calibration verification of a flow model

8/12/2019 Calibration Verification of a Flow Model

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US Army Corps

of EngineersHydrologic Engineering Center

Calibration, Verification, and

Application of a Two-Dimensional

Flow Model

September 1983

Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited. TP-90


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Calibration, Verification, and

Application of a Two-Dimensional

Flow Model

September 1983

US Army Corps of Engineers

Institute for Water ResourcesHydrologic Engineering Center609 Second StreetDavis, CA 95616

(530) 756-1104(530) 756-8250 FAXwww.hec.usace.army.mil TP-90


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Papers in this series have resulted from technical activities of the Hydrologic

Engineering Center. Versions of some of these have been published intechnical journals or in conference proceedings. The purpose of this series is to

make the information available for use in the Center's training program and for

distribution with the Corps of Engineers.

The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of

the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.

The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or

promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official

endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.


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C a l i b r a t i o n , V e r i f i c a t i o n , and A p p l i c a t i o n of aTwo-Dime nsional Flow Model

D. Michael Gee M.ASCEA b s t r a c tIn fo rm a t io n w a s r e q u i r e d c on c er n in g v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n t h e o u t l e tchannel imme diately downstream from th e Har ry S. Truman Dam g e n e r a t i n gf a c i l i t y ( s e e F i g 1 ) . T h is in f or m at i on was t o b e u se d t o a s c e r t a i nh y d r au l i c f o r c e s a nd f l ow d i r e c t i o n s f o r s t r u c t u r a l d e s i g n of a f i s h n e to r o t h e r t y p e of f i s h b a r r i e r t o b e pl ac ed a c r o s s t h e o u t l e t c h a nn el .The v e lo c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e o u t l e t c ha nn el i s complex, governed byo p e r a t i o n of v a r i o u s c o m bi n at i on s o f t o 6 p um p- tu rb in e u n i t s i n e i t h e rg en e ra t i o n o r p umpback mode. The f l o w p a t t e rn can b e f u r t h e r co m p l i ca t edb y s p i l l w a y r e l e a s e s w i t h o r w i t h o u t s i m u l t a ne o u s o p e r a t i o n o f t h e power-h o us e . To p ro v id e t h t e ly design i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e p l an n ed i s % f a c i: i -t i e s , a m a th e ma t ic a l model was u se d t o p r e d i c t t h e f l ow f i e l d s .S e l e c t i o n o f a Mathematical ModelA m ode l f o r s i m u l a t i o n o f t wo -, di me ns io na l f r e e s u r f a c e f l o w s i n t h e h o r i -z o n t a l p l a ne w a s deemed ap p ro p r i a t e f o r t h i s s t u d y . The p ro bl em w a sp a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l s u i t e d f o r u s e o f t h e t wo -d im en si on al f i n i t e el em en thydrodynamics model, RMA-2 ?) which had been used p rev ious ly by h Hydro-To g ic E n gin ee r in g Cen t e r (HEC) on s ev e r a l p r o j ec t ap p l i ca t i o n s .Data SummarvThe d a t a r e q u i r e d t o pe r fo r m t h i s s t u d y mag b e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e c a t e -g o r i e s : (1 ) Run d a t a , i . e . t h a t i n f or m a t io n r e q u i r e d t o e x e c ut e as im u la t i o n , 2 ) C a l i b r a t i o n d a t a , i e pro to t ype measurements whichare u se d t o a d j u s t v a r i o u s model c o e f f i c i e n t s t o b r i n g t h e mo de l' s p e r-form an ce i n to co n fo rm ance wi th t h a t o f t h e p ro t o ty p e , and (3) V e r i f i -c a t i o n d a t a ; a d d i t i o n a l p r o t o t y p e m ea su re me nt s u s ed t o e v a l u a t e m ode lperformance.Run d a t a we re d e r i v e d f r om c o n s t r u c t i o n d r a wi n gs o f t h e o u t l e t c h a n ne land r e l a t e d p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s . C a l i b r a t i o n a nd v e r i f i c a t i o n d a t a con-s i s t e d of s e v e r a l s e t s of d e t a i l e d v e l o c i t y m ea su re me nt s. B oth m a gn it ud ea nd d i r e c t i o n o f f l o w v e l o c i t y w er e me as ur ed a t s e v e r a l p o i n t s i n t h ev e r t i c a l a t s e v e ra l l o c a t i o n s ac r o ss t h e c ha nn el ( s ee F i g 1 ) f o r t h r e ed i s c h a r g e s as shown i n Tabl e I V a lu es u s ed i n t h i s s t u d y we r e a v e r a g e sof t h e p o i n t v e r t i c a l d a t a a t ea ch l o c a t i on .

