california institute of technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf ·...

18

Upload: others

Post on 06-Nov-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

���

��������

���������� ��� ��������� ��� �"! � # � � � � ��� �

�$� ��%&� �(' ��� � ������� ���*) � �,+ ��� � � %&�-��� �/.

��� !0�1��� � � �324�5��% � �764)98 �;:�� � ��' 8

Page 2: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

<>=

?A@CBEDCFHGJILKNMPOQFRIRSUT(VCW/FYX>SZO

[]\>^ _ ` \baEc>d ebfg\>d�hgigj _kj _ e>^ lkjY\b^ m/\>lkebagcJ_ ngm/lke>j _Yj _ igagag` agc\b_ lkebj ogngm ^ ` p/ogngm age>lkm ag\` a�_ ngm/j ebd \>^Rj q�j _ m l]r�sPig^ ` agcJ_ ngm j m]m t>m ab_ j uv` a>_ m agj ` wxm h�yz` aghgjYp \>^ ^ qEj ig^ { \>p m/hgigj _k` a>_ e_ ngm\ _ lke>j ogngm ^ m\>aghZ^ \bog` hgd qQj og^ m \bhU` _]e t>m ^]lYigp nZeb{H_ ngmogd \bagm _ r�[J` p ^ e>a�| j ` } mJhgigj _og\b^ _ ` p d m j~j igj oxm aghgm h` ak_ ngmH\b_ lkebj ogngm ^ mPe>fgj p ig^ mHj ig^ { \>p mP{ m \ _ ig^ m j~e>a]\Yc>d ebfg\>d�j p \>d mP\>aghhg^ \blk\b_ ` p \>d d qR\bd _ m ^�_ ngm ^ lk\bdx\bagh/h�q�ag\>lk` p \>dgj _ ^ igp _ ig^ mPe {�_ ngmz\ _ lke>j ogngm ^ mbr�sPigj _v^ m lk\b` agj` aJ_ ngmk\b_ lkebj ogngm ^ mY{ eb^Hlkeba>_ ngjHf�m { e>^ mYj m _ _ d ` agc]fg\bp �J_ e]_ ngmkj ig^ { \bp m r]�Pagmkeb{v_ ngmklkebj _m ag` c>lk\ _ ` pvog^ ebo�m ^ _ ` m j-e {x_ ngm~lk\b^ _ ` \>aRp d ` lk\b_ m�` j�_ ng\b_v�PsR��j�ng\ t>mzfxm m akebfgj m ^ t>m hY_ eHe�p p ig^^ m o�m \b_ m hgd qYfgi�_vageb_�m t>m ^ qYq>m \>^ r��zm ^ m~��og^ m j m a>_v^ m j igd _ j�eb{�j ` lRigd \b_ ` ebagj-e {x_ ngmz` ab_ m ^ \baga�ig\bdtb\b^ ` \>fg` d ` _ q]eb{vlk\b^ _ ` \>a�HsH��jzyz` _ nJ_ ngmY���H[ eb{vcbd e>fg\bd�p ` ^ p igd \b_ ` ebaJhgm j p ^ ` f�m h�` a��\>^ _H�e {�_ ngmP_ ngm j ` j r

�/� ���(�-�k���H�-��� �H���k�U���J�&� ���]�

�Pfgj m ^ tb\b_ ` ebagjk\>d d e y�ebagm/_ e�hg` j _ ` agc>ig` j n�\�a�iglRf�m ^keb{Pp ng\>^ \bp _ m ^ ` j _ ` p]og^ e>oxm ^ _ ` m jke {P_ ngmlk\b^ _ ` \>a��PsR��j rE�~ngmJ�HsH��jYj m m lk` agc>d qE^ m j igd _Y{ ^ e>l*\>a�m �gog\bagj ` e>a�\>agh�p e>\bd m j p m agp m]eb{j m t>m ^ \bd�d e�p \bd5hgigj _Pj _ e>^ lkjH� ��sH��j � r~�~ngmRm �gog\bagj ` e>aJog^ e�p m m hgjP` a/_ ngmRm \>j _ | y~m j _Hhg` ^ m p _ ` eba\ _Ywx^ j _ u�{ e>d d e yvm hEf>q�lkm ^ ` hg` e>ag\bd�j og^ m \bhg` agc�e {Phgigj _k` a>_ eng` c>nEj e>i�_ ngm ^ aQd \ _ ` _ ighgm jR\>aghlk` hghgd m/age>^ _ ngm ^ aQd \b_ ` _ ighgm j rZ�~ngmJ^ m \>j ebaZfxm ng` aghE_ ngmJ^ \>og` h�c>^ e y~_ nQe {R�PsR��jk\bogo�m \>^ j_ e�fxm�\�oxe>j ` _ ` t>m^ \bhg` \b_ ` t>m | h�q�ag\>lk` p]{ m m hgfg\bp �Q_ ng\b_]` a>t>ebd t>m j]` ab_ m agj ` wxp \b_ ` ebaUe {Ryz` aghgjfbqEngm \ _ ` agchgigmk_ eJ\ _ lke>j ogngm ^ ` p/hgigj _ u�\baghE^ \>` j ` agcJe {zlkeb^ m/hgigj _Yf>qE` ab_ m agj ` wxm hEyz` aghgj� ��  �z¡5¢>£ ¤ r��~ngmPhgm p \ q]ogng\bj mP{ ebd d e yzjv\>d lkebj _~` lklkm hg` \b_ m d qk\ { _ m ^�_ ngmPm �gog\bagj ` e>a]ogng\bj mPeb{_ ngmv�HsH�xrb�Pog\bp ` _ qHd m t>m d j�hgm p ^ m \bj mvm ��o�ebagm ab_ ` \>d d q � ¥ ebax¦>§>ub� ¥v¨ ¡�¦b¢�u ¥ ���z©>¢b¤>_ ezog^ m j _ e>^ ltb\bd igm j u yz` _ nH_ ngm�hgm p \ qR_ ` lkm-eb{�_ ngmve>^ hgm ^�eb{x§bªzhg\ q�j � ¥ ebax¦>§>ub� ¥v¨ ¡�¦b¢ ¤ r-�~ngmvhgm p \ qRogng\>j me {�_ ngmYj _ e>^ l�` jPp ebagj ` j _ m ab_Hyz` _ nJ_ ngmY^ m lke tb\bd-e {vlk` p ^ eba�| j ` } mYog\b^ _ ` p d m jPfbq�cb^ \ tg` _ \ _ ` e>ag\bdj m _ _ d ` agc � ¥ ebax¦>§ ¤ r��m t>m ^ \bdHe _ ngm ^/\b_ _ ^ ` fgi�_ m j]e {Y�HsH��j/lkm ^ ` _/hgm _ \b` d m hZp e>agj ` hgm ^ \b_ ` ebaZngm ^ mbr(�~ngm qU\b^ m

Page 3: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

«>¬­ ® ¯>­ °b±g¯>² ³ ´ µ>¶5² °�· ¯ ´ ³ °>±J°b¸v°b¹ ³ º>³ ±J¯>±g»�³ ±b´ ® ¹ ¯b±g±�¼g¯b²�½b¯>¹ ³ ¯b¾g³ ² ³ ´ µb¿RÀ ´HÁz³ ² ²�¾�®Y­ Âg° Áz±´ Âg¯b´P´ Âg®Ã�ÄHÅ »g® ­ · ¹ ³ ¾�® »E³ ±�Æ�¯>¹ ´RÀP³ ­H· ¯>Çg¯b¾g² ®k° ¸~¹ ® Çg¹ °�»g¼g· ³ ±gºJÈk°b­ ´R°b¸v´ Âg® ­ ®/Çg¹ °bÇ�® ¹ ´ ³ ® ­ ¿]É�³ ±g· ®´ Âg® Ã�ÄHÅ ³ ­~¯/² °b±gº>³ ´ ¼g»g³ ±g¯b² ² µ/¯ ½>® ¹ ¯>ºb® »Èk°�»g® ² ¶g´ Âg®R² °b±gº>³ ´ ¼g»g³ ±g¯b²5­ Çg¹ ® ¯>»g³ ±gºk°b¸�´ Âg®YÊHËHÉ»g¼g¹ ³ ±gºR´ Âg®Hº>¹ ° Áz³ ±gºYÇgÂg¯>­ ®H· ¯>±g±g° ´P¾x®H¹ ® Çg¹ °�»g¼g· ® »]¾>µ/´ Âg® Ã-ÄHÅ ¿

