Molecules Around MeEriene Oh (6th)

Category: Food and nutritional supplements

Product Information:Name: Equate’s Women’s One Daily (Multivitamin)Description: Daily multivitamins especially for womenIngredients:Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Oxide, Ascorbic Acid, Acacia,Ferrous Fumarate, Croscarmellose Sodium, MicrocrystallineCellulose, Contains Less than 2% of: DL­Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate,

Dicalcium Phosphate,' Zinc Oxide, Stearic Acid, Titanium Dioxide, Dextrin, Hypromellose,Niacinamide, Silicon Dioxide, Magnesium Stearate, Calcium Silicate, Manganese Sulfate,Polyethylene Glycol, Calcium Pantothenate, Dextrose, Cupric Sulfate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride,Lecithin, Thiamin Mononitrate, Riboflavin, Vitamin A Acetate, Folic Acid, Chromium ChlorideFD&C Yellow 5 Lake, Beta­Carotene, FD&C Yellow 6 Lake, Sodium Selenate, Phytonadione,FD&C Blue 2 Lake, Biotin, Cholecalciferol, Cyanocobalamin.

Compound Information:Compound 1 ­ Calcium Carbonate

Molecular Formula: CaCO3

Organic because it contains carbonSummary: Calcium carbonate is a commonsubstance found in rocks in all parts of the world,and is the main component of shells of marineorganisms, snails, coal balls, pearls, andeggshells. Calcium carbonate is the activeingredient in agricultural lime, and is created when

Ca ions in hard water react with carbonate ions creating limescale. It is commonly usedmedicinally as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can behazardous.

Compound 2 ­ Tocopheryl AcetateMolecular Formula:C31H52O3

Organic because it contains carbonSummary:Tocopheryl acetate, alsoknown as vitamin E acetate, is acommon vitamin supplement. It is theester of acetic acid and tocopherol(vitamin E). It is often used indermatological products such as skin

creams. Tocopheryl acetate is not oxidized and can penetrate through the skin to the living cells,where about 5% is converted to free tocopherol and provides beneficial antioxidant effects.Tocopheryl acetate is used as an alternative to tocopherol itself because the phenolic hydroxylgroup is blocked, providing a less acidic product with a longer shelf life. It is believed that theacetate is slowly hydrolyzed once it is absorbed into the skin, regenerating tocopherol andproviding protection against the sun's ultraviolet rays.

Compound 3 ­ Dicalcium Phosphate

Molecular Formula: CaHPO4 • 2H2OOrganic because it contains carbon

Summary: Dicalcium phosphate, also knownas dibasic calcium phosphate or calciummonohydrogen phosphate, is a type ofcalcium phosphate that is dibasic. It is usuallyfound as the dihydrate, but it can be thermallyconverted to the anhydrous form. Dicalciumphosphate is mainly used as a dietarysupplement in prepared breakfast cereals, dogtreats, enriched flour, and noodle products. It

is also used as a tableting agent in some pharmaceutical preparations, including some productsmeant to eliminate body odor. It is used in poultry feed. It is also used in some toothpastes as atartar control agent.

Compound 4 ­ Cupric SulfateMolecular Formula: CuSO4Organically Synthesized

Summary: Copper(II) sulfate, also known as cupric sulfateor copper sulphate. Copper is an essential trace element formost plant and animal species, including man. Its deficiencyis characterized by specific biochemical and pathologicallesions. The customary adult daily diet provides adequatecopper to prevent signs of deficiency. Both copperdeficiency and chronic copper intoxication are relatively rare.

