

Stop 2. Little Mount Hoffman Look·oul. The view from the top 01 this cindercone is spectacular. Below you Is thelate Holocene rhyolite of lillie GlassMountain. Behind the glass flow. Ml.Shasta dominates the western skyline.To Ihe south. on a clear day you cansee Lassen Peak: to the north are MI.McLoughlin and. still farther away, Mt.Scott on the eastern rim of Crater Lakecaldera. To the east you can see thedome of Glass Mountain on the easternrim 01 Medicine Lake caldera. Driveback down to the base of Little MounlHoffman.

AI the road junction go straight ahead(east). back toward Medicine Lake.

mile km29.2 (46.7)

32.9 (52.6)

32.7 (52.3)

sent some form of cumulate. you willnot cross basalt again until you reachthe north flank of the volcano. Thebasalt al Double Hole Crater is part01 the Giant Crater lava field of earlyHolocene basalt and basaltic andesitethat erupted Irom several nearby ventsincluding Giant and Chimney craters(Donnelly-Nolan and olhers. 1991).The initial eruptions were contaminatedwith crustal material (Baker and others.1991). followed by more than 1 cubicmile (4 km') of high-alumina basallthalflowed south 27 miles (43 km) via lavatubes. Return to the paved road.

Turn right. Drive around the north sideof the lake, past the campgrounds.Pavement ends at the west entrance toMedicine Campground. Continue west.

Tum left and continue north on pavedFOrest Road 49 toward Medicine Lake.

Turn left onto the paved road. A signpoints to Medicine Lake.

Junction with a good paved road onyour right. Continue straight ahead tothe north. but note that the road to theright (Forest Road 97) goes down theeast side of the volcano and joins High­way 139.

25.6 (41.0)

19.4 (31.0)

27.2 (43.5)

Photo 3. A 30·1001- (9-m-) h'9h Spaller cone Similar 10 lhose loundnear SlOP 1. Pharo by 8flJce W. Rogers.

'" CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992

mile km

33.5 (53.6)

37.3 (59.7)

cinder cone just south of the parkingspot. Retrace the route 0.3 miles(0.5 km) to the road junction.

Turn left and retrace the route to Medi­cine lake. I recommend stopping forlunch at one 01 the campgrounds or atthe picnic area at the east end of thelake.

Turn left onto the paved road, awayfrom Medicine lake.

mile kinthe big rhyolite flow you can see spark­ling ahead 01 you. The roads in themining area are continually changing.Currently. as you continue south youcome 10 a major haul road-watch forlarge trucks. Turn left onto this road,then turn right very soon onto a narrowdirt track that goes around the front ofthe big rhyolite lobe you can see aboveyou. Park at the edge of the !Jow wherea big pile of obsidian blocks preventsaccess to a bulldozer road that climbsthe 1I0w.

Stop 5. Glass Mountain (Photo 4).Beware-the glass is very sharp. Walkup the bulldozer cut and examine therhyolite. Pieces vary from black aphyricobsidian to pumiceous, lighter-coloredsamples, and samples with interestingtextures that show evidence of break­age, oxidation, and flowage while stilthot. On your lett. under the rhyolitelobe, is the dacite that is the lirst part ofthe Glass Mountain flow (Anderson,1933; Eichelberger, 1975). Go oul ontothe dacite and see the abundant basal·tic andesite inclusions. Two mixingevents are suggested: first. a basaltic

53.4 (85.4)

Photo 4. Aerial photo 01 Glass Mountain. looking to the wes!. NoteMedicme Lake al upper right center and Mount Shasta to top left ofcenler. Photo by Bruce W. Rogers.

Intersection of major din roads. Turnright on Cougar BUlle Road. Continueeast on main gravel road to the firstmajor road on the right.

Turn right and proceed south. The gooddirt road becomes a narrow track Inpumice. When you arrive at the pumicemining area, drive loward the Iront of

Stop 4. North rim of caldera. Belowyou to the south is the Medicine daciteflow and beyond that, Medicine Lake.The muted topography of the calderais partially a result of glaciation that hasstripped the tops 01 lava Ilows androunded off cinder cones. MedicineLake appears to sit in a bed of glacialclay that prevents the water from drain·ing into the permeable volcanic rocks.The caldera does not seem to be prim­arily the result 01 ash-Ilow eruptionsalthough a small andesitic ash flowdid erupt from the caldera in tate Pleis­tocene time (see Stop 9). The bestexplanatIon seems 10 be Anderson's(1941) suggestion thai the calderaresulted Irom voluminous eruption ofandesite lavas around the rim 01 thecaldera. This roadcut exposes one ofthese andesites; another was exposedin the cracks at Stop 3. Follow the roadover the north rim.

Pavement ends at this intersection.Continue straight ahead. Road is roughand slow.

Turn left onto the main paved road.ForeSI Road 49. Continue north acrossthe caldera floor and around the eastand north sides 01 the late HoloceneMedicine dacite flow. Drive west up thenorthern wall of the caldera. Stop at thewide spot in the road just before theroad turns north and crosses thecaldera rim.

40.9 (65.4)

40.6 (65.0)

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMeERIOCTOBER 1992 '"

mile km

55.4 (88.6)

component is mixed Into rhyotitemagma and homogenization to dacitetakes place: second. basaltic andesitemagma is injected into the dacite, form­ing blobs Ihat chill against the hostsilicic magma and perhaps cause theeruption. For further discussion 01 thisstop. see Donnelly·Nolan and others(1981) and Eichelberger (1981).

Glass Mountain lava erupted from aN300 W-trending dike along which are13 vents. According to Eichelberger(1975), three of the vents contributed10 the Glass Mountain flow. The other10 vents produced small domes andflows. nine of which are north, and onesouth. of the main flow. Based on car­bon-14 dating, the Glass Mountaineruption occurred about 850 years ago(Donnelly·Nolan and others, 1990).There are large trees growing in pumi­ceous zones on the Ilow, Indicating that200 years is too young. Heiken (1978)discusses both Glass MountaIn andlittle Glass Mountain tephra deposits.concluding that the former feature ISyounger. Return to your vehicle andretrace your route north through thepumice mining area and onto the mainroad. Continue north to Cougar BulleRoad.

Turn left onto CougarBulle Road.

mile km

64.3 (102.9)

Ing on this old raitroad grade lor about3 miles (5 km). You will drive directly intoa late Holocene basaltic andesite flowshown on Anderson'S 1941 map as theCallahan flow. The road cuts throughthe base of the flow's vent. Cinder Bone,whICh was quarried for roadbed materialfor Ihe railroad grade. Slow down andlook for the first parking area on yourlett that can hold several vehicles.

Stop 6. Callahan Flow. Rather thanbeing on the surface. the road cutsinto the ftow giving you a three·dimen­sional view of the sometimes blocky.sometimes smooth-surfaced flow mor·phology (Photo S). Here you can lookinto the center 01 a smalillow lobe.Because this part of the flow appears10 have cooled in place, paleomagne­lists chose this localion for sampling.Note the l-inch- (2.S-cm.) diameter coreholes. The flow has a carbon-14 age of1,110 ± 60 years (Donnelly·Nolan andChampion, 1987).

