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Survey of the Architectural Profession in the Commonwealth 1

SURVEY OF THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION IN THE COMMONWEALTH

PLANNING FOR RAPID URBANISATIONCOMMONWEALTH ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTS

Survey prepared by the Commonwealth Association of Architects

Principle contributors: Dik Jarman, Peter Oborn, Joseph Walters

Design by Allies and Morrison, Architects and Urban Planners, London, UK

Twitter: @comarchitect

Web: www.comarchitect.org

Email: [email protected]

Survey published: April 2018

With grateful thanks to all participating member organisations.

PLANNING FOR RAPID URBANISATIONSURVEY OF THE ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION IN THE COMMONWEALTH

INTRODUCTION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

COMMONWEALTH CONTEXT

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

NEXT STEPS

SURVEY METHOD

SURVEY RESULTS

APPENDIX

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

04

07

12

18

27

28

29

66

Planning for Rapid Urbanisation4

Figure 1

World urbanisation prospects3

INTRODUCTION

The Commonwealth Association of Architects (CAA) ‘Survey of the Profession’ is the fi rst such survey to have been undertaken in over thirty years1 and represents an attempt to assess the capacity of the profession to help deliver the targets contained in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development while responding to the United Nations predicted increase in the worlds urban population of 2.5bn by 2050, with nearly 90% of the increase concentrated in Asia and Africa.

UN Habitat estimates that cities today occupy only 2% of the total land area yet are responsible for 70% of global GDP, 60% of global energy consumption, 70% of greenhouse gas emissions and 70% of global waste2.

Well-planned cities contribute to economic, social and environmental well-being while poorly design places are more likely to result in social exclusion, poverty and environmental degradation, as recognised by a growing number of international agreements.

The last known survey was undertaken in 1985 by Alan Wild from the School of Architecture in Auckland, New Zealand.http://habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GRR18_Report.pdfhttps://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/

1

234

1

7bn

more developed countries

less developed countries

2018

6bn

5bn

4bn

3bn

2bn

1bn

1950 19901970 20101960 20001980 2020 2030 2040 2050


Architects, together with other built environment professionals such as planners and engineers, play a central role in the design of the places and spaces where people live.

At Habitat II, held in Istanbul in 1996, World Leaders adopted the Habitat Agenda as a global plan of action to deliver adequate shelter for all, having recognised that cities are the engines of global growth and that urbanisation provides an opportunity to promote sustainable development.

In 2015, Global Leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity comprising 17 Goals. Goal 11 seeks to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable and at Habitat III in 2016 World Leaders adopted the New Urban Agenda which creates a new framework for sustainable urban development.

In its 2018 Global Risk Report4, the World Economic Forum recognised ‘Failure of urban planning’ as one of the ‘global risks’ which, if it occurs, can cause significant negative impact within the next 10 years.

Architects, together with other built environment professionals such as planners and engineers, play a central role in the design of the places and spaces where people live.

At the 9th World Urban Forum, held in Kuala Lumpur in February 2018, over 25,000 delegates met to discuss how best to accelerate the Action Framework for Implementation of the New Urban Agenda (AFINUA). This survey represents a contribution towards that endeavour and its findings are important.

The findings of the survey reveal critical issues in some of the countries of the Commonwealth which are rapidly urbanising and are among the most vulnerable; issues which will be of concern to policymakers and professionals alike.

Vincent CassarCAA President


WHY ARCHITECTS

MATTER

Architects, together with

fellow built environment professionals such as town

planners and engineers, help shape the places and spaces in which we live and work.

An architect’s training imparts knowledge in a broad

range of subjects and develops the ability to solve complex problem using creativity

and design. Good architects are able to use their knowledge, problem solving and design skills to create places that function effi ciently, bring all kinds of benefi ts for their users and add value for their clients while responding

to the local climate and culture.

Well-designed offi ces, for example, enable us to be more

productive while well-designed hospitals encourage patients to recover more quickly and well-designed public spaces not only encourage social interaction but can also

reduce crime and have a positive impact on property values . Well-designed places and spaces contribute to our sense of identity

and create cultural value.

Architects work with government and municipal

authorities to help develop built environment policy, with public and private sector clients to design and

deliver individual projects and with local communities to help realise

their ambitions for the places in which they live.

Together with fellow built environment professionals,

architects have a key role to play in helping to realise the social, economic and environmental opportunities presented by continuing urbanisation and for helping to ensure that we deliver the aims of the New

Urban Agenda for cities to be inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This survey represents an attempt to assess the capacity of the architectural profession in the Commonwealth to help deliver the targets contained in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It comprises a response from a representative number of member organisations from each of the fi ve regions of the Commonwealth, including:

Africa: Botswana, Ghana, South Africa and UgandaAsia: Bangladesh, Hong Kong5, Malaysia, Pakistan and Sri LankaCaribbean and Americas: Antigua and Barbuda and CanadaEurope: Cyprus, Malta and the United KingdomPacifi c: Australia and New Zealand

While Hong Kong is no longer a member of the Commonwealth, the HKIA remains a member of the CAA

5

2

Rate of Urbanisation (%)

Figure 2

Number of architects per thousand population compared with rates of urbanisation.

UK

Hong Kong

Australia

New Zealand

Canada

South Africa

Sri Lanka

Botswana

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Ghana

Uganda

0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0%-1.0%

Hong Kong

New Zealand

South Africa

Bangladesh

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6-0.1

Registered Architects per thousand Population

Antigua and Barbuda

Malaysia


The following are among its principal findings.

There is a critical lack of capacity in a number of Commonwealth countries, many of which are rapidly urbanising and are among the most vulnerable.While no definitive benchmarks exist against which to assess the number of architects required6, figures from OECD7 countries including Australia (0.53), Canada (0.26), New Zealand (0.39) and the United Kingdom (0.58) suggest a ratio of between 0.26-0.58 (average 0.44) architects per 1,000 head of population.

Survey results provide clear evidence of a critical lack of capacity is many parts of the Commonwealth, with ratios of 0.02 in Ghana and Bangladesh, 0.03 in Pakistan, 0.04 in Botswana, 0.05 in Sri Lanka, 0.06 in Malaysia and 0.07 in South Africa, ie indicating a significant shortfall in many countries of the Commonwealth which are also urbanising most rapidly.

The situation in Uganda is even more acute, with only 178 registered architects in a country of over 43 million population, urbanising at a rate of over 5.3% per annum (ie 0.004 architects per 1,000 head of population).

0.53 / 1000Architects per 1,000 of population

0.004 / 1000Architects per 1,000 of population

1.37%Rate of urbanisation

5.30%Rate of urbanisation

Australia

Uganda

The Architects Council of Europe’s 2016 Sector Study has established a figure of 1 architects/1,000 head of population but this is somewhat distorted by Italy, with 2.6 architects/1,000 head of population: https://www.ace-cae.eu/fileadmin/New_Upload/7._Publications/Sector_Study/2016_V2/2016_EN_Full_021017.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm

6

7


UK -The proportion of registered architects who have become

members of RIBA

20%

80%

Pakistan - The proportion of registered architects who have

become members of IAP

There is a corresponding lack of educational and institutional capacity to grow the profession fast enough in a number of Commonwealth countries.While lack of capacity is cause for concern in a number of Commonwealth countries, the rate at which the profession is growing in these same countries is insuffi cient to achieve the same ratios to be found in OECD countries.

Figure 3

Number of architects/k population compared with number of architecture schools/M population.

Hong Kong

United Kingdom

Australia

New Zealand

Botswana

Bangladesh

Pakistan

South Africa

Sri Lanka

Uganda

Ghana

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Canada

0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9

Schools per million population

Architects per thousand population

While the number of registered architects in Ghana, for example, is growing at a faster rate than any of the other respondents, at 10.9% per annum, it is starting from a low base of 484 members and with a ratio of 0.02 architects per 1,000 head of population; insuffi cient for a country of almost 29 million which is urbanising at 3.1% per annum.

Malaysia


Another important consequence of low numbers of architects in many Commonwealth countries is the small pool of professionals from which national institutes are able to attract members, coupled with their relatively low earning potential thereby reducing the institutes ability to develop the profession (ie professional, educational and technical standards) and engage with government on issues of policy making. Membership rates (ie institutional membership/number of registered architects) range from 20% in Pakistan, 33% in India and 80% in the UK, suggesting that institutes need to do more to demonstrate value and relevance.

There is a perceived weakness in built environment policy in many Commonwealth countries in terms of standards, implementation and enforcement.Respondents were invited to comment on the perceived fi tness for purpose of various instruments of built environment policy including planning legislation, building code, health and safety standards etc.

Planning Legislation

Building Code

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Fit for purpose? Implemented effectively?

Figure 4

Effectiveness of Planning Legislation and Building Code

71% 73%

43% 40%


Responses indicate a perceived weakness in a number of areas, both in terms of standards, implementation and enforcement.

Next stepsThis is the first survey of the profession in the Commonwealth to have been undertaken in over 30 years and while it is by no means comprehensive and relies largely on self-reports, its findings highlight a number of significant challenges to the professions ability to contribute to delivery of a more sustainable Commonwealth. The CAA will therefore work with member organisations and other stakeholders to help address the principal findings.

While further research is clearly necessary to both verify some of the survey’s results and secure a wider response, action clearly needs to be taken now to address its findings and, while much is already being done in some of these areas, such is the scale and scope of the challenge that no single agency is going to be capable of addressing all of the issues raised or achieving the transformation required. In order to do so, innovative responses will be required involving partnerships and collaborations between INGO’s, governments, NGO’s, the built environment professions, academia and the private sector. With nearly 75% of Commonwealth country’s eligible to received Official Development Assistance (ODA) finance, opportunities exist to develop programmes which will have lasting impact at scale.

Tomorrow’s cities are being planned and built today and only by addressing these issues now will we be able to realise the potential of urbanisation to create prosperity, stability and a truly sustainable future.


http://thecommonwealth.org/sites/default/files/news-items/documents/CHOGM%202015%20Communique.pdf https://www.chogm2018.org.uk/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charterhttps://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Report.pdfhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.htmlhttp://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data/

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COMMONWEALTH CONTEXT

At the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) held in Malta in 2015, Commonwealth countries welcomed adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and committed to work together to create an enabling environment to implement the agenda8.

The launch of this survey has been timed to coincide with the 25th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) that is due to be held in London in April 2018, in the hope of drawing attention to its findings and focusing effort on tackling the issues raised.

The theme for CHOGM20189 is for the Commonwealth to work collectively: ‘Towards a Common Future’ in accordance with the values and principles declared within the Commonwealth Charter10. At the summit, leaders will come together to focus on delivering: a more sustainable future, a fairer future, a more secure future and a more prosperous future.

The unique character of the CommonwealthWhile urbanisation is a global phenomenon the diversity of the Commonwealth creates a unique set of challenges and opportunities, eg:

The unprecedented scale of the challenge11 in the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth comprises 53 countries with a total population of over 2.4bn, a third of the world’s population, 93% of whom live in Africa (circa 500m) and Asia (circa 1.7bn). India alone is predicted to add 404 million urban dwellers and Nigeria 212 million over the period to 2050, ie over 19 million new urban dwellers per annum or over 1.6 million per month in these two countries alone.

The vulnerability of small island developing states (SIDS). Many countries in the Commonwealth particularly in Pacific and Caribbean regions are small island developing states which are particularly vulnerable to climate change and other impacts due to their small size, fragile economies, lack of resilience in the face of hazards including sea level rise, cyclones, earthquakes and other extreme weather events as evidenced most recently by hurricanes Irma and Maria.

High rates of urbanisation are anticipated in some of the Commonwealth’s most fragile states (ie vulnerability to conflict or collapse). 14 Commonwealth countries are rapidly urbanising at rates of more than 3% per annum12 eg: Rwanda (5.59%), Uganda (5.30%), Tanzania (5.00%), Zambia (4.35%), Nigeria (4.30%), Kenya (4.15%), Malawi (4.02%), Solomon Islands (3.79%), Namibia (3.63%), Cameroon (3.40%), Mozambique (3.36%), Vanuatu (3.23%), Bangladesh (3.19%), and Ghana (3.07%). By comparison, the average among OECD countries participating in the survey is 1.08% per annum.

3


High rates of urbanisation are anticipated in some of the Commonwealth’s most fragile states.

Figure 5

Projected annual rate of urbanisation among respondent countries

Uganda

Bangladesh

Ghana

India

Botswana

Australia

South Africa

Canada

New Zealand

Cyprus

United Kingdom

Malta

5.30%

3.19%

3.07%

2.28%

1.38%

1.37%

1.33%

1.16%

1.11%

0.98%

0.84%

0.82%

0.32%

-0.38%

2.19%Malaysia

Sri Lanka

Antigua and Barbuda

Six Commonwealth countries have a Fragility Index13 of more than 90 (‘Warning’) or over 100 (‘Alert’), ie: Nigeria (101.6), Pakistan (98.9), Kenya (96.4), Uganda (96.0), Cameroon (95.6), and Rwanda (90.8). All of these countries are rapidly urbanising.

Pakistan 2.77%


Urbanisation provides an opportunity to address many of these challenges. An opportunity to use urbanisation to promote prosperity in some of the Commonwealth’s poorest countries: 13 of the 16 Commonwealth countries which are urbanising most rapidly are classified as either ‘Low’ or ‘Low-middle’ income countries by the World Bank14. Several of the countries with the highest rates of urbanisation are home to Commonwealth cities which score poorly on the UN’s City Prosperity Index(CPI)15, namely Accra (44/100), Cape Town (45/100), Johannesburg (36/100), Lagos (36/100) and Nairobi (59/100. For comparison purposes Melbourne scores 75/100.

A need to improve the business environment in country’s experiencing rapid urbanisation: 22 Commonwealth countries score below 50 on Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index16, 7 score below 30 with Mozambique and Cameroon scoring 25. All 7 are rapidly urbanising with 6 of these 7 countries urbanising at rates greater than 3%.

An opportunity to use urbanisation to improve the quality of life for some of the poorest people in the Commonwealth: The five Commonwealth countries with the lowest Human Development Index (HDI)17 are Mozambique (0.418), Sierra Leone (0.420), Malawi (0.476), Uganda (0.493) and Lesotho (0.497), all of which are in Africa. All are classed as Low or Low-middle income, and all are urbanising at 2.72% per annum or more.

An opportunity to engage young people in the creation of their future cities: More than 60% of the population of the Commonwealth are under 30 years of age, most of whom live in cities. The Commonwealth sees young people aged 15-29 as assets to a country’s development who should be empowered to realise their potential. Young people have a proven capability to lead change and are a vital and valuable investment for the future.

A need to strengthen the resilience of cities, especially in those parts of the Commonwealth which are most vulnerable to climate change impacts: High rates of urbanisation are anticipated in parts of the Commonwealth which are most vulnerable to climate change impacts. The five Commonwealth countries with the most vulnerable Climate Risk Indexes (CRI)18 are: Bangladesh (25), Pakistan (30.5), India (37.5), Grenada (40.33) and Dominica (42). The five Commonwealth countries with the biggest financial losses attributable to Climate Risk are: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Australia and the United Kingdom. Three of these countries are rapidly urbanising.

The Commonwealth Association of Architects believes that only by working collaboratively and in partnership will we be able to avoid the risks and capture the potential social, economic and environmental benefits created by the growth of cities.

Tomorrow’s cities are being planned today and only by addressing these issues now will we be able to realise the potential of urbanisation to create prosperity, stability and a truly sustainable future.

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD?year_high_desc=truehttp://cpi.unhabitat.org/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDIhttps://germanwatch.org/en/download/16411.pdf

14

1516

1718


THE COMMONWEALTH IN A NUTSHELL

53independent countries

that work together to pursue common goals which promote

development, democracy and peace.

2.4 billioncitizens

of which more than60% are aged 29 or under.