ÌvÍ Î�Í ÎÐÏzÑ5Ò�Ó�Ô~ÕzÒvÖ × Ø>ÙÚ ² ²>°b¸�´ Âg®�°>¾g­ ® ¹ ½>® »kÊPËRÉ�­5¯>±g»P´ Âg®v² ¯b¹ º>® ­ ´ à ËRÉ�­5Âg¯ ½>®v°�· · ¼g¹ ¹ ® »R»g¼g¹ ³ ±gºzÈk¯b¹ ´ ³ ¯>±P­ °>¼�´ Âg® ¹ ±­ Çg¹ ³ ±gºH¯>±g»k­ ¼gÈkÈk® ¹zÛ Ü�¼g¹ Ý�Þ>¶gÜ ÅJßbàbá-â ã ³ º�¿�ä>¿ å æ ¿�ç~Âg®z¾�® º>³ ±g±g³ ±gºH° ¸�´ Âg®P­ °b¼�´ Âg® ¹ ±k­ ¼gÈkÈk® ¹â è�é�ê Þbëbìbí æ�· ¼g¹ ¹ ® ±>´ ² µ/¯>² Èk°b­ ´~· °b³ ±g· ³ »g® ­vÁz³ ´ Âk´ Âg®z´ ³ Èk®P° ¸�´ Âg®PÇx® ¹ ³ Âg® ² ³ °>±kÇg¯>­ ­ ¯bº>® â è�évêÞbä�å í æ ¿-ç~Â�¼g­ ¶gÈk°b­ ´�´ Âg® °b¹ ³ ® ­�°b¸�´ Âg®PÊHËHÉ�­�¯b´ ´ ¹ ³ ¾g¼�´ ®~­ ® ¯b­ °>±g¯b²�°�· · ¼g¹ ¹ ® ±g· ®z°b¸�´ Âg®PÊHËHÉ�­-´ °´ Âg®~³ ±g· ¹ ® ¯>­ ®~³ ±Y­ °b² ¯>¹-Âg® ¯ ´ ³ ±gºH° ¸�´ Âg®~­ ¼g¹ ¸ ¯b· ®~¯>±g»Y³ ±>´ ® ±g­ ³ îx· ¯ ´ ³ °>±Y° ¸�´ Âg®~ºb² °>¾g¯b²g· ³ ¹ · ¼g² ¯ ´ ³ °>±¯b¹ °>¼g±g»JÇx® ¹ ³ Âg® ² ³ °>±�Û ïPÆ�ðvñ ß>à á ¿ Ä ±]´ Âg®R° ´ Âg® ¹zÂg¯>±g»�¶�­ ® ¯>­ °b±g¯>² ³ ´ µ]Èk¯ µJ¹ ® òx® · ´P´ Âg®R¾g³ ¯b­z³ ±°b¾g­ ® ¹ ½b¯ ´ ³ °>±g­~°b¸ Å ¯>¹ ­ ¶xÈk® ±>´ ³ °b±g® »]® ¯>¹ ² ³ ® ¹ ¿

ÌvÍ Î�Í óõôkÔ~ö5Ò-Øx× Ô~Õ�Ô�÷JÔ�ø�× ù~× Õ

ç~Âg®kÊPËRÉ�­P°>¹ ³ ºb³ ±g¯b´ ®H³ ±J´ Âg®Y­ °>¼�´ Âg® ¹ ±�­ ¼g¾�´ ¹ °bÇg³ · ¯b²-¹ ® º>³ °b±g­P°b¸ Å ¯>¹ ­ ¶5´ Âg®RÈk°>­ ´H· °>ÈkÈk°b±­ ³ ´ ® ­R¾�® ³ ±gºúz°>¯b· Âg³ ­ û ïz® ² ² ® ­ Ç�°b±>´ ¼g­H¯>±g»�É�°>² ³ ­HÆ�² ¯b±�¼gÈYû Ú ¹ º µg¹ ®k¹ ® ºb³ °>±g­kÛ ç~Âg°>ë ß ¶ Å ¯>¹ ë ¬ á ¿ç~Âg® ­ ®k¯>¹ ® ¯>­z¸ ® ¯ ´ ¼g¹ ®kÂg³ ºbÂJ´ °>Çx°>ºb¹ ¯>ÇgÂg³ ·R­ ² °>Çx® ­ ¶�ÁzÂg³ · Â�Âg³ ±>´ ­P¯b´P´ Âg®Y¹ °>² ®Y° ¸�´ °>Çx°>ºb¹ ¯>ÇgÂg³ ·Áz³ ±g»g­R³ ±�´ Âg®]ºb® ±g® ¹ ¯b´ ³ °b±E°b¸z»g¼g­ ´k­ ´ °b¹ Èk­ ¿ à °�· ¯ ´ ³ °>±g­R° ¸z°>¹ ³ ºb³ ±E° ¸~´ Âg®JÊPËRÉ�­R¯b¹ ®/· ² °b­ ®´ °J´ Âg®/² ¯b´ ³ ´ ¼g»g®k°b¸~´ Âg®/­ ¼g¾�û ­ °b² ¯>¹RÇ�°b³ ±>´]Û Æ-® ´ Ý�ä á ¶�ÁzÂg³ · Â�­ ¼gºbº>® ­ ´ ­R´ Âg¯b´Y­ °>² ¯b¹YÂg® ¯b´ ³ ±gºJ°b¸´ Âg®R­ ¼g¹ ¸ ¯>· ®Y³ ­P³ ÈkÇx°>¹ ´ ¯b±>´P³ ±J¾g¹ ³ ±gº>³ ±gºk»g¼g­ ´R³ ±b´ °k´ Âg®Y¯ ´ Èk°>­ ÇgÂg® ¹ ®b¿Hç~Âg®YÇg¹ ® ¸ ® ¹ ¹ ® »�°b¹ ³ º>³ ±° ¸z´ Âg®]ÊHËHÉ�­R³ ±E´ Âg®/­ °>¼�´ Âg® ¹ ±�­ ¼g¾�´ ¹ °>Çg³ · ­YÈk¯ µ>¶�¯ ´Y´ Âg®/­ ¯>Èk®k´ ³ Èk® ¶�¹ ® òx® · ´Y´ Âg®]­ ¼g¹ ¸ ¯b· ®»g³ ­ ´ ¹ ³ ¾g¼�´ ³ °b±]° ¸-»g¼g­ ´P¯b±g»xüb°b¹~°b¸-­ ¯b² ´ ¯b´ ³ ±gºY­ ¯b±g»Jºb¹ ¯>³ ±g­HÛ Æ-® ´ Ýgåb¶xý Å Ü Ã5ß Þ á ¿

ÌvÍ Î�Í þÐÿ�ÕvØgÑ5øxÒ�ÕHÕ��PÒ�Ö��-Ò-ø�× Ò��P× Ö × Ø>Ù

À ±>´ ® ¹ ¯>±g±>¼g¯>²�½b¯b¹ ³ ¯>¾g³ ² ³ ´ µk³ ­~°>±g®P°b¸�´ Âg®HÈk°b­ ´z³ ±b´ ¹ ³ º>¼g³ ±gºRÇg¹ °>Çx® ¹ ´ ³ ® ­~°b¸�´ Âg®PÈk¯>¹ ´ ³ ¯b±]ÊHËHÉ�­ ¿ç~Âg®�ÊPËRÉ�­YÁ~® ¹ ®°>¾g­ ® ¹ ½>® »Z´ °E°�· · ¼g¹/¹ ® Ç�® ¯b´ ® »g² µ>¶z¾g¼�´]±g° ´]® ½>® ¹ µQµ>® ¯b¹�Û Å ¯b¹ Ý ¬ ¶PÜ Å]ß>à ¶ý Å Ü Ã�ß Þ áRâ ã ³ º�¿�ä�¿ Þ>æ ¿��-½>® ±�´ Âg°b¼gº>Â�² ¯b¹ º>® à ËHÉ�­YÇg¹ °b¾g¯>¾g² µE°�· · ¼g¹R® ½>® ¹ µEµ>® ¯b¹]Û Ü�¼g¹ Ý>Þ á ¶´ Âg® µ�»g°�±g° ´k¯>² Áv¯ µg­Y· °>¯b² ® ­ · ®]³ ±>´ °¯�ÊHËHÉx¿-ç~Âg® ¹ ®]³ ­Y±g°¯>ÇgÇg¯b¹ ® ±b´/® ½>® ±b´k´ Âg¯b´Y´ ¹ ³ ºbº>® ¹ ­

Page 4: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

�� �� ������� ����� ����� ���� � � ����� �� � � � ��!#"�$%� � �� � &�� � '� � � � �� (� � $%) �*� ��$%� $�� ��+&�� �� ���%� � ��� ��$%!(� �� ���$%� � � $�!�,� $%� -.� �� �) ��!�/% � �0�%!� +1. � !�/+� �� +2�&�� ��3 $�) ) �%&��� � �� 04 5�687%9�7 :��$%� � � $�!�,� $�� �<;= !�� -.� �� � �� ��!���) �%!�/%> � � �?�� ����� , � ! � �� �� ,� � �(-�@0��� ) =�%!�A<$%� � �(� �� ����� � '� 2� 2(1�,(�� $�!�� �=�� $ �=� � �%� $�/% %-'� /% � $ � � ��!B-.� $�� � =� � '� � -B$%!�2�� ���%!B�

