cabbage
DESCRIPTION
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.TRANSCRIPT
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INTRODUCTION
• Origin-South and Western part of Europe• Native to Europe, growing along the cost of the North
sea• Annual world production -21million tones of
fresh heads from 1.1 million hectares• Cultivate in large extent in Sri Lanka mainly in the up-
country as a year round crop• In the low country it is only during Maha season• Important economical and rotational crop in the major
vegetable growing areas.
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ABOUT THE PLANT
• Roots- adventitious root system• Stem- unbranched stem • Leaves- arises as the growing point
- The outer leaves are green in colour and the inner ones are white
- As the plant grows, the leaves increase in number, forming a ball-shaped “head”
• Bud- formed by overlapping of numerous leaves developing over the growing point of its shortened stem
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VARITIES
• Green Coronet-Firm, Light green, oval shape, up country
• Exotic F1-Medium firm, flattened round, Low country and mid country
• Hercules-Uniform blue green, very firm, semi globe, up country
• Gloria-Firm, flattened globe, up country
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CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS
Temperature• Grow best in a relatively cool and humid climate• In drier atmospheres
-Leaves are petioled and impaired quality of the head
-Poor yield-Difficult to control pest
• Optimum temperatures for growth and development - 18 °C to 20 °C
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Rainfall• Water requirements vary from 380 to 500 mm per
crop• Depend on climate and length of growing season. • Crop water use increases during the growing end
period of the seasonSoil requirement • Can be grown on a wide range of soils • Grow well on well-drained
-moisture-retentive loamy soils-well supplied with organic matter.
• Not grow well on highly acidic soil.
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pH ranges• Ranges 5.5 to 6.5 • Should not be allowed to fall below 4,5• If pH above 6,5 - leaves become dark but leaf
margins die back
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CULTIVATION PRACTICES
Propagation-propagated from seedsSoil preparation-• Clean the land before 8 weeks planting• Ground must be ploughed deeply (can use disk
harrow ) • Soil should be fumigated two weeks before planting
time if necessary, to control nematodes.
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PLANTING• Can be planted
-Direct-seeding -Transplanting of seedlings
Nursery management• 3 m x 1 m size raised bed (about 12 - 15cm raised) is
recommended.• The area should be; - Opened for sun shine, - That should not be cultivated Brassicacie family crops early. - Soil should not be an acid
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• Apply paddy husk and straw layers on the surface of the bed
• Fire from the opposite of the wind direction to sterilize the bed
• Apply 3 - 4 Kg of organic manure • Put seeds about 1 cm deep on the lines that
maintain 10 cm space with the lines• Desired size and only well-hardened, young, stocky
plants should be used to transplant
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• Transplanting is done on moist soil. • In wet areas use raised beds or ridges • It reduce water-logging and stem or root rot
diseases • Apply fungicide to control damping off and
anthracnose.• Water to the bed and mulch it by using paddy
straw.• Cover the beds by using polyethylene
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• It should not be transparent to avoid sun rays and rain
• Plant population and spacing influence head size, head shape and yield
• Plant populations vary according to the target market for a particular crop
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FERTILIZATION
• Requires supplemental fertilization in the form of -manure or compost-N-P-K
• 1 st application –add together with P and K• 2 nd application-3 weeks after transplanting
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IRRIGATION
• Should be irrigated after sowing or transplanting.• Irrigation intervals -10 to 12 days in heavy soils or 8
days in light soils • Should receive enough water for vegetative growth
before forming heads in young plants• Excess moisture -cause plant to damage leaves
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WEED CONTROL• Controlled by
-mechanically -by hand as well -chemically ( application of registered herbicides)
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PEST CONTROL
1.Aphids Types
-Grey cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae)-Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)
Damage -Suck sap from the plant and contaminate the edible product-Causes a chlorosis -Make malformation of the leaf.
