calculating carbon dioxide emissions from individual transport over large distances using smartphone...
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7/21/2019 Calculating carbon dioxide emissions from individual transport over large distances using smartphone android devi
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smartphone android
2014
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smartphone android
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2014
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Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 7
....................................................................................................................... 8
.................................................................................................................. 9
1: ........................................................................ 10
1.1 ............................................................................. 101.2 .................................................................................................. 16
1.3 .. ....................................................... 18
1.4 ........................................................................................ 32
1.5 android ............................................................................................. 33
1.6 ............................................................................................ 38
2: - - ................................................ 42
2.1 ........................................................................................ 42
2.2 - ...................................................................................... 45
2.2 ......................................................................... 50
2.3 ........................................................................... 51
2.4 ................................................................................................................. 52
3: ................................................................................... 66
3.1 ................................................................................................ 66
3.2 ......................................................... 68
4 : -................................................................ 69
............................................................................................................... 72
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1 : Barb Deluisi,
esrl.noaa.gov..9
2 .. 2003 :http://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/campaign/pdf/gases_el.pdf .........................................11
3 Android : http://developer.android.com/index.html..........37
4 Android : Digital Academy android
.38
5 Android :
https://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.html .....................................40
1 :
http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/5034-atmos-composition.............10
2 Android
:
(https://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.html)..........40
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/campaign/pdf/gases_el.pdf%20.........................................11https://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.htmlhttp://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/5034-atmos-compositionhttps://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.htmlhttp://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/5034-atmos-compositionhttps://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.htmlhttp://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/campaign/pdf/gases_el.pdf%20.........................................11 -
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,
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Abstract
This project aims to create a software that calculates in real time the amount of emitted
carbon dioxide (CO2) from the movement of a person. Measurements are mainly for long-
distance (eg between county capitals and country capitals), when we consider that the vast
majority of movement is effected by means of fuel. All conventional means of transport (cars,
buses , trains, airplanes, ships) are included. The devices on which the software can be installed
and running, it's the type devices smartphone (with GPS) and OS android.
CO2emissions will be calculated based on average prices for each category of vehicles (eg cars
petrol 1400k.e, boeing 737 airplane type, etc.), as defined by European standards Euro 1 to 4.
The software will be able to:
1. Calculate the CO2 emissions based on average speed, distance traveled per person and
transportation.
2. Save metrics for future use.
3. Categorize the "habits" of the user.
4. Identify the type of transportation between some categories (e.g, car, train, boat, etc.).
5. Consider the CO2 emissions and inform the user.
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. ,
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2.
.
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/noise_pollution/l28068_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/noise_pollution/l28068_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/noise_pollution/l28068_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/noise_pollution/l28068_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/noise_pollution/l28068_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24235_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24235_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24235_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24235_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24235_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24173_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24173_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24173_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24173_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24173_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24173_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24235_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24235_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24235_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/protection_of_consumers/l24235_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/noise_pollution/l28068_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/noise_pollution/l28068_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/noise_pollution/l28068_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/noise_pollution/l28068_el.htm -
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-:
. ,
, . ,
, .
, , , , ,
, ..
- :
,
,
.
:
, ,
, ..
(, , , ..) .
:
,
,
,
.
( )
-:
, . ,
Marco Polo
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/transport/intermodality_transeuropean_networks/l24159_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/transport/intermodality_transeuropean_networks/l24159_el.htm -
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PACT ( (ES) (DE) (EN) (FR)) (
).
- : PACT, 1992,
167 1992 2000.
Marco Polo 115.
2003-2007.
-:
, .
- : Marco Polo
. , .
-:
() 1996
Essen 1994 14.
- : Essen ,
, ,
2005 .
-:
. ,
, .
,
.
- :
. , 2001,
Essen . , 2004,
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l24094_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l24094_el.htm -
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,
.
.
:
-Perpignan
, TGV/
-M-Salsbourg/Linz-, Fehmarn
, Straubing-Vilshofen,
Galileo, TGV
- N - M
TGV Nimes
.
, :
20%.
, ,
.