The Commonwealth spans the globe

and includes both advanced economies and developing

countries, encompasing:

Africa (19 countries),Asia (7), the

Caribbean and Americas (13),

Europe (3),and the Pacifi c (11)

Thirty of our members are small states,

usually with a population under 1.5 million,

and 24 members are small island developing states.

$10.4 tnThe combined gross domestic product of the

Commonwealth countries is estimated at

which by 2020 is predicted to reach

$13.0 tn

Many small and developing Commonwealth countries are

among those with thelowest ecological

footprintsworldwide.

Half of the top 20 global emerging cities are in the

Commonwealth:

New DelhiMumbaiNairobi

Kuala LumpurBangalore

JohannesburgKolkata

Cape TownChennaiDhaka

The Pacifi c nation of Nauru is the smallest Commonwealth

member country with a population of about 10,000. The most populous member

country is India with over 1.2 billion people.

1.2bn10k



URBANISATIONAND THE COMMONWEALTH

The Commonwealth is comprised of 53 countries with a total population of over 2.4bn, a third of the world’s population.

Canada has a population of 36.6 million and a population density of only 3.67 people/sqkm

Antigua and Barbuda has a population of 102,000 with a population growth of 1.21% yet a decreasing urbanisation rate of -0.38%

1.21%

Toronto

The Commonwealth contains many dynamic cities, including some of the world’s most populated, its most important centres of commerce, its fastest growing cities as well as its most liveable.

Top 20 global emerging city and an Alpha city

Top 20 global emerging city

Alpha ++ city

Alpha + city+

++

According to the GaWC index of the Globalisation and World Cities Research Network at Loughborough University as a measurement of cities integration into the global economy. Alpha ++ cities are the most integrated.

Alpha ++ Cities: London, New YorkAlpha + Cities: Singapore, Hong Kong, Paris, Beijing, Tokyo, Dubai, ShanghaiAplha Cities: Sydney, São Paulo, Milan, Chicago, Mexico City, Mumbai, Moscow, Frankfurt, Madrid, Warsaw, Johannesburg, Toronto, Seoul, Istanbul, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Amsterdam, Brussels, Los Angeles


URBANISATIONAND THE COMMONWEALTH

Uganda has a population of 36,860,700 which is growing at the fastest rate of 3.2% with an urban growth rate of 5.3%

5.3%

The United Kingdom has a population of 66 million which is growing at a rate of 0.52% with an urbanisation rate of 0.82%

India has a population of 1.34 billion which is growing at a rate of 1.17% with an urbanisation rate of 2.28%

1.21%

Australia is 89.7% urbanised with an urbanisation rate

of 0.82%

of the population of the Commonwealth live in Africa and

Rate of urbanisation

5.00+%

4.00-4.99%

3.00-3.99%

2.00-2.99%

1.00-1.99%

0.00-0.99%

At 100%, Singapore is the most highly urbanised country in the world. The city-state also has the highest GNI per capita - $85,020.

100% URBAN

93%

0.82%

++

+

+ Sydney

Singapore

+Hong Kong

London

Mumbai Alpha

Kuala Lumpur

Cape Town

Nairobi

New Delhi

Bangalore

Johnnesburg

Kolkata

Chennai

Dhaka

89.7% URBAN


PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

1

The following are among the surveys principal findings:

There is a critical lack of capacity in a number of Commonwealth countries, many of which are rapidly urbanising and are among the most vulnerable.

While no definitive benchmarks exist against which to assess the number of architects required19, figures from OECD20 countries including Australia (0.53), Canada (0.26), New Zealand (0.39) and the United Kingdom (0.58) suggest a ratio of between 0.26-0.58 (average 0.44) architects per 1,000 head of population.

Survey results provide clear evidence of a critical lack of capacity is many parts of the Commonwealth, with ratios of 0.02 in Ghana and Bangladesh, 0.03 in Pakistan, 0.04 in Botswana, 0.05 in Sri Lanka, 0.06 in Malaysia and 0.07 in South Africa, ie indicating a significant shortfall in many countries of the Commonwealth which are also urbanising most rapidly.

The situation in Uganda is even more acute, with only 178 registered architects in a country of over 42 million population, urbanising at a rate of over 5% per annum (ie 0.004 architects per 1,000 head of population). Indeed, anecdotal evidence suggests that there may be no more than 1,600 architects in the whole of East Africa (ie Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania) with a combined population of over 150 million.

While the Indian Institute of Architects is not currently a member of the CAA, information from the Council of Architecture (COA), the national registration body, suggests a total of 59,949 members in a country of circa 1.324 billion population, ie a ratio of 0.045. The COA’s website also provides data for cities having more than 500 architects and this data notes cities such as Mumbai with 5,855 architects, ie a ratio 0.028 for a population of 20.7 million.

4

The Architects Council of Europe’s 2016 Sector Study has established a figure of 1 architects/1,000 head of population but this is somewhat distorted by Italy, with 2.6 architects/1,000 head of population: https://www.ace-cae.eu/fileadmin/New_Upload/7._Publications/Sector_Study/2016_V2/2016_EN_Full_021017.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/https://www.coa.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=32&lid=45

19

2021


Figure 6

Ratio of architects/1,000 population22

UK

Hong Kong

Australia

New Zealand

Antigua and Barbuda

Canada

South Africa

Sri Lanka

Botswana

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Ghana

Uganda

0.580

0.532

0.458

0.390

0.263

0.235

0.067

0.054

0.042

0.029

0.019

0.017

0.004

0.042

0.029

These fi gures should also be seen in the broader context of the capacity of built environment professionals and with research undertaken by Cities Alliance in their report entitled ‘Human Resources Capacity Benchmarking’23 which has established benchmarks for Local Authority staffi ng from which it has suggested shortages in planning capacity at local government level amounting to 857 Planners in Ghana, 388 Planners in Mozambique and 115 Planners in Uganda.

The Institute of Architects Pakistan further illustrates the issues, reporting 5,637 registered architects, with 523 members in the Institute of Planners Pakistan. Based on the ratio’s referred to above, urban population fi gures would suggest a requirement for circa 28,000 architects and 12,000 planners, highlighting a signifi cant shortfall in both disciplines.

While these fi gures, and the ratios upon which they have been based, may be subject to error and are certainly subject to challenge, the fi gures highlight a critical lack of capacity amongst architects and planners in some of the most vulnerable countries of the Commonwealth which are urbanising most rapidly, particularly when set against the targets contained in SDG 11, to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

With regard to the number of registered architects shown for Malta it should be noted that the numbers for Malta include those of Warrant holders as a ‘Perit’, which is a combined profession for Architects and Civil Engineers. Holders of the Warrant graduate from the University as Architects and Civil Engineers. The law is in the process of revision and Warrant holders will, in future, be classifi ed as ‘Perit (Architect)’ and ‘Perit (Civil Engineer)’. Both Warrant holders can undertake work as an architect or as a civil engineer and it will be up to the individual to regulate in which area they practice so long as he is professional competent in that area. In Cyprus, the numbers include both architects and civil engineers. Both sets of data have therefore been truncated here.http://www.citiesalliance.org/sites/citiesalliance.org/fi les/Final%20Report%20on%20Municipal%20Staffi ng%20Toolkit_0.pdf

22

23

Malaysia 0.062

0.5800.580

Malta 2.182


There is a corresponding lack of educational and institutional capacity to grow the profession fast enough in a number of Commonwealth countries While lack of capacity is cause for concern in a number of Commonwealth countries, the rate at which the profession is growing in these same countries is insuffi cient to achieve the same ratios to be found in OECD countries within a realistic timeframe. While the number of registered architects in Ghana, for example, is growing at a faster rate than any of the other respondents, at 10.9% per annum, it is starting from a low base of 484 members and with a ratio of 0.02 architects per 1,000 head of population; insuffi cient for a country of 28 million which is urbanising at 3.1% per annum. At the other end of the spectrum, Uganda, with only 178 registered architects, has been shown to have the most critical shortage yet the profession is only growing at 3.2% per annum while the country is urbanising at 5.3% per annum.

2

Figure 7

Number of architecture schools/1m population

Cyprus

Hong Kong

Malta

Australia

United Kingdom

New Zealand

Botswana

Canada

Bangladesh

Pakistan

South Africa

Uganda

Sri Lanka

3.39

2.28

0.82

0.74

0.70

0.63

0.44

0.33

0.18

0.17

0.16

0.09

0.09

Ghana 0.07

Antigua and Barbuda 0.00

Not all respondents were able to provide suffi cient historic data from which to calculate the growth of the profession. However, if one considers (as a crude measure) the number of architectural schools per 1m head of population then fi gures from Australia (0.74), Canada (0.33), New Zealand (0.63) and the United Kingdom (0.7) suggest that for mature economies an average of circa 0.6 schools per 1m head of population as a guide.

This fi gure compares with survey responses from Ghana (0.07), Sri Lanka (0.09), Uganda (0.09), South Africa (0.16), Pakistan (0.17) and Bangladesh (0.18), highlighting the need for measures to increase capacity over the short, medium and longer term.

Malaysia 0.76


3

While the CAA’s survey focused mainly on the quantum of provision rather than quality of education, it’s experience in this area suggests that quality and consistency of standards is an issue in many parts of the Commonwealth. Similarly, the survey reveals that Continuing Professional Development is only mandatory for 63% of respondents suggesting that the maintenance and development of professional standards may also be an issue.

Another important consequence of low numbers of architects in many Commonwealth countries is the small pool of professionals from which national institutes are able to attract members, coupled with their relatively low earning potential (and hence low subscription levels; see chapter 7.2.5 and 7.1.5) thereby reducing the institutes ability to develop the profession (ie professional, educational and technical standards) and engage with government on issues of policy making. Membership rates (ie institutional membership/number of registered architects) range from 20% in Pakistan, 33% in India and 80% in the UK, suggesting that institutes need to do more to demonstrate value and relevance.

There is a perceived weakness in built environment policy in many Commonwealth countries in terms of standards, implementation and enforcement

Respondents were invited to comment on the perceived fi tness for purpose of various instruments of built environment policy including planning legislation, building code, health and safety standards etc. Responses indicate a perceived weakness in a number of areas including standards, implementation and enforcement.

Planning legislation: Over a quarter of respondents felt their national planning legislation was not fi t for purpose while over 50% considered that it wasn’t being implemented effectively. Malta reported that its planning legislation is neither fi t for purpose nor being implemented effectively.

Building Code: Similarly, over a quarter of respondents felt that their national building code was not fi t for purpose while 60% considered it wasn’t being implemented effectively. Uganda reported that its building code is currently being drafted by its Ministry of Works and Transport while Botswana noted that its building code is neither fi t for purpose nor being effectively implemented.

Cyprus noted that both its planning legislation and building code are outdated and are neither fi t for purpose nor being implemented effectively.

Figure 8

Planning legislation, fi t for purpose?

Figure 9

Building code, fi t for purpose?

Fit for purpose

Implemented effectively

71%

43%

73%

40%


Health & Safety legislation: 20% of respondents reported that Health & Safety legislation was ineffective while 50% of respondents considered that standards were not being adequately enforced. 35% reported no requirement for on-site H&S Officers.

Sustainable Development Goals, target setting: While all members of the Commonwealth have adopted the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals less than 50% of respondents reported that their governments have established targets or have established an effective implementation plan and only 20% reported that their government has appointed a body to oversee delivery of the SDG’s.

Renewable Energy Policies: Less than 50% of respondents reported that their governments have adopted effective renewable energy policies and less than 50% agree that the profession is conversant with the principles of energy efficient design.

COP21 target setting: While practically all members of the Commonwealth have ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), only two thirds of respondents report that their governments have developed COP21 targets, only a third report that their governments have established an effective implementation plan and only Canada reports that its government has designated a body to develop, implement and monitor its climate change commitments.

New Urban Agenda: 40% of respondents report that their governments have embraced the principles of the New Urban Agenda. 25% report that their governments have developed and effective implementation plan but only 2 respondents report that their government has designated a body to deliver its commitments.

The survey also asked a number of further questions related to built-environment policy:

• Inclusive Design Standards: Only 33% of respondents reported that their governments had developed Inclusive Design Standards

• Anti-bribery and corruption legislation: 81% of respondents reported that their governments had established Anti-bribery and Corruption legislation.

• Sustainable design and construction standards: Only a third of respondents reported that their governments have established sustainable design and construction standards.

• National Construction Strategy: Only a third of respondents reported that their governments have developed a National Construction Strategy.

• National BIM Strategy: Only 2 respondents reported that their governments have developed national BIM Strategies.

• Smart Cities Strategy: Only a third of respondents reported that their governments have developed a Smart Cities Strategy.

• City Resilience Strategy: Only a quarter of respondents reported that their governments have established City Resilience Strategies.

• Disaster Management Plans: Nearly three quarters of respondents reported that their governments have developed Disaster Management Plans

The final section of the survey invited participants to respond to a series of questions concerning the challenges facing the built environment and the profession in their country. While the responses support the key findings outlined above, they also identify a number of other areas requiring attention and paint a picture of a profession struggling to explain what it does and why it matters. The following are among a range of responses received:


Sustainable Development Goals Developed?

Effective SDG Implementation Plan?

COP21 Targets Developed?

Effective COP21 Implementation Plan?

Embraced the New Urban Agenda?

Effective NUA Implementation Plan?

Effective Health and Safety Standards Developed?

Effective Renewable Energy Policies Developed?

Effective Inclusive Design Standards Developed?

Anti-Bribery Corruption Legislation?

Sustainability Design Construction Standards?

National BIM Strategy?

Smart Cities Strategy?

City Resilience Strategies?

Disaster Management Plans Developed?

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

National Construction Strategy?

YES

NO

Figure 10

Existence and effectiveness of various built environment legislation and standards

16


RESPONSES RECEIVED FROM THE SURVEY

Changes in salaries, working hours and conditions over the past ten years?

• Working conditions appear to have improved marginally but with long working hours and tight programmes despite advances in technology.

• Salaries appear to have fl at-lined or marginally declined over the period in a number of countries.

• There appear to be better opportunities for women than there were 10 years ago.

What are the most important challenges facing architectural education in your country?

• Lack of education provision, insuffi cient teaching staff coupled with the high cost of education at home and abroad.

• High student/teacher ratios, poorly funded faculties.• Balancing time for teaching design with the increasing

focus on technology.• Building stronger links between education and practice.

What are the most important challenges facing the profession?

• Corruption, public procurement practices, low fees and a reliance on design and build.

• Achieving design quality in the face of strong development pressures combined with poor construction technology.

• Lack of opportunity for young architects and small practices, aggravated by cross border trading practices and an infl ux of large international fi rms.

• Lack of respect/recognition for the profession caused partly by an inability to demonstrate its value coupled with weak regulation of the profession in some countries.

What are the most important challenges facing the built environment?

• Lack of effective built environment legislation, especially poor spatial planning together with outdated building regulations, poorly implemented and enforced.

• Urban sprawl, poor public transport and lack of investment in infrastructure

• Housing and land shortages coupled with affordability.• Sustainability, including climate change, climate adaptation

and resilience


Ways in which the CAA can support your region?

• Advocate the value of architecture and its importance in terms of place making and urban design.

• Advocate the value of architecture to government together with policies which support the profession, eg procurement practices, fees etc

• Develop guidance for cross-border practice.• Promote internship/exchange programmes between member

countries at both faculty and student level.• Provide scholarships for talented students in fi nancial hardship.• Organise regional competitions to help tackle real-world issues

and help secure funding to deliver projects.

Whether the role of the architect on site has improved over the past 20 years?

• Responses from several countries suggest a slow deterioration in the authority of the architect during construction and a rise in the infl uence of para-professionals such as project managers.

How optimistic are you regarding the future of the profession?

• Cautious optimism at best, underpinned by an abiding sense that the profession appears to have diffi culty articulating what it does and why it matters.

