calcium requirements beef cattle - 1996 maintenance: 15.4 mg ca/kg body wt gain: 7.1 g ca/100 g...
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Calcium Requirements Beef Cattle - 1996
Maintenance: 15.4 mg Ca/kg body wtGain: 7.1 g Ca/100 g protein gainLactation: 1.23 g Ca/kg milkPregnancy: 13.7 g Ca/kg fetal wt
Distributed over last 3 months
Correct for percentage of dietary Ca absorbedTrue absorption = 50%
Requirement = Sum of fractions/0.5
Calcium Requirements Dairy Cattle - 2001
Requirements as absorbed Ca, g/d
MaintenanceNonlactating: 0.0154g/kg body wtLactating: 0.031g/kg body wt
Growth(9.83*(mature wt0.22)*(body wt-0.22))*wt gain
Calcium Requirements Dairy Cattle - 2001
PregnancySee publication
Lactationg/kg milk: 1.22 Holstein, 1.45 Jersey,1.37 other
Absorption of CaForages - 30%Concentrates - 60%Inorganic Ca - 75%
Calcium
Absorbed from duodenum and jejunum.Active and passive absorption.
Vitamin D required for active absorption.
Efficiency of Ca absorption declines withage and increases during lactation.
Some forms of Ca not readily absorbedOxylates - found in legumes.
Fat can reduce Ca absorption.
Calcium
Ca deficiencyRickets (abnormal bone development)in youngOsteomalacia (demineralized bone)in adultBlood Ca not adequate indicator
Sources of Calcium
Feeds:Forages (leaves) tend to be highGrains tend to be low
Supplemental: % CaCa carbonate 39.4Ground limestone - Ca carbonate 34.0Bone meal 30.7Dicalcium phosphate 22.0Ca sulfate 23.3
Phosphorus RequirementsBeef cattle - 1996
Maintenance: 16.0 mg P/kg body wtGain: 3.9 g P/100 g protein gainLactation: .95g P/kg milkPregnancy: 7.6 g P/kg fetal wt
Distributed over last 3 months
Correct for percentage of dietary P absorbedTrue absorption = 68%
Requirement = Sum of fractions/0.68
Phosphorus RequirementsDairy Cattle - 2001
Requirements as absorbed P, g/d
MaintenanceLactating &nonlactating: 1.0 g/kg DM intake
Growth(1.2 + (4.635*mature wt0.22)*(bodywt-0.22)))*wt gain
Phosphorus RequirementsDairy Cattle - 2001
Pregnancy:See publication
Lactation:0.90 g of P/kg milk
Absorption of PForages - 64%Concentrates - 70%Inorganic Ca - 70%
Phosphorus
Absorption occurs from small intestine.
Absorption is an active process.
Active form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxy) stimulates.
Influenced by source, Ca, intestinal pH, Fe, Al, Mn, K, Mg, fat.
Phosphorus
Deficiency:Poor appetiteWeak fragile bonesLow conceptionPoor growthPoor feed efficiencyLow blood P
Sources of Phosphorus
Feeds:Forages tend to be low - dependenton soil P.Grains tend to be moderate to high.
Phytate P is utilized by ruminants.
Supplemental: % PDicalcium phosphate 19.3Bone meal 12.9Ammonium P (Mono) 24.7
Calcium and Phosphorus
Ruminants will tolerate Ca:P ratios of1:1 to 7:1.
At ratios above and below this range,there is poor growth and decreasednutrient utilization.
Feeding too much P may cause boneresorption, elevated plasma P and urinarycalculi.
Magnesium Requirement Beef cattle
Growing and finishing: 0.10 % of dietGestating cows: 0.12 % of dietLactating cows: 0.20 % of diet
Growth 0.45 mg/kg gainLactation 0.12 mg/kg milkPregnancy 0.12, 0.21 and 0.33 mg/d for early, mid and late pregnancy
Magnesium RequirementDairy Cattle - 2001
Requirements as absorbed Mg, g/d
MaintenanceLactating & nonlactating: 3 mg/kg body wt
Growth0.45 g/kg body wt
Pregnancy0.33 g/day
Magnesium RequirementDairy Cattle - 2001
Lactation0.15 g/kg milk
Absorption of MgFeedstuffs 16%Mg oxide 50%
Magnesium
Deficiencies:Young calves kept on milk diet:
Loss of appetite, poor performance, increased excitability, tetany Young: anorexia, convulsions, profuse
salivation, excitableLactating cows grazing lush pasture:
Tetany (grass tetany), poor absorptionof Mg
Magnesium
Mg is absorbed from the rumen.