Compound 5 ­ Polyethylene Glycol

Molecular Formula: C2nH4n+2On+1

Organic since it contains Carbon

Summary: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is apolyether compound with many applicationsfrom industrial manufacturing to medicine.PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide(PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE),depending on its molecular weight. Whenattached to various protein medications,polyethylene glycol allows a slowed

clearance of the carried protein from the blood. This makes for a longer­acting medicinal effectand reduces toxicity, and allows longer dosing intervals. Examples include PEG­interferon alpha,which is used to treat hepatitis C, and PEGfilgrastim (Neulasta), which is used to treatneutropenia. It has been shown that polyethylene glycol can improve healing of spinal injuries indogs. One of the earlier findings, that polyethylene glycol can aid in nerve repair, came from theUniversity of Texas (Krause and Bittner). Polyethylene glycol is also commonly used to fuseB­cells with myeloma cells in monoclonal antibody production. PEG is used as an excipient inmany pharmaceutical products. Lower­molecular­weight variants are used as solvents in oralliquids and soft capsules, whereas solid variants are used as ointment bases, tablet binders, filmcoatings, and lubricants. PEG is also used in lubricating eye drops.

Category: Healthcare and Medicinal productsProduct Information:Name: Bayer Women’s AspirinDescription: Medicinal product to relieve painIngredients: carnauba wax, colloidal silicon dioxide,crospovidone, hypromellose, lactose, magnesiumstearate, maltodextrin, microcrystalline cellulose,mineral oil, polydextrose, powdered cellulose,pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate,stearic acid, titanium dioxide, triacetin, zinc stearate,Aspirin, Calcium carbonate

Compound InformationCompound 1 ­ Colloidal Silicon DioxideMolecular Formula: SiO2

InorganicSummary: Silicon dioxide (SiO2), or silica, isknown in nature as sand or quartz. It occursnaturally in the earth’s crust, and silicates arepresent in water, animals and plants. Silicatesare also consumed as part of the natural humandiet. In the pharmaceutical industry, silicondioxide (also known as colloidal silicon dioxide)has many uses in tablet­making: some includeas an anti­caking agent, adsorbent, disintegrant,or glidant to allow powder to flow freely whentablets are processed. These compoundsappear to be biologically inert. Silicon dioxide isgenerally recognized as safe by the FDA

Compound 2 ­ CrospovidoneMolecular Formula: (C6H9NO)nOrganic because it contains carbon

Summary: Crospovidone (cross linked polyvinyl N­pyrrolidone, orPVP) is a common, FDA­approved inactive ingredient used in thepharmaceutical industry. Crospovidone is often combined with activeingredients in medications and dietary supplements to allowabsorption of the active drug. Chemically, crospovidone is an inertand insoluble white to light yellow free­flowing powder. It hashygroscopic, or water­attracting properties with excellent swellingcharacteristics. It is this swelling characteristic that makes it usefulas a disintegrant in pharmaceutical dosage forms.Crospovidone isnot absorbed orally.

Compound 3 ­ Magnesium StearateMolecular Formula: Mg(C18H35O2)2Organic because it contains carbon

Summary: Magnesium stearate, alsocalled octadecanoic acid, magnesiumsalt, is a white substance, powder whichbecomes solid at room temperature.Magnesium stearate is often used as ananti­adherent in the manufacture ofmedical tablets, capsules and powders.

In this regard, the substance is also useful, because it has lubricating properties, preventingingredients from sticking to manufacturing equipment during the compression of chemicalpowders into solid tablets; magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant fortablets.Studies have shown that magnesium stearate may affect the release time of the activeingredients in tablets, etc., but not that it reduces the overall bioavailability of thoseingredients.Magnesium stearate is also used to bind sugar in hard candies like mints, and is acommon ingredient in baby formulas. In pure powder form, the substance can be a dustexplosion hazard, although this issue is effectively insignificant beyond the manufacturing plantsusing it. Magnesium stearate is manufactured from both animal and vegetable oils. Somenutritional supplements specify that the magnesium stearate used is sourced from vegetables.

Compound 3 ­ Titanium DioxideMolecular Formula: TiO2Nonorganic, because it doesn’t contain carbon

Summary: Titanium dioxide, also known astitanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturallyoccurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO2.When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white,Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it issourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has awide range of applications, from paint to sunscreento food colouring.

