california missions background ( 22 slides ) 21 missions ( 22 slides )

California Missions

Background (22 slides)21 Missions (22 slides)

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For God, for Glory, for Gold!

An Age of Exploration began in the 1400s when Portuguese and Spanish began making safer, faster ships that traveled further. Men like Christopher Columbus, Vasco Da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan went to places no Europeans had gone before.

California Missions: Background

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For God, for Glory, for Gold!

As they explored and mapped new areas of the world, they set up colonies to expand their country’s empire, find resources, and spread the Catholic faith. Soon after, the English, French and Dutch joined in the competition. By the 1800s, Germany and Italy also got involved.


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Spain was one of three powers to claim land in North America. Spain controlled the largest empire since Genghis Khan’s Mongol Empire in the 1200s. Beginning with Columbus in 1492, Spain dominated in the Americas.


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Hernan Cortes overthrew the powerful Aztecs in Central America and Francisco Pizarro took down the wealthy and powerful Incans of South America. The Spanish profited from sugar, tobacco and gold. The Spanish were mostly Catholic and set up missions in many of the areas they controlled.



California North America

Like Christopher Columbus, later Spanish explorers traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. Spanish conquistadors and missionaries explored Central America, eventually making their way up to present-day California.

Alta (Upper) California

Baja (Lower) California

Cortes conquers the Aztecs, claiming it for Spain (1521)

Spain claims Alta and Baja California as part of New Spain (1542)

New Spain

(present-day

Mexico)

13 Colonies

Spain begins to establish settlements in Baja California (1697)

Spain sends Franciscan monks to settle in Alta California (1768)

The Colonies rebel against England, establishing the United States (1776)

The 21st and final California mission in built (1823)



There were many significant events happening across the continent of North America at the same time. The first Spanish Missions in California had already been built when, three thousand miles away, the Thirteen Colonies rebelled against England, wrote the Declaration of Independence and won the Revolutionary War.


By the time the twenty-first mission was completed in California, the United States was already operating under the leadership of its fifth president. France had also claimed a massive section of land in the middle of the continent called the Louisiana Territory.

Since the Middle Ages, most Europeans were Christian. After the Protestant Reformation in the 1500s, Europe was divided as some regions were Protestant Christians and others remained Catholic. The Spanish missionaries who traveled to California were Franciscan monks, which is part of the Catholic Church, which is a type of Christian church.

Christian

Catholic

Franciscan


During the Columbian Exchange, these items were brought from the New World

(North & South America) to the Old World (Europe)

During the Columbian Exchange, these items were brought from the Old World (Europe) to the New World (North & South America)

bananas

horses

chocolate

potatoes

peanuts

tobacco

cows

The wheel

tomatoes

corn

pigs

Citrus fruit

wheat

beans

coffee

Old World (Europe)New World

(Americas)

New World (Americas)


During the Columbian Exchange, these items were brought from the New World

(North & South America) to the Old World (Europe)

During the Columbian Exchange, these items were brought from the Old World (Europe) to the New World (North & South America)

Old World (Europe)New World

(Americas)

New World (Americas)


California Missions: BackgroundThe Columbian exchange refers to the sharing of products,

ideas from the Old World (Europe) to the New World (North and South America). The this exchange of goods meant that Spanish missionaries in California shared new ideas with the native tribes.


The Spanish Missions in California were a series of 21 structures that served as both military outposts and religious outreach centers. The purpose of the missions was to spread the Christian faith to the native populations.


Although native populations had lived in the region for thousands of years, the Spanish were the first Europeans to explore California when Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo traveled up to the top of Baja-California near present-day San Diego.

California Missions: BackgroundMost of the California missions were named after a

Catholic saint. A saint is simply someone who the Catholic Church has declared to be an extraordinary individual.


Some missions were named in other ways, like Mission San Carlos, which was named after the Spanish King Carlos III. Some of the names of these missions were adopted by the cities that developed around them.

El Camino Real is the name for the 600-mile California mission trail connecting the 21 missions, 4 presidios (military forts) and several pueblos (native community centers) in Alta California.


This trail is also known as the King’s Highway or the Calle Real. The trail goes from the first mission in San Diego (in the south) to the twenty-first and final mission in Sonoma (in the north). Many earthquakes have effected the California missions, but the 1812 earthquakes centered near Santa Barbara caused the most destruction, effecting all the missions, destroying several.


California Missions: BackgroundThe legacy of the Spanish Missions in California is

mixed. Some historians point out the positives that the Spanish brought to California like new products, serving and teaching natives how to read, to farm and to ranch. The Spanish not only introduced Christianity, but also things like new fruits and vegetables, cows, pigs and horses.

