calendar 2021 muslim influence on the modern world

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The contribution of Muslims in the development of the modern world has been profound. From the year 800 C.E. to 1600 C.E. the Muslim world, which included the Ottoman Empire, the courts of Baghdad and other countries was the center of science, mathematics, philosophy, architecture and intellectual activity. Many technologies and concepts that form part of our daily lives today had their foundations laid during that period. There are many aspects of European culture and traits of the Western civilization whose roots can be traced back to Muslims and Islam. Through the pages of our calendar this year, we share with you some of those wonderful contributions of the Muslim civilization and invite you to join us on this interesting journey through time.

Calendar 2021

Muslim Influence on theModern World

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The information in this calendar has been extracted from numerous sources. Detailed references of this information are available at: www.meezanbank.com/calendar2021

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MathematicsMuslim scholars made key advancements in mathematics; introducing new concepts and ideas. The Arab Muslims were the first to adopt all the ten symbols 0-9 that we use today, sometime around the 8th century. The Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi who invented Algebra is recognized as one of the greatest mathematicians to have ever lived. His technique of using letters and other non-numerical symbols to represent numerical values was a revolutionary move away from the Greek concept of mathematics that was essentially based on Geometry. The 10th century Arab mathematician Abul Hasan al-Uqlidisi, wrote the earliest surviving text showing the use of decimals instead of fractions. The 13th century Persian astronomer, scientist and mathematician Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi known for formulating the famous law of sines for plain triangles was the first to treat Trigonometry as a separate mathematical discipline. Umar Khayyam’s fame as a poet may have overshadowed his substantial scientific achievements, whose work on Algebra was known throughout Europe in the Middle Ages.

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WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan



MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN

January 2021

February 2021

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۱۶ ۱۷ ۱۸

۱۹ ۲۰ ۲۱ ۲۲ ۲۳ ۲۴ ۲۵

۲۶ ۲۷ ۲۸ ۲۹ ۱ ۲ ۳

۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹ ۱۰

۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴ ۱۵ ۱۶ ۱۷

۱۴۴۲

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Medical Knowledge The Prophet ( ) said: “Make use of medical treatment, for Allah ( ) has not made a disease without appointing a remedy for it, with the exception of one disease: old age.”Before the Islamic era, medical care was largely provided by priests in sanatoriums and annexes to temples. Muslim scholars made numerous advances in medicine and laid the basis for modern day medical practice. Arabian hospitals became centres of medical education and introduced many concepts and structures that we see in modern hospitals, such as separate wards for men and women, personal and institutional hygiene, medical records and pharmacies.In addition, the techniques they developed-- such as the use of alcohol as an antiseptic-- are still used. Books on medicine written by Muslim scholars such as Al-Razi, born in 865 C.E. and Al-Zahrawi, a Muslim physician in Corboda around the year 1000 C.E. became leading medical text in European universities and were among the most highly respected and frequently used medical textbooks in the Western world for several centuries.

Best Bank 2018



WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan




February 2021

March 2021

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۱۸ ۱۹ ۲۰ ۲۱ ۲۲ ۲۳ ۲۴

۲۵ ۲۶ ۲۷ ۲۸ ۲۹ ۳۰ ۱

۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸

۹ ۱۰ ۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴ ۱۵

۱۴۴۲

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Kashmir Day



NavigationA large part of Navigation today has its roots in the inventions and knowledge of Muslims. Muslims were explorers and master navigators who travelled from the farthest reaches of the world to Makkah from 7th century onwards and used diverse methods to navigate through the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Kamal, a celestial navigation device that determines latitude, originated with Arab navigators of the late 9th century and allowed for the earliest known latitude sailing. This was the earliest step towards the use of quantitative methods in navigation.Ahmed Muhiddin Piri, a Turkish Admiral and Cartographer wrote Kitab-i-Bahriyye (The Book of the Mariner / The Naval Handbook) in 1513 C.E., which is a manual that laid the foundation for modern sea travel. European sailors in the Mediterranean did not start using the magnetic compass until the mid -13th century, having learnt of it from the Muslims during the time of the Crusades.