• Public sector clients do not appear to understand the value of the profession.

• Noted that in several Commonwealth countries, architects can only be found in the main towns, ie there is considerable potential for growing the profession.

• Threats perceived from unregulated para-professionals.

How optimistic are you

Public perception regarding the role of the architect as a worthwhile profession and as a contributor to the community?

• The growth in popularity as a subject of study appears to have been somewhat offset by a lack of appreciation of the practice of architecture.

• There appears to be a divergence of views and no real consensus regarding the way in which the architect’s role is perceived.


SO, HOW MANY ARCHITECTS DO WE NEED ANYWAY?

Having established a shortfall in the number of architects in a number of Commonwealth countries, on what basis might we assess the number of architects required in each case? Figures from the OECD countries which responded to the survey suggest a ratio of roughly 0.44 architects per 1,000 head of population. These fi gures relate to mature economies and to countries which are, on average, already 85% urbanised. Applying such a ratio to a country such as Uganda, which is currently only 16.8% urbanised would clearly be inappropriate. It may, therefore, be more appropriate to apply the ratio to the urbanised population before then incrementing on an annual basis to refl ect the rate of urbanisation. Applying such a ratio to the urban population of Uganda, for example, would suggest a current shortfall of circa 2,990 architects together with a requirement for a further 275 architects per annum. The calculation upon which this assessment has been made is as follows:

Applying the above method to the other respondent countries showing a shortfall, produces the following results:

A. B. C.D.E.F.G.H.I.J.K.L.M.

Total population UrbanisationUrban populationNumber of existing architectsTotal number of architects requiredShortfall in the number of architects Population growthUrban growth per annum Total population (2019)Urbanisation % (2019)Urban population (2019)Total number of architects required (2019)Additional architects required (2019)

:42,863,000:16.8%:7,200,984:178:3,168:2,990 est

:3.2%:5.3%:44,234,616:17.69%:7,431,415:3,443:275 est

:42,863,000:16.8%:7,200,984:178:3,168:2,990 est

:3.2%:5.3%:44,234,616:17.69%:7,431,415:3,443:275 est

(A x B)

(C x 0.44)(D - E)

(A + (A x G)(B + (B x H)(I x J)(K x 0.44)(L - E)

Country Urban population 2018 (est)

Indicative shortfall, 2018 (est)

Additional Urban population 2019

(est)

Additional requirement, 2019

(est)

1,329,360

37,268,4623,940,870

489

12,626579

39,235

869,53574,027

17

38333

BotswanaGhana

PakistanSouth AfricaSri Lanka

While the above fi gures are purely indicative, they serve to illustrate the scale of the shortfall and of the need to increase capacity. They also illustrate the need to develop alternative approaches to ensure that those places and spaces which are currently being developed are being designed and constructed in a manner that is both safe and sustainable and achieves the aspirations of the SDG’s and the New Urban Agenda. Such approaches may include accelerated learning programmes for existing members of the profession, secondments and/or joint ventures to supplement short term capacity. They will almost certainly also need to include strengthening of planning policy and building code, including implementation and enforcement.

Botswana58,951,860 22,850 2,513,222 1,106Bangladesh

15,945,202 6,532 846,151 372Malaysia 24,034,240 8,618 862,830 380

78,215.352 28,778 3,316,027 1,459


NEXT STEPS5

This is the first survey of the profession in the Commonwealth to have been undertaken in over 30 years and while it is by no means comprehensive and relies largely on self-reports, its findings highlight a number of significant challenges to the professions ability to contribute to delivery of a more sustainable Commonwealth. The CAA will therefore:

1. Disseminate the findings of the survey: The findings will be widely shared with member organisations and a variety of stakeholders in order to promote awareness of the issues raised.

2. Discuss the issues raised with member organisations and key stakeholders: The CAA will engage with member organisations and key stakeholders such as UN Habitat, DfID together with NGO’s and academic partners to discuss the issues raised.

3. Develop an action plan to help address the principal findings: The CAA will develop an action plan to help address the principal findings in partnership with MO’s and key stakeholders

In addition to the above, it is apparent that there is a need for more and better data to fully understand the capacity of Built Environment Professionals in the Commonwealth to respond to the pressures of urbanisation. The CAA will therefore:

4. Encourage more member institutes to participate: In order to enrich the results, a further invitation will be issued to those architectural institutes which have yet to respond, encouraging them to contribute to the survey.

5. Encourage other built environment professions to undertake similar surveys: Anecdotal evidence suggests that the issues revealed by this survey may apply equally to other disciplines. Fellow professionals will therefore be encouraged to undertake similar surveys, eg Commonwealth Association of Planners (CAP), Commonwealth Engineers Council (CEC), Commonwealth Association of Surveyors and Land Economists (CASLE).

6. Undertake the survey more regularly: In order to monitor progress, the survey will be undertaken on a more regular basis.

While further research is clearly necessary to both verify some of the survey’s results and secure a wider response, action clearly needs to be taken now to address its principal findings and, while much is already being done in some of these areas, such is the scale and scope of the challenge that no single agency is going to be capable of addressing all of the issues raised or achieving the transformation required.

In order to do so, innovative responses will be required involving partnerships and collaborations between INGO’s, governments, NGO’s, the built environment professions, academia and the private sector. With nearly 75% of Commonwealth country’s eligible to received Official Development Assistance (ODA) finance, opportunities exist to develop programmes which will have lasting impact at scale.

Tomorrow’s cities are being planned and built today and only by addressing these issues now will we be able to realise the potential of urbanisation to create prosperity, stability and a truly sustainable future.


SURVEY METHOD

The survey consists of 8 principal subject areas and a total of 125 separate questions. The main subject areas are as follows:

1. Country Profile2. The Professional Institute/Chamber/Association3. Nature of the Profession4. Professional Practice5. Education and Training6. The Market7. Architecture and Government Context8. Challenges and Opportunities

The survey was issued to all known architectural associations within the 53 countries of the Commonwealth whether or not currently members of the CAA.

No architectural association could be found in 8 countries of the Commonwealth, many of which are among the most vulnerable to climate change impacts, ie: Kiribati, Mozambique, Nauru, Samoa, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu.

A total of 16 completed questionnaires were returned accounting for 33% of all known associations and representing a cross section of countries across all five regions of the Commonwealth, namely:

• Africa: Botswana, Ghana, South Africa and Uganda.• Asia: Bangladesh, Hong Kong24, Malaysia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka• Caribbean and Americas: Antigua and Barbuda, and Canada• Europe: Cyprus, Malta and the United Kingdom• Pacific: Australia and New Zealand


24

6


SURVEY RESULTS

AAB

GIA

SAIA

USA

HKIA

IAP

SLIA

ABIA

RAIC

CAA

KTP

RIBA

(R)AIA

NZIA

IAB

PAM

Ghana

UKCanada

Antigua and Barbuda

South Africa

BotswanaAustralia

New Zealand

MaltaCyprus

Sri Lanka

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Figure 11

Location of respondents

7

7.1.1 DETAILS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION/CHAMBER/INSTITUTE

Region Country Abbreviation Name

Africa BotswanaGhanaSouth AfricaUganda

AABGIASAIAUSA

Ghana Institute of ArchitectsThe South African Institute of ArchitectsUganda Society of Architects

Type

Architects Association of BotswanaGhana Institute of ArchitectsThe South African Institute of ArchitectsUganda Society of Architects

AssociationInstituteInstituteSociety

Website

www.aab-bw.comwww.gia.org.gh/newwww.saia.org.zawww.architects.ug

Est

1989196919271996

Asia BangladeshHong Kong25

PakistanSri Lanka

IABHKIA

IAPSLIA

Architects Association of BotswanaGhana Institute of Architects

The South African Institute of ArchitectsUganda Society of Architects

Institute of Architects BangladeshThe Hong Kong Institute of Architects

Institute of Architects PakistanSri Lanka Institute of Architects

InstituteInstitute

InstituteInstitute

www.iab.com.bdwww.hkia.net

www.iap.com.pkwww.slia.lk

19721956

19571976

Caribbean and America

Antigua and BarbudaCanada

ABIA

RAIC

Antigua & Barbuda Institute of Architects

Royal Architectural Institute of Canada

Institute

Institute

no current website

www.raic.org

1989

1907Europe Cyprus CAA Cyprus Architects Association Association www.architecture.org.cy 1981

Malta

United Kingdom

KTP

RIBA

Kamra tal-Periti (Chamber of Architects and Civil Engineers)Royal Institute of British Architects

Chamber

Institute

www.ktpmalta.org

www.architecture.com

1920

1834Pacifi c Australia

New Zealand(R)AIANZIA

The Royal Australian Institute of Architects LimitedNew Zealand Institute of Architects Incorporated

InstituteInstitute

www.aab-bw.comwww.nzia.co.nz

19301905

Malaysia PAM Ghana Institute of ArchitectsPertubuhan Akitek Malaysia (Malaysian Institute of Architects)

Institute www.pam.org.my 1920

Uganda Malaysia

Hong Kong



25

7.1 THE ASSOCIATION/CHAMBER/INSTITUTE

7.1.2 ORGANISATION OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION/CHAMBER/INSTITUTE

The RIBA (UK) has a relatively large number of regional chapters to support its sizable membership both within the UK and overseas. The RAIA (Australia) and the NZIA (New Zealand) both have a relatively large number of regional chapters for reasons of geography and climate. RAIA members are supported by an international chapter which reflects the fact that many more Australian architects are now working around the world.

7.1.3 MEMBERSHIP NUMBERS AND GROWTH RATES 2014-1016 INCLUSIVE

While membership growth has been positive for all but one of the institutes, this has not kept pace with growth in the number of registered architects (see Figure 14) in Australia, Cyprus, Pakistan and the UK.

Note: Includes students in some cases (eg 12,643 in the case of the UK)

Region Country National Organisation

Africa BotswanaGhana

YY

Method of Regional Organisation

n/aAUA West Region

Asia Bangladesh

PakistanSri Lanka

Y

YY

n/a

Through Chapters of the IAP National CouncilNational overarching body with regional chapters


Antigua and Barbuda

Y Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) & Single Market Economy

(CSME)

Europe Cyprus Y n/aMalta Y n/a

Pacific AustraliaNew Zealand

YY

National overarching body with 6 regional and 1 international chapter8 regional branches

Regional Organisation

NY

N

YY

Y

NN

YY

Malta

Uganda

Y

Y

National and regional constitutions are complimentary, and all Regions serve on the National Board. Reconstituted in 1997 with 11 Regions.n/a

Y

N

Hong Kong A special administrative region of the Peoples Republic of China. The HKIA comprises 1 Hong Kong office and 1 representative office in Beijing.

Canada Y Several regional chaptersY

United Kingdom Y National overarching body with 11 regional and 5 international chaptersY

Malaysia Y n/aN

Region Country


Asia BangladeshHong Kong

PakistanSri Lanka

Caribbean and America CanadaEurope Cyprus

United KingdomPacific Australia

New Zealand

Malta

Compulsory or Voluntary

VoluntaryCompulsoryVoluntaryVoluntary

VoluntaryVoluntary

VoluntaryVoluntary

Voluntary

Voluntary

Voluntary

VoluntaryVoluntary

Voluntary

Total Members

2014

95389

2,385180

2,6504,072

1,4771,008

4,874

900

40,258

9,4562,731

253

Total Members

2015

98433

2,391191

2,7604,239

1,5591,073

4,883

940

40,832

9,6862,937

290

Total Members

2016

103484

2,372203

3,0894,385

1,6601,155

4,925

980

42,247

9,8912,943

303

Annual Growth Rate

4.0%10.9%-0.3%6.0%

7.6%3.7%

5.8%6.8%

0.5%

4.3%

2.4%

2.3%3.7%

9.0%

Antigua and Barbuda

Voluntary 9 10 11 10.0%

Malaysia Voluntary 3,081 3,221 3,355 4.3%

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ICPEXT/Resources/ICP_2011.html

26


Membership fees vary greatly across the Commonwealth with the Australian Institute being the most expensive in all categories. This is, however, offset by the relatively high salaries enjoyed by Australian architects (see 7.2.5).

While many respondents provided responses in local currency, Botswana, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Cyprus and Australia all gave figures in GBP.

Region Country

Africa Botswana (GBP)Ghana (Cedis)South Africa (Rand)Uganda (Shilling)

Asia Bangladesh (GBP)Hong Kong (Dollar)

Pakistan (Rupee)Sri Lanka (GBP)


Canada (Dollar)Europe Cyprus (GBP)

United Kingdom (GBP)Pacific Australia (GBP)

New Zealand (Dollar)

Malta (Euro)

Chartered

40.00 200.00804.00

600,000.00

15.112,400.00

-21.21

385.00

-

411.00

640.00406.66

80.00

Associate

30.00 200.00348.00

-

10.072,400.00

1,500.0013.25

415.00

17.00

246.00

640.00216.82

80.00

Student

5.00100.00

-22,000.00

3.02100.00

FREE1.33

FREE

FREE

FREE

53.00FREE

12.00

Affiliate

--

372.00-

-1,200.00

1,500.00-

415.00

-

123.00

-216.82

-

Retired

--

384.00-

-1,000.00

FREE-

185.00

-

83.00

151.0082.08

12.00

International

---

1,100,000.00

-1200.00

--

250.00

-

328.00

320.00293.81

-

Fellow

FREE200.00FREE

1,000,000.00

15.113,600.00

1,500.0037.10

385.00

-

FREE

604.00406.66

-

Antigua and Barbuda(Dollar)

250.00 100.00 - - - - -

Malaysia (Ringgit) 500 - FREE - 250 500 500

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


CanadaEurope Cyprus


New Zealand

Malta

Chartered

£40.00 £178.53£105.14£449.39

£15.11£274.34

-£21.21

£193.43

-

£411.00

£640.00£170.86

£89.47

Associate

£30.00 £178.53£45.51

-

£10.07£274.34

£38.46£13.25

£208.51

£17.00

£246.00

£640.00£91.10

£89.47

Student

£5.00£89.27

-£16.48

£3.02£11.43

FREE£1.33

FREE

FREE

FREE

£53.00FREE

£13.42

Affiliate

--

£48.65-

-£137.17

£38.46-

£208.51

-

£123.00

-£91.10

-

Retired

--

£45.51-

-£114.31

FREE-

£92.95

-

£83.00

£151.00£34.49

£13.42

International

---

£823.89

-£137.17

--

£125.61

-

£198.00

£320.00£123.45

-

Fellow

FREE£35.92FREE

£748.99

£15.11£411.52

£38.46£37.10

£193.43

-

FREE

£640.00£170.86

-

Antigua and Barbuda

£90.17 £36.07 - - - - -

Malaysia £213.95 - FREE - £106.98 £213.95 £213.95

7.1.4a MEMBERSHIP FEES BY CATEGORY OF MEMBERSHIP (converted to GBP and adjusted for purchasing Power Parity26)

7.1.4 MEMBERSHIP FEES BY CATEGORY OF MEMBERSHIP (in currencies selected by the respondent)


Figure 12

A comparison between the membership fee of a Chartered member and GNI

This fi gure illustrates the cost of membership in relation to Gross National Income showing the relative affordability of membership. Clearly, those institutes which can convert a higher proportion of registered architects as members, and can charge a relatively higher membership fee, have greater resources with which to fund activity.

7.1.5 MEMBERSHIP NUMBERS BY CATEGORY OF MEMBERSHIP

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka

Caribbean and America Canada

Europe Cyprus

United Kingdom

Pacifi c AustraliaNew Zealand

Malta

Chartered

--

2,083178

1,0053,370

--

2,405

-

27,777

5,169241

303

Associate

92484

-25

1,63834

1,1001,035

106

980

745

9711,513

-

Student

---

38

17210

-1,073

1,494

438

12,643

1,161902

-

Affi liate

--

72-

-15

11,167-

42

-

640

762319

-

Retired

--66

436179

60107

744

-

442

193241

-

Antigua and Barbuda

8 3 - - -

The larger institutes offer more categories of membership to refl ect the progress of members throughout their professional careers.