Absorption is high in young animalsfed milk and declines with age.
Mg in grains more available thanMg in forages.
Excess Mg is excreted in urine. Cattleand sheep will tolerate 0.4 %to 0.5% Mg.
Magnesium
Feeds: Plants are quite variable depending on species, soil concentrations, stage of growth, environmental temperature.
Legumes higher than grasses.Grains usually contain 0.11 to 0.17 %.Plant proteins sources 0.20 to 0.35 %.
Supplemental: %MgO 56.2MgSO4 9.7MgCO3 30.2
Mg in dolmitic limestone is poorly available.
Potassium RequirementBeef - 1996
Growing 0.6 % of dietBeef cows 0.5 to 0.7 % of dietLactation Increase 0.1 %
DeficiencyReduced feed intake, poor growth,rough hair coat, chewing on wood,reduced milk production
K absorbed from rumen and omasumas well as intestine.
Potassium RequirementDairy - 2001
Growing and nonlactating0.038 g/kg body wt + 2.6 g/kg DM intakeLactating0.038 g/kg body wt + 6.1 g/kg DM intake
Growth1.6 g/kg gain
Potassium RequirementDairy - 2001
PregnancySee publicationLactation1.5 g/kg milk
Dietary K 90% available
Potassium
Forages are excellent sources of K, >1%.Decreases with maturity.
Grains are often poorer sources of K, 0.4%.
SupplementalPotassium chloride 47.3 %Potassium bicarbonate 39.0 %Potassium sulfate 44.9 %
Stress Heat - Transportation
Performance improved by levels of1.0% to 1.2% of diet DM.
SodiumDairy - 2001
MaintenanceGrowing and nonlactating
1.5 g/100 kg body wtLactating
3.8 g/100kg body wtGrowth 1.40 g/kg of daily gainPregnancy See publicationLactation 0.63 g/kg milk
Dietary Na 100% available
Sodium
DeficiencyChewing wood, licking dirt, reducedfeed intake, reduced gain.
ToxicityRuminants tolerate high concentrationsof salt in feeds - up to 9 to 10% of feed DM.
1.25 to 2.0% salt in water will reduce waterand feed intake, weight loss and physicalcollapse.
Sodium
Feeds of plant origin usually have inadequatesodium. Feeds of animal origin have higherconcentrations of sodium.
% Na %ClNaCl 39.3 60.7NaCHO3 27.0
Feed 0.2% to 0.3% of total diet as NaCl.
If NaCl is fed, Cl requirements are met.
ChlorineDairy - 2001
Maintenance2.25 g/100 kg body wtGrowth 1.0 g/kg of daily gainPregnancy See publicationLactation 1.15 g/kg milk
Dietary Cl 90% available
Cation - AnionBalance of diet
Meq((Na+K) - (Cl))/kg Diet DM
Meq ((Na+K) - (Cl+S))/kg Diet DM
Meq((Na+K+0.15Ca+0.15Mg) - (Cl+0.6S+0.5P))/kg Diet DM
Cation - AnionBalance of diet
If negative there tends to be metabolic acidosis• Decreased feed intake and
performance - All animals
• Strategy used in dairy cows prior to calving to prevent milk fever
• Feed:Ammonium chloride, Calcium chloride,Magnesium chloride, hydrochloric acid
Cation - AnionBalance of diet
If positive there tends to be metabolicalkalosis
Benefits to having positive CAB forgrowing animals and lactating cows
Do not know what ratio should befor beef cattle in feedlot.
+200 to +300 Meq/kg feed DM forlactating cows and young calves
Grass Tetany
Result of low blood MgLactating cows grazing lush springforage and 1 to 3 weeks into lactation
Forage low in Mg & Na, high in K & NRemoval of 0.15 g Mg for each liter of milk
Poor absorption of MgLoss of coordination, coma, death
Treatment: Intravenous Ca and MgPrevent: Supplement Mg
Trace MineralsSulfur
Requirement: 0.15 to 0.2% of diet is adequate.N:S ratio of 10:1.
Required for synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids by rumen organisms.
Poor growth, excessive salvation, reducedwool growth, reduced rumen function.
Trace MineralsSulfur
Toxicity: > 0.5% of dietReduced feed intake, restlessness, diarrhea.Water may contain high concentrations ofsulfates. Up to 5,000 ppm.
Supplemental sources: Sulfates, elementalS, sulfur amino acids.