C D EGFIH(J�K�LNM�O�PQO�P8R%K STLNM�OVU?W*X�PQOYK�R[ZQ\ LQO�SNW*\�\(X�W*]�^TW*S<_ `

W*a�_ ] _ LBH

� '� � $%)<� �� �%� � �+� 3�� �� ���$�� � � $%!b������+��$%�+1B !b��� ���.��� 2#c ���+d e-NfNgBh�d e�-Nfi0��j�k -�� ��k%e�-l;0$�1�k � -lgBj�;0mln�o p ��;0� @� '� � -l��!�) ,�$�3 @T� 3<� �� �Y$%2�2�� � �=� !�� � $�!�!�&�$�)l'%$%� � $�1�� ) >� � ,���i��� *fQq�"I2� '� ) �%�B 2�� !�hN$%� ��r0� �=� &�� � $%1�) �3 ����� � � � !�/�� �� �%� � �=� 3<� �� *� !%� � $%!�!&�$%)'%$%� � $�1�� ) � � ,(�%3<� �� ��=�+�� ��;=� @� '� � -Q� $%� �� �=� ��$%!�� � � � !�/ '� � ,��%,��.�%� �� � � � -Q� ��� �=� ��!%'� >!�� !��0� �($%� � � /�!(� �� �s� ��� @��(2�� tB � !���� ) $�� � �=�%3<��,�B� � �� � � u=� ���%� +@0� � ��� !�� � � !�� � ��$�!�2� ���%� �@0� � �b v�� � � !�� � � � � � /�&�) $%� � � ,%��w0 � &�) � �+�%30� � �+&�) $%� � �%!��=@0� � ��� �� fQq�"x� �B�%� � 2b� !y ��$%�� � � � $�!�2bd � &�/�/% � ��� ��$ ��� �� �� !%� � $%!�!&�$%)N'%$%� � $�1�� ) � � ,�� �����%� *� $%2�� ) ,� v���) $%� !� 21%, � �� � v�� � � !�� � ��� � � /%&�) $�� � � ,��

z�{ |�{ }�~�����.� �0�.� ���<�=���B�0���.� �0�.� �8� ���.�l���=� �N�B� ���

;�,��.�%� �� � �*�%3�� �� �� !�� � � !�� � ��� � � /%&�) $�� � � ,�@���&�) 2b� ����) ,�� ��$ �+� �� $%� ���%� ���� � > 2�&�� �*� ,�� >� �x� � $b� ��$�� � � ��� ,�� � ��$%!�2�� �� �� !�� � $�!�!�&�$�)�'%$�� � $%1�� ) � � ,[� ��$[��$%!�� 3 � � $ � � ��!�� 3�� ��� �� ��$%�%� � �(1. ��$ '� ���(c ;=$%1�k � -�gB;=k%n�-�gBj�;=mBno�-�r fln�e p �[r !�c gB;0k�n-�r fln�e-�gBj�;0mln�o p0� �*@�$%�� &�/%/� � � 2 � ��$ ��� �� =��$%� � � $�!�$ � ����� ���� � =� ��$*� ��$�� � � �=2,!�$���� � $�).� ,�� � �(-�@0�� � �!��%!�) � !> $��0� !%� � $%� � � �%!��01. � @� !�� �����.��!� !�� �0� $%!�) $%2(� ��2�� tl � !%�=� � $%� �=� 3N� �� +� ,� � �(�0i��� � $%�� ���,�B� � �� � � �+��$%�+1B !b��� �%�B�%� 2�� �� v��) $�� !�� �� �� !�� � $�!�!�&�$�)N'%$%� � $�1�� ) � � ,�� 3�� �� �A<)� � �!�� > ��%&� �� � !(q=� � � ) ) $ � � ��!����� !��%�� !��%!bc i0� y�� n��%p �q=!(� �� ��%� �� �0��$�!�2B-.��,�B� � �� � �=�%3N� �� � v�� � � !�� � ��� � � /%&�) $�� � � , @���&�) 2(� ����) , � ��$ �0� ��

'%$%� � $�1�� ) � � , � �0� $�&�� 2�1%,�� $%!�2����?3 ��� � � !�/���� � /%� !�$%� � !�/+��&� � � 2� =� �� +$ � ����� ���� � > 2�&�� �=� ,�� >� ��c �� ��k%e�-�f�i0�=j�k -�;=$%1�k � p ������ !�� �� (3 �%� � � !�/� v� 2�� $b� � � � � � $%)�'%$�) &� -�$[������� � &�� � �<r !�c �� ��k%e�-�f�i0�=j�k pl� ��@�$���� &�/�/% � � 2(� ��$ �0� ��$%) ).�B � � &�� 1�$%� � �%!���� 3Q� �� =� � $ � =�%3

Page 5: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

���� ���*� � �  �¡ � �*¢ £¢ � �  �� ¤%¥�� ¦�§�¥�¢ �b� ��� ¨�� ¤(¡(© � ª%�  ��+«0� � ��¤%©=«0� � ��¤�¥�+¡�¬=­+®.¯l° ¨�± ®� ��²�³%´ µª%� ¤�¶�¡%�=� ·§�¡�¨�¢ � ¤%¨�¤%¸+� ����¹0¡�¦�� � £�� � � � µ0«0��� � �#«�¡%¢�� ¨%� � © §�© � � � ¦�¡�¢(¡[¢ � ¡�© ��¤ ¸*¡#¬=­+®.µ¤� � ¥�© © � ¦�«0��� ¨�§�¡%© ¡� �� � � © � º � ¦�¦�� ¡�¶�¡ � � ����� ¡ � � ¨�ª � ·� � � ¦�� ¦�¢ ¤% ��+� © � � � � ¡��B»%¡�� ¥�� ¯=¼= �§�� � ½¾ � ¡%� � ¤%¨[¤%¸0� ��� ¹=¡%¦�� � £[� � © � ¥�� ¡ � � ¤�¨b¶%£[© � � ¡ � � »�� � £b¢  �¡%� ��¡� �¤%¥�¨�� ¢*¤%¸0¡%�  �¤%¢ §���� © � � ¦�¥�¢ �± ¿<¹�®ÀlÁ� ´<� ¤�¥�� ¦(� �¥�¢=� � ¡�¦(� ¤ ¡(ª%� ¨�� ¢ � ¢=¤%¸<¡(¬�­�®.¯BÃ����*¢ � �  �� ¨�ª%� £�© ¡�¨�¦�¤% Ä¤� � ¥�© © � ¨�� �¤ ¸�� ��� Àl­+®¢�¤�©+© � ¦�� ¢ � © � ¶�¥� � ¤�¨�¤ ¸0¦�¥�¢ �*� ¨�� ����¶�¡�� Å�ª�© ¤%¥�¨�¦[��¡%º � � ¤�¥�� ¦�� �¥�¢+� ¨�� © ¤¦�¥�� �� ¨%� � © ¡%¨�¨¥�¡%�B»%¡�© � ¡%¶�� � � � £�� ¨%� ¤*� ����¤� � ¥�© © � ¨�� ��¤%¸Q� ���+¬=­+®¢ ¯Ã�����© ¤�� �(¤%¸=� ����¶�¡%� Ū%© ¤�¥�¨�¦#¦�¥�¢ �(��¡%º ��� ¨�§�© ¤¦�¥�� � ¨�ª�� ����� ¨%� � © ¡%¨�¨¥�¡%��»%¡�© � ¡%¶�� � � � £