There is a very nice view 10 the north andnorlheast across the sparsely vegetated!low. To the norlh are several normallaullS (east side down) trending northtoward Klamath Falls. To the northeastyou can see some of the cinder cones

55.7 (89.1)

61.2 (97.9)

Turn right onto thefirst good road onyour right. ThiS roadgoes generally north­west down the northflank of the volcano.Continue on it unlilyou intersect a pavedroad.

Drive directly acrossthe paved road (For­est Road 49) onto anarrow dirt road. Ifyou lurn left at thisintersection you willreturn directly to Stop4 and to MedicineLake. (If you turnright, you will godireclly to Stop 7 andLava Beds NationalMonumenl.) Drivestraight ahead. stay-

Photo 5. Road culm the Callahan Flow at Stop 6. Cll'lder BUM, the source ollhe !low. isIn Ihe background. PholO by D L. Wagner.

,so CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992

Turn right and drive about 0.2 mIle(0.3 km) north, keeping left at the next

explore the cave. Flashlights maybe borrowed at the Visitor Center.1.5 miles (2.4 km) south on the mainmonumenl road. Even if you don'thave tights and can't explore the cave.the entrance in itself is an impressiveexperience. Skull Cave is part of alarge tube that transported lava to thenortheastern corner of lava BedsNational Monument. Going into thecave. take the stalrs 10 ICe at the bot­tom, two levels below. At least threelava tubes are stacked one on top ofthe other at this location. This is oneplace where the law 01 Superpositionfails because tubes are often usedmore than once and the inner lava isyoungest. Thus, younger lava can beunder older lava. Return to the mainmonument road.

Turn right and drive nonh about 4 miles(6.S km) where you will go northwestacross a Holocene aa (rough) basaltflow relerred 10 as the basalt 01 DevilsHomestead. Ahead 01 you is the faultscarp called Gillem Bluff (Photo 6). Theroad turns north roUowing Ihe faull.look for a road on your left with a stQnstallng Ihe road is not maintained lorpublic use.

Turn left. The road soon becomes dirt.Follow il west. Ihen north to the lirstright-hand turn.

mile km mile kmand flows of lava Beds NationalMonument; you are just outside thesouthwest corner of the monument.Turn around and return to the pavedroad.

67.4 (107.8) Turn left onto paved Forest Road 49.Drive north just past the pavement'send at the southern boundary 01 lavaBeds National Monument. On yourleft IS the parking area lor MammothCrater.

69.0 (110.4) Stop 7. Mammoth Crater. Follow theshort paved path west to a view ofMammoth Crater. This crater venteda large volume 01 basalt and basaJlicandesite. It is one of several vents in-cluding Modoc Crater and BearpawButte thaI produced the late Pleistoceneunit referred to by Donnelly-Nolan andChampion (1987) as the basalt of Mam- 74.2 (118.7)moth Crater. This unit covers aboutlwo-thirds of the monument and extendsbeyond monument boundaries to theeast and west; its volume is estimatedto be more than 1 cubic mile (4 kmJ).

This unit is analogous to basalt eruptedat Giani Crater and related vents on thesouth side at the volcano (see Stop 1).The earliest eruptions appear to haveproduced basaltic andesite lavas thatbuilt up around the vents: later. more- 78.a {126.1}fluid basalt IIowed via lava tubes as faras 15 miles (25 km). You wilt see one orthese tubes at Stop 8. Continue driVIngnonh on the dirt road to a paved road 79.2 (126.7)shown on the 1986 Modoc NationalForest map asRoad 10.

71.6 (114.6) Turn left on thispaved road (themain road throughlava Beds Nation-al Monument).Proceed north tothe lirst pavedroad on the right.A sign points toSkull Cave.

72.0 (115.2) Turn right anddrive east to SkullCave.

73.1 (117.0) Stop 8. SkullCave. You willneed flashlightsand/or lanterns to

Photo 6. East-side·down normal faults al HOWitzer Pomt along Gillem BluH. The drainedlakebed ot lule Lake, lower nght, has been tarmed since the early pall 01 this century.The white and gray area atlhe bottom 01 the scarp at the elClreme nghl 01 the photo­graph IS the western margin althe remaining arched root 01 Skull Cave. Phoro byBruce W. Rogers.

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBEAK)CTOBER 1992 '5'

mile km

Turn left. Drive along Gillem Bluff andturn right into parking area.

tuff but interpreted its typical exposurein the bonoms at gullies to indicatethat it was one of the volcano's oldestunits. Recent mapping (Donnelly­Nolan, unpublished) shows that thetufl is younger than about 90 percent(by volume) of Medicine lake volcano.Retrace your route to the main pavedroad through lava Beds NationalMonument.

Stop 10. Devll's Homestead Over­look. Directly below you is the basaltor Devil's Homestead, erupted fromspaner vents at Fleener Chimneysfarther south along the Gillem Blufffault scarp. To the south Is a pan­orama 01 lava Beds National Monu­ment and the shield shape of Medicinelake volcano, with the north IlankdOlled with cinder cones. To the north,the fault scarp of Gillem Bluff contin­ues directly north forming the wesTernmargin of Tule lake basin.

80.8 1129.3)

80.0 (128.0)

This trip can easily be expanded TO 2 or more days. In lilvaBeds National Monument alone, many more stops can bemade. I suggest Captain Jack's Stronghold for an interestingexample of geohistory (Waters, 1981 lsee Waters. this issueD,Fleener Chimneys, Black Craters. a climb to the top 01Schonchin Butte, and Valentine Cave (Photo 7 and coverphoto) for a nice. clean cave with loIS of interesting fIov,r fea­tures. At the monument Visitor Center you'lllirxl publications

Photo 7. Two VISitorS explore Valentine Ca....e, a well-preserved ca....e deservedly popularWIth La....a Beds NaTional Monument VISitOrs. Photo by Bruce W. Rogers.

Intersection and parking next to thesharrow gurry on your left.

Stop 9. Andesitlc Ash-Flow Tuff. WalkInto the gully. Brownish-red andesiticash-flow tuff forms low outcrops on bothsides. The estimated thickness of thetuff here. prior to some quarrying, was5 or 6 feet (fewer Ihan 2 m). This smarrpatch of partialty welded andesitic tull isone of many on the north and westsides of Medicine lake volcano. It isalso present in a few small patches onthe east side. The spatial distribution ofthe tull indicates that it erupted at ornear the center of the volcano. The larg­est pumice and lithic fragments are inthe single outcrop in the caldera, sug·gesting a source in the caldera.

The absence of this unit on the calderarim, together with indications of hydro­thermal alteration at the caldera out­crop, suggests that the ash eruptedthrough an ice cap on the volcano andwas deposited in the caldera on the onlyexposed ground surface. where a fuma­role had melted the ice. Coarse gravelsand dry channels cutin the tuff on thenorthwest flank of the volcano indicatethat meltwater from the interaction ofthe ash flow and the ice formed a cata­strophic flood (Donnelly-Nolan andNolan, 1986). The tuff has not beendated directly, but the probable pres­ence of an ice cap, and evidence fromyounger lava flows (some 01 which havebeen glaciated),points to a latePleistocene age,predating the lat­est glaciation.Sarna-Wojcickiand others (t 991)estimate an agefor the andesitetuff 01 about160,000 yearsbased on correla­tion with a tephralayer in Tule lakesediments. Strati­graphically, thetuff is 01 majorimportance as thevolcano's onlymarker bed.Anderson (1941)recognized theandesitic ash-flow

mile km

79.4 (127.0)

'52 CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBERJOCTOBER 1992

for sale. interesting displays. and directions to the nearly 300caves in the monument. In the middle of the Visitor Center park­ing lot is the entrance to Mushpot Cave where topical films areshown. including one that describes Java tube formation.

