California Annual Specific Yield

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03

Year

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400Annual Specific Yield (kWh/m2/yr)

Cal. Avg.

San Gorgonio Farms

North American Mid-Continent Wind Sites

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

SiteSize

DiameterAvg. Speed

m/sAEO

mil/kWh/yrAvg. Yield kWh/m2/yr

Traverse City 44 m 6.5 1.1 725

Ontario 43 m 6.3 1.2 825

Adair, IA 27 m 6.1 0.475 825

Buffalo Ridge 33 m 7 0.775 850

Sibley, IA 44 m 6.9 1.6 1000

North American Mid-Continent Wind Sites

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Site Size Diameter Hub HeightAEO

mil/kWh/yrAvg. Yield kWh/m2/yr

Woodstock, MN 44 m 60 m 1.7 1050

Zond, MN 50 m 60 m 2.4 1200

Byron, WI 47 m 65 m 0.7 850

Lakota, MN 48 m 56 m 2 1100

Tararua New Zealand Yields

Tararua Wind Plant New Zealand Specific YieldsVestas V47

Specific YieldSwept AreaDiameterApproximatekWh/m2/yrm2mkWh/yr

8008401,735471,457,901Low1,5001,4401,735472,500,000Median1,8001,7601,735473,050,622High

WindStats, Spring 2005, Vol. 18, No. 2, pg 13.

AEO Medium & Large Turbines

Estimating AEOSwept Area Method for 7 m/s*

Paul Gipe & Assoc. *At Hub Height

TurbineSwept Area

(m2) Yield

(kWh/m2/yr)AEO

(kWh/yr)

36 m; .5 MW 1,000 1,000 1,000,000

50 m; .75 MW 2,000 1,000 2,000,000

62 m; 1 MW 3,000 1,000 3,000,000

80 m; 2 MW 5,000 1,000 5,000,000

Sample Power Curve CalculationPower Curve

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Wind Speed (mph)

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

11.11.2

Kilowatts

Sample Power Curve CalculationSpeed Distribution

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Wind Speed (mph)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600Hours per Year

Sample Power Curve CalculationAnnual Energy Production

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Wind Speed (mph)

0

20

40

60

80

100kWh/year

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Watt

s

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Wind Speed (mph)

Total Power and Power to Batteries

29,2

Gross Power

Power Delivered

Note: BWC 850, nominal 24 VDC,150 ft, #8 AWG Cu

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Net Generation from Wind Plants

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Net

Availability 98%

Electrical 97%

Array Interference 90%-95%

Total 86%-90%

Wind Energy Software• Spreadsheets

Integrated (Tom Wind)

Fully Integrated (RETScreen)

• Wind Farm Design ToolsWAsP (Risø)

WindFarm (ReSoft)

WindFarmer (Garrad Hassan)

WindPro (EMD)

WindMap (Brower)

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Paul Gipe & Assoc.Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Wind Turbine StandardsSmall Turbines

Caveat Emptor (Buyer Beware)You Get What You Pay For

Big TurbinesMinimum Design Stds. (GL)Power Curve Field TestsWarranteed Power CurvesPerformance GuaranteesField Experience Best Guide

Sources of Information

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

• Trade Magazines

• European Wind Reports

• German Market Survey

• Books

• Web Sites

• Workshops

Trade Magazines

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

• Windpower Monthly• WindStats• WinDirections• RE World• New Energy• Neue Energie• North American Windpower• Systèmes Solaires

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

• BTM-Consult

• DEWI Magazin

• ISET WMEP

European Wind Reports

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Book &

CD-Rom

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

German Market Survey

• Power Curves

• Noise

• Power Factor

• Flicker

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Measured Performance Data

Pricing

• Model

• Tower

• Transformer

• €/kWh/annum

• €/m2

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Books by Paul Gipe

2004

New Wind Books

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

2002 20012002

2005

WWW Sites

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

• www.windpower.dkDanish Manufacturers

• www.eole.org/ en français

• www.wind-energie.de BWE, German Wind Turbine Owners

• wind-works.org Archive of Articles by Paul Gipe

Don’t Be Afraid of Foreign Language Web Sites

Suivi-Eolien France

Suivi-Eolien France

Freyssenet E44Specific YieldSwept AreaDiameterkWh/m2/yrm2mkWh/yr

1,2701,521441,924,5352004

Case Studies

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

Distributed (Self) Generation Schafer Systems: Taking a Gamble

• Adair, Iowa, 1995

• V27, 225 kW, 480 VAC

• 5.8 m/s Site

• ~$300,000

• 500,000 kWh/yr

• Net Metering

• 75% of Load

Schafer Systems

• No Tax Credit• $3,000/yr Insurance

(2X projected)

• 8 yr. Payback• Abuts I-80 R-o-W• Rezoned for Height• Ice Throw to Roof• Lightning

Case Study-Altamont Pass

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

• Peak Development 81-88• ~5,000 Turbines• ~550 MW (Capped)• ~1 TWh/yr• Early Turbines ~20 Years Old

Aging

High Maintenance

• Slated for “Repowering” Since 1998!

Case Study-Altamont Pass

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

• ~$2 Billion Invested• Birds Remain an Issue• Good Match w/ Load• Peak Winds Summer Evenings

When Convective Heating Greatest

• USW/Kenetech Dominated• Yields Good on Later Turbines

650-850 kWh/m2/yr