california forage quality. from grass to poop...clover early vegetative 18 27 28 late vegetative 15...
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California Forage QualityCalifornia Forage Quality––From Grass to PoopFrom Grass to Poop
How Does the Grass Grow?
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lbs/
ac
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SFREC Forage Growth by Month
PRECIPITATION & FORAGE YIELDSFREC; Selected years, 1979 through 2002
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79-80 80-81 81-82 82-83 86-87 87-88 88-89 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 Avg.
Years
Precip., inches
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Forage, #/ac.
Fall Winter Spring Summer Forage
ADG ON ANNUAL RANGEStocker calves, avg. 4 years
0.20
0.55
0.87
1.36 1.32
2.10 2.051.90
0.85
65.1
6.2
16.5
26.9
42.236.9
25.5
58.961.5
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2.00
2.50
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ADG
(lbs
.)
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Protein Quality – the Grass SideTable 1. Crude protein content of annual grasses, filaree, and bur clover at seven stages of maturity
Annual Grass Filaree
Bur Clover
Early vegetative 18 27 28Late vegetative 15 25 27Early flowering 15 22 26Late flowering 10 16 22Mature 6 0 19Dry 5 7 18Dry, leached 3 5 17Source: Hart et al. 1932; Gordon and Sampson 1939
Energy Quality – the Grass Side
Metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg) TDN (%) Stage of maturity Annual
grass Filaree Bur
clover Annual grass
Filaree Bur clover
Early vegetative 2.8 3.5 3.3 77 97 91 Late vegetative 2.7 3.4 3.2 74 94 89 Early flowering 2.6 3.3 3.1 72 91 86 Late flowering 2.4 3.0 2.9 67 84 80 Mature 2.2 2.6 2.6 61 72 72 Dry 2.1 2.5 2.5 58 69 69 Dry, leached 2.1 2.4 2.4 58 67 67
Quality – The Grass Side
Water Content
22-25%75-84%Filaree
0-5%32-40%72-79%Annual Grass
0-4%21-28%77-83%Rose Clover
AugAprJan
Forage Sampling 1996-1999Campbell Pasture - SFREC
Average Crude Protein %
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% C
P
Forage Quality - EnergyForage Quality - Energy (TDN%)
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Earlyvegetative
Latevegetative
Earlyflowering
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%T
DN
Annual grass Filaree Bur clover
Forage Quality – Energy –Campbell Pasture 1996-99
Energy - NEm (Mca/kg)
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NE
m
DetectionPrediction
ActionFollow-up
HANDPLUCKING…Human Perception of an Animal’s Diet
Visit all the major grazing sites within the landscape
Select the proper proportions of the different plantspecies
Get the plant parts selected correctly
Mix the various components of the diet in the proper sequence to get the proper associative effects
Fecal ChemistryFecal Chemistry=CH2, =CH3, =C=O=C=,
Amide, Amine, Aromatics,
Protein Bonds, Peroxides,
=CH3-N, Alphatics
Predicted Diet Predicted Diet Crude ProteinCrude ProteinDigestible Organic MatterDigestible Organic MatterPhosphorus, etcPhosphorus, etc
Diet QualityDiet Quality
Crude ProteinCrude Protein
Dig. Org. MatterDig. Org. Matter
Phosphorus, etcPhosphorus, etc
DIET:FECAL PAIRSDIET:FECAL PAIRS�
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
NIR Spectra
==
++Waveform transformationand statistical analysisis used to create a calibrationequation to predict components
Sample Arrives andSample Arrives andis assigned id #is assigned id #
Insulated mailer, ice pack,Insulated mailer, ice pack,sample envelope, drying trayssample envelope, drying trays
Fresh feces placed Fresh feces placed in oven overnightin oven overnight
Dried feces is ground inDried feces is ground incyclone mill next morningcyclone mill next morning
NIRS Fecal Profiling Laboratory ProceduresNIRS Fecal Profiling Laboratory Procedures
NIRS quartz lens NIRS quartz lens sample cups are sample cups are packedpacked
Sample scanned with NIRSample scanned with NIRspectrophotometerspectrophotometer
Results logged in database and spatially Results logged in database and spatially referenced in ARCVIEWreferenced in ARCVIEW
Calibration Reference Sets Used in the USA System:
Subtropical savanna of South TexasMixed hardwood/grasslands of East Central TexasMesquite-mixed grass savanna of North TexasTall and mid-grass prairie of OklahomaDerived cool-season pastures in west-central MissouriSandhill uplands and meadows of NebraskaMixed grass prairies of eastern Montana/ Central DakotasDerived cool-seasons pastures in south-central CanadaOther calibrations sets have been selectively used as well:
Argentina grasslands and shrublandsSub-sahelian Africa (East and West)Australian tropical woodlands
GAN Results - Coast Range
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% C
P
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70.0
80.0
% D
OM
%CP %DOM
GAN Results - Petaluma
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% C
P
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%CP %DOM
GAN Results - SFREC
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P
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OM
%CP %DOM
GAN Results - Madera Annual Range
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% C
P
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% D
OM
%CP %DOM
GAN Results - Lancaster Annual Range
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P
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%CP %DOM
GAN Results - Susanville Annual Range
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P
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GAN Results - Susanville Meadow
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Relationship of NEm To Required and Available Degradable Protein - Campbell Area
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Deg
rada
ble
Prot
ein
(lb /d
ay)
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NE
m (M
CA
L / l
b)
Avail Reg Nem
Nem (MCAL / lb)
- 22% - 32% - 46%
Relationship of NEm to Required and Available Degradable Protein - Tehama County
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0.5
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Apr Jun Jul Aug Sept Nov Dec
Deg
rada
ble
Pro
tein
(lbs
/ da
y)
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NE
m (M
CAL
/ lb
)
Avail Reg Nem
- 22% - 36% - 46%
Cow/Calf
MARKETING OPTIONS: Sell Weaned Calves
Private Treaty Sale Yard Project Calves Internet Stockers Backgrounder
Sell Cull Cows & Bulls Sell Individuals direct to consumers Retain Ownership
As Project Calves As Stockers As Backgrounder As Cull Cows & Bulls To Feedlot To Packer or Abattoir
Grain-fed Program Ranch Raised to Fatten Sell to Feedlot
Grass-fed Program (Natural/Organic) Ranch Raised to Fatten Retain to Grass-fed Weight
Sell to Packer or Abattoir
Feedlot Grain-fed to Fed Weight Sell to Packer or Abattoir
Abattoir (Slaughter) Harvest Whole Carcass Half/Quarter Carcass Primal & Subprimal
Fresh
(USDA Inspected Cut & Wrap)
(County Health Inspected)
Cut & Wrap (Processor) Subprimal Portioned
Fresh or Frozen
Fresh Product Frozen Product
Packer or Packing House/Plant (Transportation)
Restaurant
Retail Grocery
Consumer Direct E-mail or Mail Order On Ranch Health Food Store Farmer’s Market
(Transportation)
(USDA Inspected Slaughter)
Meat Market
Distributor (Pass Thru)
Consumer Sources
Feedlot Grass-fed to Fed Weight Sell to Packer or Abattoir
Height of Manure PilesAugust 2002GAN Crude Protein % = 8.5%
Height of Manure PilesJanuary 2003GAN Crude Protein % = 15.1%
Height of Manure PilesMarch 2003GAN Crude Protein % = 17.4%