Trace MineralsCobaltRequirement: 0.08 to 0.2 mg/kg diet DMis adequate. Dairy-2001 indicates 0.11mg/kg
Poor growth lack of appetite, weakness,decreased wool growth, decreased useof propionate (Vitamin B12 not produced inthe rumen)
Toxicity: In excess of 10 mg/kg diet DM
Supplemental sources: Co sulfate, Co carbonate
Co supply is limited, very expensive
Trace MineralsZincRequirement: Growing: 30 mg/kg feed DM
Lactating: 60 mg/kg feed DMPoor growth, listlessness, loss of wool,poor reproduction, perakaratotic lesions
Toxicity: > 500 mg/kg feedReduced feed intake, Cu deficiency
Supplemental sources: Zn sulfate, Zn methionine, Zn oxide
Efficiency of absorption is 15%
Trace MineralsIodine
Requirement: 0.1 to 0.8 mg/kg diet DMis adequate. Greater requirement forlactation than growth, not increased bypregnancy. Dry cow - 0.33 mg/kg DMLactating cow - 0.45 mg/kg
Deficiency: Less thyroid hormones, enlargedthyroid glands, weak or dead lambs, calvesborn hairless, weak or dead
Goitrogens in feed can increase requirement.
Trace MineralsIodine
Toxicity: In excess of 5 mg/kg diet DM.Reduced feed intake, less gain, nasaldischarge, salvation, decreased milk production.
Supplemental sources: Ethylenediaminedihydroiodine (often fed to reduce foot rotin cattle, predominant source of I forruminants), iodides of Ca, Na & K (Oftenadded to salt)
80 to 90% of dietary I is absorbed.
Trace MineralsCopperRequirement:
Beef cattle8 to 10 mg/kg diet DM is adequate.
Dairy cattleEndogeous loss - 7.1 ug/kg body wtLactation - 0.15 mg/kg milkGestation - 0.5 to 1.5 mg/day
Dietary Cu 4% available
Absorption is decreased by sulfur (>.20%), Mo (2 mg/kg), Fe (500-800 mg/kg), Zn (>40 mg/kg) in the feed.
Trace MineralsCopper
Deficiency: Loss of hair pigment, anemia,poor growth, muscle incoordination, stringywool, weak lambs, reduced growth, roughhair coat, scours.
Toxicity: Sheep - 10 - 35 mg/kg feed DM Cattle - 40 to 100 mg/kg feed DM
Supplemental sources: Cu sulfate (mostavailable), Cu carbonate, Cu oxide (notreadily available, lowest cost, mostoften used).
Trace MineralsIron
Requirement: Sheep - 30 mg/kg feed DM Cattle - 50 to 100 mg/kg feed DM
Anemia, poor growth, listlessness,increased respiration.
Most feeds have adequate Fe for adults.
Milk-fed calves require supplemental Fe.
Fe+++ poorly absorbed.
Trace MineralsIron
Toxicity: > 1000 mg/kg feed250 to 500 mg/kg feed may reduce Cuabsorption.
Reduced feed intake, diarrhea, poor growth
Supplemental sources: Fe sulfate (mostavailable), Fe chloride, Fe carbonate (most used by feed industry), Fe oxide (leastavailable - should not be used)
Trace MineralsManganese
Requirement: 20 mg/kg feed DMRequirement affected by high Ca andFe - Increased excretion in fecesPoor growth, skeletal abnormalities, poor reproduction
Toxicity: > 1000 ppmReduced feed intake, diarrhea
Supplemental sources: Mn sulfate (most available, more expensive), Mn oxide (most often used). Forages contain more Mn than grains, corn is low. Absorption - <1.0%
Trace MineralsMolybdenum
Requirement: Sheep - 0.5 mg/kg feed DMRequirement affected by high S.Deficiency not observed in cattle.
Toxicity: 5 to 20 mg/kg dietCu deficiency, (anemia), reduced growth, infertility, diarrhea
Supplemental sources: Most feeds are adequate.
Trace MineralsSelenium
Requirement: 0.1 mg/kg feed DMSupplementation in Se deficient areas
0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg feed DM
Absorption is 45 to 60%
Degeneration of heart and skeletal muscles (white muscle disease - young calves and lambs), embryonic deaths, slow growth.High sulfur may reduce absorption. Related to vitamin E.