«�¡�¢+¡�� ¢ ¤�� ¤�¨�¢ � ¦�� © � ¦b� ¨#± ¹0¡�¶�² � ´ ¯�° �+«�¡%¢*¢ ¥�ª%ª�� ¢ � � ¦b� ��¡ �+� ��� ¦�¥�¢ �+� © ¡�¨�¢ §.¤�© � � ¦b� ¤(� ���Æ ¹�¦�¥�© � ¨�ª�� ����¬=­+®�¤ ¸�� ����§�© � »�� ¤%¥�¢ £�� ¡�© � ¢ © ¡%� ¢ � ¦#� ¤� ¡�� � £b� ����¸ ¤%� � ¤ «0� ¨�ª�£�� ¡�© ¡�¨�¦� © � ¡ � � ¢�¡�¶�¡�� Å�ª�© ¤%¥�¨�¦���¡%º � ¯�° ¨�� © � ¡�¢ � ¦�¢ ¤�� ¡%©*��� ¡%� � ¨�ª�¤%¸0� ��� Æ ¹s«�� ¡%Å%� ¨�¢*� ���(ª�� ¤%¶�¡��� © ¤�¢ ¢ ½ � Ç�¥�¡%� ¤%© � ¡��Q¹=¡%¦�� � £�� � � �l� ��¡%�=¦�� »�� � ¤�§�¢=¦�¥�© � ¨�ª ¢ ¤�¥� ��� © ¨�¢ ¥� � �� © µ.� �¥�¢=§�© � »�� ¨�� � ¨�ª¤� � ¥�© © � ¨�� �=¤ ¸Q¡*¬�­�®.¯Ã����=¦�¥�¢ �� �¡ £�� ��� ¨ ¶B�0© � ¦�� ¢ � © � ¶�¥� � ¦Bµ�¢ ¤+� ��¡ �0¬=­+®¢�¡%© �=§.¤�¢ ¢ � ¶�� �� ¨(¢ ¥�¶�¢ � Ç�¥�� ¨%�=£�� ¡%© ¢ ¯0Ã������ ¨�� � © ¡�¨�¨�¥�¡��B»%¡�© � ¡%¶�� � � � £�� ¨(� ��� ¢� �¤¦�� �l� ¤�¥�� ¦(© � ¢ ¥�� ��¸ © ¤� ?� «�¤¸ ¡%� � ¤%© ¢ ¯�ÈN� © ¢ � µN� �* �¡ £�© � ¢ ¥�� �+¸ © ¤% �É.¥�� � ¥�¡%� � ¤%¨�¢+� ¨�� ��� Æ ¹s¦�¥�¢ �*��¡�º �%¯�° ¸�� ��� ��¡�º � � ¢¦�� ¨�¢ �+� ¨�¤�¥�ª%�Bµ.¡ ¬=­+®�«0� � �B¨�¤ �0¤� � ¥�© µ.¡�¨�¦ »� ¢ ¡*»�� © ¢ ¡�¯�Ã������ ¨%� � © ¡%¨�¨¥�¡%�B»%¡�© � ¡%¶�� � � � £*«0� � �� ��¥�¢+��¡ »�� ¡�© ¡%¨�¦�¤� �� ¤� �§.¤�¨�� ¨�� µN¦�¥��*� ¤(� ����¢ � ¤� ��¡�¢ � � ��¨�¡ � ¥�© ��¤%¸�� ����§�© ¤� � ¢ ¢ � ¢�� ��¡%�¦�� � � ©  �� ¨��=� ���+¤%§�¡�� � � £(¤ ¸N� ��� Æ ¹8¦�¥�¢ �=��¡%º � ¯=®� � ¤%¨�¦Bµ.� ���+� ¨�� � © ¡�¨�¨�¥�¡��B»%¡�© � ¡%¶�� � � � £� �¡ £¶.��¡b� ¤�¨�¢ � Ç¥�� ¨�� ��¤%¸=� ����© � ¦�� ¢ � © � ¶�¥� � ¤�¨�¤ ¸+¦�¥�¢ �(¶.� � «�� � ¨#� �������  �� ¢ §���� © � ¢ µ0¢ ¤�� ��� © �¡%© ��¦�� ÊB� © � ¨��(¡% �¤�¥�¨%� ¢ ¤ ¸+¦�¥�¢ �(¡ »%¡�� � ¡%¶�� � ¸ ¤�© � � ¸ � � ¨�ª�� ¨ Æ ¹�� »�� © £�£�� ¡%© ¯8° ¨�� ��� ¢ � ¡�¢ �� ��� »%¡�© � ¡%¶�� � � � £b¦�� §B� ¨�¦�¢ ¤%¨[� ����§�© ¤%§B� © � � � ¢*¤%¸0� ����¦�¥�¢ � ¢ � ¤�©  �¢�Ë � ¯ �%¯ µ���¤ «Ä +¥�� ��¦�¥�¢ �� ¢=� © ¡�¨�¢ §.¤�© � � ¦b¡%¨�¦�«0��� © ��� �*� ¢�¦�� §B¤%¢ � � � ¦.Ì ¯(¹=� ¨�� � µ0± ¹0¡�¶�² � ´�� ¡�¨�¶B��� ¨�� � ¥�¦�� ¦b� ¨�¶.¤%� �� � ¡�¢ ¢ � ¢ ¢ � ¨�� ��¶B¤ � ��© ¡�¨�¦�¤% x¡%¨�¦#¦�� � � ©  �� ¨�� ¢ � � �(� ¡�¥�¢ � ¢ ¸ ¤%©*� ����� ¨%� � © ¡%¨�¨¥�¡%��»%¡�© � ¡%¶�� � � � £«�� © ��¢ ¥�ª�ª%� ¢ � � ¦B¯

Í Î ÏGÐÒÑ�Ó�Ô�Õ Ö ×�ØÚÙÄÛNÛQÔ�ÜÚÝ�ÛNÞ

¿<© � »�� ¤%¥�¢*¡%� � �  �§� ¢+� ¤�¢ �  *¥�� ¡ � �*� ����¬=­+®¢*�  �§�� ¤ £�� ¦b� ¨�� � © ¡�� � � »���ß ­Ä �¤¦�� � ¢(± ¹=Àl¿<²ß�µà ¹=Ã�¿<Á%³%´.¤%©N¸ ¥�� �³%­�¬�á à ¢Q«0� � �*¡�§�© � ¢ � © � ¶B� ¦�¦�¥�¢ �<¢ ¤�¥�© � �0¡%¨�¦ ¾ ·�� ¦�¦�¥�¢ ��¦�� ¢ � © � ¶�¥� � ¤%¨�¢± à ° ²�µ�¿<¹�®ÀlÁ�µ�¹0¿<â�ãlÁ%³µ à ¿<¹0ãlÁä ´ ¯Y®�  +¥�� ¡%� � ¤%¨�¢�«0� � ��¡�§�© � ¢ � © � ¶.� ¦�¦�¥�¢ ��¢ ¤%¥�© � �

Page 6: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

åæç�è éê�ë�ì í�è í î ë�ï ð î�ð ñ�ò ð0ò%è í=ó ô õ�ééê�ò�õ%è í í ö�í ô%ð�÷0ó ð ñ ò ø%ò�ó ï ò%ù�ï í0é%ù�î í è ø%ò ð ó é�ô�î ú<û0é ÷�í ø�í è ü.ô�éò ð ð í ö�çð î0ð é î ó ö+ë�ï ò%ð í�ð ñ�í+ó ô�ð í è ò�ô�ô�ë�ò�ïlø%ò�è ó ò%ù�ó ï ó ð ý ÷0ó ð ñ�ð ñ�í*þ+ÿ��(î�é%è����Tö�éê�í ï î=ñ�ò ø�íù.í í ô�ç�ë�ù�ï ó î ñ�í êBú���ñ�í�î ó ö*ë�ï ò ð ó é�ô�î�é��Qð ñ�í�ó ô�ð í è ò�ô�ô�ë�ò�ïBø%ò�è ó ò%ù�ó ï ó ð ý�é��Qð ñ�í+þ���î�÷0ó ð ñ ð ñ�í�� ��ç�è í î í ô�ð í ê�ó ô�ð ñ�í � é�ï ï é ÷0ó ô�õ+ì ñ�ò�çð í è î0è í ç�è í î í ô%ð=ð ñ�í �.è î ð0ò%ð ð í ö�çð0é��Qð ñ�ó î�î é%è ð ú

Page 7: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

���

��� ����� ����� ����� "! � # $�%'&�� "! (*)�+�! (���,-$�� ! � $�.*$ ! ,-)�/ �(�� � � + )���! (�� 01� / !32�� $��3) +�4�56/3)�7�/ � � 89 $ ! � )�.�/ ��:3� � ) ;3/ ,-$�� <=! (���>@? 9 $�% ��� /3) +�! (���)�.�/ � ! )�+�(�� / ! )�� � # $�%�A B�C"/�D &�� .�)�! � &E7�2*! (��2�� $���)�+�)"# # ��� � � .�# � F�D 01����� ��$�&�)� "! � &*+ � )�,HG A 5�5"I�J"K L F �

Page 8: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

M�N

O�P Q�R�S T�U"V W"X�Y�P Z-T [ P \�T�] ^�_ `�T�a�T _ T b _ P ]�\c]�^@d6e�f"g3h�\�aji e�f"g V�k@h�S _ `ca�h _ T g3h�S T�P \�a�P b h�_ T ah _-_ `�T*_ ]�l'm�h�\�anl'T S P `�T [ P ]�\po h�\�aq_ `"R�g=rch�S gts�T h�S u-h _-_ `�Tcv1]�_ _ ]�Zw]�^3_ `�Tca�R�g _ x g _ ]�S Z_ P Z-T [ P \�T�VcY�`�T*g T b ]�\�aq_ P Z-T [ P \�T-P \�a�P b h�_ T gtl1T S P ]"a�g�] ^ l�`�] _ ]�Q�S h�l�`�P b-b ] y�T S h�Q�T*]�^ r*h�S g ma�T z1\�T a*P \-_ T S Z-g�]�^�l1T S b T \�_ h�Q�T�] ^�{@|�a�T Q�S T T g�_ `�h _3l�`�] _ ]�Q�S h�l�`�g@}�T S T _ h�~�T \'V�Y�`�T3_ `�P S a_ P Z-T [ P \�T�P \�a�P b h�_ T g�_ `�T�h�l�l�h�S T \�_ g P � T�]�^�r*h�S g m'h�g3g T T \c^ S ]�Z�k@h�S _ `'m']�\cg b h�[ T�] ^@�-_ ]-���g T b ]�\�a�g3]�^�h�S b-o z1Q�R�S T�h�a�]�l"_ T a*^ S ]�ZH� ��rE�'d N W � u V