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

$70,000

£100

£200

£300

£400

£500

£600

£700

$0 £0

Hong

Kong

Austral

ia

Canad

a

United

King

dom

New Z

ealan

dM

alta

Mala

ysia

Antigu

a and

Barb

uda

Botsw

ana

South

Afric

a

Sri La

nka

Ghana

Bang

lades

h

Malaysia 1,89127 - 1,100 - 93

The Malaysian Institute (PAM) refers to ‘chartered’ members as ‘corporate’ members

27

Ugana

da

GNI per capita (PPP) ($int)

Chartered Fee (£GBP PPP)


Figure 13

Total number of members by membership category

Num

ber

of M

embe

rs

4,000

8,000

12,000

16,000

20,000

24,000

28,000

32,000

36,000

40,000

44,000

0

Figure 14

Total number of members compared with total number of registered architects

The chart illustrates the way in which some institutes are maximising their membership by retaining/attracting graduates, affi liates, students, retirees and overseas members.

United

King

dom

Austral

ia

Canad

a

Mala

ysia

New Z

ealan

d

Pakis

tan

South

Afric

a

Cyprus

Sri La

nka

Ghana

Malt

a

Ugand

a

Botsw

ana

Antigu

a and

Barb

uda

Registered Architects 2016

Total Members 2016

United

King

dom

Austral

ia

Canad

a

Hong

Kong

Bang

lades

h

New Z

ealan

d

South

Afric

a

Pakis

tan

Sri La

nka

Cyprus

Ghana

Malt

a

Ugand

a

Botsw

ana

Antigu

a and

Barb

uda

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

0

Mala

ysia

Bang

lades

h

Hong

Kong

Num

ber

of M

embe

rs

400

800

1,200

1,600

2,000

2,400

2,800

3,200

3,600

4,000

0

Hong

Kong

Mala

ysia

Bang

lades

h

New Z

ealan

d

Pakis

tan

South

Afric

a

Cyprus

Sri La

nka

Ghana

Malt

a

Ugand

aM

alta

Ugand

a

Fellow Affi liateStudent Associate Chartered


UIA CAA ACE UMAR ARCASIA SAARCH

AUA ICOMOS EFAP ECCE DoCoMoMo

This table shows the way in which student competitions are being used to stimulate engagement with younger members of the profession. The RIBA’s annual ‘Presidents Medal’ dates back to 1836 and attracts entries from around the world. In 2017 the CAA co-hosted a student charrette with the RIBA on the theme of the Sustainable Development Goals and the new Urban Agenda. The charrette included students from 11 nations of the Commonwealth

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

UIA

NYYY

YY

YY

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

CAA

YYYY

YY

YY

N

Y

Y

YY

Y

ACE

NNNN

NN

NN

N

Y

Y

NN

Y

UMAR

NNNN

NN

NN

N

Y

N

NN

Y

ARCASIA

NNNN

YY

YY

N

N

N

YN

N

Antigua and Barbuda

Y Y N N N

SAARCH

NNNN

YN

YY

N

N

N

NN

N

AUA

NYYY

NN

NN

N

N

N

NN

N

Other

NoneNoneICOMOS, DoCoMoMoNone

NoneNone

NoneNone

None

None

None

NoneNone

EFAP, ECCE

N N None

Malaysia Y N N N Y N N None

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

Organised Student Design Competitions

NNNY

NN

YY

N

Y

Y

YY

N

Frequency (per year)

n/an/an/a1

n/an/a

41

n/a

1

4

2-

n/a

Satisfactory response

n/an/an/aY

n/an/a

Y-

n/a

Y

-

NY

n/a

Reason

n/an/an/an/a

n/an/a

--

n/a

-

-

Low Participation-

n/a

Antigua and Barbuda

N n/a n/a n/a

Hong Kong N n/a n/a n/aHong Kong N n/a n/a n/aMalaysia Y 10-15 N 1. Insufficient number of participants

2. Always the same students participate3. Insufficient support from the faculty and lecturers

7.1.6 MEMBERSHIP OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

7.1.7 MEMBERSHIP OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

: International Union of Architects : Commonwelath Association of Architects: Architects Council of Europe: Union of Mediterranean Architects : Architects Registration Council of Asia : South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation of Architects

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

: African Union of Architects: International Council on Monuments and sites: European Forum for Architectural Policies: European Council of Civil Engineers: International Committee for Documentation and Conservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the Modern Movement


In recent years, Botswana and Fiji have both reviewed their registration acts. The CAA has drawn upon the experience of its member organisations to provide advice thereby helping to share best practice.

7.2.2 REGULATION GOVERNING SUPPLANTING AND ADVERTISING

7.2 THE PROFESSION

7.2.1 REGULATION OF THE PROFESSION

When the matter of supplanting was raised in the CAA’s survey of 198528 Australia reported that this issue gave rise to the greatest number of complaints, but this has since become the subject of regulation and is now less problematic. Interestingly, however, it appears to remain a problem in several other countries despite the regulations prohibiting it.

The last known survey was undertaken in 1985 by Alan Wild from the School of Architecture in Auckland, New Zealand.

28

Region Country

Africa BotswanaGhanaSouth Africa

UgandaAsia Bangladesh

Hong Kong

Pakistan

Sri Lanka


Europe Cyprus


New Zealand

Malta

Regulation Law

Act of ParliamentArchitect Act 1969 (N.L.C.D 357)The Act for the Architectural Profession - Act 44 of 2000Architects Registration Act, Cap 269

Dhaka Imarat Nirman BidhimalaArchitects Registration Ordinance

PCATP Ordinance IX of 1983

Law 224/1990

Architects Act 1997

Architects ActRegistered Architects Act 2005

Periti Act - Chapter. 390 of the Laws of Malta

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua & Barbuda Architects

Registration Act

Regulator

Architect’s Registration CouncilArchitects Registration CouncilThe South African Council for the Architectural Profession (SACAP)Architects Registration Board

Rajuk & CDAArchitects Registration Board, HKSAR

Pakistan Council of Architects and Town Planners (PCATP)

Technical Chamber of Cyprus (ETEK)

Architects Registration Board (ARB)

Architects Registration BoardNew Zealand Registered Architects Board

Periti Warranting Board

Ministry of Legal Affairs

Mutual Recognition Agreements

NoneNoneNone

None

NoneNone

None

EU

EU,EEA

PAM, SIA, NZIA, RAIC, AIAAustralia, APEC, USA

EU

EU

Amended Act of Parliament 1976 Extraordinary Government Gazette notification of Regulation of SLIA

None

Canada Individual acts and regulations of each province or territory

See individual act by province or territory USA, Mexico, Australia and New Zealand (APEC)

Malaysia Architects Act 1967 The Board of Architects Malaysia ASEAN Architect MRA, signatory to APEC Architect Project

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

Reg against Supplanting?

-YNY

-‘Silent’

Y-

Y

-

Y

YY

Y

Is supplanting a problem?

-YNY

-N

Y-

N

-

Y

NN

N

Antigua and Barbuda Y Y

Is advertising allowed?

--YN

-‘Silent’

N-

Y

-

Y

Y-

N

N

Malaysia Y Y Y


Note: With regard to the number of registered architects shown for Malta and Cyprus it should be noted that the numbers for Malta include those of Warrant holders as a ‘Perit’, which

is a combined profession for Architects and Civil Engineers. Holders of the Warrant graduate from the University as Architects and Civil Engineers. The law is in the process of revision and

Warrant holders will, in future, be classified as ‘Perit (Architect)’ and ‘Perit (Civil Engineer)’. Both Warrant holders can undertake work as an architect or as a civil engineer and it will be

up to the individual to regulate in which area they practice so long as he is professional competent in that area. In Cyprus, the numbers include both architects and civil engineers. It is

understood that most of the architects in Uganda (population circa 40m and urbanising at over 4% per annum) operate from the capital, Kampala.

A graduate is defined as anyone who has passed a bachelor or master’s degree in architecture but has not yet sat their professional practice exam.Uganda notes there are many unregistered and unregulated persons practicing and doing the work of an architect, which results in sub-standard work. So, yes, Uganda has 178 practicing architects, but there are another undocumented diploma holders, graduates, etc delivering work.Obtained from Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia (LAM), the Board of Architects Malaysia. 2018 figures.

29

30

31

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

Registered Architects

(2014)

-389

3,349167

-3,072

4,7591,008

-

1,700

35,157

11,090-

830

Antigua and Barbuda

23


(2015)

-433N

174

-3,262

5,1501,078

-

1,845

36,678

13,000-

874

23


(2015)

96484

3,77217830

3,0893,367

3,3671,155

9,626

2,111

38,258

13,0001,846

958

24

Annual Growth Rate (%)

-10.9%5.9%3.2%

-4.6%

8.4%6.8%

-

10.8%

4.2%

7.9%-

7.2%

2.1%

Registered Architects per 1000 population

0.0420.0170.0670.004

0.0190.458

0.0290.054

0.263

1.789

0.580

0.5320.390

2.182

0.235

Graduate Architects29

-48462351

--

-160

3,616

200

900

1,300574

51

20

7.2.3 NUMBER OF REGISTERED ARCHITECTS AND GRADUATES IN EACH COUNTRY

Malaysia - - 2,05931 4.6% 0.458 -


0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

Uganda

Ghana

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Botswana

Sri Lanka

South Africa

Antigua and Barbuda

Canada

New Zealand

Hong Kong

Australia

United Kingdom

Cyprus

Malta

0.067

0.458

0.390

0.532

0.263

0.235

0.580

1.789

2.182

0.054

0.042

0.029

0.019

0.017

0.004

AfricaAsiaCaribbean and AmericaEuropeOceania (Pacifi c)

Registered Architects per 1000 population

Setting aside the anomalies created by the combination of architects and engineers in Cyprus and Malta (see note accompanying 7.2.3), these ratios evidence the critical lack of capacity in a number of Commonwealth countries which are rapidly urbanising and are among the most vulnerable.

Figure 15

Ratio of Architects per 1,000 population

While all respondents report growth in the number of registered architects, it should be noted that the rates of growth are insuffi cient to achieve the sort of ratio’s (ie: architects/1,000 head of population) to be found OECD countries and other measures will be required. A recent survey by the Commonwealth Association of Planners (CAP) suggests that similar issues affect the planning profession in a number of Commonwealth countries.

Figure 16

Annual growth in the number of registered architects

2%

4%

6%

8%

12%

0%

10%

Regi

ster

ed A

rchi

tect

s A

nnua

l Gro

wth

Rat

e (%

)

Ghana

Cyprus

Pakis

tan

Austral

iaM

alta

Sri La

nka

South

Afric

a

Hong

Kong

United

King

dom

Ugand

a

Antigu

a and

Barb

uda

2.50

Malaysia 0.062

10.9% 10.8%

8.4%7.9%

7.2%6.8%

5.9%

4.6%4.2%

3.2%

2.1%


Institutes which fail to convert registered architects as members are progressively losing market share and will need to work harder to demonstrate the value of membership.

Figure 18

Comparison between the growth rate of membership and registered architects (%)

1

0

Ann

ual G

row

th R

ate

(%)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Figure 17

Number of registered architects, 2014-2016

2,000

4,000

22,000

0

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

24,000

26,000

28,000

30,000

32,000

34,000

36,000

38,000

40,000

20,000

Num

ber

of R

egis

tere

d A

rchi

tect

s

United

King

dom

Austral

ia

Canad

a

Pakis

tan

South

Afric

a

Hong

Kong

Bang

lades

h

Cyprus

Mala

ysia

New Z

ealan

d

Sri La

nka

Malt

a

Ghana

Ugand

a

Botsw

ana

Antigu

a and

Barb

uda

Austral

ia

Bang

lades

h

Botsw

ana

Canad

a

Cyprus

Ghana

Hong

Kon

gM

alta

New Z

ealan

d

Pakis

tan

South

Afric

a

Sri La

nka

Ugand

a

United

King

dom

Hong

Kon

g

Hong

Kon

g

Ghana

Ghana

Cyprus

Canad

a

Canad

a

Botsw

ana

Botsw

ana

Bang

lades

h

Bang

lades

h

Austral

ia

Antigu

a and

Barb

uda

Antigu

a and

Barb

uda

New Z

ealan

d

Pakis

tan

South

Afric

a

Sri La

nka

Ugand

a

United

King

dom

-1

Antigu

a and

Barb

uda

Mala

ysia

201420152016

Total Members



The issue of gender balance has been a subject of considerable interest in recent years with a continuing trend of more women leaving the profession than men over their lifetime even though the number of women studying architecture has increased in many places32. It is noted that the ratios for the UK and Australia are relatively low and may be accounted for by the relatively high cost of childcare and reduced family support. It is interesting to compare these fi gures with similar surveys undertaken in Europe33 and the US34 where the female ratios are 38% and 18% respectively.

Figure 19

Ratio of female to male architects

In 2015, Nottingham University reports the ratio of female to male fi rst year students as being 69!http://www.ace-cae.eu/fi leadmin/New_Upload/7._Publications/Sector_Study/2016/2016_EN_FN_070217_new.pdf http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-stratigakos-missing-women-architects-20160421-story.html

32

33

34

Male

Female

Cyprus

Sri Lanka

Malta

Canada

Pakistan

Hong Kong

United Kingdom

Australia

New Zealand

South Africa

Antigua and Barbuda

0%

Uganda

Botswana

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

7 93

19 81

20 80

21 79

22 78

23 77

26 74

32 68

33 67

35 65

36 64

41 59

44 56

7.2.4 LEGAL FORMS OF ASSOCIATION PERMITTED IN EACH COUNTRY

Malaysia 19 81

Region Country



Hong Kong

PakistanSri Lanka


Europe Cyprus

United KingdomPacifi c Australia

New Zealand

Malta

Partnership Architectural Practices Allowed

-Y

Y

YY

YY

Y

Y

YY

Antigua and Barbuda

Y

Limited Liability Companies Allowed

-N

Y

YY

YY

Y

Y

YY

Y

Other forms

No responseSole Practitioners

-

Sole PractitionersSole Practitioners

Sole PractitionersSole Practitioners

Sole Practitioners

Sole Practitioner, PLC, LLP, LC

Sole PractitionersSole Practitioners, Joint Venture, Alliance

Sole Practitioners

Y Y Sole Practitioner, Close Corporation, Incorporated Company, Business Trust

Y Y Sole Practitioners, Partnership of Corporations, Joint venture Partnerships

Y N A limited liability company can offer architect.ural services provided the professional is identifi ed

Malaysia Y Y Sole Practitioners


Only a handful of respondents were able to answer this question and the wide variety of responses received suggests that this data should be treated with caution.

Figure 20

Fields of employment

Figure 21

Employment Status

Other Employment Central Government or Public AgenciesPrivate Salaried ArchitectsPrivate Partners or Directors

Only a handful of respondents were able to answer this question and the wide variety of responses received suggests that this data should be treated with caution.

Antigua and

Barbuda

Australia Malta New Zealand

Sri Lanka United Kingdom

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

%

Antigua and

Barbuda

Australia Malta United Kingdom

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

%

Sri Lanka

Not Working (Other Reasoons)UnemploymentPart-TimeFull-Time


Note: Ghana, Botswana, South Africa, Bangladesh, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Canada and Cyprus did not provide any data.

7.2.5 AVERAGE ANNUAL SALARIES (in currencies selected by the respondent)

7.2.5a AVERAGE ANNUAL SALARIES (converted to GBP and adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity35)

While many respondents provided responses in local currency, Australia and Pakistan both gave figures in GBP.