Medicine dacite flow and UttJe Gass Mountain contain inter­esting suites of inclusions ranging from gabbro to basalt. andesite,and granite (Mertzman. 1981: Grove and Donnelly-Nolan. 1986).Uttle Glass Mountain also displays some very interesting flowfeatures that have been described by Rnk (981): directions arein Donnelly-NoJan and others (1981). A drive dovJn the east sideof the volcano (see directions to the paved road between Stops 1and 2 of this roadlog) offers a scenic overlook where you canview the Bumt Lava flow and High Hole Crater (southern ana­logs of the Callahan flow and Cinder Butte) to Uissen Peak inthe distance. Farther east are roads that take you to the southside of the G1ass Mountain now. After descending the volcano.

you can stop at the railroad tracks to view the Wamer Basalt.Park at the railroad crossing and walk a short distance north alongthe tracks to the first good exposure. East of the railroad tracksand \NeSt of Highway 139 is a tumoff to paved Forest Road 10that enters Lava Beds National Monument from the southeast.

Julie M DonoolIy-Nolan ~. gooIogbt In the _ ofIgneous and GeothennaI Processes atlhe U.s. GedogicaISurvey In MmIo~. California. She has worked at Medi­cine L..ake~ since 1979, doing deIalIed geoIogk: l'TIap­ping and geochemical studies. Her pnMous field Mea wasthe Geysers<:lear L.ake area of northern CalIfornia. whereshe woriled on the geothennaI system and the volcanicrocks While obtaining her PhD. allhe Unlversity of Call·fornla. Berkeley, she worked at the DIvisIon of Mines andGoology.

REFERENCES

Anderson. C,A.. t933. VolcanIC history 01 Glass Mountain. nor1hern Ca~­

torma. AmerICan Journat 01 ScIence. v 26. p 485·506.Anderson. C A.. 1941. Votcanoes ot the MedICine Lake Highland, Califor­

nia: UnlllilfSity ot California Publications, Bullehn ot the Department 01GeologICal Sciences. v. 25. no. 7. p. 347-422.

Baker, M.B.. G,ove. T.L. Kinzler. A.J.. Donnelly·NoIan, J.M.. andWandless. GA. 1991. Ongm of composlllonal zonatIOn (hlgh·alumlnabasalt to basaltIC and8Sltej m lhe GIant Crater lava lield, Medicine Lakevolcano. northern California Journal 01 GeophysICal Aesearch. v 96,P 21.819·21.842.

Condie. K.C.. and Hayshp. D.L.. 1975. Young blmodal volcafllsm at Medi·CIne Lake volcanic center. northern Calilornta' GeochJmica erCosmochrmJCil Ada, v. 39. p. tl65-1178

OOnneDy·Nolan. J M" and Champion. D.E.. 1987. GeologIC map ot LavaBeds NatlOflaf Monument: U.S. GeologICal Survey Map 1-t804, scale1:24.000

Donnelly·Nolan. J.M.. Champion. D.E.• Grove, T.L. Baker. M B" Taggart.J.E.. Jr•. and Bruggman. P.E., 1991. The Giant Crater lava held geoI.ogy and geochemistry 01 a compositIOnally zoned. high·alumlna basaltto basaltic andesIte eruption at Mediclne Lake volcano, CahlornoaJournal ot GeophysICal Research. v. 96, p. 21,843-21.863

Donnelly·Nolan. J.M., Champion. D.E.. Miller. C.D. Grove. T L.. andTfllTlbte, D.A.• 1990, Post· t 1.ooo·year volcanism at MedlC"le Lakevolcano. Cascade Aange. northern Cahlorflla Journal 01 GeophySICalResearch. v 95. p 19,693-t9.704.

Donnelly-Nolan, J M.. ClarlCanelll, E.V.. E,chelbelger, J.G.. Fink. J.H.. andHeiken. Grant. 1981, AOadlog for tield trip to Med'lCme LalIe H'l\tIland.in Johnston. D.A.. and Donoetly·Nolan. J M.• editors. Guides to somevolcafllc terranes in Washington. Idaho. Oregon. and northern Califor·n.a. U.S GeologICal Survey CIrcular 838, p t 41-149.

Donnelly·Notan. J.M.. and Nolan. K.M" t986, Catastrophic Ilooding andarupllon of ash·flow tull at MQdc.ne Lake volcano. Callforflla. Geology.v. 14. p. 875-878.

Dzuflsln. Danl6l. Donnelly-Nolan. J.M" Evans. J.A.. and Walter. SA..1991. CflJstaJ subsidence, seismiCity, afld stflJCluTe near Medc.neLake volcano. California' Journal 01 Geophysical Research. v. 96.p.'6.3t9·'6.333.

EIChelberger. J.C.. 1975. Ongin ot andesite and dacite Evidence 01 millingat Glass Mountain In Calilornia and at other clrcum-Pacilic volcanoesGeological Society of America Bulletin, v 86, p. 138 t·139t

Eichelberger, J.C.. 1981. MechanlSlTl 01 magma mlxmg at Glass Mountain.MediCIne Lake Highland Volcano. Callfamla, in JOhnston. OA, andDonnelly·Nolan. J.M.. editors. Guides to some volcanIC ter,anes inWashington, Idaho, Oregon, and northern Calitornla US GeologicalSurvey Circular 838. p. 183·189.

Fmk. J.H.• 1981. Surlace structure 01 little Glass Mounfaln, in John$lon.O.A.. and Donnelly·Nolan. J.M • editors. Guides to some volcanIClerlanes in Washington, Idaho. Oregon, and northern Calitornia: U.S.GeologICal Survey Circular 838, p. 171-176.

Fmk, J H.. and Polla/d, D.O.• 1983. StrUClural8Vldence for dikes benaathsilicJc domes. MediCIoe Lake Highland votcal'lO, Ca~fomla: Geology.v 1I.p.458·t61

Greeley, Ronald. and Baer. Roge'. 1971, Hamoone, CalifQm18 and Itsmagflilicentiava tubes-plellminary report: GeologICal Society 01America AbstraCls With Ptograms. v 3. no. 2. p. 128.

Grove, T.L. and Baker. M.B.. 1984, Phase equilibrium controls on !hetholelillC versus calc·alkaline ditlerenllallon trends: Journal of Goo­phy5lCal Research. v. 89. p. 3253-3274.

Grove. T L. and Donnelly·Nolan. J. t986. The evolution ot young silicIClavas at MedICIne LalIe volcano. California: Implications for the originof corrtpOSltlOfllJl gaps in calc·alkaline series lavas: Contributions toMmeralogy and Petrology. v. 92. p. 281-302.

