california avocado varieties: past, present and future...
TRANSCRIPT
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California Avocado Varieties:Past, Present and Future (?)
Mary Lu ArpaiaUniversity of California, Riverside
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AmemberoftheLaurelfamily(Lauraceae)whichismainlytropicalevergreentreescomposedof~50generaand>3000species
FamilyincludesCinnamon,BayLaurel,CABaytree,RedBayLaurelandsassafrasandnumerousotherPerseaspeciesfoundinSEUSAandthroughoutCentralAmerica
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• SeedsfoundinArcheologicalRecordshowinglonghistoryofcultivation
• DerivedfromSpanishAhaucate (aguacate)whichisderivedfromtheAztecword– Ahuacatl
• Alsoknownas“Palta”inChile,AlligatorPearinAfrica
Aztecmanwithguacamole;avocadosonthetree(FlorentineCodex,1500sAD)
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• Relatively“new”croptodomestication
• Highlydiverse• Retainsthetraitsthatare
adaptedtoitsnativeneotropical rainforesthabitat
• Thephysiologyofthetreeispoorlyunderstood
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PerseaamericanaMill.Family:Lauraceae
3horticulturalraces• Mexican• Guatemalan• WestIndian(Antillean)
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Whereistheoriginalhomeoftheavocado?
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Mexican Guatemalan West Indian
Native Region Mexican Highlands
Guatemalan Highlands
Tropical lowlands
Climate Adaptation Subtropical Subtropical TropicalCold Tolerance Most Intermediate LeastSalinity Least Intermediate Most
GENERAL TRAITS
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Mexican Guatemalan West IndianFlush Color Greenest Reddest Yellowish-green
Anise Scent Present (usually) Absent Absent
Season Early Late Early/IntermediateFruit maturity 5-7 mos. 10-18 mos. 6-8 mons.
LEAF and FLOWER TRAITS
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Mexican Guatemalan West Indian
Size Tiny-Medium Small-Large Medium-V. Large
Peel Color Usually purple Black or green Green/maroon
Peel Thickness Very thin Thick Medium
Seed Coat Thin Usually thin Thick
Seed Tightness Often loose Tight Often loose
Flavor “Anise”, spicy Often rich Sweet, mild
Oil Content Highest High Low
FRUIT TRAITS
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• Avocadosproducedworldwide• MoretropicalareasproduceWestIndianRacevarieties
• MostleadingavocadoproducingcountriesproduceGuatemalean/Mexicanraceavocados
• LeadingcultivarworldwideisHASS
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OneofthefirstavocadotreesplantedinCA- 1870
1870’s – Firsttreesplanted1911 – Firstbuddedtreessold1911 – Fuerte introducedtoCAfromAtlixco Mexico(CarlSchmidtofWestIndiaGardens,Altadena)1915 – FirstmeetingoftheCAAvocadoSociety1915 – W.Popenoe reportson86namedvarieties
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TheParent‘Fuerte’TreeinAtlixco,MX(1911)
Popenoe,CAS,1919
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FUERTE• Theleadingvarietyfrom1920’sto1970’s
• Adaptedtoawidevarietyofclimates
• Knownforhighfruitquality• Largespreadingtree• Recognizedtohaveerraticorseverealternatebearing
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VarietySeedlingYear Location
C.A.S.Reg. orIntroduced Patented
Lyon 1908 Hollywood - -Fuerte 1911 Atlixco, MX 1915 -Hass 1926 LaHabraHts. 1932 1935Zutano 1926 Fallbrook 1932 -Edranol 1927 Vista 1932 -Bacon 1928 BuenaPark 1948 -
Varietiesoriginatingbefore1940
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Rudolph and Elizabeth Hass
The CA Avocado Society visits in the 1960’s
‘HASS’
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Facts about Hass
• Chance find in La Habra Heights in 1926 and patented in 1935
• Considered interesting but black skin considered a flaw as compared to leading variety, Fuerte
• Did not overtake Fuerte in importance until the planting boom of the mid-1970’s
• Now worldwide leading variety and major variety marketed in US
• High fruit quality when harvested at proper maturity
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TheHassAvocadoby H.B.GriswoldCaliforniaAvocadoSociety1945Yearbook30
FromthemarketstandpointtheHasswouldappeartohaveeverything.Excellentquality,popularsize,smallseed,goodshipper,itsleatheryskinandlongseasoncomplimentingtheFuerte.Itssingledisadvantageisitsblackcolorwhichhasbeenassociatedinthemindsofthepublicwithpoorqualityfruits.Experienceisindicatinghoweverthatwhenproperlyhandledthiscolorhandicapcanbeovercome.TheHassvarietygivessatisfactionandrepeatbusinessfollows.