Page 9: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

���

�����q�����c�������E���*���"�����n�H�t�������¡ £¢������

¤ �*���c�-¥¦�"§¨�"© ���"ª¬«��n��ªc��§�­

®=¯ °²±´³�µc¶ ·c¸ ¹-º»¹-¼¾½@µc³�¿ÁÀÃÂÅÄø ½@µÇÆ�È=½�³�º�¶tÉ�½�¸ ·-³�ÊwËEÌ�½

Í ¹-ËEº@É�³

Î�Ï�Ð Ñ Ò Ð@Ó�Ô�Õ1Ï�Ð Ó�Ñ Ò Ñ Ò�Ï�Ö"Ð Ó�Ñ�× Ø�Ð Ù × Ø�Ò × Ú@× Ù Ù Ñ Û�Ü�Ý Þ�Ù × Ð Ô Ï�Ö"Ð Ó�Ñ@ß-Þ�Ù Ð × Þ�Ø�Þ�Ð ß-Ï�Ò Õ�Ó�Ñ Ù Ñ à á�Ü�Ò Ð�Ò Ô"Ò Ð Ñ ß*âÐ Ó�Ñtã�ä�å�æ�Þ�Ò�Ù Ü�ØEæ3× Ð ÓEÐ Ó�ÑtÒ Ñ Ð�Ï�Ö�Õ�Þ�Ù Þ�ß-Ñ Ð Ñ Ù Ò�Ü�Ò Ñ áj× Øqç�Ó�Þ�Õ"Ð Ñ Ù�è=Þ�Ø�ájÞ�Øj× Ø�Ð Ñ Ù Þ�Ú Ð × é�Ñá�Ü�Ò Ð Ò Ï�Ü�Ù Ú Ñ ê3Î�Ó�Ñ�ë3Þ Ô"Ý Ñ × Û�Ó=Ö Ù × Ú Ð × Ï�Ø*Ú Ï"Ñ ì=Ú × Ñ Ø�Ð ítæ�Þ�Ò3î�Ñ Õ"Ð�Ú Ï�Ø�Ò Ð Þ�Ø�Ð × ØcÞ�Ý Ý6Ò × ß�Ü�Ý Þ�Ð × Ï�Ø�Ò êï3ÏE× Ø�Ð Ñ Ù Þ�Ø�Ø"Ü�Þ�Ý@é�Þ�Ù × Þ�ð�× Ý × Ð Ôcæ�Þ�Ò�Ö Ï�Ü�Ø�ájÖ Ï�Ù�Þ*æ3× á�Ñ=Ù Þ�Ø�Û�Ñ-Ï�Ö�Õ�Þ�Ù Þ�ß-Ñ Ð Ñ Ù�é�Þ�Ý Ü�Ñ Ò êcñ�× Û�Ü�Ù Ñò ê ó=Ò Ó�Ï æ3ÒtÞ*Ð × ß-Ñ-Ò Ñ Ù × Ñ Ò�Ï�Ö3ß-Ï"á�Ñ Ý�é�Þ�Ù × Þ�ð�Ý Ñ Ò Ö Ï�Ù Ð Ó�Ñ=Õ�Þ�Ù Þ�ß-Ñ Ð Ñ Ù Ò-ó�ô ícõ÷öcÒ Ï�Ý Ò â�ø ù-õ÷èÒ Ï�Ý Ò â@ú3ûü ý õ�ó þ�öcÿtâ�ú3û� � õ�ó öEÿtâ�ú3ûý õ�����öEÿtâ�ú ûû � õHècÿtâ��� õ�ó�â�� =õÃ��� öcÞ�Ø�á������ó�� ñ�× Û"ê�è�ê ò�� ê�Î�Ó�ÑtÜ�Õ�Õ'Ñ Ù Õ�Þ�Ø�Ñ Ý�Ò Ó�Ï æ3Ò�� Ï�Ø�Þ�Ý�æ3× Ø�á�Ò�� � � á�Þ�Ò Ó�Ñ á � Þ�Ø�á�� ü � Ò Ï�Ý × á � × Øß�� Ò ê Î�Ó�Ñ�Ò Ñ Ú Ï�Ø�áEÕ�Þ�Ø�Ñ Ý6Ö Ù Ï�ß÷Þ�ð'Ï é�Ñ�Ò Ó�Ï æ3Ò3Ð Ó�Ñ�ß-Ñ Þ�ØEÒ Ð Ù Ñ Þ�ß�Ö Ü�Ø�Ú Ð × Ï�Ø�Ò�� � � Ò Ï�Ý × á � Þ�Ø�á� ü � á�Þ�Ò Ó�Ñ á � × ØcÜ�Ø�× Ð Ò Ï Ö3ó ��� î"Û�� "! ê Î�Ó�Ñ�Ð Ó�× Ù ácÕ�Þ�Ø�Ñ Ý6Ö Ù Ï�ß÷Þ�ð'Ï é�ÑtÒ Ó�Ï æ3Ò3Ð Ñ ß-Õ1Ñ Ù Þ Ð Ü�Ù Ñ Òú � � � Ò Ï�Ý × á � â ��ú ý � á�Þ�Ò Ó�Ñ á � â@ú û � � á�Ï�Ð Ð Ñ á � Þ�Ø�á$# % ú ü ý � á�Þ�Ò Ó�Ñ á"à á�Ï�Ð Ð Ñ á � × Øqÿ�Ñ Ý é"× Ø�Ò êjÎ�Ó�ÑÝ Ï æ�Ñ Ù�Õ�Þ�Ø�Ñ Ý1Ò Ó�Ï æ3Ò�Ï�Õ"Ð × Ú Þ�Ý1á�Ñ Õ"Ð Ó�Ò�× Ø���&'� Ò Ï�Ý × á � Þ�Ø�á=ï�&(� á�Þ�Ò Ó�Ñ á � ê@Î�Ó�Ñ3Ó�Ï�Ù × � Ï�Ø�Ð Þ�Ý1Þ )�× Ò× ØtÞ�Ý Ý�Õ�Ý Ï Ð Ò@Ù Ñ Õ�Ù Ñ Ò Ñ Ø�Ð�Ð × ß-Ñ�ß-Ñ Þ�Ò Ü�Ù Ñ á-× Ø-ß-Þ�Ù Ð × Þ�Ø�Ô�Ñ Þ�Ù Ò�� *�*�����ö Ò Ñ Ú Ï�Ø�á�Ò � Ö Ù Ï�ß Õ1Ñ Ù × Ó�Ñ Ý × Ï�Ø� + � õ è�ö"ó , � ê�Î�Ó�Ñ�ð1Ñ Ó�Þ é"× Ï�Ù�Ï�Ö�Ð Ó�Ñ�Ò Ô"Ò Ð Ñ ß�× Ò�Õ'Ñ Ù × Ï"á�× Ú@× Ø�Ð Ó�× Ò�Ú Þ�Ò Ñ�ê�ñ1Ï�Ù6Ð Ó�Ñ�Ú Ó�Ï�Ò Ñ Ø�é�Þ�Ý Ü�Ñ ÒÏ Ö�Ð Ó�Ñ@Ð Ó�Ù Ñ Ò Ó�Ï�Ý á�Ö Ù × Ú Ð × Ï�Ø�Ò Õ1Ñ Ñ á-� Þ�Ø�á�Ð Ó�Ñ�Þ�ß-Õ�Ý × Ð Ü�á�Ñ@Ï Ö�Ð Ó�Ñ�á�Ü�Ò Ð�Ò Ï�Ü�Ù Ú Ñ�� â�.��/�"Ò�Ï"Ú Ú Ü�ÙÑ é�Ñ Ù ÔEÔ�Ñ Þ�Ù�× ØcÐ Ó�Ñ���& Þ�Ù Ï�Ü�Ø�ájÕ1Ñ Ù × Ó�Ñ Ý × Ï�Ø'ê/��Ü�Ù × Ø�Û-Ð Ó�Ñ�.��/�cÞ Ð ß-Ï�Ò Õ�Ó�Ñ Ù × Ú�Ð Ñ ß-Õ1Ñ Ù Þ Ð Ü�Ù ÑÞ�Ø�á�æ3× Ø�á$01Ñ Ý á�Ò-Ú Ó�Þ�Ø�Û�Ñcá�Ù Þ�ß-Þ�Ð × Ú Þ�Ý Ý Ô�ênÎ�Ó�ÑcÞ�Ò Ô"ß-ß-Ñ Ð Ù × Ú*Õ�Þ�Ù Ð=Ï Ö Ð Ó�Ñ�� Ï�Ø�Þ�Ý�æ3× Ø�á�Ò-� ü× Ø�Ú Ù Ñ Þ�Ò Ñ Ò-ð�ÔnÞEÖ Þ�Ú Ð Ï�Ù-Ï Ö�è"ê ö"â�æ3Ó�× Ý Ñ=Ð Ó�ÑcÒ Ô"ß-ß-Ñ Ð Ù × Ú*Õ�Þ�Ù Ð�� � á�Ñ Ú Ù Ñ Þ�Ò Ñ Ò=Ð Ï1� Ñ Ù Ï�êpÎ�Ó�× ÒÐ Ù Þ�Ø�Ò Ý Þ�Ð Ñ Ò3× Ø�Ð Ï-Þ�Øc× Ø�Ú Ù Ñ Þ�Ò Ñ�Ï�Ö�Ð Ó�Ñ�� Ï�Ø�Þ�Ý�2 Ñ Ð Ò â'Ú Ï�Ø�Ò × Ò Ð Ñ Ø�Ð3æ3× Ð Ó=Ð Ó�Ñ/.�ç�åHÒ × ß�Ü�Ý Þ�Ð × Ï�Ø�Ò�Ï�ÖÐ Ó�Ñ�á�Ü�Ò Ð�Ò Ð Ï�Ù ß-Ò�3 å��4&�56þ"ö 6 ê�Î�Ó�Ñ�× Ø�Ð Ñ Ø�Ò × Ð ÔtÏ Ö1Ð Ó�Ñ�ß-Ñ Ù × á�× Ï�Ø�Þ�Ý�Ú × Ù Ú Ü�Ý Þ�Ð × Ï�Ø�Þ�Õ�Õ�Ù Ï )�× ß-Þ Ð Ñ Ý Ôá�Ï�Ü�ð�Ý Ñ Ò â æ3Ó�× Ú Ót× Ò�Þ�Ý Ò Ï3Ú Ï�Ø�Ò × Ò Ð Ñ Ø�Ð�æ3× Ð Ó�Ð Ó�Ñ�.�ç�å´ß-Ï"á�Ñ Ý × Ø�Û"ê�Î�Ó�Ñ@Ð Ñ ß-Õ1Ñ Ù Þ Ð Ü�Ù Ñ�Ý Þ�Õ�Ò Ñ�Ù Þ Ð Ñ