Grove, T.L.. Kinzler, R.J.. Bakel", M.B.. Donnelly-Nolan. J.M.. and Lesher,C.E" t988. AssimHallOl1 of granite by basaltic magma at Burnt Lavaflow. Medicine Lake volcano. rIOI1hern Caillornla: Decouphng 01 heatand mass transfer: ContributIOns to Mineralogy and Petrology. v 99,p.32O·343.

Hetken. Grant. 1978. Plinian·type erupliOos in 1he MedlCme Lake High·land. Calltornla and the nature ot the Underlying magma: Journal ofVolcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 4. p. 375-402.

Mettzman. SA, Jr, 19na, The pelrology and geochemIStry 01 the Medi·Cloe Lake Volcano. Ca"forflla: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrol·ogy. v. 62. p. 221·247.

Mertzman. SA.. Jr.. 1977b. Recent volcanism at Schonchm and CIOderbuttes. northern Cahtornia: ContnbutlOflS to Mineralogy and Petrology.v 61, p. 231-243.

MerU:man, S.A • Jr • 1981, Genesis 01 recent Sllk:lc magmatJsm In theMedicine Lake Highland. California: ElIlCience trom cognate InclUSIOnsfound ill Little Glass Mouotaln: Geoctllm/Ca er~imicaACla,v 45. p 14&,]·1478.

Saflla·Wojl:lckJ. A.M.. Lajoie. K.R.. Meyer, C.E., Adam. D.P. and Rieck.H.J . t99t, Tephrochronologlc correlation ot upper Neogene sedi·ments along the PaCIfiC margin, conterminous Uflited States. inMomson. A.B.. editor. Ouarlemary NonglaCial Geology: ConterminousU.S,: Geological Society of Amenca. The Geology of Nor1h Amenca.v. K·2. p.l t7·140.

Waters. A.C.. t981, Captain Jack's Stronghold (The geologic eventsthat cleated a natural fortress). In JohnS10f\. DA. and Donnelly'Nolan. J M" editors. GUides to some volcanIC terranes In WaShington.Idaho. Oregon, and northern Cahtornla: U.S. Geological Survey C,rcu·lar838.p 15,.,61.X"

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER t992 '"

THE EARTHQUAKEENGINEERING

RESEARCH INSTITUTE(EERI)

ANNUAL MEETING

1993

EER/ announces its 45th annualmeeting 10 be Ileld February 11·13,1993. at the Sheraton Seattle Holeland Towers. Seaule. Washington.

The Organizing Committee ispreparing an agenda that focuseson subduction zone earthquakes andtheir policy implications. as \AX!II aslarge infrequent earthquakes in otherregions of the country. The technicalsessions 1Ali11 contain an overviev.r ofrelevant research directions. technicalpresentations based on selected recentresearch. and discussions of ]Xltentialpolicy and practical implications ofthe research. particularly as related tolarge infrequent IMmts.

EERI welcomes abstracts forposter presentations. Students areencouraged 10 submil papers in com·petition for the Annual EERI StudentPaper Award. For infoonalion. con·lact:

EERf499 14Th Street. SUite 320Oakland, CA 94612·1902

'Zr (510) 451-0905FAX: (510)451-5411'"

- ---~--

Ninth Thematic Conference onGeologic Remote Sensing

This Pasadena. California conference will focus on geologic remote sensing.wilh special emphasis on mineral and hydrocarbon exploration. and environmen­tal and engineering applications. The program is designed 10 benefit both smallIndependent operators and large corporate users of remote sensing. It will bemade up of more than 30 technkal presentations by experts from more than 30countries. The program treats all aspects of geological remote sensing. from fun­damental principles and techniques to advanced data processing and geologicalinterpretation. to prOVide an effective learning experience for all attendees.

The conference will include an lndustry-oriented technical program of plenarysessions and poster presentatk>ns. as \AX!1l as hands-on wo!kshops. field trips.exhibits. student program. employment referral service. and guest and hospitalityprograms. Plenary and fX>Ster .sessions are being organized by an internationalprogram committee to address the follOVJlng topics:

• SpedTal geology: Techniques and applkations• Structural and stratigraphic applicatklns• Energy and mineral exploration• Petroleum exploration• Geology 01 the Pacilic Rim• Geobotanicaltechniques• Geological hazards• Remote sensing of active faults• Oil spill detection and monitoring• EnVironmental remote sensing.• Remote sensing in marine environment• Seafloor mapping• Engineering and hydrology• Radar remote sensing• New sensors and emerging technologies• Image processing and analysis• Cartography (including CPS)• Bringing remote sensing to the geologist's desk• Data integration and CIS• Case histories

For more inlonnation on this February 8-1 1. t993 conference in Pasadena.Califomia. contact:

EAIM/Ttlematic ConlerencesP.O. Box 134001

Ann Arbor. MI 48113-4001(313) 994·1200. extension 3234"'"

". CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992

29lli FORUM ON nJE GEOLOGYOF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS

April 25-30, 1993 - Long Beach, California

Sponsored by

Ca/i/ornia Division of Mines and Geologyand the US. Bureau 0/ Mines

Forum Outline: Two days of technical sessions on industrial minerals ofCalifornia and 3 days of field trips to industrial mineral producers in southernCalifornia. Scheduled field trip sites are:

• Diatomite deposits in the Lompoc area

• Borate mineral deposit near Boron

• Uthium day (hectoritel deposit near Hector

• Sodium compound deposit al Searles Dry Lake

• Umestone deposits in Lucerne Valley

• Sand and gravel de(X>sits in Irwindale

• Titanium sand deposit near Solemint

Technical sessions are planned for Monday and Wednesday, with field tripson Tuesday and an extended field trip 10 the Mojave Desert on Thursday and Friday.

Location: Long Beach is allhe southwestern margin of the Los Angeles basin. which is \.Veil knov..m for itsmany tourist and cultural attractions. It is convenient to the diverse mineral deposits and mines of the southernCalifornia coast and desert.

Accommodations: The Forum will be at the Sheraton Long Beach Hotel. Special convention rales have beenarranged and will be honored for those weeks centered on the Forum dates. so consider extending your visit.Mojave Desert fieki trip participants will spend Thursday night. April 29, in Ba~OI.V to decrease travel time toscheduled mines. Barstow accommodations will be managed by Forum sponsors.

Spouse Program: Tour possibilities include Universal Studios. Beverly HillslRodeo Drive. Disneyland, theLa Brea Tar Pits, and the Los Angeles Museum of Natural History.

Cost: Anticipated Forum registration fee is about $125.00. Field trip fees will be additional. For more infonna·tion contact:

Daile Beeby. ChairmanDiviSion 01 Mines and Geology

801 K Slreet. MS 08-38Sacramento. CA 95814-3531

'Zr (916)323·8562FAX (916) 327-1853'·

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY ~PTEMBEAIOCTOBER , 992 '"

An

TI-lE JAPANE.SE ART OF STONEAPPRECIATION. ByVmcent T. Covelloand YUji Yoshimura. 1984. Charles E.Tuttle Company, Inc., P.O. Box 410.Rutland. VT 05702. 166 p. $24.95.hard cover.