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Othervarietiesoriginatingbefore1940
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VarietySeedlingYear Location
C.A.S.Reg. orIntroduced Patented
Ettinger 1940 Israel 1954 -Reed 1948 Carlsbad 1953 1967Sharwil 1951 Qld,Australia - -Pinkerton 1960 Saticoy 1974 1975
Varietiesoriginating1940- 1980
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Othervarietiesoriginatingbetween
1940- 1980
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VarietySeedlingYear Location
C.A.S.Reg. orIntroduced Patented
Gwen - Irvine 1982 1984Whitsell - Irvine 1982 1984Esther - Irvine 1982 1984LambHass 1985 Camarillo 1995 1996SirPrize 1986 Irvine 1995 1996GEM 1985 Camarillo 2003 2003Harvest 1985 Camarillo 2003 2003
Varietiesoriginatingafter1980
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UCReleasessince1982
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DifferencesbetweenHassandLambHass§ LambHassmaturityseason– midtolatesummer
NOTASUBSTITUTEBUTSUPPLEMENTTOHASS§ Fruitshapeandsize– more“square”butlarger§ LambHasshasmoreuprightgrowthhabit§ Flexiblewood– fruitborneinterioroftree;tendstosetfruitinclusters
§ LambHassismore“tolerant”toPerseamiteandotherpests(?)§ Photosyntheticrateapproximately30%higherthanHassandhigherchlorophyllcontent
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Hass Lamb Hass
Growth habit differences between Hass and Lamb Hass
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DifferencesbetweenHassandGEM§ Maturityseasonsoverlap;GEMslightlylater- COULDBEASUBSTITUTETOHASS
§ Canaccumulateveryhighlevelsofdrymatter§ Fruitshape– more“teardrop”§ GEMgrowthhabitmorevaselike andcompact§ Flexiblewood– interiorfruiting;tendstosetfruitinclusters§ Pesttolerance(?)§ LessAlternateBearing§ Tendstobemoreproductiveundermostconditions
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GemisamorecompacttreethanHass,verysimilartoGwenBearsfruitontheinsideofthetree
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0
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kg/tree
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kg/tree
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Coastal IntermediateIrvine, CA
North InlandSanta Paula, CA
Coastal NorthOxnard, CA
Far NorthArroyo Grande, CA
South InlandFallbrook, CA
Topwork Trials – Kg/treeMixed age trees, seedling rootstock at all sites
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Fruitsize– Allsites,allyears
0
50
100
150
200
250
GEM Hass
AverageFruitS
ize(g)
Range across all sites:
GEM – 170 (Far North) to 294 (North Coastal)
HASS – 129 (Far North) to 270 (North Coastal)
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Alternatebearing– Allsites,allyearsThe lower the number the less alternate bearing
0
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0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
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0.7
0.8
0.9
1
GEM Hass
AlternateBe
aringInde
x
Range across all sites:
GEM – 0.43 (Far North) to 0.71 (North Inland)
HASS – 0.65 (North Coastal) to 0.89 (South Inland)
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Wehadothervarietiesinthesetrials.InalltrialsthecumulativeyieldofGemwasrankedeither#1or2.AlternatebearingwasleastinGEMatallsites.
Wehavenotedthatclimatecangreatlyinfluencefruitshape(asinallvarieties);inveryhotclimatesthefruitcanbeveryelongated.
Anecdotalobservationsfollowing2007FreezewasthatGEMdidbestinreturnbloom
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Bloomtimeandminimumandmaximumtemperaturesin2002.DatacollectedatUCSouthCoastRECinIrvine,CA.
2/25 3/11 3/25 4/8 4/22 5/6 5/20 6/32002
0
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15
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30
35
Tota
l Blo
om (%
)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Temperature (F)
GEM Hass Maximum Air Minimum Air
GEM flowers later than Hass
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BL516
BL667
Sir Prize
Harvest
GEM
Lamb Hass
Hass
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180Julian Date
2005200420032002
Duration of bloom over 4 years
Irvine, CA
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FruitMaturity- GEMFigure 3. Comparison of changes in dry matter for 'Hass' and 'GEM' at the
UC South Coast REC in Irvine from February through October 2002
1/2 1/16 1/30 2/13 2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5 6/19 7/3 7/17 7/31 8/14 8/28 9/11 9/25 10/9
2002
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28
30
32
34
Dry
Mat
ter
Cont
ent
(%)
GEM Hass
SimilarpatternofDMtoHass;tendstobeslightlylater
Comparisonofdrymatterchangesoverseason
1/1 1/15 1/29 2/12 2/26 3/12 3/26 4/9 4/23 5/7 5/21 6/4 6/18 7/2 7/16 7/30 8/13 8/27 9/10 9/24 10/8 10/22
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Mat
ter C
onte
nt (%
)
GEM dry matter content2000 2001 2003 2003 2004 2005
Irvine, CA
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What do we know about flavor and postharvest characteristics
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IstherelifeafterHass?2perspectives• Market/Tradeconsiderations• LimitationsofHassunderCAconditions
•
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PercentageofCAHassCropMarketedbyMonth
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
%ofC
ACrop CAhasUSmarkettoitself
(1983- 1992)
Chileexceeds20milllb/yr(1997- 1998)
Chiledatafrom97/98– 04/05
Source:CAC
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PercentageofCAHassCropMarketedbyMonth
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
%ofC
ACrop
CAhasUSmarkettoitself(1983- 1992)
Chileexceeds20milllb/yr(1997- 1998)
Mexicoentersmarket12mos/yrallstates(2005)
Chiledatafrom97/98– 04/05Mexicodatafrom05/06– 09/10
Source:CAC
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PercentageofCAHassCropMarketedbyMonth
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
%ofC
ACrop
CAhasUSmarkettoitself(1983- 1992)
Chileexceeds20milllb/yr(1997- 1998)
Mexicoentersmarket12mos/yrallstates(2005)
PeruentersUSmarket(2010)
Chiledatafrom97/98– 04/05Mexicodatafrom05/06– 09/10Perudatafrom10/11– 15/16Source:CAC,HAB
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WhatwillhappentoourmarketingwindowwhenColumbia,SouthAfricaandtheothercountriesthathavepetitionedentryfinallygainentry?Willwebesqueezedevenfurthersince95%ofCA’svolumeisHass?