Best Bank 2018



WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan




March 2021

April 2021

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۱۴۴۲

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۱۶ ۱۷ ۱۸ ۱۹ ۲۰ ۲۱ ۲۲

۲۳ ۲۴ ۲۵ ۲۶ ۲۷ ۲۸ ۲۹

۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷

۸ ۹ ۱۰ ۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴

۱۵ ۱۶ ۱۷

Pakistan Day



AstronomyBefore Islam, the Arabs had no scientific astronomy. Their knowledge was limited to the division of the year into precise periods on the basis of the rising and setting of certain stars.Throughout Muslim history, Muslims have needed to know the times of the daily prayers that depend on the sun’s position, the direction of Holy Kaaba from every geographical location and the moon’s cycle for the Muslim lunar calendar. From these motivations, Muslims made astounding discoveries such as the first record of a star system outside our own galaxy and the third inequality of the moon’s motion. They also developed instruments that laid the foundation for modern-day astronomy. Muslims were not the first to study astronomy but they were the first to do it on a large scale, with massive instruments in observatories, building on ancient Greek ideas. Caliph Al-Ma’mun, who ruled Baghdad from 813 C.E. to 833 C.E., was the first person to set up observatories in history, giving astronomy the patronage to become a major science.

Best Bank 2018



WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan




April 2021

May 2021

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۱۸ ۱۹ ۲۰ ۲۱

۲۲ ۲۳ ۲۴ ۲۵ ۲۶ ۲۷ ۲۸

۲۹ ۳۰ ۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵

۶ ۷ ۸ ۹ ۱۰ ۱۱ ۱۲

۱۳ ۱۴ ۱۵ ۱۶ ۱۷

۱۴۴۲



Cryptography1,100 years ago, Abu Yusuf Al-Kindi a 9th century polymath from Baghdad laid the foundation of cryptography by noticing the variations in the frequency of letters from studying the Arabic text of the Quran closely. The word ‘cipher’ in European languages comes from the Arabic word sifr, meaning Zero. The concept of zero lead to cipher, meaning concealment of clear messages or encryption.Cryptography is a method or technique by which a message may be altered so that it becomes meaningless to anyone except the intended recipient. Al-Kindi’s book ‘A Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages’ is believed to be the earliest writing on frequency analysis and statistics. This text gave rise to the birth of both Statistics and Cryptanalysis. Frequency analysis is now a basic tool for breaking classical ciphers or codes that use the basic, plain text alphabet. During World War II, problem solvers carried on the code-breaking tradition that was first devised and written by Al-Kindi.

Best Bank 2018



WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan



Eid-ul-Fitr


May 2021

June 2021

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Labour Day

۱۴۴۲

۱۸ ۱۸ ۱۹

۲۰ ۲۱ ۲۲ ۲۳ ۲۴ ۲۵ ۲۶

۲۷ ۲۸ ۲۹ ۳۰ ۱ ۲ ۳

۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹ ۱۰

۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴ ۱۵ ۱۶ ۱۷



Public Libraries Muslims loved collecting books and establishing libraries. There was a large network of public libraries in masjids in most big cities, plus prestigious private collections. Public book collections were so widespread that it was impossible to find a masjid, without a collection of books. Masjid libraries were called ‘Dar al-kutub’ or the ‘House of Books’ and they were the focus of learning and intellectual activity. Before the Mongols destroyed Baghdad in 1258 C.E., it had 36 libraries and more than a hundred book dealers. Aleppo in Syria has the largest and oldest masjid library, called the Sayfiya, at the city’s grand Umayyad Mosque, with a collection of 10,000 volumes. The Umayyad rulers of Spain had a library of 600,000 volumes in their huge Cordoba library. In 1050 C.E., the book collection of Al-Azhar library in Cairo had more than 120,000 volumes recorded in a 60-volume catalogue totalling about 3,500 pages.