Trace Minerals Selenium
Toxicity: > 2 mg/kg dietBlind staggers, sulleness, head lowered,ears drooped, loss of hair from tail,swollen feet, sloughing of hooves
Supplemental sources: Na selenite,Na selenate (not used very much)
FDA:Supplement up to 0.3 mg/kg diet DM
Trace MineralsNickel
Requirement: Not established.Component of urease in bacteria.May be important for urease activityin the rumen
Toxicity: > 50 mg/kg diet
Toxic MineralsMaximum TolerableConcentrations
mg/kg feedAluminum 1,000Arsenic 50Bromine 200Cadmium 0.5Fluorine 40Lead 30Mercury 2
Vitamins
Fat solubleVitamins A, D, E and K
Water solubleThiamine, niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine,pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin C, choline
Water soluble vitamins synthesized in the rumen or in body tissues
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Vitamin of most practical importance inruminant feeds
Deficiency most likely:High concentrate feedsMature - drought pasturesLong stored feeds
Sunlight, air, high temperaturesHeavily process feeds
Ruminants do not efficiently convertcarotene to vitamin A.1 mg carotene 400 IU vitamin A
Vitamin A
DeficiencyReduced feed intake - slow growthRough hair coatEdema of joints and brisketWatery eyesNight blindnessLow conceptionStill births
Vitamin A
RequirementsCattle IU/kg feed DM
Growing 2,200Pregnant beef cows 2,800Pregnant dairy cows 4,000Lactating cows 3,900
SheepGrowing lambs 1,500Gestating ewes 3,300Lactating ewes 2,700
Vitamin A
RequirementsDairy cattle
110 IU/kg body wt
Supplemental Vitamin A (retinol)1 IU of Vit A activity =
0.344 ug of all-trans retinyl acetate0.550 ug all-trans retinyl palmitate
Vitamin A
Vitamin A stored in the liver when intake of vitamin A or carotene is high.
Vitamin A in the liver has about 4 weeks ofhalf life.
Should not depend on more that 2 to 4 months of protection from storage of vitamin A in the liver.
Ruminants have a high tolerance forvitamin A.
Vitamin D
Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) - found in plantsCholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) - found in animals
Vit D2 25-hydroxy-vit D3 (in liver)1, 25-dihydroxy-vit D3 (in kidney)
1,25-dihydroxy-vit D3 is active form of vitamin.
Vitamin D not stored in the body in any quantity
Vitamin DDeficiency
Rickets in calvesSwollen and stiff jointsReduced feed intakeTetanyWeak bones
Vitamin D can be toxicHigh blood CaCalcification of soft tissuesLoss of appetite
Vitamin D
Requirement IU/kg Feed DMAll beef cattle 275Growing lambs 185Gestating ewes 216Lactating ewes 148Lactating dairy 30 IU/kg body wtDry pregnant cows 30 IU/kg body wt
Animals fed sun cured hays and/or keptin sunlight have limited needs for supplemental vitamin D
Vitamin E (Tocopherols)
DeficiencyWhite muscle diseaseWeak musclesRetained placentaReduced reproductionReduced disease resistance
Toxicity not demonstrated in ruminants
Vitamin E not extensively stored in thebody
Vitamin E
Requirement IU/kg feed DMAll beef cattle 15 to 60Pregnant and lactating cows 20Growing heifers 25All sheep 15Related to adequacy of selenium
Feedlot cattleFeed 500 IU/day for 100 days.Extend shelf life of beef cuts in the sales case
Vitamin EDairy - 2001• Dry cows 60 days before calving
80 IU/kg feed DMBased on reduction in mastitis andimmune function
• Lactating cows20 IU/kg feed DM
Needs to be increased when poor qualityforage is fed or feeds have low Se content
Vitamin K
Adequate vitamin K (menaquinones) synthesized by bacteria in the rumen
No established requirement
Cattle fed moldy sweet clover haveprolonged clotting of blood - “sweetclover disease”. A fungus produces dicoumarol that is a metabolicantagonist of vitamin K.
Thiamin
Adequate quantities normally produced by the bacteria in the rumen.
Thiaminase and thiamin antimetabolites producedin ruminants fed rapidly fermented diets.
Infrequently polioencephalomalacia (PEM), a disorder of the central nervous system, develops.
Retracted head, weakness, collapse, blindnessare symptoms.
Thiamin
Benefits from supplementation with thiaminare inconsistent. 100 to 500 mg thiamin/dayRecommended.
It has long been speculated that feeding highlevels of sulfur (greater than 0.5% of diet) willalso cause PEM. It is recommended to feedthiamin to prevent.
Thiamin
Feeding high amounts of sulfur does not reduce blood thiamin.
Feeding sulfur causes a transient increase inhydrogen sulfide concentrations in the rumen.
During this time cattle are subject to a condition resembling PEM.