california and u.s. initiatives to mitigate greenhouse gas ... · ©national fuel cell research...

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, 2008 1/37

California and U.S. Initiatives to Mitigate California and U.S. Initiatives to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the

Transportation SectorTransportation Sector

Jack Brouwer, Ph.D.Associate Director

July, 2008


Primary Energy Engine

FuelCombustion

Engine

ExhaustFuel Combustion Engine

Thermal Energy

Exhaust

Societal Use

Air

Air

Setting the StageSetting the Stage


CO2 + H2O + N2 + Pollutants

GHG Smog

AirFuel Combustion

EngineExhaust

Thermal Energy

• 94% of World’s CO2 Emissions• 90% of World’s Pollutant Emissions

Source: Science Photo Library

• 80% of World’s Power

CombustionCombustion


Vehicle Demand ForecastVehicle Demand Forecast•• OECD vehicle populations are huge and still growingOECD vehicle populations are huge and still growing•• Demand increase is tremendous in Eastern Europe, Former Demand increase is tremendous in Eastern Europe, Former

Soviet Union, China, Latin America, Other Asia, Soviet Union, China, Latin America, Other Asia, ……


Factor of ~4 – 5

0 20 40 60

1.02000

2050 4.4

6.1 20%

World Population

(Billions)

8.9 60%

0.74

3.24

World Vehicle

Ownership(Billions)(%)

Year Environmental Impact

Availability of Automobile

Vehicle Demand ForecastVehicle Demand Forecast

Toyota estimates, 2006


WORLD ENERGY DEMANDWorld Energy Demand[Million B/D Oil Equivalent]

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook, 2006

Other

Transportation

Industry

Electric Power

Residential and Services

Transportation

Electric Power

2000

2030

Energy Demand ForecastEnergy Demand Forecast


ENERGY DEMAND

SOURCE: IEA WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK

WORLD ENERGY DEMAND

WORLD ENERGY DEMAND[Million B/D Oil Equivalent]

WORLD GHG INTENSITY[Billion Metric T/Y]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2000 2030

Transportation

Residential and Services

Other

Electric Power

Industry

Electric Power

Transportation

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Intensity ForecastGreenhouse Gas (GHG) Intensity Forecast


#1 Green House Gas Intensity (1990)

FORCES FOR CHANGE

#2 Pollutant Impacts (1940)

#3 Hubbert’s Curve (1980)

Forces for ChangeForces for Change


[ Bill

ion

Bbl

/Y ]

Year2020

Petro

leum

Pro

duct

ion

Rat

eHubbertHubbert’’s Curves Curve


#1 Greenhouse Gas Intensity (1990)

#2 Pollutant Impacts (1940)

#3 Hubbert’s Curve (1980)

#4 Fuel Independence (9/11)

#5 National Security (9/11)

Paradigm Shifts• Electric Power• Transportation

– Fuel– Engine

• Conservation– Electrical Power– Personal Vehicle

• Building Design• Urban Design

Forces for ChangeForces for Change


•• 1966:1966: Automobile Emissions ControlAutomobile Emissions Control– California First in the Nation

•• 1968: Power Plant Emissions Control1968: Power Plant Emissions Control– Southern California Edison– Orange County Leading Firms

o KVB, Dynamic Science, Ultrasystems, EERC, FERCO, AUS, …o GE Environmental Serviceso GE Global Research

•• 1977:1977: South Coast Air Quality Management DistrictSouth Coast Air Quality Management District

•• 1990: CARB Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate1990: CARB Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate

•• 20042004--2005: Governor Executive Orders2005: Governor Executive Orders– S-7-04 Hydrogen Highway– S-20-04 Green Action Team– S-3-05 Climatic Action Team

•• 2006:2006: Assembly Bill 32 Assembly Bill 32 ““Global Warning Solutions ActGlobal Warning Solutions Act””

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1990 2000 2004 2020 2050Year