Note: Ghana, Botswana, South Africa, Bangladesh, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Canada and Cyprus did not provide any data.

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ICPEXT/Resources/ICP_2011.html35

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

Sole Practitioners

---

54,000,000

--

20,000-

-

-

36,651

--

25,000

Antigua and Barbuda

72,355

Architects in Partnership

---

72,000,000

--

40,000-

-

-

-

49,000101,000

57,500

72,355

Principals in Partnership

---

108,000,000

--

65,000-

-

-

55,500

101,000120,000

57,500

125,898

Private Practice Salaried

---

36,000,000

--

10,000-

-

-

40,000

46,00082,000

21,300

23,153

Architects in Local Authorities

---

72,000,000

--

6,000-

-

-

42,000

-70,000

28,950

24,311

Architects in Central Government

---

72,000,000

--

6,000-

-

-

56,500

-82,000

28,950

23,443

Malaysia - - - - - -

Region Country

Africa BotswanaGhanaSouth AfricaUganda (Shilling)


Pakistan (GBP)Sri Lanka


United Kingdom (GBP)Pacific Australia (GBP)

New Zealand (Dollar)

Malta (Euro)

Sole Practitioners

---

£40,425

--

£20,000-

-

-

£36,651

--

£27,957

Antigua and Barbuda (Dollar)

£26,083

Architects in Partnership

---

£53,900

--

£40,000-

-

-

-

£49,000£42,412

£64,301

£26,083

Principles in Partnership

---

£80,850

--

£65,000-

-

-

£55,500

£101,000£50,390

£64,301

£45,384


---

£26,950

--

£10,000-

-

-

£40,000

£46,000£34,433

£23,819

£8,346


---

£53,900

--

£6,000-

-

-

£42,000

-£29,394

£32,374

£8,764


---

£53,900

--

£6,000-

-

-

£56,500

-£34,433

£32,374

£8,451

Malaysia - - - - - -


7.2.6 LICENSING REQUIREMENTS

It is interesting to note the Institute of Architects Bangladesh also serves as the registration body. In all other cases, the registration authority is a separate entity from the membership body.

Figure 22

Annual salaries for different grades adjusted for purchasing power parity

£0

£20,000

£40,000

£60,000

£80,000

£100,000

£120,000

Sole Practitioners Architects in Partnership

Principles in Partnership




Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

Practicing licence

required?

YYYY

YY

YY

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Antigua and Barbuda

N

Registration body

Architects Registration Council (ARC)Architects Registration CouncilSouth African Council for the Architectural Profession (SACAP)The Regulatory body, Architects Registration Board

Institute of Architects BangladeshArchitects Registration Board

Pakistan Council of architects and Town Planners (PCATP) Architects Registration Board (ARB)

Provincially self-regulating professional associations

Technical Chamber of Cyprus (ETEK)

Architects Registration Board (ARB)

Registration Boards in each territory/stateNew Zealand Registration Architects Board (NZRAB)

The Minister on the recommendation of the Warranting Board

Antigua & Barbuda Architects Registration Board

Graduate training required

YYYY

YY

YY

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

Period of training (years)

-222

--

-2

2

1

2

3,300 hours experience2-3

1

-

Malaysia Y The Board of Architects Malaysia Y -

UgandaPakistanAntigua and BarbudaMaltaUnited KingdomAustraliaNew Zealand


While the title ‘architect’ is protected and a building permit is required in the majority of countries, it is noted that an architect is only required for construction projects in a minority of countries. Anecdotal evidence suggests that enforcement of building code is weak in a number of countries and this may be partly due to the fact that, in most Commonwealth countries, there is no requirement for a qualified professional to prepare the building permit application or undertake routine site inspections.

7.2.8 USE OF MANDATORY FEE SCALES

While many countries still appear to be operating recommended fee scales, it is noted that only Botswana, Ghana and Uganda are obliged to use them. The use of recommended fee scales was banned in Australia and the UK in the 1980’s as they were deemed as being anti-competitive.

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


Europe Cyprus


New Zealand

Malta

NNNY

NN

YY

Varies; based on occupancy type and size

Y

N

Architect or Registered Building Practitioner

N

Y

Antigua and Barbuda

N

Architect required for construction work?

YYY-

YY

YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Building permits required for construction work?

Malaysia N Y

7.2.7 BUILDING PERMIT REQUIREMENTS

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


United Kingdom


Malta

YYYY

YN

YY

Y

N

N

NN

Y

Antigua and Barbuda

Y

Recommended Schedule of Fees for Architect Services

YYNY

Nn/a

NN

N

n/a

n/a

n/an/a

N

N

Obligation to Respect this Schedule

ARCMinistry of Works and HousingSACAP-

IABn/a

PCATP-

RAIC

n/a

n/a

n/an/a

Code of Organisation and Civil Procedure

ABIA

Schedule Issuing Authority

Malaysia Y Y The Board of Architects Malaysia


7.2.9 TYPE OF FEE AGREEMENTS PERMITTED

7.2.10 PROFESSIONAL INDEMNITY INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS

Professional indemnity insurance is intended to protect all parties in the event of failure yet is only required by 27% of respondents. It is understood that Ghana and Malta are in the process of implementation a programme of mandatory insurance. It should be noted that both the RIBA (UK) and RAIA (Australia) offer insurance products to their members thereby creating both a benefit for members and an income stream for the institute.

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

Percentage of Contract Value

-YY-

Y

YY

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Antigua and Barbuda

Y

Lump Sump

-YY-

Y

YY

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

Hourly Charge

-YY-

N

NN

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

No Charge Agreed

(‘At Risk’)

--Y-

N

YN

N

N

N

N-

N

-

Other Methods

--

Negotiated price-

Floor Area Basis

-Floor Area Basis

Upset limit, combination

Fee Tender for Government Projects

-

--

-

-

Y Y Y N GMP, New Engineering Contract (NEC), similar forms with conditions to allow adjustment of fee

Malaysia - - - - -

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

Mandatory Professional Indemnity Insurance

YNN-

NRequired on project and client basis

NN

Y

N

Y

YN

N

Antigua and Barbuda

N(but encouraged)

Period of Liability and Regulation

ARC in process of generating standard requirements-

5 years-

-Determined by services agreement and civil law

--

Varies by province

-

6 years for ordinary contracts, 12 years for secured contracts

Regulated by State based legislation. The period of liability varies7 - 10 years

15 years, regulated in the Civil Codes of the Laws of Malta

-

Malaysia N -


While no benchmarks exist regarding the number of schools of architecture per head of population, it will be noted that the average for developed economies such as the Australia, Hong Kong and Australia is around 0.70 schools per million head of population. It is interesting to compare this with fi gures from other, especially those from countries which are rapidly urbanising as this highlights the urgent need to fi nd alternative means by which to accelerate capacity development. While not captured by the survey responses, it is known that issues also exist regarding the lack of consistency of education standards among certain Commonwealth countries. The CAA helps to support education standards by means of its of its validation process36.

http://www.comarchitect.org/schools/36

Figure 23

Number of architecture schools

7.3 EDUCATION AND TRAINING

7.3.1 NUMBER AND TYPES OF SCHOOLS OF ARCHITECTURE

United Kingdom

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Australia

Canada

South Africa

Hong Kong

Uganda

Cyprus

New Zealand

Sri Lanka

Ghana

Botswana

0 5 10

Malta

Antigua and Barbuda

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5050

46

33

30

18

12

9

6

4

4

3

2

2

1

1

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


CanadaEurope Cyprus


New Zealand

Malta

Antigua and Barbuda

£42.79

£236.17

0.17

Total Schools

129

306

332

12

4

46

183

1

0

Schools/m population

0.440.070.160.10

0.180.82

0.09

0.33

3.42

0.70

0.750.64

2.29

0.00

4

Malaysia £236.1724 0.76

Malaysia 24


Figure 24

Total number of schools of architecture v population (trend line represents the average number of schools/million population for

OECD countries, ie Australia, Canada, New Zealand and UK).

7.3.2 RECIPROCAL EDUCATION AGREEMENTS

Over 50% of respondent’s report having no reciprocal arrangements with other countries thereby limiting opportunities for students to gain broader experience in an increasingly globalised profession. While students can of course apply independently to study overseas, the cost of tuition is often prohibitively expensive and can only be afforded by the wealthy.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

Tota

l Sch

ools

of A

rchi

tect

ure

Population (Millions)

Countries to the left of trend have more schools than average. Countries to the right have fewer schools than average.

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


CanadaEurope Cyprus

United Kingdom

Pacifi c AustraliaNew Zealand

Malta

Antigua and Barbuda

£40.00

£15.11

New Zealand, Hong Kong, SingaporeVaries across schools

International Reciprocal Education Agreements

NYYN

NY

NN

N

N

YY

N

Y

Countries with Reciprocal Agreements

n/a

-n/a

n/a

n/an/a

n/a

n/an/a

CARICOM Countries

Michigan State University, internships

Australia, New Zealand, China PRC

Y ERASMUS; SOCRATES; LEONARDO programmes, typically with EU countries

Malaysia N n/a

Bangladesh

Pakistan

United Kingdom

Malaysia

Australia

Canada

South Africa

UgandaSri Lanka Ghana

Hong Kong

Botswana

CyprusNew Zealand

MaltaAntigua

and Barbuda

0


7.3.3 NATIONAL VALIDATION AUTHORITY

It is noted that Botswana does not currently have a validation body. Antigua and Barbuda did not provide a response to this question.

7.3.4 CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) is important if architects are to keep abreast of current practice in terms of design, technology contract law etc. yet only 60% of respondents consider CPD to be a mandatory requirement and this may be due in part to the ability of the Institute to deliver a CPD programme. It is noted that Malta is in the process of developing its mandatory CPD requirements.

Region Country

Africa Botswana


Sri LankaCaribbean and America

CanadaEurope Cyprus

Pacific

New Zealand

Malta

Antigua and Barbuda

Validation Authority

No current validation authority

Institute of Architects Bangladesh (IAB)The Hong Kong Institute of Architects and Architects Registration Board

Sri Lanka Institute of Architects (SLIA)

Canadian Architectural Certification Board

Ministry of Education and Culture

Australia and New Zealand Architecture Programme Accreditation

Assessed by external examiner, institution, and at national level

-

Ghana National Accreditation Board (NAB) and Commonwealth Association of Architects (CAA)

South Africa The South African Council for the Architectural Profession (SACAP) and the CAA

Pakistan Higher Education Commission (HEC) and the Pakistan Council of Architects and Town Planners (PCATP)

United Kingdom Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)

Australia Australian Institute of Architects ((R)AIA); Architects Accreditation Council of Australia

Uganda National Council of Higher Education and CAA

Malaysia Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia (LAM), the Board of Architects Malaysia

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


Europe Cyprus

United Kingdom

Pacific Australia

New Zealand

Malta

Mandatory CPD

YNYY

YY

NN

Y

N

Y

Y

N

Antigua and Barbuda

N

Hours Required (per year)

--

20-

-25

--

Varies by province

-

35

20

-

-

CPD Regulator

ARC-SACAPArchitects Registration Board

IABHKIA

--

Provincial associations

-

ARB and RIBASoon to be Kamra tal-Periti

-

Consequences of not meeting Minimum Requirements

No issuance of Practice Licence-

Given time to rectify, thereafter deregistrationThe individual does not get to practice the next year

-Membership will be terminated

--

-

Warnings and suspension

In breach of Code of Professional Conduct

-

-

Y 1000 points every 5 years

New Zealand Registered Architects Board

Extension of time; review (face to face); Suspension

Possible finding of professional misconduct and suspension of license

Relevant State/Territory Board of Architects

Malaysia Y 10 points: professionals5 points: graduates

LAM: the Board of Architects Malaysia

Unable to register and obtain licence


Australia

£0 £20,000 £40,000 £60,000 £80,000 £120,000 £140,000 £160,000

United Kingdom

Malta

Canada

Sri Lanka

Pakistan

Honk Kong

South Africa

Botswana

£100,000

7.4 THE MARKET

7.4.1 CONSTRUCTION MARKET SIZE (converted to GBP and adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity37)

With the exception of South Africa, most regions are predicting a positive outlook and are forecasting an increase in construction activity. The UK predicts only modest growth and is likely to be subject to uncertainties surrounding Brexit for some time.

It is interesting to note the relative size of the Australian market bearing in mind the fact that its population is less than half that of the UK.

Figure 25

Current and forecast construction market size

Note: The above fi gures were supplied by respondents in a variety of different currencies and from a variety of different

sources. They have all been expressed in GBP and factored for purchasing power parity for comparison purposes.

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ICPEXT/Resources/ICP_2011.html

37

Malta

Canada

Sri Lanka

Pakistan

Honk Kong

South Africa

Botswana

£0

£2,0

00

£4,0

00

£6,0

00

£8,0

00

£10,

000

£12,

000

£14,

000

£16,

000

£18,

000

£20,

000

Region Country

Africa Botswana


Sri LankaCaribbean and America

CanadaEurope Cyprus

Pacifi cNew Zealand

Malta

Antigua and Barbuda

Current Size of Construction Market (GBP million, PPP)

£1,078

-£6,873

£13,398

£18,569

-

-

£1,089

-

Ghana -

South Africa

Pakistan

United Kingdom

Australia

Uganda -

Forecast Size of Construction Market (GBP million, PPP)

£1,185

--

-

£18,801

-

-

£1,198

-

-

£8,092

£153,565

-

-

Forecast Growth (%)

10.0%

--

-

1.25%

-

-

9.96%

-

-

9.78%

2.20%

-

-£13,960 £13,398 -4.03%

£7,371

£150,259

£84,659

Malaysia - - -

Current Size PPP(GBP million)Forcast Size PPP(GBP million)


7.4.2 CHANGE IN THE MARKET FOR ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES

The majority of respondents appear to indicate a recovery from the global financial crisis of 2008, but with Australia, Malta and the UK indicating a somewhat stagnant market over the past 12 months.

7.4.3 RECENT EVENTS AFFECTING THE LOCAL MARKET FOR ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES

The responses to this question reveal the impact of a range of external influences on the market for architectural services, ranging from extreme weather events to political uncertainty and the global financial crisis. It is interesting to note the response from Pakistan regarding the influence of China’s ‘One belt, one road’ initiative as this is likely to affect a number of other countries.

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


CanadaEurope Cyprus

United Kingdom


Malta

Antigua and Barbuda

Change in demand for architectural services from

previous year

Increase-

Increase-

-Increase

IncreaseIncrease

-

Increase

No ChangeIncrease

No Change

-

No Change

Change in demand for architectural services from

previous 5 Years

Increase-

Increase-

-Increase

IncreaseIncrease

-

Increase

IncreaseIncrease

Increase

-

Increase

Malaysia - -

Region Country



Hong Kong

PakistanSri Lanka


CanadaEurope Cyprus


New Zealand

Malta

Antigua and Barbuda

Impacted?

Y-Y

-

YY

Y-

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Event

World recession has slowed expenditure-

‘Not known’

A slow-down in the real estate market

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)n/a

n/a

The bail-out of the two major Banks and the economy

Banks changing lending criteria for foreign investors; recent federal/state government changes to address housing affordability; improved investment in commercial building and housing markets

Downturn in economy; global financial crisis

Overall growth in SA economy stalled over past 2-3 years due to instability and political and policy uncertainty

The government undertook to consider and implement a number of positive measures after 1st July 2017

Government policies favouring increasing foreign high-income residents and liberalised planning policies which boost demand for residential accommodation and officesBrexit

Earthquakes, Flooding, Storm events, Heavy housing shortage

Malaysia - -


7.5 ARCHITECTURE AND GOVERNMENT CONTEXT

7.5.1 GOVERNMENT ENGAGEMENT WITH THE PROFESSION

Responses to this question appear to suggest a reasonable level of engagement between member institutes and their host governments yet only 56% report there being a Government Architect and only 13% report there being a Chief Resilience Officer.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that public sector procurement in many parts of the Commonwealth is still based on lowest cost rather than best value and that small to medium sized enterprises (SME’s) often struggle to complete for public sector projects.