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2.Diamond-black moth (Plutella xylostella)Damage- Suck sap from tender growth, resulting in a
whitish, scarred appearance
3.Bagrada bug (Bagrada hilarus)Damage -Suck sap from tender growth, resulting in a whitish, scarred appearance
4.American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)Damage-Larvae feed on the leave
-Destroy the growing points of the plants
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5.Cabbage webworm (Helula spp.)Damage
- Larvae spin a thin web over their feeding places- Destroy the growing point of the plants
6.Greater cabbage moth (Crocidolomia binotalis)Damage
-Larvae spin a thin web over their feeding place-Destroy the growing point of the plants.
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7.Red spider mite-Red spider mites Damage
-Suck, resulting in a bronzing and yellowing
8.Cutworm (Agrotis spp.) Damage
-Cut off the stems of young seedlings close to ground level
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9.Plusia looper (Plusia spp.)Damage
-Plusia looper feeds on the leaves and causes damage by cutting the foliage
10.ThripsDamage
-Contaminate the edible product, thus affecting its appearance or quality
11.Nematodes Damage
- Cause unthrifty and may become stunted
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GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES
• Can be practice-Crop rotation-Use resistant cultivars-Use registered chemicals (information can be
gained from DOA)
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DISEASE CONTROL
1.Damping off (Altenaria spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp.)SymptomsWilt infected seedlings , turn purple and die, and often have no lateral roots.Control- Using treated seed- Sterilizing the seedbed before planting- Removing infected plants when symptoms appear
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2.Sclerotonia rot or white mould (sclerotinia sclerotiorum)
-favored cool, wet conditions Symptoms
Above-ground parts of infected plants may be covered with a white cottony growth
Control-By crop rotation-Planting on ridges or raised beds- Removal and destruction of infected crop residues- Good water management aimed at keeping the soil dry
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3.Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae)- Soil-borne disease -Most severe on acid soils or moderate pH soils that are poorly drained
SymptomsStunting, wilting and purpling of leaves
Control- By practicing sanitation- Practicing crop rotation- Grow transplants in fumigated
beds- Lime the soil
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3.Fusarium wilt or cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f.conglutinans)
Symptoms -Yellow foliage, often mainly on one side of the plant-Leaves become distorted and gradually turn brown and drop prematurely-Discolor vascular area
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Control- By planting resistant cultivars- Growing cabbage in winter- Planting on soils free of disease- Soil fumigation before planting- Practicing crop rotation- Practicing sanitation
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4.Black leg (Phoma lingam)-Seed-borne disease
Symptoms White to light brown lesions with a purple to
black margin develop on the stem and on leaves
Control- Use containerized seedlings.- Do fungicide treatment of seedbed.- Seedbeds should be situated far from old production
fields.- Seedbed should be destroyed if leaf lesions are found
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5.Bacterial leaf spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola)
-Severe in cool, moist weatherSymptoms
-Small, faint, water-soaked areas on the underside of leaves
-Affected areas develop into brownish to purplish grey necrotic spots, fairly irregular after a few days
Control- Do chemical control.- Plant tolerant or resistant cultivars.- Use disease-free seed or seed treated with hot water
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HARVESTING MATURITY
• Crop is harvested when the heads attain their full size
• A fully developed head has a lighter shade of green
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HARVESTING METHODS
• Harvested by hand with a knife
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POST HARVEST HANDLING
• Harvested parts -removed from direct sunlight and transported to the packing shed as soon as possible
• Sorting and grading-The injured leaves should be removed.
• Packing- packed in plastic buckets and
wrap with polythene
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Storage• Store under low temperature • Relative humidity -90 % to 95 % • Remove the discolored butt upon removal from
storage.
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Transport• Use truck • Trucks should not overloaded on the bottom layers
of produce are crushed
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USES
• The whole plant can be consumed cooked or raw as a salad
• Medicinal value -Preventing bladder, stomach, and lung cancer-Prevent stomach pain.-Prevent stomach and intestinal ulcers.-Reduce excess stomach acid.
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IT’S A TREND
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GROUP MEMBERS
• S.RISHIBAMATHANA UWU/EAG/11/0026• D.G.N.R.KARUNARATHNA UWU/EAG/11/0013
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THANK YOU