Page 10: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

7�89": ; < : =�> : >�? @�< : > ACBD@"> :�E B�F�=D< G-? @"H/B IJE K":�L"A"AC: <�M = N�: < >�B IJE K":�=DE G-BD> A"K": < :�O�N�9"L"> E P4Q�K":K": G-? > A"K": < ? ;�E : G-AC: < =DE L"< :�9"? RC: < : @"; :�SUT V�? @"; < : =D> : > WU=D>�F�: M MC=�>�E K":�= X�: < =DH�:�E : G-AU: < = E L"< :B I�E K":Y=DE G-BD> A"K": < :�SCZ [ P$Q�K":�> ? G/L"M =DE : 9]\�^/_�>`: a"K"? O"? E/E K":YH�: @": < =DM�A"< B�AU: < E ? : >-B I�E K":BDO"> : < X�: 91\�^/_�> W": a�; : A�E�I B�<�E K":�? @DE : < =D@"@�L"=DMCXD=�< ? =DO"? M ? E NDPb =�< ? = E ? B�@">�BDI4E K":`G-B�9": McA"=D< =�G-: E : < >�9"BY@"BDE�A"< B�9"L"; :-? @DE : < =D@"@�L"=DMdXD=�< ? =DO"? M ? E NDP/ec? H f

L"< :-g�P h�> K"B F�>`=Y> ? G`L"M = E ? B�@�F�? E K�E K":-> =�G-:`A"=�< =DG-: E : <�XD=�M L": >/=D>/=DOCB X�: WcO"L�E/F�? E K�E K":=DG-A"M ? E L"9":�BDIJE K":�> BDL"< ; :�? @"; < : =�> : 9�E B-i j�kml"n o�PcQ�K":�> BDM L�E ? B�@">�=D< :�AU: < ? B�9"? ; P4Q�K":�\�^/_�>=D< :�G`L"; KYG-B�< :�? @DE : @"> :�? @�E K"? >�; =D> :DW"F�? E K�E K":�G-= a"? G/L"Gp9"L"> E�B�A�E ? ; =�MC9": A�E KY? @�E K":/_�q< : =�; K"? @"H 8 g�= E/E K":-AC: =�r�B I�E K":-> E BD< GYPYs4Nt; B�G-A"=D< ? @"HYec? H"P�g�P 8 =D@"9tec? H�P�g"P h�Wc? E/; =�@OU:-; BD@"; M L"9": 91E K"= E�E K":-G-=Da�? G`L"GuBDA�E ? ; =DMc9": A�E K">/? @1OUBDE K1K": G-? > A"K": < : >/> ; =�M :-=DA"A"< B a"? fG-= E : M NYM ? @": =D< M N�F�? E KYE K":�XD=�M L":�BDI�i j WCBDE K": <�A"=D< =�G-: E : < >�OU: ? @"H-: v�L"=�M P�Q�K":/? @DE : @"> ? E N�BDIE K":`G-: < ? 9"? B�@"=DMJ; ? < ; L"M =DE ? BD@�=�M > B�? @"; < : =�> : > Wd=DM E K"B�L"HDK�E K":/w BD@"=�MJF�? @"9">�=D@"9�E K":/E : G-AU: < f= E L"< :�xU: M 9">�=D< :/< B�L"HDK"M N�E K":/> =�G-:�=�>�? @�ec? H�P�g�P 8 P�Q�K":/9"L"< =DE ? BD@�B IcE K":/? @"; < : =�> :/B IcE K":G-: < ? 9"? B�@"=DMC; ? < ; L"M =DE ? BD@Y? >�v�L"? E :�> K"B�< E�yYz{l�|]o`> B�M > WU; BDG-A"=�< : 9YE B`E K":/9"L"< = E ? B�@YB IcE K":\�^/_Yz 8 }D} > BDM >�~ E ? G-:�OC: I B�< :�BDA"=�; ? E N�9"< B�A">�OC: M B F 8 � P� B F�: < ? @"H/E K":�E K"< : > K"BDM 9�I < ? ; E ? B�@-> AU: : 9����� OU: M B F 8 M : =D9">�E B/B�; ; L"< < : @"; : >�B IJE K":�9"L"> E

> E BD< G->c? @/OUBDE K/K": G-? > A"K": < : > P4ec? HDL"< :�g�P l�> K"B F�>c< : > L"M E >cB IUE K":�> ? G/L"M =DE ? BD@">JF�? E K`���� k } n o=D@"9Yi j�k } n o�PcQ�K":�OC: K"= X"? BD<�B IJE K":�> N�> E : G�? >4AC: < ? B�9"? ;DPcQ�K":�= E G-B�> A"K": < :�< : G-=�? @">49"L"> E NE K"< BDL"H�K"BDL�E�E K":�N�: =D< W"F�? E KYG-=Da�? G`L"G�9"L"> E ? @": > >�9": X�: M B�A"? @"H`=�< BDL"@"9Y=�A"K": M ? B�@�=�@"9YAU: < ? fK": M ? B�@CW�F�K"? ; K�; BD< < : > AUB�@"9YE B-@"B�< E K": < @�=�@"9Y> B�L�E K": < @�> L"G-G-: < WU< : > AU: ; E ? X�: M NDP���= a"? G/L"GBDA�E ? ; =DM�9": A�E K$9"L"< ? @"H�=1\�^/_1? >/M =�< HD: </? @1E K":Y_�q�> ? @"; :-E K":Y; ? < ; L"M = E ? B�@1=D@"9tE K":�9"L"> E> BDL"< ; :�=�< :�> E < B�@"HD: <�9"L"< ? @"H-> BDL�E K": < @�> L"G-G-: < P��; ; L"< < : @"; : >�B I�E K":�\�^�_�>-? @tE K":Y��q�; B�@DE < =�9"? ; E�BDO"> : < XD= E ? B�@"> P$q�B F�: X�: < W�: X�: @]? I

E K":`? @�E : < =�; E ? X�:`9"L"> E/> B�L"< ; :-? >�E L"< @": 91B R$? @�E K":`��q/WCE K":-> N�> E : G�; B�@DE ? @�L": >�E BYOC: K"= X�:AU: < ? B�9"? ; =�M M NDWJ=D>�> K"B F�@1B�@1ec? H�P`g"P �"P-��@":�\�^/_�9": X�: M B�A">�: X�: < N�N�: =D</? @�E K":-_�q�= E�E K":BD@"> : E/BDI�E K":-> A"< ? @"H"P�Q�K":-9"L"< =DE ? BD@">�BDI�E K":-> E B�< G->�=D< :-G`L"; K1M B�@"HD: <�E K"=D@1E K"= E/BDI�E K":BDO"> : < X�: 9YBD@": > P4��@�? @DE : < : > E ? @"H�I : = E L"< :�BDICE K"? >4> ? G`L"M = E ? B�@`? >cE K":�B�; ; L"< < : @"; :�B IJE F�B/M B�; =�MG-= a"? G-=/=D< B�L"@"9�AC: < ? K": M ? BD@�? @-E K":�E ? G-:�> : < ? : >�B IdE K":�w BD@"=�MUF�? @"9"> W"> E < : =DG�I L"@"; E ? B�@�=�@"9K": G-? > A"K": < ? ;�E : G-AC: < =DE L"< :�9"? RC: < : @"; :�S T V P4Q�K":�xU< > E�G-=Da�? G`L"G'B�; ; L"< : >�> K"B�< E M N-= I E : <cE K":BD@"> : E4BDIUE K":�\�^�_UP���>cE K":�X�: < E ? ; =�M�E : G-AC: < =DE L"< :�H�< =D9"? : @DE�9": ; < : =�> : > W�E K":�= E G-B�> A"K": < :�OC: f