Research Hydrau l ic Eng ineer , Hydro log ic Eng ineer ing Cen terUS Army Corps of Engin eer s, Da vis, C a l i f o r n i a , USA

Pres en t ed a t t h e ASCE Conference on Fr on t i e r s i n Hydrau l ic Eng ineer ing h e lda t t h e Mas sac huse tts I n s t i t u t e of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. on 9-12 Aug-u s t 1 9 8 3 .


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TABLE 1 CALIBRATION CONDITIONSDATE DISCHARGE TAILWATER ELEV UNITS

MEASURED (c f s ) ( f t . NGVD)5 May 82 27,00 06 May 82 24,900

27 May 82 1.5 ,280Note: 1 c f s = 0.026 m 3 / s ; 1 f t 0.305 m.

Development of th e F i n i t e Element Network/Problem Schemat iza t ionThe f i n i t e e le me nt n et wo rk was d e ve lo pe d t o p r o v i d e d e t a i l i n t h e a r e awhere a f i s h n e t was b ei n g c o n si d er e d an d i n a r e a s of a n t i c i p a t e d s t r o n gv e l . o c i t y g r a d i e n t s . S u f f i c i e n t n et wo rk d e t a i l was p r o v id e d a t the power-h o us e f a c e t o r e s o l v e f l o w s em an at in g fr om i n d i v i d u a l u n i t s . The a reaschematized extended from t h e powerhouse f ac e downstream appro ximat ely2700 f e e t .The s ~ i l l w a y t i l l i n g b as i n was a l s o i nc lu de d i n t h e area modeled asc i r c u l a t i o n s i n t h a t a r e a a r e i mp or ta nt t o t h e f lo w f i e l d i n g e ne r al a ndt o al l o w f o r s i m ul a t i o n of s p i l l w ay f lo w s i f d e s i r e d . I n g e n e ra l ,c u rve d-s ided e l e m e n ts wer e used a long t h e f low bounda r i e s t o a l l o w t a n -g e n t i a l f l o w a l o n g t h e b an ks . The ne twork used f o r c a l ib ra t i on and pro-d u c t i o n r u n s i s shown on Fig. 1 N ot e t h e d i s t i n c t r ows o f e l em e n tsa l o n g t h e p o s s i b l e n e t a l ig n m en t s ; t h i s p r ov i de s a mechanism f o r simul a-t i n g t h e e f f e c t of t h e f i s h n e t o n t h e f l o w f i e l d by i n c r e a s i n g t h e bedr oughne ss wi th i n one o f th e s e rows o f e l e m e n t s t o a c c oun t f o r he ad l os sa c r o ss th e ne t . B oundary c on d i t ion s use d we re ; i n f low ( ge ne f a t e ) o r ou t -f lo w (pumpback) r a t e s a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e u n i t s , s l i p c o n d i t i o n s f o r o t h e rf low boun dar ies , and a p r e s c r i b e d w a t e r s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n a t t h e down-stream boundary. A l l s i m u l a t i o n s w er e o f s t e a d y s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s .C a l i b r a t i o n P r o c es s / R e su l t sThe da t a o bt ai ne d on 26 May 8 wer e use d t o c a l i b r a t e th e model a nd theo t h e r two d a t a s e t s u se d f o r v e r i f i c a t i o n . The me asu red v e l o c i t i e sshowed a f lo w r e v e r s a l o n t h e l e f t s i d e o f t h e c h an ne l w i t h v e l o c i t i e st h e r e o f up t o 1 f t / s e c (0.305 m/sec) d i re c t ed towards th e powerhouse .T h is c i r c u l a t i o n i s app aren t ly dr iv en by f lows f rom th e powerhouse per -s i s t i n g a s a j e t a l o n g t h e r i g h t b an k. I n i t i a l model r u n s i n d i c a t e d at e nd e nc y f o r t h e j e t t o s t a y on t h e r i g h t s i d e o f t h e c h a nn e l , h ow ev er,i t d i f f use d a nd m ixe d a c r oss t h e cha nnel much more compl ete ly th an wasobser ved i n th e p r o to t ype . The s im ula t e d ve lo c i t i e s wer e in th e down-s tr ea m d i r e c t i o n a c r o ss n e a rl y t h e e n t i r e c r o s s s e c t i o n a t t h e l o c a t i o nof t h e measurement. U s e of sm a l l e r t u r bu le n t e xchange c o e f f i c i e n t s wasind ic a t e d t o de c r e a se m ix ing i n the m odel . However, when c oe f f i c i e n t sl e s s t h a n a b o ut 1 5 / f t 2 s e c 1.4m2 / s e c ) wer e us ed t h e Newton-Raphsonmethod use d t o so lv e th e non l ine a r sys t e m o f e qua t i ons d id n o t c onve rge.Boundary roughness i s de sc r i be d by t h e Chezy e qua t ion i n RMA 2. Chezyc o e f f i c i e n t o f 120 f t / s e c ( 66 & /se c ) was use d ; a ppr ox im a te ly e qu iva le n tt o a Manning 's n of 0 .020. Bot tom f r i c t i o n does not p la y a dominant r o l ei n t h i s p ro bl em , a s ev i de nc ed by t h e s m a l l h ea d l o s s i n t h e r e a ch o f