-
7/21/2019 Calculating carbon dioxide emissions from individual transport over large distances using smartphone android devi
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30
-: , ,
,
.
- : 2000,
40.000 . .
2% .
-:
. ,
. ,
.
,
, , . ,
.
- :
, :
2002-2010
,
, ,
e-Europe.
,
.
, :
-
,
.
) ,
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/motor_vehicles/interactions_industry_policies/l24257_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/motor_vehicles/interactions_industry_policies/l24257_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/motor_vehicles/interactions_industry_policies/l24257_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/motor_vehicles/interactions_industry_policies/l24257_el.htm -
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( ),
(, ),
, .
) ,
. ) ,
.
.
, :
( )
.
.
(URL 4)
,
...
-
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32
1.4
.. ...
.. .
.
.
Wackernagel Rees
1996 (WackernagelRees 1996).
.(Pandey-Agrawal J. S. Pandey
2011: 135-136)
, "" 2
, 1.7 .
( , ,
), 50 "" (URL 5).
.. ..
.
..
:
..
.. , .
2003 .., ..
21%(URL 1).
-
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1.5 android
Android
8 Android
Android .
(kernel) Linux.
, , .
. , , ,
,
.
tablets, . android
, , media centers,
, .., Android
.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android_robot.svg -
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2011 Android
2013
Android
.(URL 6)
android
Android Inc. ...
2003 Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears Chris White
(Andy Rubin)
., ,
,
smartphone. Google Android Inc. 17 2005. 5
2007 Open Handset
Alliance.
Open Handset Alliance
:
Aplix (www.aplixcorp.com), Ascender Corporation (www.ascendercorp.com), Audience
(www.audience.com), Broadcom (www.broadcom.com), China Mobile
(www.chinamobile.com), eBay (www.ebay.com), Esmertec (www.esmertec.com), Google
(www.google.com), HTC (www.htc.com), Intel (www.intel.com), KDDI (www.kddi.com),
Living Image (www.livingimage.jp), LG (www.lge.com), Marvell (www.marvell.com),
Motorola (www.motorola.com), NMS Communications (www.nmscommunications.com),Noser (www.noser.com), NTT DoCoMo, Inc. (www.nttdocomo.com), Nuance
(www.nuance.com), Nvidia (www.nvidia.com), PacketVideo (www.packetvideo.com),
Qualcomm (www.qualcomm.com), Samsung (www.samsung.com), SiRF (www.sirf.com),
SkyPop (www.skypop.com), SONiVOX (www.sonivoxrocks.com), Sprint Nextel
(www.sprint.com), Synaptics (www.synaptics.com), TAT - The Astonishing Tribe (www.tat.se),
Telecom Italia (www.telecomitalia.com), Telefnica (www.telefonica.es), Texas Instruments
(www.ti.com), T-Mobile (www.t-mobile.com), Wind River (www.windriver.com)
http://www.windriver.com/http://www.windriver.com/ -
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Android Google
, Android
(BEGINNING Android 4 application
Development Wei-Meng Lee).
Android
Android Linux kernel
device drivers,
,
. device drivers , WiFi, ,
.. native C++ OpenGL, SQLite, Media library ..
Dalvik JVM. , Android Java
.
PC JRE (Java
Runtime Environment), Android JRE Dalvik VM.
,
VM
, Java SE .dex
.class. , Google, garbage collector.
Java , Java ME, Google
Dalvik. , ,
Android , Dalvik
instance VM. Android SDK
.
, .. ,
SMS, .
SDK. ,
application stack Application Layer.(URL 7)
-
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9 Android
Google Play (Android market)
Google Play Google
. Android (
Google) PC.
Google Google
(Gmail, YouTube . Google + ..).
Android
-
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2009
:
Google Maps
GPS
, ,
wi-fi, Bluetooth
web browser
Android Market
Gmail, Google Search, Google Talk, Youtube player
Google Sync
2009
,
Android , Froyo. Froyo
,
, , cloud
.