Page 11: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

���� ���-� �4�-�D� ��� � ���"� ���D�"�`� �"��� ��� � �"� � � �`� �C� �"���-� � � �"� ���"�D��� � � � �"� �D� � �D�`�"� � � � ��� � � �����"���"�"� �� ��� � ���"�  U��� � � �Y� �-� �"��¡�¢�£C�D�"�Y� �"�/�"� �-� �  "�"� � � ��� � �- C� � �D� �"� ���"� ¤C� � � �"� �/�D�"�Y� �"�/¥ ���"�D�¦ � �"�"���"� � � � �D� �/�D� ¦ � � � �4���"��� � � ���"���-� §"� �/�"����� � �"� ��� �� U� � � �"� � � ���C£ ¦ �"� �Y� �"��� � � � ���� �"�"� � � ���C£�� �"��¥ �D�"��� ¦ � �"�"���D�"�`� �"���"� �-� �  "�"� � � ��� � �- U� � � � �"� ���"� ¤C� � � �"� ��� � �D� �-� �"� � �4� � � ¨� �D�"���J�-� §"� �-���c©��Y���"� � � ª�� ��� � �-� � � �-� �`���"� � � ªD�D� � �D�"��� �d� � �- U� � � � �"� ���D�"��«D� ���"�D� ¦ � �"�"�¦ ���"� �t "� �D�"���"� �1� ��� � �  "� � �/� �"� � �Y�"� � ���D�/�C� � �"«�� ���"� � � � � ��� ¦ � � �1� ¦ �1¬�­�®�� £4��� � �"� � � �"«�U� � �D� �����"�Y� � � � �� C� � � �"� � � �D�C�¯ �"� � � ��� � �"«-� �"��� �"� � � �"�D� �Y� � � � � � �D�Y�  C� � �1°�±² �D�C� ª��/� �D�-�/� � � � � � �D�CªD�D� �"�/� � ���"��� �-� � � ¨

� � � � �����D�d��� � �"� � � �"� ���D�J� �"��¬�­�®�� �4³U���4� �"���-���"� �C "��� �D�-� � � ��ªD�D� �"� ���"� � �Y� �-� �"���D�C� ª��� � �/�"� �D� � �D�"� £�� �"� ��� � � � � � ���UªD�D� �"��� �4°�±² � ��´D� µ � �

¶�· ¸º¹¼»�½d¾�¿�À�»�Á4Â�ÃÅÄuÆ ¾4ÇÉÈ(À�Ê�½d¾dË`Ê�¾�È�À-ÌÎÍ1À-Ê�Ã�Ê�¾

­��"� ��� �4 "� � � � ����� �`ªD�D� � ���"�4Ï��"�D��� � � � � ��� �`� �"���-�D� � � ���`�D� �-�D�  "�"� � ��� ª�� �Y�"�"� � �"«�� �"�� U� � � ¨���"� ¦ � � �"�D����¬�­/®���Ð Ñ�Ò4¢�Ó�Ô�£U®�ÕJÔ�Ô�£"³cÒ�ÖYÔ � × �cØ4��� � �D�"�4�-� � �"�D�"� � �-���"� ª����U� � �� "� �� U��� � �� �D�c� ��� � � �"«��"�"� � ¦ �"� �`� �"���"��� Ù�«�� �D�"�"�-«�� �D�"��� ¦ � �"�"�c��� � ¦ � �DÙYÐ ¬�ÕJÕ"��Ô � × �c���"� �`� �"� � �"�"� Ú�"�"� ���"� ª"� � � £��"�"� ��� �D�"��� �D� �"� �"«/�D���"� � ��� �U� ��Û/Ü�Ý����"��Þ`Ý Ü-£�� � �"�- "� �"«�� �JßU�"��«D� ��� �"�4� ��� �� �D� «�� ����«D«�� � «�� � � ���-�D� �/� ��� � � �Y�-� ª�� ���D� ¦ � �"�"� £J�D�"��� � �"� � � ��àm� � �"������� ���"� � �"� � � �"«-� �"��"� � ��� � �d� �C� ��� �`�-� � �"���"� � �Y£ � �"� � ����� � � � �"�D� � ª��4� ���"� � � �c�D�U�"�"� � ¦ � � ��� �"� � �"�"� �/� ��� �"��Õdá�Ö� �-� �"��� �D� ���D�d�`�"�"� ��� ���"� � ��� �"�"�  C� �"�"� �D���D�J� �"��«�� �D�"��� ¦ � �"�"� � ¯ ��� �"��� � �`�"� � � � ���"�4 "� � ¨� � ��� � �t� ��� �"� ��� � � � � ����� �"�-� �"�"�  C� �"�"� �D�`�"�"� �/� ���"� � ��� ���D� � �"�-� ��� ���U�-� � � �����1� ��� � �-�¦ � � ��� �"�/� �D�-�/� �D� � �"� � � ��� �Y� ��� ���"� �-� �  "�"� � �D�����"��� � � �"� � ���D� �/� � �-� � �D�4� �`� �"�/� � � �"� � ���D�� �"�� "� � ª"� �D�"��� � � � � �D��� ��� �"� ���"�-� �D� � � �D�"���"�D�CªD��� � �D�"� � � � � ¦ �D��� �D�"�"�C�³c� «D�"� ��â�� ã1� � � �"� � � �D� � �-� �"���U� �"� ª�� �����D��� �"��Õdá�Ö ¦ � � �ä� �D�"� � ���D��� ���"� � � �Y� �ä�U�D� �

�"� �-� �  "�"� � � �/���"�1� �" " "� � � � � �$� �D� � � �D� � � ª��-� �D�"� � � �Y���"��� �D� � �"� � � �1�D��� �"�-�"�"� �`� �D�"� � �-� �� �"�/®�¢�£Cå æ £U� ��� Ï��"�D�C� �`� �"��� �D� � �"� � � �Y� �d� �"���"�"� ��� �D�"� � ��� ��� �"��¡�¢�£Cå ç"£"���"�Y� ��� Ï��"�D�C� �µ�� ´ ã��d���"���"� �-� �  "�"� � � �4�D �� � � �D���"�  �� �"�c� �"� �"�4� � � �"� � ���D�c�"��� Ù�«�� �D�"�"�/�"��¥ �4ªD�D� ��� � �D� ���"�D� � �� � �D�èµ�� ´ ã�� ��é{µ�ê ë��4®��"�-�-� �d�"� �-� �  "�"� � ��� �d��� ¦ � �"�d�"�"� � � � �d�D�d� �"��� � ¦ � �d� � ª�� ���-� � � �"� ���"�D�¦ � �"�"��� � �D�"�  C�D� ���"�"� ��� � �D��� �"� ¦ � �D� � ���"� �-� �  "�"� � ��� ��� �/� �"�/� �"�-�-� ���"� �-� �  "�"� � � � ¯ ���«D� ª�� �/�"� �-� �  "�"� � �D£D� �"�-�-� �d� �J� �"���"�"� � � � � �4� � ��� �D�/� �D�J� �"��� ���-�4� � �D� ���C�c���"� �d� �D��� � �D�"� � � �

Page 12: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

ìDíî ï"ð-ñDò"ó ð ô õDö î ÷ ñ�ø"ó�ò�ù�ú�ûJó�ü ý�þ4ÿ������4î ï"ö î/÷ ø��"÷ � ö î ð`î ï"ö î/î ï"ð-öDî -ñDó "ï"ð ô ð���ö�ó � � ð öDô ð ô�÷ ø� ÿ����"ô ÷ ø���ó ���-ð ô �����"öDô ð øDî � ù��dî ï"ð-ô ð "ô ð ó ð øDî öDî ÷ ñDøtñ���î ï"ð-ö�� î ð ô ø"öDî ÷ õ�ð����"ó î/ó ñ��"ô � ð óòDù�ö�� ñ�ø"ó î öDø�î�ó ñ��"ô � ð/÷ ó�î ñ�ñ�ó ÷ ��� ð �CöDø���÷ ø�ô ð ö�� ÷ î ù�î ï"ð`÷ øDî ð ø"ó ÷ î ù�ñ��cî ï"ð ó ð/ó ñ��"ô � ð ó�-ö ùòUð�ó ð öDó ñ�ø"ö�� � ù�õDöDô ÷ ö�ò�� ð �� ÷ ���"ô ð���� �tó ï"ñ ��ó�î ï"ð�ô ð ó ��� î ó�ñ���î ï"ð�û�� � ó ÷ ��� öDî ÷ ñDø"ó���÷ î ïäöDøä÷ øDî ð ô ö�� î ÷ õ�ð����"ó î

