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Irina Green, Senior Advisor, Regional Transmission, California ISO NERC SPIDER WG July 2019 California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of Composite Load Model

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Page 1: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

Irina Green, Senior Advisor, Regional Transmission,California ISO

NERC SPIDER WGJuly 2019

California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of Composite Load

Model

Page 2: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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NERC SPIDER (System Planning Impact from DER) WG – DER_A Modeling Guideline

New DER_A dynamic model now available and is released in all major positive sequence simulation software platforms. Industry seeking guidance on how to use

and parameterize the model NERC SPIDERWG developed guideline

for how to use the DER_A model, and how to develop parameter values for the model

The Guideline is posted for comments on the NERC website

Page 3: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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NERC SPIDER DER_A Modeling Guideline overview

Provides detailed understanding of the model and how to use it as stand alone or a part of composite load model

Provides recommendations for developing parameters values for the model

Provides guidance for modeling utility-scale DER (U-DER) and retail-scale DER (R-DER)

Provides values of DER_A parameters to use Was developed based on the existing NERC DER modeling

guidelines developed by NERC LMTF and published in December 2016 and September 2017

Page 4: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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DER Modeling Framework, Utility-scale and Retail-Scale DER

Background and Overview of DER_A Model Annotated DER_A Block Diagram, description of blocks in

model Parameterization of the DER_A Model Relation to specific interconnection

requirements/standards (e.g., IEEE 1547-2003, IEEE 1547-2018, CA Rule 21)

Practical DER_A Model Implementation Based on mix of different vintages of IEEE 1547

Study examples Appendices: References, DER_A Block Diagram

NERC SPIDER DER_A Modeling Guideline Content

Page 5: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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DER Modeling Framework

Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER): DER directly or through a dedicated, non-load serving feeder. connected to the distribution bus. Typically three-phase interconnections, and can range in capacity (e.g., 0.5 to 20 MW).

Retail-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (R-DER): DER that offsets customer load, including residential, commercial, and industrial customers. Typically, residential are single-phase while the commercial and industrial units can be single- or three-phase facilities.

Transmission Planners (TPs) and Planning Coordinators (PCs), in conjunction with their Distribution Providers (DPs), should identify thresholds for U-DER and R-DER modeling based on either the individual or aggregate impact of DER on the BPS.

Page 6: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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Modeling DER in Power Flow and Dynamic Stability

U-DER transformer and feeder modeled. DER modeled as generator

R-DER is modeled as part of composite load

Page 7: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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DER_A Model in Dynamic Stability

Simplified version of the second generation generic renewable energy system models (i.e., regc_a, reec_b, repc_a, lhvrt, lhfrt)

More detailed and flexible than PVD1 model used previously Currently, may represent only aggregated solar PV Standalone or part of composite load model These two models are identical Available in all widely-used software platforms

Page 8: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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DER_A Model Features

Constant power factor and constant reactive power control modes. Allows voltage control to be active along with PF/Q control

Active power-frequency control with droop and asymmetric dead-band Voltage control with proportional control and asymmetric dead-band Fraction of resources tripping or entering momentary cessation at low

and high voltage, includes a timer feature Fraction of resources restoring output following a low or high voltage or

frequency condition Active power ramp rate limits during return to service after trip or enter

service following a fault or during frequency response Active-reactive current priority options Capability to represent generating or energy storage resources.

Page 9: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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DER_A Block Diagram – Active Power-Frequency Control

Page 10: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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Reactive Power-Voltage Controls

Pf Flag = 0 constant Q control, = 1 – constant power factor control

If Kqv=0, no voltage control With dynamic voltage control, recommended Kqv=5, Dbd1= -

0.12, Dbd2=0.1

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Active –Reactive Priority Logic

Page 12: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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Fractional Tripping

Portion of DER tripped for low or high voltage, not all at the same time

Vfrac – portion of DER that recover after voltage returns Frequency tripping – single low and high cut-out points, no partial

tripping Tv – time constant for tripping delay Vl0, Vl1, Vh0, Vh1 – cut-out points for voltage If voltage falls outside the thresholds for the

pre-defined amount of time (below tvl0 or tvl1 or above tvh0 or tvh1), then the recovery of resources changes from the black line to the red line to represent partial recovery