Suiseki-smalL naturally fannedstones selected for their shape, balance,simplicity. and tranquility-w€re firstadmired in China some 2.000 years ago.Since the sixth century. the art of Suisekihas been adapted and refined in Japan.where today stones of greal beauty areset on stands to suggesl objects closelyassociated with nature. such as distantmountains. soaring cliffs, islands. caves.and country cottages.

Among the arts that incorporateSuiseki. Bonsai Is the most popular.Eleganlly shaped miniature trees providethe perfect complement to a peacefulSuiseki landscape, enhancing the stone'ssuggestive power and enriching its expres·slve possibilities. This book shOVJS howthe two an forms are combined. It alsoincludes information on designing andcarving a wocx:Ien display base for aparticular Suiseki. and describing thenecessary tools and equipment for fieklcollecting.X

Baja California

GEOLOGY OF BAJA CAUFORNIAa bibliography. By Mary E. Harris. 1991.Friends of the l...cr.Je Ubrary-Special Col­lection. San Diego Slate University. SanDiego. California 92182"()51I. 244 p.$10.00, soft cover.

This comprehensive bibliography is arevision and update of HarTis' 1986 publi­cation. It includes 1.856 entries. A subjectindex is organized by place names andstandard geological subjects."<

Imperial County

GEOLOGY OF IMPERIALCOUN1Y: a bibliography. By Mary E.HarTis. 1990. Friends of the LoveUbrary. San Diego State Ubrary. SpecialCoUection. SDSU. San Diego. CA92182..()SI1. 170 p. $10.00. soh cover.

This book is a revision and updateof Harris' 1984 poblication. It contains1.311 entries from both scientific andpopular writings including books. periodi.cals. senior studcnt reports. theses. anddissertations. Many geological and topo­graphical maps are included. A subjectindex uses place names and standardgeological subjects.X

Climate

EARll-fWATCH: The Oimate IromSpace. By John E. Harries. 1990. EllisHol"WOlX! Umited. England. distributed inthe U.S.A. by Prentice Hall. Prentice HaltBuilding. Englewo<Xl oms. NJ 07632.216 p. $32.00. hard cover.

This book begins with a new perspec­tive of our planet-that from space-anddiscusses the effect this IAJiIi have in help­ing to create a unified view of earth obser­vation and climate studies.

1hc author summarizes the climatesystem. from the perspective of lhe physi­cal scientist. describing the underlyingphysical processes and interactions anddemonstrating the overaU complex1ly of aview this remole. He presents the seriousenvironmental issues facing us today.including the greenhouse effect. theozone hole. and climatic shifts (droughts.floods. etc.). He gives ways in which theseproblems can be attacked by using satel­lite observations.

the interests of climate researchers whouse satelllte data and instrument supplierswho provide the satellite hardware.x

EnVIronment

EXPlOITATION. CONSERVATION.PRESERVATION. By Susan L Cutter,Hilary L Renwick. and William H.Renwick. 1991. John Wiley and Sons.Inc.. 1 Wiley Drive. Somerset. NJ 08875­1272.455 p. $44.95. hard cover.

Natural resource conservation hasbeen an important topic of public concernfor many years and much has been writtenon the subject. In this book. the authorshave integrated physical. economic. social,and political considerations in their exami­nation of the major natural resource issuesfacing the \.VOrid today.

Separate ChaPlmi cover population.land, agriculture. rangeland. forests. water.marine resources. air. climate. minerals.and energy. The authors emphasize thedynamic interplay of these and other fac­tors and point out the continuing changesin methods and rates of resource exploita­lion. The three value·laden and politicallycharged \.VOrds that make up the title havebeen at the heart of the natural resourcesdebale over the last century. The tradi·tional use of geography integrates thestudy of physical and human phenomenato understand human use of the earth.x

HELPING NATURE HEAL: An [ntro­duction to Environmental Restoration.Edited by Richard Nilsen. 1991. TenSpeed Press. P.O. Box 7123. Berkeley.CA 94707. 154 p. $14.95. soft cover.

TIle book consists of over 60 articles,book revievJs. and commentaries dealingwith the general topic of environmentalrestoration. The editor divides the bookinto four sections: theory of environmentalrestoration. what Is being done In theUnited Stales. what Is being done in therest of the work:!. and how to practiceenvironmental resloration. Each sectioncontains a variety of contributions includ­ing essays. projecls. and computer tools.

CAUFORN1A GEOLOGY SEPTEMBERK>CTOBEA 1992 '"

Prepared by the makers of the WholeEarth Catalog series, the book includesaccounts from a variety of people whoare involved in ongoing restoralionprojects throughout the United States andaround the world. It describes how \I.'e

and our children can take part in the envi­ronmental re5(oration process in our owncommunities.~

CAUFOR lA. AN ENVIRONMEN­TAL AllAS AND GUIDE. By BernKreissman. 1991 Bear KIaw Press. 926PkJm Lane. Davis. CA 95616. 255 p.$1995. soft cover

As a ~brary reference tool or as anenvironmentalist's guide. this publicationprovides Information on virtually an publicand private organizatiOnS that deal withenvironmental questions. It is organizedby agency ard ecoIogkal feature. withSl.JITlrTIaries follo\ved by liSts of elementskeyed to page-sized outlines of Californiaand its counties. This firsl volume of theBear K1aw Press Environmental GuideSeries Is devoted primarily to natural fea­tures such as rivers. fault lines. habitats.and sancluaries. Volume 2 will includethe human-made elements of interest toenvironmentalists, such as power trans­mission Hnes, energy-gel'eraling plants.and toxic dump sites.

CAlifornia: An Enulronmental Atlasand Guide has a complete index. anextensive bibliography. and an especiallyuseful list of acronyms to guide the readerthrough the alphabet soup of environ­mental organizations. II should be a usefuladdition to the library of anyone inter­ested in environmentalism.)('

GeophysICS

ENCYCLOPEDIC DICnONARY OFEXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS. ThirdEdition. By Robert E. Sheriff. 1991.Society 01 Expl"">t"" Geoph",;a",.P.O. Box 702740. Tulsa. OK 74170­2740. 376 p. $56.00: Society members,$45.00. hard cover

This glossary. first published in 1968.was intended to enhance understand-ing and corM'Ilricalion in the fl€kt 01

geophysical exploration. Fo~ng pub­lication. improvements and additionswere suggested. including expansioninto related fields. These changes led toa second edition in 1984 and the currentedition. This third edilion Is 20 percentlarger than Its predecessor and includesrevisions for about one out of every seven

"""".The glossary is intended for the practi­

cal geophysicist rather than the research­er. Corrunon geoIogica/lerms are inck.d­ed because the objective of most geophys­ica/lM:>f'k is to produce a geok)gic: picture.The encydopedk rannat allows definitIOnSto be expanded to danfy implK:alions andrelate the lenn to other conceptS....

History

BRIGHT GEMS OF THE WESTERNSEAS: California 1846-1852 Editedby PeteT Browning. 1991. Great WestBooks. P.D Box 1028. Lafayette. CA94549.206 p. $12.95. soft cover

This book is a CoDeclion of first·handaccounts of the mlnetS and natIVeS ofCalifornia in the 18405 and 1850s writ­ten by James Carson and George Derby.These two men observed and participatedin the events of their day. and had theability to record those events and theirimpressions of them in vibrant language.