Compound 4 ­ AspirinMolecular Formula: C9H8O4

Organic, because it contains carbonSummary: Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylicacid, is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesicto relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic toreduce fever, and as an anti­inflammatorymedication. Aspirin is used in the treatment of anumber of conditions, including fever, pain,rheumatic fever, and inflammatory diseases, suchas rheumatoid arthritis, pericarditis, and Kawasakidisease. Lower doses of aspirin have also shown toreduce the risk of death from a heart attack, or therisk of stroke in some circumstances.There is someevidence that aspirin is effective at preventingcolorectal cancer, though the mechanisms of thiseffect are unclear

Category: Personal hygiene and cleaning products

Product Information:

Name: Windex® Original Glass CleanerDescription: A glass cleaner; can be used on glass, windows, mirrors andmore.Ingredients: Water, Isopropyl Alcohol, 2­Hexoxyethanol, Videt EGM,Sodium C14­17 Sec­Alkyl Sulfonate, Ammonium Hydroxide, PropyleneGlycol, Mirapol® Surf S­210, Fragrance from SC Johnson FragrancePalette, Liquitint® Sky Blue Dye

Compound Information:Compound 1 ­ Isopropyl AlcoholMolecular Formula: C3H8OOrganic, because it contains carbon

Summary: Isopropyl Alcohol is a colorless, flammable chemical compound witha strong odor. It is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where thealcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms sometimes shownas (CH3)2CHOH.This compound is primarily produced by combining water andpropene in a hydration reaction. It is also produced by hydrogenatingacetone.The vast majority of isopropyl alcohol was used as a solvent forcoatings or for industrial processes. Isopropyl alcohol in particular is popular forpharmaceutical applications, presumably due to the low toxicity of any residues.

Some isopropyl alcohol is used as a chemical intermediate. Isopropyl alcohol may be convertedto acetone, but the cumene process is more significant. A tiny fraction produced is consumedfor household use and in personal care products. It is also used as a gasoline additive.

Compound 2 ­ 2­HexoxyethanolMolecular Formula: C8­H18­O2Organic, because it contains carbon

Summary: 2­Hexoxyethanol is used as a high­boiling solventand as a chemical intermediate for hexyloxyethyl phosphateand neopentanoate. Not only that, it is also used as acoalescing agent in latex paints and cleaners. There is reasonto believe that it may cause CNS depression and kidneyinjury, severe skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant. Also, the

substance may have effects on the blood." It may also be absorbed through skin.Compound 3 ­ Propylene GlycolMolecular Formula:C3H8O2

Organic, because it contains carbonSummary: Propylene Glycol is a colorless, nearly odorless,clear, viscous liquid with a faintly sweet taste. Not only that, itis also hygroscopic and miscible with water, acetone, andchloroform. 45% of propylene glycol produced is used aschemical feedstock for the production of unsaturated polyesterresins. It is used as an humectant, solvent, and preservative infood and for tobacco products, as well as being one of themajor ingredients of the liquid used in electronic cigarettes. It

is also used in pharmaceutical and personal care products.

Compound 4 ­ Sodium C14­17 Sec­Alkyl SulfonateMolecular Formula: C14H29NaO3SOrganic, because it contains carbon

Summary: Sodium C14­17 Sec­Alkyl Sulfonate is used as permeating agent and wetting agent.Not only that, it is also a cleansing agent and foaming agent in household cleaning.

Compound 5 ­ Ammonium HydroxideMolecular Formula: NH4OHNonorganic, because it does not contain carbon

Summary:Household ammonia is dilute ammonium hydroxide,which is also an ingredient of numerous other cleaning agents,including many window cleaning formulas. In addition to useas an ingredient in cleansers with other cleansing ingredients,ammonium hydroxide in water is also sold as a cleaning agentby itself, usually labeled as simply "ammonia". It may be soldplain, lemon­scented (and typically colored yellow), orpine­scented (green). Commonly available ammonia that hashad soap added to it is known as "Cloudy ammonia".