Page 13: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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Trip Settings

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Voltage Source Representation

Modern inverters use a voltage source converter (VSC) behind an impedance

The current through the VSC is controlled by the controls of the inverter.

ipcmd and iqcmd are used to evaluate the voltage drop across the impedance Xe

Rrpwr – is active current ramp rate, how fast recovers after faults

Tg=0.02, Xe = 0.25 for all inverters

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CAISO Studies of DER_A Model as Part of Composite Load. Examples of Different DER_A Parameters

CAISO models behind the meter DER as a part of load for the last two years. Software used was GE PSLF Version 21.06

2020 Summer Peak case with high renewable generation: high renewable output, including DER that are part of composite load model

Also high load, thus stalling of single-phase air-conditioners with faults

Changed threshold for modeling with composite load model –all loads modeled

DER_A parameters as recommended by SPIDER Modeling Guideline

Page 16: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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Case Studied – 2020 Summer Peak, High Renewable Generation

WECC Generation 181,279 MW Load 179,212 MW

CAISO Generation 41,463 MW Load 56,587 MW

PG&E (Northern California) Generation 21,670 MW Load 26,520 MW Behind the meter DER 4,650 MW

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Contingency Studied

The most heavily loaded 500 kV line, Tesla – Metcalf in San Francisco Bay Area

3-phase fault on the sending end with normal clearance (4 cycles)

DER Parameters studied:

Newer inverters with voltage control, kqv=5, deadband +0.1/-0.12

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Loss of Composite Load and DER with Contingency

No criteria violations with this contingency

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230 kV Substation in San Francisco, voltage

VOLTAGE Higher voltage with DER

netted because gross load is lower

Higher voltage with voltage control due to voltage regulation from DER

Old, new and Rule 21 inverters – voltage approximately the same

Page 20: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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DER OUTPUT, MW, feeder # 2

NET LOAD, MW, feeder # 2

New inverters and Rule 21 –approximately the same

Old inverters – slower recovery

Voltage control – less load loss with the fault

230 kV Substation in San Francisco, Load and DER

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60 kV Substation in San Jose, Voltage

VOLTAGESome load and DER may trip after 10 seconds for high voltage

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60 kV Substation in San Jose, load and DER

NET LOAD, MW DER OUTPUT, MW

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Voltage Recovery, San Jose area, 3-Phase Fault Tesla-Metcalf 500 kV

DER NETTED WITH LOAD

EARLY VINTAGE DER

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Voltage Recovery, San Jose area, 3-Phase Fault Tesla-Metcalf 500 kV

NEWER VINTAGE DER

NEWER VINTAGE DER WITH VOLTAGE CONTROL

Page 25: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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DER Output>5 MW, 3-Phase Fault Tesla-Metcalf 500 kV

NEWER VINTAGE DER

NEWER VINTAGE DER WITH VOLTAGE CONTROL

EARLY VINTAGE DER

Page 26: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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3-Phase Fault Tesla-Metcalf 500 kV. Momentary Cessation of Inverters. Ramp 1 p.u, Delay 0.5 sec, Voltage 0.9DER Output>5 MW 2699 MW of net

load reduction, 2747 MW of

gross load reduction in Northern California

48 MW in DER output reduction

DER Output, San Jose

Page 27: California ISO Experience with DER Model as a Part of ... Planning...ISO Public Page 5 DER Modeling Framework Utility-Scale Distributed Energy Resources (U-DER):DER directly or through

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3-Phase Fault Tesla-Metcalf 500 kV. Momentary Cessation of Inverters. Ramp 1 p.u, Delay 0.5 sec, Voltage 0.9

VOLTAGE SAN JOSE

LOAD SAN JOSE

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Conclusions

The DER model as a part of composite load model works and shows adequate simulation results under various system conditions.

Modeling of the behind the meter DER has significant impact on the study results.

Transient voltage recovery substantially depends on the DER settings, especially on the voltages at which DER trip, timing of the tripping and the fraction of the DER that recovers.

Results suggest that most distribution, as well as transmission bus voltages take 7-9 seconds to recover above 0.88 p.u. for the buses close to the fault for a single contingency and less than 160 ms to recover above 0.45 p.u.

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QUESTIONS?COMMENTS?

Please send your comments to Irina [email protected]

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