James H. Carson was a U.S. Armysergeant stationed at Monterey in 1847.In 1849. he fonned the 92-O'1an Carson­Robinson party for the purpose of pros­pecting in unexplored areas. Carsonwrote these personal accounts at thaItime and was one of the first miners 10do so. He portrayed the lives of the Cali­fornia rancheros and of the Native Ameri­cans. His extensive use of the peculiarlyCalifornian idiom of the 1850s makesthese stories vivid reoountings of the times01 the Mexican/Californians jus! beforethe immigrants rushed in

In 1850. lJeut.enanl George H Derby01 the U.S. Anny topographa! engl·I"leen led a reconnaissance of the -TulareValley.- as the lower pan of the SanJoaquin Valley was then called. His report

is lucid and detailed. and replete withprecise descriptions of Native Americansand the terrain----es:pecial of the appear­ance of Tulare and Buena VISta lakes.which have long since vanished ......

Catastrophy

CATASTROPHISM: Systems ofEarth History. By RX:hard Huggett. 1990.Edward Amok:l. London. distributed in theU.S.A. by RooUedge. Chapman & Ha'.Inc., 29 West 35th Street. New York. NY10001. 246 p. $49.95. hard cover.

This book surveys the various theoriesof catastrophy and unifonnity. by whichchange in the organic and Inorganic\I.UIds have been studied_

CataslTOphisJn.------the theory thatthe earth·s crust owes its main featun!Sto sudden catastrophies---is enjoying arevr.tal. Catastrophies old and new haveone common feature-they stand againstthe theory 01 uniform systems in earthhiSlOfY_ lNhk:h SIreSseS the uniformity ofbicJk)gical rale and physical state.

The sub;ect mauer of catastrophiesand uniformity is extremely wKIe. span­ning almost the entire range of Ufe andearth sciences. It presents the cardinalbeliefs of biologists. geologists. and goo­morphologists concerning the evolution01 the inorganic and organic worlds:'"

CATACLYSMS ON THE COLUM­BIA. By John E. Allen and MarjorieBums. with Sam C. Sargent. 1986.nmber Press. Inc.. 9999 SW Wilshire.Suite 124. Portland. OR 97225. 213 p.$14.95. soft cover.

The Columbia is not only one of thelargest rivers in the world. but also hasone of the most fascinating geologicalhistories. [n fact. the deciphering of thegeological history of this river radicallyaltered the way scientists think about theprimal forces which have shaped theearth.

The book skillfully weaves two quiteremarkable stories. The first story con­cerns a series of catastrophic floods whichoccurred during the last Ice Age. Theseprehlsloric fkxx:Is repeatedly escaped froma huge inland sea. SCOUTing the deep. richloess soils from the plains of easternWashington and Oregon. Their 1egacyis the eroded scablands. buttes. dryfalls,and old river channels (the most notableis the Grand Coulee) which we see today.

The second tale, of how the occur­rence of the great floods was discoveTed,is the detective story. fuU 01 intrigue and

'60 CAlIFORNIA GEOlOGY SE:PTEt.lBERIQCTOBER 1992

suspense. Geologist J. Harlan Bretzdevoted a lifetime to unraveling the cha­otk and confusing story of the SpokaneFloods. renamed the Bretz Floods in hishonor His interpretation of a catastrophicorigin was contrary to all previous the0­ries. and he was forced to defend his lind·ings before doubting and often hostilefellow geologists.

This is a fine book of science lor thelayperson--explaining both the BretzRoods and the inner workings of theworld of science. Anyone interested inthe world in which we live will fmd it qu](efascinating.

TIle account of the floods and theirdiscovery is follovJed by a long self­guided tour so the reader can followthe progress of the floods from theirsource near Missoula. Montana 10 thesea near Astolia. Oregon. All the notablelandmarks and signs of the floods aredescribed as they are visible from themain highways nearby. 1llese landmarksinclude bench lines showing that thepresent sites of Richland. Pasco. andThe Dalles used to be under 800 feet{250 m} of water. and Portland under400 feet (125 m) of water.

ThIs is great reading for all of thoseinterested in one of the most fascinatingand geologically significant episodes thatshaped the face of the earth."J<'

AGENTS OF CHAOS, Earthquakes.Vokanoes. and Other Natural Disasters.By Slephen L. Hams. 1990. MountainPress Publishing Company. P.O. So>:2399. Missoula. MT 59806. 260 p.$12.95. soft cover.

The author invites readers to discoverthe earth in geologic terms. Seismic. vol·canic, and e>:lraterrestiaJ hazards. whetherthey strike San Francisco. New Madrid.or the Aleutian volcanoes. will affect thelives of countless Americans. In nontech­nical terms. Agents of Chaos e>:ploresthese shocks to human complacency.reminding us that our planet pulsates likea living organism.

From the latest scientific researchto ancient Native American myths andlegends. this book incorporates a widevariety of sources to present a new per­spective on the power of chaos and thegeologic hazards through which it oper-

ates. Generously illustrated. the te>:t isorganized into three sections. Pan oneexamines earthquake hazards In IheUnited States: part two ex.plains the voka­nlc hazards in the West: and pan threeexplores the geoIogk roles of ice. fire,and geomythology. A complete bibliogra­phy and glossary allow readers to ex.p1orethese topics bcyoncIthe covers of thisbook.·..

Seafloor Hot Springs

ARE UNDER THE SEA By JosephCone. 1991. Wl11iam Morrow & Co..1350 Avenue of the Americas, New York.NY 10019. 288p. $25.00. hardcover.

Unknown before 1977. searloor hoisprings occur in numerous places alongthe midocean ridge. a chain of under­water mountains that circles the globe.The e>:ploration of these springs inmanned submersibles has resulted in ane>:traordinary range of discoveries aboutour planet and the life on it.

Rre Under Ihe Sea focuses on theserecent disc()\,ll(!ries which concern the com·pie>: relationships between the inner heatof the earth and the ocean that swirlsabove II, the search for the mechanismof gold fonnation. the adaptations underex.treme conditions, and ultimately theorigin of life ilself.

.JJvvlJ~'. . . - ~-. .

Hot springs research has developedrapidly since the early 1980s. While gen­erally covering developments in the field,science writer Cone concentrates on the\VOrk conducted at the seafloor springsalong the northlAle5t coast of the UnitedStates, The chief scientists Involved withthis innovative work are associated withthe U.S. National Oceanic and Atmo­spheric Administration. the University ofWashington. Oregon Stale University,Wocx:Is Hole Oceanography Institution.the U.S. Geological Survey, and ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography."'-

Mapping

ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL MAP­PING. By William R. Deannan. 1991.Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.. 80 MontvaleAvenue. Stoneham. MA 02180. 3% p.,8-1/2" >: 12". $210.00. hard cOYer.

Engineering geology is the discipline 01geology applied to civil engineering. Engi­neering geological maps must provide engi­neering in/onnation that does not appear onlithostratigraphical geologic maps. This newbook establishes the basic principles of engi­neering geological mapping and then pro­vides gukiance in making such maps and indeciding what infonnation to include onthem.