ó ñ��"ô � ð`öDø��!� ñDø"ó î ö�øDî ���"ó î�ó ñ��"ô � ð ó�÷ ø�òCñ î ï�ï"ð -÷ ó "ï"ð ô ð ó � "�ï"ð����"ó î/ó ñ��"ô � ð�"öDô ö�-ð î ð ô óöDô ð�#%$�&')(+*�, * ��- . (0/1, 2 � - 3 ( - 4 (0/�, * �5"�ï"ð�ö����"÷ î ÷ ñDøäñ �/î ï"ð!� ñ�ø"ó î öDø�îYó ñ��"ô � ð ó"ô ñ1����� ð ó�ò"ö�� 6���ô ñ��"ø������"ó î�ï"ö�7 ð/÷ øYòCñ î ï�ï"ð -÷ ó "ï"ð ô ð ó �Cò���î�ñ î ï"ð ô ��÷ ó ð �"ñ�ð ó�ø"ñ î�� ï"öDø���ðî ï"ð�òUð ï"ö õ�÷ ñ�ô�ñ �dî ï"ð�ó ù"ó î ð 8�9��ï"÷ � ïY÷ ó:Cð ô ÷ ñ1�"÷ ���

;�< =?>A@�B!C�D E!FHG @�B!F

"�ï"ð�ô ð ó ��� î ó4ó ï"ñ ��ø`÷ ø/î ï"÷ óH� ï"ö��î ð ô4ó ������ð ó î4î ï"ö îcî ï"ð�÷ øDî ð ô öDø"ø1�"ö���õDö�ô ÷ öDò"÷ � ÷ î ù�ñ �Uî ï"ð�I�J K�óñDø���öDô ó�� ö�ø"ø"ñ î�òCð�ð L1�� ö�÷ ø"ð �Yò�ùY÷ ø"ï"ð ô ð øDî�õDö�ô ÷ öDò"÷ � ÷ î ù-ñ �dî ï"ð -öDô î ÷ ö�ø�ö î -ñ�ó "ï"ð ô ð M ���"ó îó ù�ó î ð 8� N�ð ó ��� î ó�ñ���ý�ï"ö��î ð ô í ó ������ð ó î�î ï"öDî�î ï"ð�-öDô î ÷ ö�ø�ö î -ñ�ó "ï"ð ô ð`÷ ó�ø"ñDî�ö�� ï"ö�ñ î ÷ �ó ù�ó î ð 8�O"�ï"ð�ô ð ó ÷ �"ð ø�� ð�î ÷ -ð�ñ �H���"ó î�÷ ø�î ï"ð�ö î -ñ�ó "ï"ð ô ð�÷ ó�î ñ�ñ`ó ï"ñDô î�î ñ-ö PJð � î�î ï"ð�ó î ö î ðñ �Jî ï"ð�ö î -ñ�ó "ï"ð ô ð�÷ ø`î ï"ð�ó �"ò"ó ð Q1�"ð ø�î�ù�ð öDô �R"�ï"ð�ð PCð � î�ñ �Jî ï"ð�ò"ö�� 61�Dô ñ��"ø������"ó î�ï"ö�7 ð�ñ�øî ï"ð`ö î -ñ�ó "ï"ð ô ð-÷ ó�ö�� ó ñY÷ ø"ö��"ð Q��"öDî ð/î ñ8"ô ñ1����� ð`î ï"ð`ø"ð ð �"ð �1õDöDô ÷ ö�ò"÷ � ÷ î ù��Cö î � ð ö�ó î�÷ ø�î ï"ð� ñ�øDî ð L�î�ñ��dî ï"ð/ûH� �!�SK�ñ�-ð�ó -ö�� �Jó � ö�� ð "ô ñ1� ð ó ó ð ó �Jó ��� ï�öDó�î ô ö��"÷ ø��-ñ��O���"ó î�÷ ø�� ô öDî ð ô óñDô�T ó ï"÷ ð � �"÷ ø���U`òDùYô ñ1� 6�ó ��-ö ùYö�� � ñ��"øDî:� ñ�ô�î ï"ð�÷ ø�î ð ô ö�ø"ø��"ö��UõDö�ô ÷ öDò"÷ � ÷ î ù���ò���î�î ï"ð ù8� öDø"ø"ñDîòUð-÷ ø�� ñDô CñDô öDî ð �V�"÷ ô ð � î � ù�÷ ø�î ñ�î ï"ð-ûH� �!��W ø"ó î ð ö��X�dî ï"ð-ð PJð � î ó/ñ ��ó ��� ïY"ô ñ1� ð ó ó ð ó � ñ���� �òUð`õ�÷ ð ��ð �1ö�ó�ø"ñD÷ ó ð-ö����"ð ��î ñYó ñ�-ð�-ñ1�"ð �H"öDô ö�-ð î ð ô ó �S� ñDô�÷ ø"ó î öDø�� ð �dî ñ�î ï"ð`î ï"ô ð ó ï"ñ�� �� ô ÷ � î ÷ ñ�øYó Cð ð �!$�&' ��"�ï"ð`ð PJð � î�ñ��cî ï"ð/ó î ñ1� ï"öDó î ÷ � � ñDô � ÷ ø��-ñDø�î ï"ð/û�� � ÷ ó�î ï"ð � ñ�ø�� ð ô ø�ñ��î ï"ð�ø"ð L�î�� ï"ö��î ð ô �

Page 13: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

Z�[

\H] ^�_�` a:b1c d�eHf:] g�a:h a ` ] a hOi�j9k l�a�m�n o�p�q�` ] q�r�s a h�j i�`Hk l�a:` _�t�u�] k l�] t�k a ` q�v k ] p�a:w�_�h kRh i�_�` v a�cx�q�` q�g�a k a ` h�i j1k l�aOg�i1w�a s�q�` a�k l�aOh q�g�aOq�hS] t yRl�q�z1k a `H{�| k l�` a h l�i�s w�j ` ] v k ] i�t h z9a a w�}�~��� d�|q�g�z�s ] k _�w�a�i�j�k l�a w�_�h k�h i�_�` v a�� � ���1� � c

Page 14: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

���

�H� ����� ���1� ���:�1����� ���:�H� ���H��� ���9���1�:��� � ��� �:�¡ �¢ �1�

Page 15: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

£�¤

¥H¦ §�¨�© ª�¤�« ¬�­R®1¯�°�ª ¯�±:¥H¦ §1«O¤1« ²�³9´�¨1µ:¶�¦ µ ·!¸�¹º�»�¼�½ ¾ ¯�¿�À!Á  »�¼1½ ¾ «

Page 16: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

Ã�Ã

ÄHÅ Æ�Ç�È É!Ê1Ë Ì1Í%Î1Ï�Ð�É!Ï�Ñ8ÄHÅ Æ1Ë5Ê1Ë Ò�Ó�Ô�Ç1Õ8Ö�Å Õ ×�Ø�ÙÚ)Û0Ü1Ý Ò!Ï�Þ�ß�à á Ûãâ Ï�Þ�ßåä�æ ÎçÅ Þ¡è�éÑ Ç�ê�ê�È É Ñ Ñ É ßXË

Page 17: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

ë�ì

íHî ï�ð�ñ ò�ó�ô õ1ö�÷1ø�ù�ò8ø�ú�íHî ï1ôYó�ô û�üRý�ð1þ�ÿ ��ñ�� ����ú þ ø���þ���ð�ú þ�ú ��ð�ñ � ò ú�î �%ý�� þ �ò ù�î ú ���ò ñ ò ú ü ���� ������� û õ1ü�ø����8ú ð�����ñ ò ú ú ò �!î ��þ ò ñ ø�� þ î ��ò ú ��ð�ñ � ò ü ����� ô

Page 18: California Institute of Technologythesis.library.caltech.edu/4431/4/04part2_chapters5_6.pdf · lk\b^ _ ` \>a PsR j rE ~ngmJ HsH jYj m lk` agc>d qE^ j igd _Y{^ e>l*\>a m gog\bagj e>a

���

��� �!�" #�$�% $�&�'�(�)�#�(�*���� �%�$�% +�,�-�!�.�/ 0�"�� 1�. # " (�2 . � 3�#�4�!�* .�* 0�!�" 2 #�56� . 7�2 0�1�* . (�1�.�2 0�)�890�1�# 1�.� 1:-90�. 7:7�# )�� * 8�7�# " # * ,<; =�>�; ?�>�@�A +�,�BDCE >�+�A +�,�; F�>�@�A G�%