Best Bank 2018



WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan




June 2021

July 2021

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۱۹ ۲۰ ۲۱ ۲۲ ۲۳ ۲۴

۲۵ ۲۶ ۲۷ ۲۸ ۲۹ ۱ ۲

۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹

۱۰ ۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴ ۱۵ ۱۶

۱۷ ۱۸ ۱۹

۱۴۴۲



FlightThe first person to make a real attempt at flying was Abbas ibn Firnas, a Cordoban Muslim engineer dating back to a thousand years before the Wright brothers. In 875 C.E., at the age of seventy, he perfected a machine of silk and eagles’ feathers and jumped off a mountain, staying aloft for ten minutes before crashing on landing. His conclusion was that the crash had happened because the device did not have a tail. He therefore pioneered the theory on the structure of ornithopter which is a vital component for aircraft stability during landing.In 1633 C.E., Lagari Hasan Celebi in Istanbul built a rocket made for a human passenger. He tested his rocket, powered by over 300 pounds of gunpowder, at the shore of the Bosphorus near the Topkapi Palace. The rocket soared up about 300 meters into the air and when it ran out of fuel, Lagari opened a pair of wings he had fashioned for himself and gently managed to glide down to the Bosporus, and then swam to the shore.

Best Bank 2018



WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan



Eid-ul-Azha


July 2021

August 2021

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۲۰ ۲۱ ۲۲ ۲۳

۲۴ ۲۵ ۲۶ ۲۷ ۲۸ ۲۹ ۳۰

۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷

۸ ۹ ۱۰ ۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴

۱۵ ۱۶ ۱۷ ۱۸ ۱۹ ۲۰

۱۴۴۲



UniversitiesThe simplest type of early Muslim education was offered in the masjids, which gradually evolved into centres of higher learning. It is for this reason that the Arabic word for University Jami’ah, is derived from the Arabic word for masjid - Jami. All over the Muslim world, advanced subjects were taught in masjids, schools, observatories and the homes of scholars.Fatima al-Fihri, an Arab woman found the Al-Qarawiyyin mosque in 859 C.E. in Fez, Morocco which gradually extended its education to all subjects. UNESCO and the Guinness World Records cite the Qarawiyyin as the oldest university or oldest continually operating higher learning institution in the world. Muslims institutionalized higher level of education. There were entrance exams, challenging finals, issuance of degrees and certificates, study circles, international students and grants. Muslim learning reached medieval Europe in the 12th century when a massive translation exercise of Arabic works began into medieval Latin. The first university in western Europe was at Salerno in Italy, in the 11th century.

Best Bank 2018



WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan



IndependenceDay

Ashura


August 2021

September 2021

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۱۴۴۳

۲۱ ۲۲ ۲۱

۲۲ ۲۳ ۲۴ ۲۵ ۲۶ ۲۷ ۲۸

۲۹ ۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶

۷ ۸ ۹ ۱۰ ۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳

۱۴ ۱۵ ۱۶ ۱۷ ۱۸ ۱۹ ۲۰



Arabic Calligraphy Calligraphy is one of the world’s most ancient and respected art forms. Although calligraphic writings did exist in Arabia even before Islam, but the written word acquired unparalleled significance with the arrival of Islam and Muslims made significant developments in this practice. The Prophet ( ) is related to have said: "The first thing Allah ( ) created was the pen." The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the Quran and calligraphers were among the most highly regarded artists in Islamic societies. However, Arabic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects but encompasses a wide variety of contexts. Calligraphy has been used in the Islamic world to a much greater extent and in astonishingly varied and imaginative ways than the various types of decorative writing in other languages. The first formal calligraphic style is called the Kufic style after the city of Kufah in Iraq. It features angular letters, horizontal format and thick extended strokes.