California Missions: BackgroundOther historians point out the negatives that the

Spanish brought to California like smallpox and other diseases that wiped out much of the population in the native tribes. Some of the Spanish were known to have harsh treatment toward native populations as well.

1) Mission San Diego de Alcalá - 1769

2) Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo - 1770

3) Mission San Antonio de Padua - 1771

4) Mission San Gabriel - 1771

5) Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa - 1772

6) Mission San Francisco de Asís - 1776

7) Mission San Juan Capistrano - 1776

8) Mission Santa Clara de Asís - 1777

9) Mission San Buenaventura - 1782

10) Mission Santa Barbara - 1786

11) Mission La Purísima Concepción - 1787

12) Mission Santa Cruz - 1791

13) Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad - 1791

14) Mission San José - 1797

15) Mission San Juan Bautista - 1797

16) Mission San Miguel Arcángel - 1797

17) Mission San Fernando Rey de España - 1797

18) Mission San Luis Rey de Francia - 1798

19) Mission Santa Inés - 1804

20) Mission San Rafael Arcángel - 1817

21) Mission San Francisco Solano - 1823


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California Missions: 21 Missions

Students, fill this out as we go

through the next 21 slides…


Name: Mission San Diego de Alcalá

Year founded: 1769

Order (by date): 1

Nearby native tribe(s): Kumeyaay

Fact #1: Mission San Diego was the first mission built in Alta California

Fact #2: When a 1775 native revolt led to the killing of Friar Jayme, he became the first Christian Martyr in California

Fact #3: The 1775 native revolt was the first of 12 such revolts against Spanish Missions in California


Name: San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo

Year founded: 1770

Order (by date): 2

Nearby native tribe(s): Esselen and Ohlone

Fact #1: It was destroyed in the mid-1800s and restored in 1884

Fact #2: The early missionaries relied on bear meat to survive

Fact #3: Pope John Paul II visited the mission in 1987


Name: Mission San Antonio de Padua

Year founded: 1771

Order (by date): 3

Nearby native tribe(s): Salinan

Fact #1: It was the first building to use tile roofing in California

Fact #2: It was the site of the first Christian marriage in California

Fact #3: The mission operates as a functional Catholic Church today


Name: Mission San Gabriel

Year founded: 1771

Order (by date): 4

Nearby native tribe(s): Tongva

Fact #1: Father Cruzado, from Cordoba, Spain, designed the mission architecture in Moorish style

Fact #2: Is the only mission to have this style of narrow windows

Fact #3: An earthquake in 1812 caused parts of the bell tower to collapse


Name: San Luis Obispo de Tolosa

Year founded: 1772

Order (by date): 5

Nearby native tribe(s): Chumash

Fact #1: The city of San Luis Obispo is named after the mission

Fact #2: White Californians used the mission as a military base against Mexico in the Mexican-American War

Fact #3: It is the only ‘L’ shaped mission church among the 21 California missions


Name: San Francisco de Asís

Year founded: 1776

Order (by date): 6

Nearby native tribe(s): Ohlone

Fact #1: It is the oldest surviving structure in San Francisco

Fact #2: The 1906 earthquake destroyed the church next to the mission, but the mission remained

Fact #3: A full-length statue of Father Junipero Serra (founder of several missions) is located at this mission


Name: Mission San Juan Capistrano

Year founded: 1776

Order (by date): 7

Nearby native tribe(s): Juaneño

Fact #1: This mission has the oldest structure still in regular use (the chapel building constructed in 1782)

Fact #2: Is well-known for the migrating swallows that come every summer from regions of Argentina

Fact #3: Is home to the largest pepper tree in the United States


Name: Mission Santa Clara de Asís

Year founded: 1777

Order (by date): 8

Nearby native tribe(s): Ohlone, Miwok Costanoan, Tamyen, Yokuts, Costeño

Fact #1: Both the city and the county of Santa Clara are named after this mission

Fact #2: Was the home of the first college in California in 1828

Fact #3: Serves as a chapel for Santa Clara University to this day


Name: Mission San Buenaventura

Year founded: 1782

Order (by date): 9

Nearby native tribe(s): Chumash, Bentureño

Fact #1: The original bells for this mission were borrowed from Mission Santa Barbara, but never returned

Fact #2: The Chumash helped build aqueducts around the Mission

Fact #3: Because of the Orchards, gardens and water flow, English navigator George Vancouver called it the finest mission he had ever seen