7.5.2 PUBLIC SECTOR PROCUREMENT

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


Europe Cyprus


New Zealand

Malta

Does government consult the

profession on architectural

matters?

YYYY

YY

YY

Y

Y

YY

Antigua and Barbuda

N

Does the institute advise the government on architectural

matters?

YYYY

YY

YY

Y

Y

YY

N

Government/Chief

Architect?

YNYY

YY

YN

N

Y

NN

Y

Government/Chief

Resilience Officer?

NNNN

NN

NY

N

N

NN

N

Government Ministry responsible for architecture

Ministry of Infrastructure and HousingMinistry of Works and HousingThe Department of Public WorksMinistry of Works and Transport

Ministry of Housing and Public WorksDevelopment Bureau, HKSAR

Ministry of Housing and WorksMinistry of Housing and Construction

Profession is regulated by each provincial legislature; generally regulated by Attorney General of each province

DCLG; DBEIS; DCMSMinistry for Transport and Infrastructure

Ministry of Legal Affairs

Ministry of the Interior; Ministry of Transport, Communications, and Works

Minister for Cities Y Y Y YMinistry of Business, Innovation and Employment Y Y N N

Malaysia Y Y N NMinistry of Works Malaysia

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


CanadaEurope Cyprus


New Zealand

Malta

Antigua and Barbuda

Direct invitation

YYYN

YRarely

YY

Y

N

YY

Y

Y

Fee tender

YNYY

YY

YY

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

Design competition

NYY -

YY

YY

Rarely

Y

YY

Y

N

Y Y Y

Malaysia Y Y Y


7.5.3 PUBLIC SECTOR DESIGN COMPETITIONS

7.5.4 PLANNING LEGISLATION

Region Country



Hong Kong

Pakistan

Sri LankaCaribbean and America CanadaEurope Cyprus


New Zealand

Malta

Design competition

NYY

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Rarely

Y

Y

Y

Y

Antigua and Barbuda

N

Y

Recognised Organising Body

-GIASAIA

-

No single recognised body but government and public organisations do sometimes hold competitions.

PCATP

None

-

None

RIBA

Australian Institute of Architects

None

-

Yes

Competition Participation

Fee

-YY

-

Y

N

Y

-

N

N

N

N

-

Y

Always a Prize

Awarded

-YY

-

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

-

N

Type of Prize

-MoneyMoney and full design and supervision of the project

-

Money and 1st Prize is Project CommissionHKIA pursues full design and supervision of the project. For ideas competitions, only monetary prizes are available.

Cash prize and design and supervision of projectMoney and/or Project Commission

-

Money and/or Project Commission

Dependent on Work and Negotiations

Money and/or Project Commission

Money and Project Design Commission and Supervision

-

-

-

Y

-

N

Malaysia N - - - -

Region Country



Pakistan

Sri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

Mandatory CPD

Act of Parliament, Development Control CodeLand use and Spatial Planning Act (Act 952)National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act; Act 103Ministry of Lands, Housing & Urban Development - Physical Planning Act of Parliament

B.C. ActTown Planning Ordinance (The Laws of Hong Kong, Chapter 131) and associated Regulations

After the 18th Amendment (Devolution of powers) planning has become a provincial subject. Presently the Punjab Government has enacted the planning legislationTown and Country Planning Ordinance; Housing and Town Improvement Ordinance; Urban Development Authority Act

Information not available

UK Planning Legislation

National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)

Planning legislation at local council, regional, to state to national level.

Building Permits Act 1998; Structure Plan 1990; Development Planning Act 2016

Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua & Barbuda Parliament; AN ACT

Resource Management Act

Legislation Date

2013201619972010

19522007

2014

1978

n/a

1976

2012

Varies

2016

1977

1991

Fit for purpose?

NYYY

YY

Y

Y

n/a

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Implemented effectively?

NNYN

YY

Y

Y

n/a

N

N

Y

N

N

N

Malaysia Town and Country Planning Act 1976 1976 - -


7.5.5 BUILDING CODE

7.5.6 HEALTH AND SAFETY LEGISLATION

30% of respondents do not consider their planning legislation to be fit for purpose and nearly 60% do not consider it is being implemented effectively. Similarly, it is concerning that over 20% of respondents do not consider their building code to be fit for purpose and over 50% do not consider it is being implemented effectively.

20% of respondents confirm the lack of effective health and safety legislation while over 50% confirm that legislation either doesn’t exist or is not being implemented effectively.

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


Europe Cyprus


New Zealand

Malta

Building Control Codeno dataSA National Standards 10400Under development by the Ministry of Works and Transport

B.C. ActBuildings Ordinance

Pakistan Building Codes-

National Building Code, Provincial Building Codes and Municipal Building Codes

Colonial Legislation

Building Regulations

National Construction CodeNew Zealand Building Act

Code of Police Laws; Regulation Act 2011

Antigua and Barbuda

OECS Building Code

Origin of legislation

1982-

2008-

19522017

2007-

1959

1984

20162004

2011

1977

Legislation date

NYY-

YY

YY

-

N

Y

YN

Y

Y

Fit for purpose?

NNY-

YY

N-

-

N

Y

YN

N

N

Implemented effectively?

Varies based on jurisdiction

Malaysia no data 1984 Y Y

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

YYYY

NY

NY

Falls under provincial jurisdiction

Y

Y

YY

Y

Antigua and Barbuda

N

Effective H&S standards developed?

NNYN

NN

NN

-

Y

Y

Y-

N

-

Standards adequately implemented?

YNY-

NY

NN

Y

Y

Y

In some casesY

Y

N

On-site H&S officers required?

Malaysia - - -


7.5.7 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The Sustainable Development Goals were agreed upon at the United Nations by 193 countries in September 2015 and comprise a series of voluntary commitments to help end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for everyone. It is disappointing, therefore, to discover that over 40% of respondents have not set national targets, almost 70% lack an effective implementation plan and over 80% have yet to designate a body with responsibility for delivery.

7.5.8 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICIES

40% of respondents report that their governments have not developed renewable energy or energy efficiency policies while just over 45% claim that the architectural profession in their country is conversant with energy efficient design.

The zero-energy buildings (ZEB) concept regards buildings whose net energy consumption is roughly equal to renewable energy generated or elsewhere39. With the European Parliament Energy Performance of Buildings Directive40 requiring all new buildings to be nearly zero-energy by the end of 2020 (public buildings by 2018) and Canada putting in place some highly visible initiatives such as the ecoENERGY Innovation Initiative launched by Prime Minister Harper in 201341.

Australia notes that while there has been a considerable amount of discussion about the subject of renewable energy, clearly defined policies remain an ongoing subject of national political debateA Common Definition for Zero Energy Buildings” US Department of Energy, September 2015. http://energy.http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/;ELX_SESSI ONID=FZMjThLLzfxmmMCQGp2Y1s2d3TjwtD8QS3pqdkhXZbwqGwlgY9K N!2064651424?uri=CELEX:32010L0031https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_building #Canada

3839

4041

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

NNYN

-Y

YY

Y

N

N

NN

Y

Antigua and Barbuda

Y

Has the government set SDG Targets?

NNY-

-Y

YN

Y

-

N

N-

N

Y

Is there an effective SDG implementation plan?

N-N-

-Y

NY

N

-

Y

N-

N

N

Is there a body responsible for SDG delivery?

Malaysia - - -

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


Europe Cyprus


New Zealand

Malta

NNYN

NY

YY

Y

Y

Y

N38

N

Significant progress made

Antigua and Barbuda

Y

Effective renewable energy policies developed?

No dataNeutralAgree

Mildly Agree

-Agree

Agree-

Agree

Mildly Agree

Mildly Agree

AgreeNo data

Agree

Agree

The architectural profession is conversant with the principles

of energy efficient design?

Under DevelopmentNoneSANS 204, SANS 10400-XANone

-Cap. 610 Buildings Energy Efficiency Ordinance/Cap. 123M Building (Energy Efficiency) Regulation / OTTV under Buildings Ordinance

Pakistan Energy Code 2010Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority Act, No. 35 (2007)

National Building Code, National Energy Code for Buildings, provincial building codes, ASHRAE 90.1

European Union Regulations

Building Regulations, Part L

National Construction CodeNil

No obligation for Energy Performance Certificate

Being Developed

Energy efficiency regulations

Malaysia Y Agree Malaysian Standard MS1525 Energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-residential buildings. Code of practice


7.5.9 OTHER GOVERNMENT POLICIES

While 80% of respondents report that their governments have established Anti-Bribery and Corruption Legislation, 67% of respondents report that their governments have yet to develop Inclusive Design Standards, Sustainable Design and Construction Standards, a National Construction Strategy or a Smart Cities Strategy. 73% of respondents report that their governments have developed Disaster Management Plans while an equivalent number report that their governments have not developed a City Resilience Strategy. Only 13% of respondents report that their governments have developed a National BIM Strategy.

7.5.10 COP21 CLIMATE CHANGE LEGISLATION

Despite all Commonwealth countries having signed, if not ratified, the Paris Climate Change Agreement43 only a third of respondents report that their governments have developed targets while only 40% report their governments having developed an effective implementation plan and only one country (Canada) reporting having assigned a body with responsibility for monitoring progress.

The UK noted that: “through the Climate Change Act, the UK Government created the National Adaptation Plan which assesses the risks to climate change, sets out a strategy to address them and encourages key organisations to do the same. In 2015 the Committee on Climate Change (UK Government’s climate change scrutiny body) concluded that while the programme sets out a number of broad objectives and a summary of relevant policies, and a long list of actions to prepare the country to climate change, it is not strategic and focused enough. A clearer sense of priorities, backed by measurable objectives and comprehensive plans and policies are required to achieve meaningful change.” http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9444.php

42

43

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka


Europe Cyprus


New Zealand

Malta

N-YN

NY

NN

Under provincial jurisdiction

N

Y

YN

N

Antigua and Barbuda

N

Inclusive Design

Standards

YNYN

YY

YY

N

Y

YY

Y

Y

Anti-Bribery and Corruption

Legislation

N-YN

NY

YN

Y

N

N

Y-

N

N

Sustainable Design and

Construction Standards

Y-YN

NY

NN

N

N

Y

YN

N

N

National Construction

Strategy

NNNN

NY

NN

N

N

Y

NN

N

N

National BIM

Strategy

N-NN

NY

YY

Y

N

Y

NN

N

N

Smart Cities

Strategy

N-YN

NY

YN

N

N

N

NY

N

N

City Resilience Strategy

N-YN

NY

YY

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

Disaster Management

Plans

Y

Malaysia Y Y - - - - - -

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

NNYN

-Y

YN

Y

N

Y

YY

Y

Antigua and Barbuda

Y

Developed COP21 targets?

NNY-

-Y

Y-

Y

-

N42

YN

Y

N

Effective COP21 implementation plan?

NNN-

-N

N-

Y

-

N

N-

N

N

Body responsible for COP21 delivery?

Malaysia - - -


7.5.11 EMBRACING THE NEW URBAN AGENDA

The New Urban Agenda (NUA)44 was launched at Habitat III45 in Quito, Ecuador, in 2016. Its aim is to respond to Goal 11 of the Sustainable Development Goals to make cities safe, inclusive resilient and sustainable. The New Urban Agenda provides a framework for achieving sustainable urban development. Less than 50% of respondents report that their governments have embraced the New Urban Agenda while only a quarter report having an effective implementation plan and only 2 respondents report having a body responsible for delivery of the NUA.

http://habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/http://habitat3.org/

4445

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

N-YN

-Y

YY

Y

Y

N

YN

N

Antigua and Barbuda

N

Embraced the NUA?

N-N-

-Y

YY

Y

N

N

N-

N

N

Effective NUA implementation plan?

N-N-

-Y

NY

N

N

N

N-

N

N

Body responsible for delivery of the NUA?

Malaysia - - -


7.6 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

The survey concluded with a section inviting respondents to highlight any issues which are affecting the profession in their country. The phrasing of the questions is intentionally more open and the responses therefore more subjective; the intention being to allow respondents to identify areas requiring further attention.

Respondents were invited to score each question on the basis of the following scale and to annotate their responses where appropriate:

+3 Strongly Agree +2 Agree +1 Mildly Agree 0 Neutral -1 Mildly Disagree -2 Disagree -3 Strongly Disagree

Region Country



PakistanSri Lanka



New Zealand

Malta

-Agree

Neutral Agree

-Disagree

AgreeMildly Agree

Neutral

Mildly Disagree

Neutral

Mildly DisagreeMildly Agree

Mildly Disagree

Antigua and Barbuda

Disagree

“There has been an

improvement in terms of

working hours over the past

10 years”

-Agree

Neutral Agree

-Mildly Agree

AgreeMildly Agree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Mildly DisagreeMildly Agree

Mildly Agree

Neutral


improvement in terms of

wages over the past 10 years”

-Agree

Mildly Agree-

-Neutral

AgreeAgree

Neutral

Strongly Agree

-

Neutral Mildly Agree

Neutral

Agree


improvement in term of

staff working conditions

over the past 10 years”

-Neutral

DisagreeAgree

-Agree

AgreeStrongly Agree

Mildly Disagree

Strongly Agree

Agree

AgreeMildly Disagree

Mildly Disagree

Neutral

“The role of architect as

a worthwhile profession to pursue has improved in

the eyes of the public over the past 20 years”

-Strongly AgreeMildly Agree

Agree

-Agree

AgreeMildly Agree

Neutral

Strongly Agree

-

Mildly AgreeDisagree

Mildly Disagree

Agree

“The role of architect as a positive

contributor to the community has improved in the eyes of the public over the past 20 years”

-Strongly Agree

AgreeAgree

-Agree

Strongly AgreeStrongly Agree

Neutral

Agree

Agree

Mildly AgreeMildly Disagree

Agree

Agree

“You are optimistic about the

future of the profession in your country”

-Agree

Mildly AgreeAgree

-Agree

AgreeMildly Agree

Mildly Disagree

Mildly Disagree

-

DisagreeDisagree

Mildly Disagree

Agree

“The role of architect as a position

of authority on site has improved

over the past 20 years”

Average

0.08

Neutral0.69

Below Mildly Agree

1.18Above Mildly

Agree

0.85Below Mildly

Agree

1.17Above Mildly

Agree

1.77Below Agree

0.42Above Neutral

Malaysia - - - - - - -


0 1 2 3-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-3 -2 -1

0 1 2 3-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-3 -2 -1

“There has been an improvement in terms of working hours over the past 10 years”

“There has been an improvement in terms of wages over the past 10 years”

“There has been an improvement in terms of staff working conditions over the past 10 years”

“The role of architect as a worthwhile profession to pursue has improved in the eyes of the public over the past 20 years”

Ghana

Uganda

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Antigua and Barbuda

Hong Kong

South Africa

Canada

United Kingdom

Cyprus

Malta

Australia

New Zealand

Ghana

Uganda

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Antigua and Barbuda

Hong Kong

South Africa

Canada

United Kingdom

Cyprus

Malta

Australia

New Zealand

Ghana

Hong Kong

Sri Lanka

Antigua and Barbuda

Canada

Pakistan

South Africa

Cyprus

New Zealand

Malta

Australia

Ghana

Uganda

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Antigua and Barbuda

Hong Kong

South Africa

Canada

United Kingdom

Cyprus

Malta

Australia

New Zealand


0 1 2 3-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3-3 -2 -1

0 1 2 3-3 -2 -1

“The role of the architect as a positive contributor to the community has improved in the eyes of the public over the

past 20 years”

“You are optimistic about the future of the profession in your country”

“The role of architect as a position of authority on site has improved over the past 20 years”

Ghana

Uganda

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Antigua and Barbuda

Hong Kong

South Africa

Canada

Australia

Cyprus

Malta

New Zealand

Ghana

Uganda

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Antigua and Barbuda

Hong Kong

South Africa

Canada

Australia

Cyprus

Malta

New Zealand

Ghana

Uganda

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Antigua and Barbuda

Hong Kong

South Africa

Canada

United Kingdom

Cyprus

Malta

Australia

New Zealand


7.6.2 ASSOCIATED COMMENTS

What are the most important challenges facing the built environment in your country today?