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V E C T O R

OBSERVED

SIMUL TED

.r l g . 2 2 6 ay 8 Observed Fig. 7 Nay 8 Observeda nd S im ula te d Ve lo c i . t i e s a nd S i m u l a te d V e 1 o c i t i . e ~

C a l i b r a t i o n ) Ver i. f i c a t io n )


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F ig . 4 Data Flow and Program Linkage

P er fo rm an ce o f t h i s t y p e of s t u d y r e q u i r e s m a n i pu l a ti o n of s e v e r a l d a t af i l e s , a p p l i c a t i o n of a t l e a s t t h r e e d i f f e r e n t computer pr og ra ms , a ndg r a p h i cs c a p a b i l i t y f o r a n a l y s i s of i n p u t d a t a an d s i m u l a t io n r e s u l t s .The da ta f low and correspondence between t h e computer programs are ,shownon Fig. 4 . A l l si mu la t i on s were performed on HEC's Harris 500 mini-computer. The RMA-2 s i m u l a t io n s r e q u i r e d 3-4 minutes of c .p.u . t imep e r i t e r a t i o n , o r a t o t a l t im e of a b ou t 2 mi.nutes per s imula t ion .Acknowledgements

The stu dy was performed f o r and spo nsored by t he US Army EngineerD i s t r i c t , Kansas Ci ty . Ve l oc i ty measurements were made by th e U.S.Geo l.og ic a1 S urve y. The f ind in gs and op in ions e xpr e s se d he r e i n a r e thoseof t h e auth or and not: ne ce ss a r i l y tho se of t h e US Army Corps of Engineers .

Refe rencesI Gee, D.M. and MacArthur, R.C . Development of G ene ral ize d Fr ee Sur-f a c e Flow M odels Using F i n i t e E le me nt Te chn ique s , F i n i t e E lem e nt s i n

Wa te r Re sourc e s ; P r oc e e d ings o f th e S ec ond ~ n t e r n a t i o n a l onf er ence -on F in i t e E lem e nt s i n Water R e sourc e s , P e n te c h P r e s s , Ju ly 1978.

2. Norton, W.R. and King, I .P . , User ' s Guide and Opera t ing In s t ru c-t i o n s f o r The Computer Program RMA,-2 , re p o rt t o The SacramentoD i s t r i c t , US Army Corps of Engi nee rs, Reso urce Management As soc iat es,Dec. 1976.


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Technical Paper Series

TP-1 Use of Interrelated Records to Simulate Streamflow

TP-2 Optimization Techniques for Hydrologic

Engineering

TP-3 Methods of Determination of Safe Yield andCompensation Water from Storage Reservoirs

TP-4 Functional Evaluation of a Water Resources System

TP-5 Streamflow Synthesis for Ungaged Rivers

TP-6 Simulation of Daily Streamflow

TP-7 Pilot Study for Storage Requirements for Low Flow

Augmentation

TP-8 Worth of Streamflow Data for Project Design - A

Pilot Study

TP-9 Economic Evaluation of Reservoir System

Accomplishments

TP-10 Hydrologic Simulation in Water-Yield Analysis

TP-11 Survey of Programs for Water Surface Profiles

TP-12 Hypothetical Flood Computation for a Stream

System

TP-13 Maximum Utilization of Scarce Data in Hydrologic

Design

TP-14 Techniques for Evaluating Long-Tem Reservoir

Yields

TP-15 Hydrostatistics - Principles of Application

TP-16 A Hydrologic Water Resource System Modeling

Techniques

TP-17 Hydrologic Engineering Techniques for Regional

Water Resources Planning

TP-18 Estimating Monthly Streamflows Within a Region

TP-19 Suspended Sediment Discharge in Streams

TP-20 Computer Determination of Flow Through Bridges

TP-21 An Approach to Reservoir Temperature Analysis

TP-22 A Finite Difference Methods of Analyzing Liquid

Flow in Variably Saturated Porous MediaTP-23 Uses of Simulation in River Basin Planning