80% Reduction

1990

30% Reduction

GH

G E

mis

sion

s [M

MT

CO

2e]

AB 32

California LeadershipCalifornia Leadership


California LeadershipCalifornia LeadershipRecent (2003Recent (2003--2008) California Global Climate Initiatives2008) California Global Climate Initiatives• AB 1493 (2003): (Pavley) mandates 30% reduction in GHG emissions for

new light duty vehicles by 2016• AB 1007 (2005): requires plan to replace

gasoline use with low carbon alternatives• AB 32 (2006): “Global Warming Solutions Act”

aggressive goals for GHG reduction by 2020-50• SB 1368 (2006): GHG emissions standards for

IOUs and POUs• AB 2021 (2006): Energy efficiency for POUs• AB 2160 (2006): Green Building acquisition financing for state facilities• SB 107 (2006): Accelerated RPS Goals (20% by 2010)• SB 1 (2006): Renewable goals for residential and commercial structures• AB 2778 (2006): Self generation incentive program for fuel cells and wind• SB 1250 (2006): PIER renewables incentive program• EO (2007) – Governor implements Low Carbon Fuel Standard• ARB (2008) – AB 32 Plan released (June 26)


United States InitiativesUnited States InitiativesRenewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)

EIA, U.S. DOE, 2007

Many states following California leadMany states following California lead••RPS standardsRPS standards••GHG reduction mandates for all sectorsGHG reduction mandates for all sectors


Fossil Fuel

iFuel Cell

Electrochemistry

iCombustion

Electricity

CombustionHeat

Hot GasesTurbine

Generator

• 80% of World’s Power• 94% of World’s CO2 Emissions• 90% of World’s Pollutant Emissions

Electricity

Fossil Fuel

What Alternatives Are Available?What Alternatives Are Available?


Loade–

Product GasesResidual Fuel

Fuel Air

Anode CathodeElectrolyte(Ion Conductor)

Product Gases Residual Oxidant

H2H2O

O2H+

Natural GasDigester GasBiomass GasSyn Gas

Fuel Cell Alternative Fuel Cell Alternative

e–e–


0

50,000feet

EARTH

4,000PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANT

0

50,000

EARTH

4,000

air exhaust

gasoline

2,000 lbs

~20 %

CO2

H2O

N2

H2

~60 %

600 lbs

FCCombustion

HC CONOxNOx

Transportation Fuel CellsTransportation Fuel Cells


Fuel CellsFuel Cells –– All major auto manufacturers pursuingAll major auto manufacturers pursuingFuel Cell VehiclesFuel Cell Vehicles

Mazda Premacy Nissan FCV

Ford P2000 H2

Honda FCX V3GM_Opel Hydrogen 1

Daimler FCell

Hyundai FCEV Toyota Fine

Honda FCX Clarity

GM Sequel

GM HyWire

GM Equinox

Toyota FCHV

Hyundai iBlue

UCI

UCI


0.20 1.00.4 0.6 0.8

Gasoline Vehicle

TodayToday Gasoline HV

Hydrogen HV

FCHV

Fuel Vehicle

FCHV(H2O→H2 by Renewable Energy)

FCHV (Coal→Hydrogen)

FCHV (Natural Gas Hydrogen)

FCHV (Biomass)

TargetTarget

Fuel

Vehicle

(Natural Gas Hydrogen)

Transportation FuelsTransportation Fuels•• COCO22 Emission: Fuel & VehicleEmission: Fuel & Vehicle


•• U.S. Department of Energy Initiative for Advanced Power U.S. Department of Energy Initiative for Advanced Power PlantsPlants• 100-1000 MW

• Natural Gas

• Coal

• High-Efficiency Electrical Generation– Natural Gas: 75%– Coal: 60%

• Zero Emission of Criteria Pollutants• CO2 Capture for Sequestration• Co-Production of Hydrogen & Other Fuels

Transportation FuelsTransportation Fuels


GASIFICATION(ATR)