A
PI
2.2 Froyo 8 20 2010 0.8%
2.3.3 -
2.3.7
Gingerbread 10 9 2011 14.9%
4.0.3 - Ice Cream Sandwich 15 16 2011 12.3%
https://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.2.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.2.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.3.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.3.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.0.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.0.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.3.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.3.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.2.html -
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4.0.4
4.1.x Jelly Bean 16 9 2012 29.0%
4.2.x 17 13 2012 19.1%
4.3 18 24 2013 10.3%
4.4 KitKat 19 31 2013 13.6%
4 Android
10 Android
(URL 8)
1.6
,
.. .
.
, .
https://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.0.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.1.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.2.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.4.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.4.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.4.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.2.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.1.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.0.html -
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:
Tripzoom
Novay
.
tripzoom
smartphone,
. To tripzoom
,
.
tripzoom ,
, smartphones,
, ,
tripzoom.
tripzoom : )
tripzoom , ,
, tripzoom app
iPhone Android )
. ELGG
,
.
, blogs,
, .
.
tripzoom iPhones Android smartphones App Store Google Play.
tripzoom.
, (..
GPS, ) ,
.
tripzoom
, tripzoom , .(URL 9)
-
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CO2GO
..
smartphone.
GPS. , GPS
. , GPS
. , GPS
,
CO2.(URL 10)
CarbonDiem
smartphone
. ,
. CarbonDiem
.
.(URL 11)
CO2GREENDRIVE
Danish Cultural Institute
. Danish Cultural Institute .
.
, .(URL 12)
CO2-vergelijker
. ,
.
, - (39
.), 4.8kg ...
-
7/21/2019 Calculating carbon dioxide emissions from individual transport over large distances using smartphone android devi
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8 CO2 MPV . '
1,2 kg ..(URL 13)
-
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2: - -
2.1
android smartphones, , .. .
smartphones android
2.3 .
,
.
(low level) .
API . proprietary database
.
.apk
Google Play .
.
11
-
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(6). (7).
.
(8)
. . , (11)
13
12
-
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(11).
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
16 15
14
19
18 17
-
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2.2
. :
smartphone,
,
i. : smartphone
GCS WGS 1984
haversine, .
ii. : smartphone timestamp
.
.iii. : ,
..
iv. : ,
.
v. :
,
(, Diesel).vi. : ,
.
vii. : ,
.
viii. : ,
.
-
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i) .. .
, : Diesel.
..
.
.. ,
,
.
i. , ,
1000 , Peugeot 107 .. 99
. 113 , 78. 95,5
99 Peugeot 107
.
ii. ,
1001 1300 , Nissan Note .. 109
. 129
, 89 .
..
/
1000 .. 99
1001 1300 .. 109
1301 1600 .. 152
1601 2000 .. 179
>2000 .. 218
-
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109 99
Nissan Note .
iii. , 1301
1600 , Toyota Avensis .. 152
. .
.
iv. ,
1301 1600 , Volkswagen Scirocco
.. 172 . , ,
.
.
v.
2000 Jeep Grand Cherokee
.. 218 .
.
.
i. ,
1000 1300 , Opel Astra .. 109
. 129
88 .
Diesel .
/
1001 1300 .. 109
1301 1600 .. 109
1601 2000 .. 149
>2000 .. 174
-
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108,5 109
Opel Astra .
ii. ,
1301 1600 , Ford Focus .. 109
. 129 88 .
108,5 109
Ford Focus .
iii. ,
1601 2000 , Opel Insignia Sw .. 149
. 195
99 . 147 149
Ford Focus .
iv. ,
2000 , Audi A8 ..174
.
.
.
ii) .. .
:
125 500 .. 106 ../
>500 .. 139 ../
..
Treatise (URL 14),
.
iii) .. .
, , Treatise.
-
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500 .. .
.
iv) .
flight distance calculator travelmath
(URL 15), .
v) .
vi) .. .
Airbus A320,
.
Aegean Airlines 25 .(URL 24).
Aegean Airlines (URL 23).
.. :
= 840 km/h
= 2750 L/h
= 168 (max)
= 2750 840 = 3,274 L/km
.. = 3,274 x 2,580 ( ..) = 8.447 kg/km
60( )
vii) .. .