TP-24 Hydroelectric Power Analysis in Reservoir Systems

TP-25 Status of Water Resource System Analysis

TP-26 System Relationships for Panama Canal Water

Supply

TP-27 System Analysis of the Panama Canal Water

Supply

TP-28 Digital Simulation of an Existing Water Resources

System

TP-29 Computer Application in Continuing Education

TP-30 Drought Severity and Water Supply Dependability

TP-31 Development of System Operation Rules for an

Existing System by Simulation

TP-32 Alternative Approaches to Water Resources System

Simulation

TP-33 System Simulation of Integrated Use of

Hydroelectric and Thermal Power Generation

TP-34 Optimizing flood Control Allocation for a

Multipurpose Reservoir

TP-35 Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff and River

Hydraulic Analysis

TP-36 Evaluation of Drought Effects at Lake Atitlan

TP-37 Downstream Effects of the Levee Overtopping at

Wilkes-Barre, PA, During Tropical Storm Agnes

TP-38 Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems

TP-39 A Method for Analyzing Effects of Dam Failures in

Design Studies

TP-40 Storm Drainage and Urban Region Flood Control

PlanningTP-41 HEC-5C, A Simulation Model for System

Formulation and Evaluation

TP-42 Optimal Sizing of Urban Flood Control Systems

TP-43 Hydrologic and Economic Simulation of Flood

Control Aspects of Water Resources Systems

TP-44 Sizing Flood Control Reservoir Systems by System

Analysis

TP-45 Techniques for Real-Time Operation of Flood

Control Reservoirs in the Merrimack River Basin

TP-46 Spatial Data Analysis of Nonstructural Measures

TP-47 Comprehensive Flood Plain Studies Using Spatial

Data Management Techniques

TP-48 Direct Runoff Hydrograph Parameters Versus

Urbanization

TP-49 Experience of HEC in Disseminating Information

on Hydrological Models

TP-50 Effects of Dam Removal: An Approach to

Sedimentation

TP-51 Design of Flood Control Improvements by Systems

Analysis: A Case Study

TP-52 Potential Use of Digital Computer Ground Water

Models

TP-53 Development of Generalized Free Surface Flow

Models Using Finite Element Techniques

TP-54 Adjustment of Peak Discharge Rates for

Urbanization

TP-55 The Development and Servicing of Spatial Data

Management Techniques in the Corps of Engineers

TP-56 Experiences of the Hydrologic Engineering Centerin Maintaining Widely Used Hydrologic and Water

Resource Computer Models

TP-57 Flood Damage Assessments Using Spatial Data

Management Techniques

TP-58 A Model for Evaluating Runoff-Quality in

Metropolitan Master Planning

TP-59 Testing of Several Runoff Models on an Urban

Watershed

TP-60 Operational Simulation of a Reservoir System with

Pumped Storage

TP-61 Technical Factors in Small Hydropower Planning

TP-62 Flood Hydrograph and Peak Flow Frequency

Analysis

TP-63 HEC Contribution to Reservoir System Operation

TP-64 Determining Peak-Discharge Frequencies in an

Urbanizing Watershed: A Case Study

TP-65 Feasibility Analysis in Small Hydropower Planning

TP-66 Reservoir Storage Determination by Computer

Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation

Systems

TP-67 Hydrologic Land Use Classification Using

LANDSAT

TP-68 Interactive Nonstructural Flood-Control Planning

TP-69 Critical Water Surface by Minimum Specific

Energy Using the Parabolic Method


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TP-70 Corps of Engineers Experience with Automatic

Calibration of a Precipitation-Runoff Model

TP-71 Determination of Land Use from Satellite Imagery

for Input to Hydrologic Models

TP-72 Application of the Finite Element Method to

Vertically Stratified Hydrodynamic Flow and Water

Quality

TP-73 Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAMTP-74 Hydrographs by Single Linear Reservoir Model

TP-75 HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis

TP-76 Institutional Support of Water Resource Models

TP-77 Investigation of Soil Conservation Service Urban

Hydrology Techniques

TP-78 Potential for Increasing the Output of Existing

Hydroelectric Plants

TP-79 Potential Energy and Capacity Gains from Flood

Control Storage Reallocation at Existing U.S.