H2SEPARATINGMEMBRANE

SOFC

GENERATOR

FLUID BEDCHAR BOILER &

STACK GASCLEANUP

STACKGAS

HP STEAMAIR

CO2 TOPIPELINE

ASH

RAWSYNGAS

HPSTEAM

GENERATOR

GAS TURBINE

STEAMTURBINE

TOCONDENSER

AIR

COAL &LIMESTONE

HUMIDIFIED /PREHEATED

O2

CHAR

HPSTEAM

STACKGAS

HRSGS

CATALYTICOXIDATION, GASCOOLING & Hg

REMOVAL

CO2COMPRESSION/DEHYDRATION/

PUMPING

HOTDEPLETED

AIR

TURBINEEXHAUST

ITM

O2 FORGASIFIER &CATALYTICOXIDATION

UNITDEPLETEDFUEL GAS

SHIFT & H2SEPARATINGMEMBRANE

H2

O2 FROM ITM

HEATRECOVERY &

HT GASCLEANUP

COOLING / HEATRECOVERY &H2COMPRESSION

H2 TOPIPELINE

SWEEP GAS

SWEEPGAS

H22500 ST/DCoal

ElectricityGT

65%

ElectricityST

SOFC

Electricity

71 MW

Hydrogen100 MMSCF/D

CO2

100 MW


0.20 1.00.4 0.6 0.8

Gasoline Vehicle

TodayToday Gasoline HV

Hydrogen HV

FCHV

Fuel Vehicle

FCHV(H2O→H2 by Renewable Energy)

FCHV (Coal→Hydrogen)

FCHV (Natural Gas Hydrogen)

FCHV (Biomass)

TargetTarget

Fuel

Vehicle

(Natural Gas Hydrogen)

Transportation FuelsTransportation Fuels•• COCO22 Emission: Fuel & VehicleEmission: Fuel & Vehicle


•• Energy Station ConceptEnergy Station Concept

DIGESTER GAS

LAND-FILL GAS

Energy Station

• Electric Power Generation

• Thermal Power Generation

• Hydrogen Generation

NATURAL GAS

“Renewable Energy Station”

•Green Electricity

•Green Thermal Power

•Renewable Hydrogen


PV


Transportation FuelsTransportation Fuels•• Renewable Residential Fuel Cell SystemRenewable Residential Fuel Cell System


Transportation FuelsTransportation Fuels•• Renewable Residential Fuel Cell System Renewable Residential Fuel Cell System –– 4.2 kW RFC 4.2 kW RFC

Supply & Demand Power Flow:Supply & Demand Power Flow:

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

T im e (O n e W eek)

Pow

er (k

W)

P V P ow er 7 .9 kW E Z P ow er (In ) 4 .2 kW F C P ow er (O u t) G rid P ow er

System Cost $ 42,000.00 H2 Produced 50.9 kWhkW Peak RFC 8.1 kWRFC Round Trip Eff. 57%System Eff. 71%

1.53 kg renewable H2for transport (~ 18 mile weekday commute)

Fuel Cycle Analytical ToolFuel Cycle Analytical Tool

Generation Distribution UtilizationI t

•• Simplified scheme, adaptable to include other technologiesSimplified scheme, adaptable to include other technologies

Input

Adjust dj

Input Input Input


AdjustContribution

AdjustContribution

AdjustContribution


Fuel Cycle Analytical ToolFuel Cycle Analytical Tool•• GHG emissions with the adoption of hydrogen GHG emissions with the adoption of hydrogen

infrastructure for passenger vehicles in Southern Californiainfrastructure for passenger vehicles in Southern California

12.5% adoption of hydrogen vehicles

75% adoption of hydrogen vehicles



Interstates & Freeways

H2 Fueling Stations

Central SMR Facilities

Petroleum Coke

Coal

Renewable (Solar, Wind, Geo)& Nuclear

High Temperature Fuel Cells

H2 Pipelines

H2 Truck Deliver RoutesLos Angeles

NV

AZCA

UCI

5

405

73Newport

Beach

•• Spatial & Temporal AnalysesSpatial & Temporal Analyses


• GHG emissions• Criteria pollutant emissions• Energy consumption• Water consumption