Lack of respect for the profession, Lack of effective implementation of the laws relating to the built environment and the profession.

Challenges and Opportunities

Corruption.

Housing affordability, integrated design of sustainable urban environments, undervaluing of public owned land and cultural assets

Urban sprawl/Lack of public transport.

Lack of planning. Enforcement of laws in the built environment laws.

Lack of land, housing, labour.

The country needs a complete re-evaluation of spatial planning processes, with a long-term vision, and a political long-term commitment to achieve the vision. Transport issues are probably the most serious at the moment.

Resilience to natural disasters, warm dry homes.

Building control under the authority of non-professionals. Lack of Building control implementation.

South Africa is a diverse country with vast differences in standards of living. There is rapid urbanisation in most of the existing major centres, while many of the new developments occurring in new-town areas, leaving the older CBD’s to deteriorate. Limited government and municipal spending of infrastructural development and maintenance are problematic. Housing shortages remain a problem with social housing mostly being designed by Engineers.

Sound and Air pollution, sustainable building design, environmental friendly energy services generated within the project.

Outdated laws to govern the built environment.The market is majorly dominated by foreign firms. Physical planning has not been a government priority.

Sustainability; Climate Change adaptation and resilience; Reducing Carbon emissions; High quality and affordable housing delivery; ageing infrastructure; Brexit; ageing population.

What are the most important challenges facing the architectural profession in your country today?

Lack of respect for the profession.



Relevance, inability to construct a coherent narrative regarding its value to the community.



Raising the standard of design.

BOT procurement method / Fee tendering government project procurement / lack of professional fee scales.



Lack of local construction technology.

Insufficient opportunities for young practices or architects.

Sound and Air pollution, sustainable building design, environmental friendly energy services generated within the project.

Achieving quality in the face of strong development pressures, without appropriate regulation. Preserving a role for the small local practice architect in the face of global firms with overwhelming resources.



Role in projects, professional liability, procurement of architectural services.

Lack of building control implementation.

The Architectural Profession in South Africa is under threat of implosion. This is due to our Council for the Architectural Profession grouping Professional Architects, Senior Technologists, Technologists, Draughtspersons and Interior Designers under one Act, and then failing to implement the Identification of Work Framework. The Public have little cognisance of any differences in registration categories, but rather see value in a Council Registration Number.

Implementation of Design and Built projects as a main procurement system.Foreign Architects practicing here violating the UIA declarations on cross boarder practices.

Still a lot of corruptionPoor enforcement of the existing regulationsThe schedule of fees is not on course.

Brexit; adapting to digital design in construction.

What are the most important challenges facing the architectural education in your country today?

No architectural institution in the country, cost of education abroad.

The ideological battle between an educational model that concerns itself with the lowest common denominator, and one which fosters and promotes excellence.

Raising the standard of design.

Unemployment.

Practitioners require a PhD to teach in the Architecture Schools thus students miss out on certain practical aspects.

Increasing demand for more University Grants Committee (UGC) funded places. Extend Study Subsidy Scheme for Designated Professions/Sectors (SSSDP) places to other tertiary institutions.


Significant changes have been implemented in recent years. Biggest challenge is the ability to manoeuvre the route between the need to preserve traditional forms and landscapes and the desire to modernise. The profession is still struggling to integrate the increasing component of technology, and hence the technical competence of the professional. with the ever-valid design vocation of architecture.

Access given high fees.

Lack of trained faculty staff.

Reduced funding for universities, the institutional viability requirement to increase student numbers, and an emphasis on staff research outputs, are seeing an increasing burden being placed on Academics, and consequently a reduction in staff-student contact time. The relevance of certain existing course offerings are being questioned in regard colonial undertones and Africanism.

Para professionals are trying to establish their selves as fully qualified professionals.

High student to teacher ratio (very few lecturers). Poorly funded/equipped schools of architecture.

Making stronger and clearer connections between academic education and the professional context (primary recommendation of the RIBA Education review).

There has been an improvement in the profession in terms of working hours over the past ten years.

Illegal practice of architecture.

Moderately, yes, despite the efforts of the peak professional body.

Surveys indicate that despite the attention drawn to the issues, the pressure on practices to meet project-related deadlines only increases. Architects are required to work harder and longer hours, often without pay.

Working conditions in practice have remained largely unchanged. The culture of practice requires long hours and commitment.

There are more jobs in our sector now than there were in the past ten years.

More job opportunity in this area of the Asia region means more work. More control from client and government means more administration work. Extensive use of computer / instant communication means quicker response times.

Pressure to work for longer hours has become higher not lower.

Use of Computer aided drafting and presentation tools has almost replaced the time consuming manual work.

The status quo has largely remained.

Professionals’ working hours has not greatly increased.

Working hours have stayed relatively the same over the past 4 years. According to the Fees Bureau Employment Earnings surveys 2016; 2014; 2013; 2012, the Average (mean) working hours per weeks were (base = full-time architects):2016 = 37 hours2014 = 38 hours2013 = 36.9 hours excl. overtime; 43.5 hours incl. overtime2012 = 38 hours

There has been an improvement in the profession in terms of wages over the past ten years.

Flat construction Industry for the past 10 years.

Numerically yes, but if the wage factors in both inflation as well as increases in costs of living, the actual wage for most architects is either static or effectively decreased over the past decade.

Wages relative to other technical professionals have declined. Although there is a reported shortage of architects, fees are declining, and market forces are distorted by public sector procurement obsessed with imposing unfair contractual conditions.

There is more awareness among the public on what architects are to be charging and architects are conferring more with one another on fees, facilitated by focused social media groupings.

GDP increases in Hong Kong.

In real terms there have been improvements in wages for architectural professionals, although not commensurate with increasing levels of responsibility.

Principle of Supply and demand.

Other than following inflationary creep, the status quo has remained. However there has been progress in equity for women.

The position of Architecture has not improved in this country.

There has been an improvement over the last 5 years. According to the Fees Bureau Employment Earnings surveys 2016; 2014; 2013; 2012, Earnings by Field of Employment (median) were:2016 = 45,000 GBP;2015 = 42,000 GBP; 2015-2016 change of median +7.12014 = 42,000 GBP2013 = 40,000 GBP; 2013-2014 change of median +5.02012 = 41,100 GBP2011 = 40,000 GBP; 2011-2012 change of median +2.8


There has been an improvement in the profession in terms of wages over the past ten years.

Flat construction Industry for the past 10 years.

GDP increases in Hong Kong.

The position of Architecture has not improved in this country.

Numerically yes, but if the wage factors in both inflation as well as increases in costs of living, the actual wage for most architects is either static or effectively decreased over the past decade.

Wages relative to other technical professionals have declined. Although there is a reported shortage of architects, fees are declining, and market forces are distorted by public sector procurement obsessed with imposing unfair contractual conditions.

There is more awareness among the public on what architects are to be charging and architects are conferring more with one another on fees, facilitated by focused social media groupings.

In real terms there have been improvements in wages for architectural professionals, although not commensurate with increasing levels of responsibility.

Principle of Supply and demand.

Other than following inflationary creep, the status quo has remained. However there has been progress in equity for women.

There has been an improvement over the last 5 years. According to the Fees Bureau Employment Earnings surveys 2016; 2014; 2013; 2012, Earnings by Field of Employment (median) were:2016 = 45,000 GBP;2015 = 42,000 GBP; 2015-2016 change of median +7.12014 = 42,000 GBP2013 = 40,000 GBP; 2013-2014 change of median +5.02012 = 41,100 GBP2011 = 40,000 GBP; 2011-2012 change of median +2.8

There has been an improvement in the profession in terms of staff working conditions over the past ten years.

Better office environment, slight increase in salary.

Increased attention has been drawn to the quality of the workplace, but arguably this is only in response to increased working hours and effective reduced pay. That said, certain protections have been introduced, in the form of the Architects Award as well as an increased attention to the treatment of internships.

There is more awareness than before.

Working environment in Hong Kong are generally good.

Overall conditions of work have scarcely changed.

Change necessitated by introduction of Computers and other hardware.

Our new Employment Act has been in place for 2 decades. It seeks to give rights to employees in a balancedand fair manner.

Staff working conditions have improved.

The role of architect as a worthwhile profession to pursue has improved in the eyes of the public over the past 20 years.

Some people think architects are unnecessary, expensive.

Largely through the proliferation of lifestyle-related programs that portray the benefits of designed environment. In particular, programs such as Grand Designs have achieved a great deal in terms of raising the profile of the architect in designing spaces for people. Further evidence of the increased profile of the profession can be seen in the expanded intake in architectural schools over this period, as well the total number of architecture schools in Australia.

Architects’ incomes have not kept pace with the economy. Clients demands for faster project delivery, improved quality and reduced fees result in downward pressure on personnel.

Non-enforcement of procurement standards causes jobs to slip through the hand of architects.

Architects will always be in demandArchitect’s degrees are requiredBeing an Architect is a promising career.

In our society, the profession of architect is still considered to be one worth pursuing; but the overall status within society has declined.

Number of Architectural schools has risen from 3 to 35 in the last 20 years.

While there remains some glamorisation of the profession through movies, the public now give less value to the skills of an Architect, perhaps due to a wealth of TV shows on design, building and refurbishment. Everyone is now an architect!

Especially in the last 5 years there had been improvement in the workload, and engagement with awareness programmes and CSR projects.


There has been a slight increase in the number of students studying architecture at Part 1 and Part 2 (RIBA Validated courses). According to the RIBA Education Statistics 2015/16 Report, the data for the past 5 years were:2015/16 = 15,5232014/15 = 15,4532013/14 = 14,8782012/13 = 14,9362011/12 = 14,161

The number of Students passing examinations (validated courses only) were:2014/15: Part 1=2,925; Part 2=1,914; Part 3=1,3092013/14: Part 1=3,209; Part 2=1,620; Part 3=1,1662012/13: Part 1=2,853; Part 2=1,683; Part 3=994

2011/12: Part 1=2,860; Part 2=1,587; Part 3=1,005

The role of architect as a positive contributor to the community has improved in the eyes of the public over the past 20 years.

Traditionally, the average home owner would request drawings solely done by the contractors. Today, approximately 40% to 45% of the work is been done by architects.

As 35.4.1 above, but perhaps slightly less in terms of the public sphere. The commissioning of architects in public projects is not so generous, and the understanding of and appreciation for large practice is less well developed. It is easy to understand the role of single design author in a small project, but much harder to understand the complexity of multiple equally-talented authors in large project that includes a significantly more complex set of stakeholders.

Unchanged.

Few works that sought the professional services of architects has yielded positive outcome.

• Architects have a significant role in improving the well-being of communities by being involved with non-profit organizations.

• Architects can raise public awareness of critical social and environmental issues. • Architects and architectural firms have an enormous opportunity to use their expertise to help local

architects’ professional institute; in return, we can receive valuable insights about how to improve our management practice and even our design.

• Architects tend to think of ourselves as being responsive to clients’ needs. There is no better way of learning to understand what those needs are than by being involved with their professional institute. Local professional institute operates with the same challenges as regular businesses.

• Architects are encouraged to develop a comprehensive sustainability program for community development. • Many large firms organize and coordinate volunteering services to the communities.

Architects are blamed by society for the poor quality of our urban spaces; modern design is associated with or equated to poor quality, and ugliness.

20 years ago, Graduating Architects only 70, now this figure stands at approx. over 500.

There is a sense that an Architect has mostly been a positive contributor to the community. However, while there remains some glamorisation of the profession through movies, the public now give less value to the skills of an Architect, perhaps due to a wealth of TV shows on design, building and refurbishment. Everyone is now an architect!Architects’ involvement in the public sector has not improved a lot.

There has been no research undertaken that would enable us to comment on whether the role of architects as a positive contributor to the community has improved in the eyes of the public over the past 20 years. However, the RIBA undertook a survey in 2016 on client satisfaction levels (Client & Architect - What Clients think of Architects). The survey received responses from 958 clients (a third were private domestic clients; a third were contractors; a third were commercial clients).

Are you optimistic about the future of the profession in your country?

Due to the implementation of planning laws and the advent of technology, the local population is becoming more sophisticated in building designs.

At the level of the practitioner, yes.At the level of the architecture schools, yes.At the level of the profession, not yet, not until we have a clear sense of purpose.

There are many extremely well-educated architects in Australia; and there is no lack of local talent. The issue is a strategic one which for some decades has placed the value of architects on a downward trajectory, which accompanied by a weak sense of consensus and a strange inability to clearly articulate what it is that they do leads the profession ever more quickly to a destiny of permanent irrelevance to the majority of the population. There are too many cooks and not enough who understand what they are doing.

Cautiously optimistic. There is a growing recognition of the role that architects have to play in addressing some of the key questions confronting our society - described simplistically by the triad of an increasing population, with less space, and greater pressure on resources. As ever, the greatest obstacle to our success is perhaps the profession itself.


Regulation the profession has given architects the power to develop their own professions.

A lot of possibilities remain unexplored. Current engagements with the government clearly shows a vacuum with respect to our role in nation building and so far, the responses have been positive.

Hong Kong is part of the booming economy of greater China. Hong Kong 2030+ also shows the blueprint of Hong Kong in the future where there will be more housing provision, more new towns and more work opportunity.

Greater awareness by an increasing faction of young architects to address environmental and sustainability issues.

Presently, the Architects are concentrated in 3 or 4 major cities. The small cities and towns provide a vast opportunity in future.

The role of the Architect is changing and if our education and roles within the built environment adapt to focus our skills, the Architect will remain a needed and respected professional.

Profession is now gradually getting recognized.

The number of architects on the Register (Source: ARB) has steadily grown for the past 10 years. At the end of 2016 there were 38,258 architects on the Register, compared with 36,678 at the end of 2015. This 4% increase is similar to the previous year’s growth:2016 = 38,2582015 = 36,6782014 = 35,1572013 = 34,2662012 = 34,0742011 = 33.4562010 = 33,0652009 = 32,9392008 = 32,7162007 = 32,221

The 2017 AJ 100 Analysis shows that while confidence levels have fallen, most AJ100 practices are nevertheless expecting to grow.

The role of architect as a position of authority on site has improved over the past 20 years

Project owners are becoming more concern about budget controls and quality of construction.

The role of the architect on site continues to decrease. This is a pattern that is consistent from the mid-1970s but is also increasingly the case in current procurement methodologies, and with respect to the apportionment of risk.

The rise in the influence of para-professionals has forced architects away from the project decision-making centres. Project management firms are mediating the relationship between the architect and client, to the detriment of the architect.

There is more awareness among members in the body of architects and also with other stakeholders.

Architects usually control a project and the leader of construction sites from start to finish and work with a number of construction professionals. They have broad scope of works ranging from:

• discuss the ideas, objectives, requirements and budget of a project and in some cases, help to select a site• consult with other professionals about design• assess the needs of the building and its users and advise the client on the practicality of their project• prepare and present feasibility reports and design proposals to the client• assess the impact on the local environment• use IT in design and project management, specifically using computer-aided design software• keep within financial budgets and deadlines• produce detailed workings, drawings and specifications• specify the nature and quality of materials required• prepare tender applications and presentations• negotiate with contractors and other professionals• prepare applications for planning and building control departments• draw up tender documents for contracts• project manage and help to coordinate the work of contractors• control a project from start to finish• carry out regular site visits to check on progress and ensure that the project is running on time and to budget• resolve problems and issues that arise during construction• ensure that the environmental impact of the project is managed.