Chapter 1 begins with a synopsis of thehistory of engineering geological mappingfrom the 18th century to the present. Thene>:t four chapters gel right 10 the nuts andbolts of engineering geological map prepar­ation. Chapter 2. Principles of EngineeringGeological Mapping. covers the basic phi­losophy behind map preparation. includingsuch topics as the intended use of the map.map scale, and the relation between engi­neering geologiC map units and Iilhostra­tigraphic map units. Chapler 3 provides anoverview of how maps are prepared. empha­sizing map scaJe selection and data collection.Chapter tl presents a thorough discussion ofrock and soil description and classification.and includes many useful chans and tables.Chapler 5 is concerned with map presenta­tion. coveting map lonnat. content. layout.and legends. Also included are nwnerous mapsymbols and abbreviations. many of whichare unique to engineering geologic maps.

After building a general procedure forengineering geological mapping in the firstfive chapters. the author devotes the remain­ing chapters. more than three quarters ofthe text, to special mapping techniques andapplications. He e>:pands the basic conceptsby describing the Innovative mapping lech­niques used by engineering geologists inEurope, the USSR. Asia, and the UnitedStates. The techniques and applicationsillustrated include the CzechoslovakianStripe Methcx:l. engineering geological zon­ing. synoptic engineering geological maps.terrain evaluation, urban engineering ge0­

logical maps. construction sites, hazardand risk assessment, and land and watermanagement. The numerous e>:amplesand overlap of chapters provide a thoroughcoverage of topics thai are of interest toengineering geologists.

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992 '"

.~~~----_.- _._.__.__.-+ -----

-;--.­,

Paleontology

THE STERNBERG FOSSIL HUNT·ERS: A Dinosaur [).;nasty. By KatherineRoge:rs. 1991. Mountain Press PublishingCompany. P,O. Box 2399. Missoula. MT59806.302 p. $10.00, soft cover.

This is the interesting and unusualstory of the Sternbergs. a father·and-sonslearn who, from the 18705 through the1960s dug for fossils in the wilds 01 theNorth American west and the SouthAmerican region of PatagOnia. From fiek!diaries. letters. reports, and photo albums,author Katherine Rogers has dra\Vll anaccount of the world's firsllamily-runfOSSil-hunting business. 1he chroniclebegins with Levi Sternberg. a minister andfamily patriarch who, with his family. wascaught up in the \.\.'€SlWard move of set·tiers. They traveled and dug in Kansas.Montana. Oregon. Texas, Wyoming.southern Alberta. and Patagonia. GeorgeMiller Sternberg, one of Levi's sons, even·tually became the Surgeon General of theUnited States. It was, however. another

,''--_.n·"",...-• ,_ ~--a-~.__.._

, "..,~ -._. _._----M-._-===_'-;...-.-"::..-;;- _. -- '

'-." ­- - ....-­......... ' ~

.'''''''. ­......----....-

Water

GROUNDWATER GEOMORPHOL·OGY: The Role of Subsurface Water inEarth-Surface Processes and Landfonns.Special Paper 252. Edited by Charles G.Higgins and Donak! R. Coates. 1990Geological Society of America. P.O. Box9140. _. CO. 80301. 368 p.$60.00. soft cover.

There is diversity of style and approachamong the various chapters, in pal1because the subject mailer does not lenditself to a standardized fomlat, HO\AIe\Iel".most provide an overvievJ of thesubject. a discussion of importantresearch. and a summaiV andconclusions, Some chaptersstress the broad survey.others emphasize current ororiginal research on specificaspects, All should give thereader a .sense of how eachsubject is related to the over·all theme of groundwatergeomorphology.'l{

The Drinking WaterBook provides the lnfonna·lion needed to detenninewhat is in your tap water andhow to take measures tosafeguard your health and thehealth of your family. Jt evalu·ates different kinds andbrands ofliJters and oottledwaters, describes rhe leastexpensive and best ways tohave tap water tested, andrates specific products on themarket today.X

Here is a coUection of 16 papers ongroundwater and its effect on landfonns.Six of the articles concern water abovethe water table, and eight are concernedwith the effects of water at Of below thewater table. The lirst and last paper aremore general. giving background on thehydrology and dynamics of subsurfaceflow and the influence that landscape andgeomorphk history may have on ground.water hydrology.

THE DRINKING WATERBOOK. By Colin Ingram,1991. Ten Speed Press. P O.Box 7123. Berkeley. CA94707. 195p. $11.95, solt

''''''''.

BASIC GEOLOGICAL MAPPING.Second edition. By John Barnes. 1991.John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. I Wiley Drive.Somerset. New Jersey 08875-1272.118 p. $18.95. soft cover.

Part of the Geological Society of Lon·don Handbook Series, this is a basic guideto field techniques concerned only withthe rudiments of geological mapping. It isarranged in a logical order for those whoare aOOul to 90 into the field on their firstMindependent mapping" project. First thebook describes the equipment needed bya geologist and introouces the varioustypes of geologic and topographic mapsand the methods of locating one's self onthe maps. It also gives adlJice on what todo when no maps are available. Then itdescribes the methoos and techniquesof geological mapping. including a briefdescription of phOlogeology, It also dis·cusses the use of field maps and the muchneglected field notebook. FInally. the bookcovers geological "office IAIOrkM(part ofwhich can be done in the field) and meth­oos of drawing cross sections. columnarsections. and various three-dimensionalillustrations. It discusses the preparationof geologic maps compiled from fieldmaps. notes, and laboratoiV IAIOrk.

1he book does not ignore the factthat the making of the map is only partof the process of explaining the geology.The author addresses report writing fromthe initial preparation and layout to theconclusions and appendices.

This is a practical Mhow to" book andavoids any theoretical considerations ofgeology. The author's ob;ective is to guidethe readers In the field in their collectionof evidence from which they can drawtheir 0VJf\ conclusions. Review by MaxFlanery. ".

This book is a comprehensive refer­ence for iUlyone involved in engineeringgeology and environmentallT\llpping.1he numerous real map examples fromEurope. Asia, and the United States IT\lIkethe book a handy reference. It could alsobe the basis of a university course in engi­neering geological mapping. Review byTim McCrink. x

'" CALlFOflNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBER,OCT08ER 1992

son. Charles H. Sternberg. who foundedthe dynasty recounted here

Charles Sternberg's fascination withfossils evolved in the west Kansas chalkfields when he was a boy in the 1 60s. Itwas this same curiosity that ultimatelydrew his three sons 10 seek and unearththe skeletons of these strange creaturesfrom the past. For the Sternbergs. fossilhunting was destiny. 1lley marched acrossthe hills and plains of North and SouthAmerica in pursuit of fossil remains ofstich ancient and extinct creatures as pie·siosaurs. mosasaurs. and Triceratops. Butthis book is not a sdentific treatise. It is astory 01 the men and their lives.

The Stembergs earned their livelihoodand supported thcir lamllies for over acentury by finding and selling fossils.Sternberg fossils are found in museums ina dozen countries and at least 22 states.X

THE VERDE LOCAL FAUNA; SmallVertebrate Fossils from the Verde Fonna­0011. Arizona. Quarterly. v. 37. no. 3. ByNicholas J. Czapleu.tski. 1990. San Ber­nardino County Museum Association.2024 Orange Tree Lane. Redlands. CA92374.39 p. $7.39 including shippingand tax. soft cover.