Output

Spatial DistributionTemporal Distribution

Air Quality Simulation

Fuel Cycle Analytical ToolFuel Cycle Analytical Tool8-hr. Ozone

24-hr. Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

( ) ( )/

k k k kk km m m mm m

sources aerosol chemistrysinks

Q Q Q QuQ K Qt t t t

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂∂ ∂ ∂ ∂

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞+∇ ⋅ = ∇ ⋅ ∇ + + +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠


∆ 24-hr PM2.5 for H2 vs. Conventional Scenario

Two coke-to-H2 plants

•• Accounting for spatial & temporal variations of emissions of Accounting for spatial & temporal variations of emissions of all hydrogen infrastructure (generation, distribution, endall hydrogen infrastructure (generation, distribution, end--use)use)


∆ peak 8-hr O3 for H2 vs. Conventional Scenario


Many Alternative Fuel OptionsMany Alternative Fuel Options• Hydrogen

– Renewable hydrogen– Sustainable hydrogen– Less sustainable hydrogen

• Electricity– Renewable electricity– Sustainable electricity (e.g., nuclear)– Less sustainable, less environmentally sensitive electricity– Evolving as the “dual” fuel

• Bio-fuels– Biodiesel– Ethanol, Methanol– Hydrogen

Source: Lisa Benson, Los Angeles Times, 16 April 2008


No alternative fuel is the “silver bullet” BUT electricity use in transportation is clearly desirable


Convergence of TechnologiesConvergence of Technologies•• Energy / Consumer / Environmental analysesEnergy / Consumer / Environmental analyses

Technology Meets User Requirements

Fulfills Personal Mobility

Eliminates Criteria

Pollutants

Eliminates GHG

Emissions

Eliminates Fossil Fuel

Use

Provides Energy Security

Traditional gasoline car Yes Yes No No No No

Hybrid Yes Yes No, but better

No, but better

No, but better

No, but better

HydrogenYes (but

technology hurdles)

YesYes, if

renewable, nuclear

Yes, if renewable,

nuclear

Yes, if renewable,

nuclear

Yes, if renewable,

nuclear

Bio-Fuel Yes Yes No NoNo, not enough

feedstockYes

Electric No (range & recharge limits) Yes

Yes, if renewable,

nuclear

Yes, if renewable,

nuclear

Yes, if renewable,

nuclearYes

Mass Transit (bus) Yes No No, but

betterNo, but better

No, but better

No, but better

Mass Transit (electric rail) Yes No

Yes, if renewable,

nuclear

Yes, if renewable,

nuclear

Yes, if renewable,

nuclearYes

PRT Yes (shipping, no)

Yes (if stops convenient)

Yes, if renewable,

nuclear

Yes, if renewable,

nuclear

Yes, if renewable,

nuclearYes


Convergence of TechnologiesConvergence of Technologies•• Energy / ConsumerEnergy / Consumer

Environmental analysesEnvironmental analysesidentify identify electrificationelectrification as as desirable for transportdesirable for transport

•• Assess all major primaryAssess all major primaryenergy sourcesenergy sources

•• Apply to moving vehicleApply to moving vehicle•• Analyze criteria pollutantAnalyze criteria pollutant

and GHG impacts of and GHG impacts of primary energy conversion, primary energy conversion, transmission, distribution, transmission, distribution, and endand end--useuse