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Thereisapotentialsilverlining• 25countriesallowedtoshipavocadosintothecontinentalUS(USDA-FAVIR)
• MostoftheseareCaribbeancountrieswithlimitedaccesstocontinentalUSandareshippingmainlyWestIndianvarietiesintoUS
Isthereasilverlining?ThereisamarketintheUSforthingsotherthanHASS
*SpainallowedtoshipHassinundercoldtreatment
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Thereisapotentialsilverlining• ThemajorimportingsourcesforavocadoarecurrentlyMexico,Chile,Peru
• OftheseMexicoandPeruarelimitedtoONLYHASS• ColombiawillbelimitedtoHass• ThepetitionfromSouthAfricawilllikelyalsoonlyallowHASS
Thesilverlining?Doesthisgiveusanopportunitytodifferentiateourselvesandregainastrong12monthpresentinUSmarket?????
*SpainallowedtoshipHassinundercoldtreatment
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Our leading cultivar, ‘Hass’ CAN BE improved:
ü Tree size and structureü Bearing habitü Alternate bearingü Stress tolerance (Cold, Heat, Salinity) ü Disease and pest toleranceü Productivityü Seasonality
It is dangerous to have an industry based on one variety
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We need to go from
Here
There
To stay competitive
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Thechallengeoffindingnewavocadovarieties
• Longseasonality• Fruitmustberipenedinordertoevaluate;ripeningtimedependsonmaturity
• Eatingqualitychangesthroughouttheseason
• Industrystandard‘Hass’setsahighstandardforpostharvestandeatingquality
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Lookingfor:• PrecociousandlowABvarietieswithhighfruitquality
• Upright,slendertreearchitectureforHDplantings
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DowehavealternativestoHass?
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465418-99Planted 2007 on Duke 7
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465518-99Planted 2007 on Duke 7
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464918-99Planted 2008 on Duke 7
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465202-99Planted 2008 on Duke 7
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Environment influences fruit shape and seasonality
Cold and Hot, Inland Valley
Moderate, Coastal
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GEM
All planted on Dusa Rootstock
464918-99
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Howabouteatingquality?
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CollecteddataonVisualandEatingAcceptability
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VisualAcceptability EatingAcceptability
1
5
9
Hass 464034-06 465418-99 467352-00 BL516 GEM1
5
9
Hass 464034-06 465418-99 467352-00 BL516 GEM
IndustryStd IndustryStdUCRelease UCRelease
Exampleofmonthlyrating– 07/16/2014
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1
5
9Like extremely
Neither like or dislike
Dislike extremely
Avocado Grower Field Day Taste Panel Results - 2014
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Visualacceptabilityacrossallyears(8newselections)
1
5
9
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
2012 2013 2014
Hass 442712-05 464034-06 464918-99 465006-99 465202-99 465418-99 465518-99 467352-00
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Flavoracceptabilityacrossallyears(8newselections)
1
5
9
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar Apr
May Jun Jul
2012 2013 2014
Hass 442712-05 464034-06 464918-99 465006-99 465202-99 465418-99 465518-99 467352-00
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THEBIGPICTUREHavearangeofbothdarkskinandgreenskinvarietiesthatarecomparableto‘Hass’intermsofeatingqualityWeHAVEmaterialthatpotentiallycan
• Provide12monthmarketcoverage• Improvedtreearchitecture• Precocious• Greateryieldefficiency
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The road from the grove to the consumer
The most important thing to remember is that there is a continuum from the grower to the
consumer
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Enhancedproductivityandproductionefficiency
Satisfiedconsumersandincreasedconsumption
THEULTIMATEGOAL
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Thank you for your attention
InformationgatheredfromTheCaliforniaAvocadoSocietyYearbooksUCExperimentStationandUSDAdocuments
AllArchivedonwww.avocadosource.com
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Questions?
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Thankyou!
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TITLESUBTITLEEnter Information here
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