(URL 22 )
30.000 - - ,
416 .
-
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594 ,
, ,
50 .
, , 50 416
, 121.4063714 .
diesel 3.1688
300, .. 384.71 /300.
2.2
.
,
.
android smartphones
CGS WGS 1984. haversine.
haversine (Robusto 1957: 38-40)
. smartphone ,
.
haversine : a = sin(/2) + cos 1 cos 2 sin(/2), c = 2 atan2( a,
(1a) ), d = R c, , , R
( = 6,371km).
publicdoublecalculateDistance(Point a,Point b)
{doubleR=6371000; //meters
doublef1=Math.toRadians(a.getLatitude());
doublef2=Math.toRadians(b.getLatitude());
doubleDf=Math.toRadians(b.getLatitude()-a.getLatitude());
doubleDl=Math.toRadians(b.getLongitude()-a.getLongitude());
doublevar=Math.sin(Df/2)*Math.sin(Df/2)+Math.cos(f1)*Math.cos(f2)*Math.sin(Dl/2)*Math.sin(Dl/2);
doublec=2*Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(var),Math.sqrt(1-var));
returnd=R*c;
}
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2.3
.
..
:
( ..
, ), .
.
,
.
-
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:
i. : GPS. .
..
.
ii. :
iii. : GPS. .
..
.
iv. : GPS. .
..
.
v. :
.
vi. :
.
2.4
.
android
.xml .
.xml .
. android smartphones
.
.
.
-
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android:layout_height="120dp"
android:layout_marginBottom="100dp"
android:contentDescription="@string/ImageDescription"
android:src="@drawable/ic_launcher"/>
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main :
.
packagecom.fi; //
//
importandroid.app.Activity;
importandroid.app.AlertDialog;
importandroid.content.Context;
importandroid.content.DialogInterface;
importandroid.content.Intent;
importandroid.os.AsyncTask;
importandroid.os.Bundle;
importandroid.util.Log;
importandroid.view.Menu;
importandroid.view.View;
importandroid.widget.Button;
importandroid.widget.TextView;
importandroid.content.Context;
importandroid.graphics.Color;
//
publicclassMainActivity extendsActivity {
//
privateButton mStartButton;
privateButton mStopButton;privateTextView distanceView;
privateContext cont;
privatebooleandone;
privateBundle ThreadInfo;
privateCO2assesment calculate;
privateGPSTracker test;
doubled=0;
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publicbooleanisDone() {
returndone;
}
publicvoidsetDone(booleandone) {
this.done = done;
}
//
@Override
protectedvoidonCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
cont=this;
//
ThreadInfo = getIntent().getExtras();
distanceView=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.distanceView);
distanceView.setTextColor(Color.RED);
test=newGPSTracker(this);
distanceView.setText("X:"+Double.toString(test.getLatitude())+"Y:"+Double.toString(te
st.getLongitude())+"Distance:"+Double.toString(d));
mStartButton = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btn_start);
mStartButton.setOnClickListener(newView.OnClickListener() {
@Override
publicvoidonClick(View v) {
// TODOAuto-generated method stub
Intent i = newIntent(MainActivity.this, Vehicles.class);
startActivity(i);
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}
});
mStopButton=(Button) findViewById(R.id.btn_stop);
mStopButton.setEnabled(false);
mStopButton.setOnClickListener(newView.OnClickListener() {
// . stop
.