Best Bank 2018



WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan




September 2021

October 2021

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۱۴۴۳

۲۳ ۲۴ ۲۵ ۲۶ ۲۷

۲۸ ۲۹ ۳۰ ۱ ۲ ۳ ۴

۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹ ۱۰ ۱۱

۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴ ۱۵ ۱۶ ۱۷ ۱۸

۱۹ ۲۰ ۲۱ ۲۲



CoffeeThe first record of coffee’s discovery is from Yemen when an Arab named Khalid noticed that his animals became livelier after eating a certain berry. He boiled the berries to create al-qahwa. This brew was later consumed by Muslims to stay awake through nights for prayers. Sheikh Abd-al-Kadir, the Persian Sufi based in Baghdad, wrote the earliest known manuscript on the history of coffee in 1588 C.E. Coffee soon spread to the rest of the Muslim world by travelers, pilgrims and traders reaching Makkah and Turkey in the late 15th century, from where it made its way to Venice in 1645 C.E.Coffee was first introduced in England by a Turkish merchant named Pasqua Rosee in 1650 C.E. and its consumption was largely based on the traditional Muslim preparation of the drink. By 1700 C.E., there were about 500 coffeehouses in London and nearly 3,000 in the whole of England. The Arabic ‘al-qahva’ became the Turkish ‘kahve’, then the Italian ‘caffé’ and then English ‘coffee’.

Best Bank 2018



WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan



Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi


October 2021

November 2021

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۱۴۴۳

۲۳ ۲۴ ۲۵

۲۶ ۲۷ ۲۸ ۲۹ ۱ ۲ ۳

۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹ ۱۰

۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴ ۱۵ ۱۶ ۱۷

۱۸ ۱۹ ۲۰ ۲۱ ۲۲ ۲۳ ۲۴



VaccinationVaccination was introduced in England in the early 18th century by the wife of the British ambassador at Istanbul after her son got inoculated by the embassy surgeon. The practice of vaccination can be traced back to parts of the Ottoman Empire. The Anatolian Ottoman Turks had discovered that if they inoculated their children with cowpox taken from cattle, they would not develop deadly smallpox. This was 50 years before Edward Jenner made his name for the same discovery and even before this a series of exchanges between scholars in the Arabic world and West had begun to establish the utility of vaccination against the disease. Vaccination has made an enormous contribution to global health and is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions to date, averting an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year. In 1967, Turkey commemorated the 250th anniversary of the smallpox vaccination.

Best Bank 2018



WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan




November 2021

December 2021

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۱۴۴۳

۲۵ ۲۶ ۲۷ ۲۸ ۲۹ ۳۰ ۱

۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸

۹ ۱۰ ۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴ ۱۵

۱۶ ۱۷ ۱۸ ۱۹ ۲۰ ۲۱ ۲۲

۲۳ ۲۴



DamsDuring the Golden Age, Muslims excelled in civil and mechanical engineering activities including dam building and irrigation. The Aghlabids of Tunisia made some of the most impressive variety of dam structures as early as the 9th century. The oldest known arch dam in the world is the Kebar dam in Iran, which is about 700 years old. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni completed three dams in today’s Afghanistan in the 11th century. In Muslim Spain, the masonry used for dam construction included a type of cement that was harder than stone itself. In Iraq in the vicinity of Baghdad, most of the dams were on the River Tigris, but a few were on water diversions, which illustrates a high level of engineering skills. The level of craftsmanship and superiority of design attained by Muslim engineers is evident from the fact that a third of all 7th and 8th century dams are still intact today.

Best Bank 2018



WINNER



Meezan Bank Limited


CFA SocietyPakistan




December 2021

January 2022

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۱۴۴۳

۲۵ ۲۶ ۲۷ ۲۸ ۲۹

۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷

۸ ۹ ۱۰ ۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴

۱۵ ۱۶ ۱۷ ۱۸ ۱۹ ۲۰ ۲۱

۲۲ ۲۳ ۲۴ ۲۵ ۲۶

Quaid-e-AzamBirth Anniversary


calendar 2021 muslim influence on the modern world

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