Hydropower Reservoirs

TP-80 Use of Non-Sequential Techniques in the Analysis

of Power Potential at Storage Projects

TP-81 Data Management Systems of Water Resources

Planning

TP-82 The New HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package

TP-83 River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality

Modeling Capability

TP-84 Generalized Real-Time Flood Control System

Model

TP-85 Operation Policy Analysis: Sam Rayburn

Reservoir

TP-86 Training the Practitioner: The Hydrologic

Engineering Center Program

TP-87 Documentation Needs for Water Resources Models

TP-88 Reservoir System Regulation for Water Quality

Control

TP-89 A Software System to Aid in Making Real-Time

Water Control Decisions

TP-90 Calibration, Verification and Application of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model

TP-91 HEC Software Development and Support

TP-92 Hydrologic Engineering Center Planning Models

TP-93 Flood Routing Through a Flat, Complex Flood

Plain Using a One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow

Computer Program

TP-94 Dredged-Material Disposal Management Model

TP-95 Infiltration and Soil Moisture Redistribution in

HEC-1

TP-96 The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience in

Nonstructural Planning

TP-97 Prediction of the Effects of a Flood Control Project

on a Meandering Stream

TP-98 Evolution in Computer Programs Causes Evolution

in Training Needs: The Hydrologic Engineering

Center Experience

TP-99 Reservoir System Analysis for Water Quality

TP-100 Probable Maximum Flood Estimation - Eastern

United States

TP-101 Use of Computer Program HEC-5 for Water Supply

Analysis

TP-102 Role of Calibration in the Application of HEC-6

TP-103 Engineering and Economic Considerations in

Formulating

TP-104 Modeling Water Resources Systems for Water

Quality

TP-105 Use of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model to Quantify

Aquatic Habitat

TP-106 Flood-Runoff Forecasting with HEC-1F

TP-107 Dredged-Material Disposal System Capacity

Expansion

TP-108 Role of Small Computers in Two-Dimensional

Flow Modeling

TP-109 One-Dimensional Model for Mud FlowsTP-110 Subdivision Froude Number

TP-111 HEC-5Q: System Water Quality Modeling

TP-112 New Developments in HEC Programs for Flood

Control

TP-113 Modeling and Managing Water Resource Systems

for Water Quality

TP-114 Accuracy of Computer Water Surface Profiles -

Executive Summary

TP-115 Application of Spatial-Data Management

Techniques in Corps Planning

TP-116 The HEC's Activities in Watershed Modeling

TP-117 HEC-1 and HEC-2 Applications on the

Microcomputer

TP-118 Real-Time Snow Simulation Model for the

Monongahela River Basin

TP-119 Multi-Purpose, Multi-Reservoir Simulation on a PC

TP-120 Technology Transfer of Corps' Hydrologic Models

TP-121 Development, Calibration and Application of

Runoff Forecasting Models for the Allegheny River

Basin

TP-122 The Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Forecasting

Using Radar and Rain Gage Data

TP-123 Developing and Managing a Comprehensive

Reservoir Analysis Model

TP-124 Review of U.S. Army corps of Engineering

Involvement With Alluvial Fan Flooding Problems

TP-125 An Integrated Software Package for Flood Damage

Analysis

TP-126 The Value and Depreciation of Existing Facilities:The Case of Reservoirs

TP-127 Floodplain-Management Plan Enumeration

TP-128 Two-Dimensional Floodplain Modeling

TP-129 Status and New Capabilities of Computer Program

HEC-6: "Scour and Deposition in Rivers and

Reservoirs"

TP-130 Estimating Sediment Delivery and Yield on

Alluvial Fans

TP-131 Hydrologic Aspects of Flood Warning -

Preparedness Programs

TP-132 Twenty-five Years of Developing, Distributing, and

Supporting Hydrologic Engineering Computer

Programs

TP-133 Predicting Deposition Patterns in Small Basins

TP-134 Annual Extreme Lake Elevations by Total

Probability Theorem

TP-135 A Muskingum-Cunge Channel Flow Routing

Method for Drainage Networks

TP-136 Prescriptive Reservoir System Analysis Model -

Missouri River System Application

TP-137 A Generalized Simulation Model for Reservoir

System Analysis

TP-138 The HEC NexGen Software Development Project

TP-139 Issues for Applications Developers

TP-140 HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles Program

TP-141 HEC Models for Urban Hydrologic Analysis


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calibration verification of a flow model

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