Nuclear Reactor Sun

Boiler Solar Collector Evaporation Buoyancy Photosynthesis PV

Time

Mining/Transport

Combustion

High Temp FCPressurize

Wind TurbineH2O Turbine

Steam Turbine

Boiler Gas Turbine

Generator

Distillation

F‐T

Reformer

Refine

Grid

Pressurize

H2 Distribution

Electrolysis

Fuel Distribution

Storage

Storage

Storage

Storage

Spark Ignited/Diesel Combustion

H2 Storage

Fuel Cell

E‐Road Battery Storage

Electric Motor

Moving Vehicle

Heat

Steam Flowing River

Wind

Heat Radiation

Organic Material

Electricity

Electricity

H2

Electricity

Electricity

Electricity

Rotating Shaft

Rotating Shaft

CNG

Bio-Fuel

H2

H2

H2 CNG

Bio-

F l

Organic Material

Fossil Fuel

Gas/

Di l

Rotating

Sh ft

Rotating

Sh ft

Electricity

Steam Rotating

Sh ft

NG Oil Coal

Hot Gases

Energy Conversion Process

Process that produces CO2

Process that produces criteria pollutants and CO2

Labels on lines indicate the form of energy at that point in the process

Rotating

Sh ft

Liquid

F l

Gas/

Di l

Liquid

F l

Steam


Convergence of TechnologiesConvergence of Technologies•• Energy / Consumer / Environmental analyses Energy / Consumer / Environmental analyses –– identify identify

electrificationelectrification as desirable for transportas desirable for transport

Vehicle (study)Fuel

Energy (MJ/MJ)

Fuel Carbon(g C/MJ)

EPA City (MJ/km)

EPA Highway (MJ/km)

Grams C/km

(gC/km)

Total Energy (MJ/km)

Total C (gC/km)

BEV (UCI) 1.25 51.5 0.582 0.443 0 1.17 26.8BEV (ADVISOR) 1.25 51.5 0.471 0.374 0 0.96 22.0BEV (MIT) 1.16 54 0.579 0.422 0 1.10 27.5BEV (GM) 1.45/1.13 49/36Current gas (MIT)* 0.211 4.9 3.195 2.152 53.3 3.30 66.7Current gas (GM)§ 0.23 5.5 3.79 † 3.79 † 70.1 4.66 90.9Diesel Hybrid (MIT) 0.139 3.3 1.029 0.788 19.2 1.05 22.2Diesel Hybrid (GM) 0.19 4.4 2.65 † 2.65 † 52.9 3.15 64.6H2 Fuel Cell (MIT) 0.77 36 0.905 0.684 0 1.43 29.0H2 Fuel Cell (GM) 0.81 31.1 1.67 † 1.67 † 0 3.02 51.9TRV (UCI) 1.25 51.5 0.446 0.362 0 0.92 21.0TRV (ADVISOR) 1.25 51.5 0.403 0.336 0 0.84 19.2

* 1996 Toyota Camry§ GM full-size pick-up truck† The GM study did not differentiate between city and highway driving


Convergence of TechnologiesConvergence of Technologies•• Energy / Consumer Energy / Consumer

Environmental Environmental analyses analyses –– identify identify electrificationelectrification as as desirable for desirable for transporttransport

•• Third Rail VehicleThird Rail Vehicle(TRV) idea(TRV) idea

•• All auto features of All auto features of personal interestpersonal interest

•• Charge on majorCharge on majorelectrified roadselectrified roads‘‘ee--roadroad’’

•• BEV of BEV of ‘‘ee--roadroad’’


FUEL CELL HYBRID VEHICLE

POWER CONTROL UNIT

SECONDARYBATTERY

MOTOR

FUEL CELL HYDROGEN

ExhaustAir

H2O

N2

H2

600 lbs

FC

60 %


Central Power

Central/Distributed Power

Combustion Combustion/Solar/Wind/Electrochemical/Nuclear/NGElectric Power Evolution

Transportation Evolution

ICE Hybrid PHEV

HFCV PHFCV

Combustion

Electrochemistry

Gasoline Gasoline/Bio Fuels/Electricity Hydrogen/Electricity

Owned VehicleOwned Vehicle/Shared Vehicle/Public Transport

Nexus: Transportation/Electricity

Convergence of TechnologiesConvergence of Technologies

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