Name: Mission Santa Barbara

Year founded: 1786

Order (by date): 10

Nearby native tribe(s): Chumash, Barbareño, Canaliño

Fact #1: Named after Saint Barbara, a 3rd century Turk beheaded by her father for becoming a Christian

Fact #2: Successfully scared off invading French sailors in 1818

Fact #3: Abe Lincoln gave it back to the Catholic Church less than a month before his death in 1865


Name: La Purísima Concepción

Year founded: 1787

Order (by date): 11

Nearby native tribe(s): Chumash, Purisimeño

Fact #1: One of only two missions that is not currently controlled by the Catholic Church

Fact #2: currently a State Park

Fact #3: an 1812 earthquake destroyed the original complex, but it is the only complete mission complex still in existence


Name: Mission Santa Cruz

Year founded: 1791

Order (by date): 12

Nearby native tribe(s): Yokuts, Ohlone, Awaswas

Fact #1: The mission complex was made up of 32 different buildings

Fact #2: Nicknamed the “hard-luck mission” because of multiple earthquakes causing damage

Fact #3: Was the site of the first autopsy in California


Name: Nuestra Señora de la Soledad

Year founded: 1791

Order (by date): 13

Nearby native tribe(s): Chalon, Esselen, Yokuts, Costeño

Fact #1: A Spanish Governor, Jose Joaquin de Arrillaga, was buried at the mission in 1814

Fact #2: Was in ruins from 1835-1954

Fact #3: A restoration project took place from 1954-1955


Name: Mission San José

Year founded: 1797

Order (by date): 14

Nearby native tribe(s): Miwok, Patwin, Tamyen, Yokuts

Fact #1: cities of Livermore, Peralta and Alviso were named after pioneer families connected to the mission

Fact #2: original complex consisted of over 100 adobe buildings

Fact #3: The 1985 restoration is said to be a near-perfect replica of the original mission


Name: Mission San Juan Bautista

Year founded: 1797

Order (by date): 15

Nearby native tribe(s): Mutsun, Yokuts, Costeño

Fact #1: It is the largest of all 21 missions in California

Fact #2: It sits right on the San Andreas fault and has been hit by numerous earthquakes

Fact #3: It was featured in Alfred Hitchcock’s film Vertigo in 1958


Name: Mission San Miguel Arcángel

Year founded: 1797

Order (by date): 16

Nearby native tribe(s): Salinan

Fact #1: the 2003 Sam Simeon Earthquake closed the mission for 6 years of repair work

Fact #2: The inside of the mission features many murals by Esteban Munras

Fact #3: The mission was once sold for $600 in 1846


Name: San Fernando Rey de España

Year founded: 1797

Order (by date): 17

Nearby native tribe(s): Tataviam, Tongva

Fact #1: a 100-pound mission bell was excavated in a nearby orange grove in 1920

Fact #2: Many scenes from the 1985 film Pee-wee’s Big Adventure were filmed inside the mission

Fact #3: The mission name was given to both the city of San Fernando as well as the San Fernando Valley


Name: San Luis Rey de Francia

Year founded: 1798

Order (by date): 18

Nearby native tribe(s): Kumeyaay, Quechnajuichom

Fact #1: The compound once served almost 1 million acres of land

Fact #2: The mission was named after King Louis IX of France

Fact #3: The first Peruvian pepper tree in California was planted at this mission in 1830, later to be named the California Pepper Tree


Name: Mission Santa Inés

Year founded: 1804

Order (by date): 19

Nearby native tribe(s): Chumash

Fact #1: its nickname is “hidden gem of the missions”

Fact #2: In 1824, a young soldier beat a Chumash Indian to death, sparking the Chumash Revolut of 1824

Fact #3: The 1812 earthquake destroyed much of this mission


Name: Mission San Rafael Arcángel

Year founded: 1817

Order (by date): 20

Nearby native tribe(s): Miwok

Fact #1: The mission was used as the headquarters of the Bear Flag Revolt during the Mexican-American War

Fact #2: Known as the ‘most obliterated mission’ since the only original part of the mission is a single pear tree

Fact #3: It was the first ‘hospital’ in California


Name: Mission San Francisco Solano

Year founded: 1823

Order (by date): 21

Nearby native tribe(s): Wiwok

Fact #1: Was the final mission built in California

Fact #2: The Spanish wanted to monitor Russian activities in the north, using this mission as headquarters

Fact #3: Was well-known for growing varieties of grapes on the site

california missions background ( 22 slides ) 21 missions ( 22 slides )

Documents

california missions

baja california

alta california

presentday california

background slide

california north america

spanish missions

colonies spain