@Override
publicvoidonClick(View v) {
// TODOAuto-generated method stubMainActivity.this.mStartButton.setEnabled(true);
calculate.stopAsyncThread(true);
MainActivity.this.mStopButton.setEnabled(false);
}
});
//
if(ThreadInfo != null) {
String value = ThreadInfo.getString("CalculationData");
if(value != null)
{
this.showDialog("DEBUG",value);
this.mStartButton.setEnabled(false);
this.mStopButton.setEnabled(true);
calculate=newCO2assesment();
String[] values=value.split(";");
calculate.execute(values);
}
}
}
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privateclassCO2assesment extendsAsyncTask {
//
privateinttype;//0 car,1 motor,2 bus,3 train
privateintpassengers;
privatedoubledistance;
privatefloatcar_Co2_production;
privatefloatmotor_Co2_production;
privatefloatbus_CO2;
privatefloattrain_CO2;
privatebooleandone=false;privatefinalContext mContext=cont;
publicintgetType()
{
returnCO2assesment.this.type;
}
publicvoidstopAsyncThread(booleanbool)
{
this.done=bool;
}
publicvoidsetType(intt)
{
CO2assesment.this.type=t;
}
publicintgetPassengers() {
returnpassengers;
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}
publicvoidsetPassengers(intpassengers) {
this.passengers = passengers;
}
publicdoublegetDistance() {
returndistance;
}
publicvoidsetDistance(doubledistance) {
this.distance = distance;
}
publicfloatgetCar_Co2_production() {
returncar_Co2_production;
}
publicvoidsetCar_Co2_production(floatcar_Co2_production) {
this.car_Co2_production = car_Co2_production;
}
publicfloatgetMotor_Co2_production() {
returnmotor_Co2_production;
}
publicvoidsetMotor_Co2_production(floatmotor_Co2_production) {
this.motor_Co2_production = motor_Co2_production;
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}
publicfloatgetBus_CO2() {
returnbus_CO2;
}
publicvoidsetBus_CO2(floatbus_CO2) {
this.bus_CO2 = bus_CO2;
}
publicfloatgetTrain_CO2() {
returntrain_CO2;
}
publicvoidsetTrain_CO2(floattrain_CO2) {
this.train_CO2 = train_CO2;
}
publicContext getmContext() {
returnmContext;
}
@Override
protectedvoidonProgressUpdate(Double... values) {
MainActivity.this.distanceView.setText("");
MainActivity.this.distanceView.setText("Distance:"+values[0].toString()+"
Point X:"+values[1]+" Point Y:"+values[2]);
}
@Override
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protectedString doInBackground(String... params) {
CO2assesment.this.setType(Integer.parseInt(params[0]));
CO2assesment.this.setPassengers(Integer.parseInt(params[1]));
switch(CO2assesment.this.getType())
{
case0:
CO2assesment.this.setCar_Co2_production(Float.parseFloat(params[2]));
break;
case1:
CO2assesment.this.setMotor_Co2_production(Float.parseFloat(params[2]));
break;
case2:CO2assesment.this.setBus_CO2(Float.parseFloat(params[2]));
break;
case3:
CO2assesment.this.setTrain_CO2(Float.parseFloat(params[2]));
break;
default:
break;
}
double[] data=newdouble[3];
data[0]=distance;
data[1]=MainActivity.this.test.getLatitude();
data[2]=MainActivity.this.test.getLongitude();
this.publishProgress(data[0],data[1],data[2]);
intfirstrun=0;
Point start,current,previous=null;
this.distance=0;
switch( CO2assesment.this.getType())
{
case0:
while(!done)
{
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if(firstrun == 0)
{
start=new
Point(MainActivity.this.test.getLatitude(),MainActivity.this.test.getLongitude());
previous=start;
}
else{
current=new
Point(MainActivity.this.test.getLatitude(),MainActivity.this.test.getLongitude());
// haversine
this.setDistance(this.getDistance()+MainActivity.this.calculateDistance(previous,current));
previous=current;
}
firstrun++;
try{
Thread.sleep(8000);
} catch(Exception e)
{
Log.d("Thread Stop:",e.toString());
}
}
break;
case1:
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while(!done)
{
if(firstrun == 0)
{
start=new
Point(MainActivity.this.test.getLatitude(),MainActivity.this.test.getLongitude());
previous=start;
}
else{
current=new
Point(MainActivity.this.test.getLatitude(),MainActivity.this.test.getLongitude());
previous=current
}
firstrun++;
try{
Thread.sleep(900000);
} catch(Exception e)
{
Log.d("Thread Stop:",e.toString());
}
}
break;
case2:
break;
case3:
break;
default:
break;
}
returnDouble.toString(this.getDistance());
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}
@Override
protectedvoidonPostExecute(String result) {
MainActivity.this.showDialog("Distance Measurement","Distance:"+d+"meters");
}
}
@Override
publicbooleanonCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {// Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);