The Verde local fauna comprises lateTertiary small vertebrates from two locali·ties near House Moontain in central Ari­zona. The Verde local fauna. described indetail. occurs near the HemphiJIian/Blancan boundary but Czaplewski prefersto place it in the early BlancanY

A LATE PL£JSTOCENE (RANCHO·LABREAN) FOSSIL ASSEMBU\GEFROM mE NORn-tWESTERNMOJAVE DESERT. CAUFORNtA.By David P. Whistler: and ABSTRACTSOF PROCEEDINGS; 1990 Mojave DesertQuaternary Research Symposium. Com­piled by Jennifer Reynolds. 1990. SanBernardino County Museum Association.2024 Orange Tree Lane. Redlands. CA92374.40 p. $5.00. paper cover.

The first half of this publication is astudy of the Dove Spring Lignites locallauna. containing mollusks and 23 speciesof small vertebrates. The fossil assemblageis from unnamed Pleistocene mudstonesand sandstones in Dove Spring Wash onthe eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada inthe northwestern Mojave Desert.

The.second half of this publicationconsists of abstracts of 26 papers pre-­sented at the Mojave Desert QuaternaryResearch Center's Fourth Annual Sym­posium hekl May 18 and 19. I990.Approximately a third of the papers arepaleontological studies. Other topicsinclude geochronological methods. recon­stJ\IClk)n of hydroclimalic conditions.pediment erosion. scarp degradation. theBishop ash, runoff volume reconstruction.structural relations. tectonism. fragiledesert soils. and the winter population ofbald eagles.X'

I------------------------~----

X DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGYPublications Request Fonn

Numbe< of COpies

SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

SP49 Calilorroa jade. a collecllon 01 repl"inlS. 1976 5500SP108 An analySiS or lhe selsm.c hauJd Inrormalion needs ollhe insurance

induSlry, local govelnmenr, and pl"aperty owners in California 1990 $7.00SP109 Geologic e_curslans In norlhefO CaUfOfnia San franCISCO 10 lhe

Siena Nevada. 1991 '. $10.00

MAP SHEETS

MS4 Geology or Ihe ReddUlg [7 5'1 quadrangle. Shasla Courtly. Call1ornia(scate: t:24,000) t965 $S.OO

MS12 Geology 01 rhe 5001heast quarter of tlle TrlMy lake [15'1quadrangle. Tnnlty County. Cal,rolnia (scale 1.24.000) 1969 5500

GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF CALIFORNIA (Scale 1;250,0001

GAM 1 Geologic map 01 Cabrornla Allulas 1958 _...... 5500GAM2 Geologic map 01 Cabrolnla Bakersfield 1961. {Rolled only} (llmiled supplyl· $5.00GAM4 GeologiC mapot Cahfolnia: Dealh Valley Reprinr 1991 $500

__GAM5 GeologJc map ot CallfOlnia' Fresno Reponl 1991 .. . $5.00GAM6 Geologic map at Cahlolnla Kingman. t961 _H 5500GAM7 GeologiC map at Calrlorrna Long Beach. 1962 $500GAMB Geolog.c map 01 Cahlornla Los Angeles. Replllll 1991. $5.00

__GAM9 Geologic map 01 Calilolnla Manposa Rep"nt 1991 ..._.................... 55.00GAM11 Geologic map of Caillolnia Redding 1962. . $500GAMI7 Geologic map at CaMolnla: Sail Jose (flat only) (limited supply) 1966 $5.00GAMl8 Geologic map of Cal,lolnla: San LUIS Oplsbo 1959 .• $500GAM19 GeologIC map 01 Cal,lornJa Sama Ana Rep"nl 1966. 5500

OTHER

__lIsl 01 Available Publk:abOns ....

AMOUNT ENCLOSED (Price Includes pGSlage and sales luI $ .•..

ACHECK OR MONEY ORDER MUST ACCOMPANY THIS ORDER. AI non-U.S. ordlltl muSl be P3Idwllh an InremarlONl money OtCler or drah payablll in U S. dollars and made OUllO DIVISION Of MINESAND GEOLOGY. Send otdef 10 DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY. P. O. 80_ 2980. Sacramento.CalifornIa 95812·2980.

NAME _

STREET _

CllY STATE Z" _

L _

CALIfORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBERIOCTOBER 1992 "3

STATE OF CALIFORNIATHE RESOURCES AGENCY

DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGYDIVISION OF

MINES AND GEOLOGYP.O. BOX 2980

SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95812·2980

USPS 350 840ADDRESS CORRECTION REOUESTED

SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAIDAT SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

STREET _

NAME (Please ponl or lype) _

CHY STATE ZIP _

EERI499 14th Street

SUIte 320oakland, CA 94612-1902"fr (510) 451·0905FAX: (5101 451·5411Y

Conference on Lessonsfrom the lorna Prieta

Earthquake

The conference will also highlightunresolved problems and stimulate futureresearch studies and programs that willbenefit the geosciences. engineering, andthe social and policy sciences. The confer­ence is open to the public. For more infor­mation, contact:

TIle conference will be conducted incooperation with the National ResearchCouncil of the National Academy ofSdences with support from the NationalScience Foundation, U.S GeologicalSurvey. and Federal Emergency Manage'ment Agency. 1he conference will focuson the application of lessons from the1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Pardci·pants will receive a set of papen; whichemphasize the implementation and appli·cation of research findings in seismicallywlnerable areas throughout lhe cowmy.

The Earthquake Engineering ResearchInstitute (EERO announces a conferenceon ~l.essons from the Lorna Prieta Earth·quake: Implications for Practjc£ to behekl March 22-24, 1993, in San Fran­

cisco. California.

J

3 yrs. $23.00(18 Issues)o2 yrs. $15.50

(12 issues)

ATIACH LABEL

o

AMOUNT ENCLOSED (Includos poslage and sales lax) $__~

l

NEW SUBSCRIPTION: Allow 60 days for delivery 01 first issue.

RENEWAL: To receive your magazine wltl10ul InlemJptJon. send In renewal60 days belore the expiration date on the address label. (Example:EXP9406 means that the SUbscnpllOO expires on receipl of May/June1994 issue.) Please allach an address label Irom a reeenl issue.Wilhout an address label, subscription renewal Will take 3 to 4 monthsto process.

RECIPIENT NAME _

STREET _

CITY STATE ~p _

GIFT CARD FROM _

\ yr. $8.00(6 Issues)

o

o GIFT,

ooo

---~------------------------,

CAUFORNIA GEOLOGY ISubscription and Change of Address Fonn I

IIII

ADDRESS CHANGE: Send a recent address label and your new address.Allow 60 days 10 relleet address change.

A CHECK OR MONEY ORDER MUST ACCOMPANY THIS ORDER. All non-U.S orders IT1\lSI bepaid with an ,nlefl\alionat money Older or drah payable In U S. dollars and macIe 0U11O DIVISION OFMINES AND GEOlOGY Send all orders and/or address change 10:

"-J' DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGYA PO 8ox~O I

Saaamenlo. Cali!omia 95812·2980

-----------------------------~

,... CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBERiOCTQBER 1992