returntrue;
}
@Override
publicvoidonResume() {
super.onResume();
}
publicvoidshowDialog(String title,String message)
{
AlertDialog.Builder builder = newAlertDialog.Builder(MainActivity.this);
builder.setCancelable(true);
builder.setTitle(title);
builder.setMessage(message);
builder.setInverseBackgroundForced(true);
builder.setPositiveButton("",
newDialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
@Override
publicvoidonClick(DialogInterface dialog,
intwhich) {
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}
});
AlertDialog alert = builder.create();
alert.show();
}
//Haversine
publicdoublecalculateDistance(Point a,Point b)
{
doubleR=6371000; //km
doublef1=Math.toRadians(a.getLatitude());
doublef2=Math.toRadians(b.getLatitude());
doubleDf=Math.toRadians(b.getLatitude()-a.getLatitude());
doubleDl=Math.toRadians(b.getLongitude()-a.getLongitude());
double
var=Math.sin(Df/2)*Math.sin(Df/2)+Math.cos(f1)*Math.cos(f2)*Math.sin(Dl/2)*Math.sin(Dl/2)
;
doublec=2*Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(var),Math.sqrt(1-var));
returnd=R*c;
}
}
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3:
3.1
:
GPS (, , , )
()
()
.
.
smartphone.
. smartphone
(hardware) . (
) (
).
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.
ArcGIS 58.274 .
(
), ,
,
, ,
,
96 .
Peugeot 107 1000..
.
.
smartphone doogee dg450.
60.508
.., 2.995,178 .
ArcGIS
2.234 .
.
smartphone Samsung.
61.946
.. 3.066,369 .
ArcGIS
3.672 .
---.
161 .
130 .
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68
.
.. 166707,6 .
218 .
.. 33.241 .
3.2
.
.. .
Carbon Footprint :
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) - UK
World Resource Institute (WRI) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol
Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA) - UK
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - USA
US Department of Energy (DOE) - USA
Green House Office - Australia
Standards Association (CSA) GHG RegistriesCanada
Sun earth tools .
.
Carbon footprint Sun earth tools
58 5.990,356 .. 10.000 .. 5.740 ..
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Carbon Footprint.
( ) Carbon Footprint
.
. Sun Earth Tools .
. Sun Earth Tools
.
.
Carbon footprint Sun earth tools
218 33.241 .. 20.000 ..
13.000 .
Carbon Footprint
.
.
-
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70
4
smartphone
.
, . ,
, , .
.
(low level). API
. proprietary database
.
, ,
.
: ,
.
. ,
. ,
, .
GPS (,
, , ) ,
haversine, ,
, .
, , ,
.
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.
.
.
, .
:
,
.
.
.
.
.
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( )
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2. EEA technical Reports,Air Quality in Europe - 2011 Report, Luxembourg No 12/2011.
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the National Footprint Accounts, Global Footprint Network, Oakland.
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13. (2013),
.
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.. , ,
, , .
14. (2010), CO2
2008-2009
, , 169, , , .
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, , ,
, .
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URL 7 = android Digital Academy,
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. . 10/06/ 2014.
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umdemo.pdf,. . 18/06/2014.
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identification and real-time CO2 emission estimation using smartphones. How CO2GO
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URL 12 = CO2Green Drive. Art, Climate, Technology, http://co2greendrive.com/what-
is-co2-green-drive/,. . 24/06/2014.
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ns/nieuwscentrum/nieuwsberichten/2012/6/ns-en-milieu-centraal-lanceren-co2-
vergelijker.html,. . 25/06/2014.
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http://www.cres.gr/services/istos.chtm?prnbr=25213&locale=el, ..
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URL 15 =Flight distance calculator,http://www.travelmath.com/flying-distance/,.
. 24/06/2014.
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http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/5034-atmos-composition, .
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URL 18 = Math! How much CO2 is released by Aeroplane?, 2007,
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, http://www.topontiki.gr/article/36748/,
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