Position of architect on site is still strong but is not as strong as it was in the past.

In majority of the building projects Architect is in charge/Head of the team.

Responses in this regard may vary, but while the advent of the Project Manager took hold in the 80s and 90s, Architects have reclaimed this space and are recognised for their contract management abilities.

Still the architects’ role has not been established at site.


Can you suggest ways the CAA could help your region?

Advocate, apply pressure to governments to implement policies to enhance the profession

Provide Scholarships for needy but brilliant students. Promote internship programs among member countries. Organise competitions within the sub regions to solve peculiar problems in the society and help to secure funding for them.

Create an Architecture of place, design solutions that would have a socio-cultural connection that indigenes or end users can relate to.

Support of HKIA in joining Canberra Accord as full signatory status.

Perhaps to publicise the role of good architecture in urban design.

Provide faculty training through exchange program between South Asian countries. Provide assistance in students exchange programs between Architectural institutions of member countries.

Support for our Institute in terms of reinforcing our relevance as the mouthpiece for Architects in the Region, through engagement with government.

CAA should help regularize cross-boarded practices as there are many architects and Para professionals without getting proper professional architectural qualifications practicing here disregarding the laws and trying to creep into the practice of architecture.

Lobby government to enforce the schedule of fees on behalf of the architects.


APPENDIX I, THE COMMONWEALTH IN NUMBERS (SEE KEY FOR SOURCES OF INFORMATION)

Description Units

Commonwealth RegionCountry AreaPopulation

Text TextMillion sq/kmNumber

Population DensityUrbanisationRate of Urban Growth

Pop/sqkmPercentagePercentage

Source

http://thecommonwealth.org/member-countrieshttp://thecommonwealth.org/member-countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_by_countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_by_country

Region Country

Africa BotswanaCameroon GhanaKenyaLesothoMalawiMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigeriaRwandaSeychellesSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSwazilandTanzaniaUganda

Asia Zambia

BangladeshBrunei DarussalamIndiaMalaysiaPakistanSingaporeSri Lanka

Caribbean and

Americas

Europe

Pacific

Antigua and BarbudaBahamas

BelizeCanadaDominicaGrenadaGuyanaJamaicaSaint LuciaSt Kitts and NevisSt Vincent and The Grenadines

CyprusMaltaUnited Kingdom

AustraliaFijiKiribatiNauruNew ZealandPapua New GuineaSamoaSoloman IslandsTongaTuvaluVanuatu

Barbados

Trinidad and Tobago

581,730466,050238,533581,83430,355

118,4842,040

799,380825,118923,76825,314

45571,740

1,220,81317,364

883,749241,551752,612

143,9984,765

3,287,240330,803803,940

71965,610

44213,940

22,9659,984,670

739344

214,99910,991

617270389

5,896315

242,910

7,692,02418,333

72621

270,467462,840

2,83128,370

72026

12,190

430

5,155

2,292,00024,054,00028,834,00049,700,0002,233,000

16,823,9101,267,000

29,669,0002,534,000

190,886,00012,208,000

95,0007,557,000

56,639,0001,367,000

57,310,00042,863,00015,933,883

164,670,000429,000

1,339,180,00031,624,000

197,016,0005,699,000

21,302,000

102,000395,000

375,00036,613,000

74,000108,000778,000

2,890,000179,000

55,000110,000

1,180,000439,000

66,013,000

24,446,000906,000116,000

13,0004,736,0008,251,000

196,000611,000108,000

11,000276,000

286,000

1,369,000

3.9451.61

120.8885.4273.56

141.99621.0837.123.07

206.64482.26208.79105.3446.3978.7364.85

177.4522.71

1,143.5690.03

407.3995.60

245.067,908.79

324.68

203.7728.34

16.333.67

100.14313.95

3.62262,94290.11203.70282.78

200.141,393.65

271.76

3.1849.42

159.78619.0517.5117.8369.5321.54

150.00423.0822.64

665.12

265.57

58.0%55.5%55.3%26.5%28.4%16.6%39.4%32.8%48.6%49.4%30.7%54.5%40.7%65.8%21.3%33.0%16.8%41.8%

35.8%77.8%33.5%76.0%39.7%

100.00%18.5%

23.0%83.0%

43.7%82.2%70.1%35.7%28.8%55.3%18.6%32.3%51.2%

66.8%95.6%83.1%

89.7%54.5%44.6%

100.0%86.4%13.1%18.8%23.2%23.9%61.5%26.8%

31.4%

8.3%

2.50%3.50%3.50%4.00%3.50%5.20%0.90%4.10%2.90%3.80%4.20%1.40%2.90%1.40%1.70%4.20%4.40%2.30%

3.50%2.60%2.40%3.00%3.00%1.20%0.50%

0.90%1.40%

3.10%1.00%0.20%0.30%0.00%0.90%1.40%1.40%1.30%

1.30%0.46%0.50%

1.47%1.60%1.80%

ND1.05%1.90%1.70%4.10%1.60%1.30%4,10%

1.50%

2.90%

Area (sqkm) Population Density (sqkm) Urbanisation (%)

Urban Growth

(%)1.38%3.40%3.07%4.15%2.85%4.02%0.07%3.36%3.63%4.30%5.59%1.02%2.72%1.33%1.41%5.00%5.30%4.35%

3.19%1.52%2.28%2.19%2.77%1.50%1.11%

-0.38%1.21%

1.93%1.16%0.85%0.44%0.91%0.93%1.01%1.42%0.70%

0.84%0.32%0.82%

1.37%1.18%1.90%0.62%1.98%2.42%0.06%3.79%1.30%1.71%3.23%

0.40%

-83.00%

Urban Growth (%)

1.55%2.56%2.17%1.69%0.28%3.31%0.59%2.46%1.95%2.43%2.45%0.77%2.38%0.99%1.08%2.75%3.20%2.93%

1.04%1.57%1.17%1.37%1.43%1.82%0.76%

1.21%0.81%

1.80%0.73%0.18%0.44%0.32%0.68%0.32%0.73%

-0.25%

1.32%0.26%0.52%

1.03%0.60%1.13%0.53%0.79%1.71%0.60%1.94%

-0.50%0.85%1.85%

0.28%

-0.20%

Population Growth Rate

APPENDICES


Gross Domestic Product (GDP) $MillionGross National Income (GNI)Human Development Index (HDI)

$ per capitaScore

Climate Risk Index (CRI)Losses

Score$Million

Fragility IndexTransparency. Corruption Perceptions Index

ScoreScore

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capitahttp://hdr.undp.org/en/datahttps://germanwatch.org/en/download/16411.pdfhttps://germanwatch.org/en/download/16411.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Fragile_States_Indexwhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index

$35,381$78.447

$112,268$141,779

$6,030$19,608$24,723$32,528$24,430

$1,010,804$21,139

$2,492$10,124

$685,452$10,374

$139,380$69,994$60,508

$540,894$30,381

$8,067,710$800,542$937,932$456,676$242,080

$2,122$8,1168

$2,879$1,563,501

$747$1,413$5,619

$23,568$2,138$1,341$1,165

$26,681$15,618

$2,574,939

$1,071,584$7,592

$224$169

$165,518$31,356

$1,154$1,242

$571$38

$772

$4,774

$41,583

$16,680$3,540$4,150$3,120$3,340$1,140

$20,990$1,190

$10,380$5,740$1,860

$28,380$1,320

$12,830$8,310$2,740$1,790$3,850

$3,790$83,010$6,490

$26,900$5,560

$85,020$12,200

$22,090$21,640

$7,930$44,020$10,620$13,720$7,800$8,450

$12,030$25,640$11,380

$32,200$35,710$41,640

$45,210$8,710$3,050

$17,510$37,190$4,140$6,230$2,140$5,780$5,920$3,040

$17,180

$31,770

0.6980.5120.5790.5480.4970.4450.7770.4160.6280.5140.4830.7720.4130.6660.5310.5210.4830.586

0.5700.8560.6090.7790.5380.9120.757

0.7830.790

0.7150.9130.7240.7500.6360.7190.7290.7520.720

0.8500.8390.907

0.9350.7270.5900.7040.9140.5050.7020.5060.7170.7720.594

0.785

0.717

141.50133.83103.1781.17

118.8379.00

103.6743.3369.50

112.00111.67159.33121.8383.33

107.83103.5087.33

130.17

25.00168.3337.5094.0030.50

171.8364.33

74.50ND

47.1797.0042.0040.33

101.0063.5060.6762.0063.33

95.50152.1766.17

52.0047.33

112.83ND

83.5064.8377.5073.6758.00

115.0054.67

144.00

153.83

$12.793$11.741$31.816$92.910$17.700$56.973$26.302$94.401$26.114

$101.519$8.042$0.854$0.620

$459.542$22.085$64.591$56.835$22.395

$2,283.378$0.349

$11,335.170$271.755

$3,823.175$2.822

$234.431

$15.553ND

$56.838

$46.023$78.734$33.684

$155.505$16.740$36.208$11.168

$15.729$2.904

$1,522.434

$2,203.885$57.356$10.685

ND$301.123$35.991

$8.583$5.457$6.729$2.668

$16.049

$3.697

$2.304

63.895.669.796.481.788.041.789.070.4

101.690.859.489.372.388.880.396.087.8

89.161.677.965.498.932.586.6

54.852.4

65.522.669.061.571.365.2

NDNDND

62.638.633.2

22.376.9

NDND

22.686.467.184.8

NDNDND

49.6

56.7

6125402842315025512755ND3043ND362637

28624047338438

ND65

ND825752384455ND58

575682

77NDNDND8929ND39NDNDND

68

41

GDP GNI per capita (PPP) ($int)

HDI CRI Climate Losses (PPP) ($M)

Fragility States Index

Transparency


APPENDIX II, BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS IN THE COMMONWEALTH

Information compiled with the assistance of CAA, CEC, CAP and CASLE

46

Country

Antigua and BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBangladeshBarbadosBelizeBotswanaBrunei DarussalamCameroonCanadaCyprusDominicaFijiGhanaGrenadaGuyanaIndiaJamaicaKenyaKiribatiLesothoMalawiMalaysiaMaltaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibia

New ZealandNigeriaPakistanPapua New GuineaRwandaSaint LuciaSamoaSeychellesSierra Leone

Solomon IslandsSouth AfricaSri LankaSt Kitts and NevisSt Vincent and The GrenadinesSwazilandTanzaniaTongaTrinidad and TobagoTuvaluUgandaUnited KingdomVanuatuZambia

Nauru

Singapore

Zimbabwe

The Antigua & Barbuda Institute of ArchitectsAustralian Institute of ArchitectsInstitute of Bahamian ArchitectsInstitute of Architects BangladeshBarbados Institute of ArchitectsAssociation of Professional Architects of BelizeArchitects Association of BotswanaPertubuhan Ukur Jurutera Dan ArkitekOrdre National Des Architectes du CamerounRoyal Architectural Institute of CanadaCyprus Civil Engineers and Architects AssociationDominica Society of ArchitectsFiji Association of ArchitectsGhana Institute of ArchitectsGrenada Society of ArchitectsGuyana Institute of ArchitectsIndian Institute of ArchitectsJamaican Institute of ArchitectsArchitectural Association of KenyaUnable to locate an instituteLesotho Association of Construction Industry ConsultantsMalawi Institute of ArchitectsMalaysian Institute of ArchitectsKamra Tal-Periti, MaltaMauritius Association of Architects

New Zealand Institute of ArchitectsNigerian Institute of ArchitectsInstitute of Architects PakistanPapua New Guinea Institute of ArchitectsInstitute of Architects RwandaSt Lucia Institute of ArchitectsUnable to locate an instituteUnable to locate an instituteSierra Leone Institute of ArchitectsSingapore Institute of ArchitectsUnable to locate an instituteSouth African Institute of ArchitectsSri Lanka Institute of ArchitectsSt.Kitts-Nevis Institute of ArchitectsSt Vincent & the Grenadines Institute of ArchitectsSwaziland Association of Architects, Engineers and SurveyorsArchitects Association of TanzaniaUnable to locate an instituteTrinidad and Tobago Institute of ArchitectsUnable to locate an instituteUganda Society of ArchitectsRoyal Institute of British ArchitectsUnable to locate an instituteZambia Institute of ArchitectsInstitute of Architects in Zimbabwe

Unable to locate an instituteNamibia Institute of ArchitectsUnable to locate an institute

Unable to locate an instituteEngineers AustraliaProfessional Engineers BoardThe Institution of Engineers, BangladeshUnable to locate an instituteAssociation of professional engineers of BelizePula Institute of Town PlannersPertubuhan UkurCameroon Society of EngineersThe Engineering Insitute of CanadaCyrprus Civil Engineers and Architects AssociationUnable to locate an instituteThe Fiji Institution of EngineersGhana Institution of EngineersUnable to locate an instituteGuyana Association of Professional EngineersInstitution of Engineers IndiaJamaica Insitution of EngineersThe Institution of Engineers of KenyaUnable to locate an instituteLesotho Association of EngineersMalawi Institution of EngineersThe Institution of Engineers MalaysiaThe Malta Group of Professional Engineering InstitutionInstitution of Engineers Mauritius

Engineering New ZealandNigerian Institution of EngineersThe Institution of Engineers, PakistanInstitution of Engineers, Papua New GuineaInstitution of Engineers RwandaAssociation of Professional Engineers of St. LuciaInstitution of Professional Engineers SamoaUnable to locate an instituteSierra Leone Institution of EngineersInstitution of Engineers SingaporeUnable to locate an instituteInstitute of Professional Engineering TechnologistsThe Institution of Engineers, Sri LankaSt. Kitts/Nevis Association of Professional EngineersUnable to locate an instituteSwaziland Association of Engineers, Architects & surveyorsInstitution of Engineers TanzaniaSouth Pacific Engineers AssociationThe Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and TobagoUnable to locate an instituteUganda Institution of Professional EngineersInstitution of Civil EngineersSouth Pacific Engineers AssociationThe Engineering Institution of ZambiaZimbabwe Instition of Engineers

Unable to locate an instituteEngineering Council of NamibiaUnable to locate an institute

Architectural Institute Engineering Institute

53 Commonwelath Countries 44 Architectural Institutes 42 Engineering Institutes


Unable to locate an institutePlanning Institute of AustraliaUnable to locate an instituteBangladesh Institute of PlannersBarbados Town Planning SocietyBelize Association of PlannersUnable to locate an instituteTown and Country Planning Dept, Ministry of DevelopmentUnable to locate an instituteCanadian Institute of PlannersCyprus Association of Town PlannersPlanners Association of DominicaUnable to locate an instituteGhana Institute of PlannersUnable to locate an instituteUnable to locate an instituteInstitute of Town Planners IndiaJamaican Institute of PlannersKenya Institute of PlannersUnable to locate an instituteUnable to locate an instituteMalawi Institute of Physical PlannersMalaysian Institute of PlannersMalta Chamber of PlannersTown Planning Association of Mauritius

New Zealand Planning InstituteNigerian Institute of Town PlannersInstitute of Planners PakistanUnable to locate an instituteUnable to locate an instituteSaint Lucia Institute of Land Use PlannersUnable to locate an instituteUnable to locate an instituteUnable to locate an instituteSingapore Institute of PlannersUnable to locate an instituteSouth African Planning InstituteInstitute of Town Planners Sri LankaUnable to locate an instituteUnable to locate an instituteUnable to locate an instituteTanzania Association of PlannersUnable to locate an instituteTrinidad and Tobago Society of PlannersUnable to locate an instituteUganda Institute of Physical PlannersRoyal Town Planning InstituteUnable to locate an instituteZambia Institute of PlannersUnable to locate an institute

Unable to locate an instituteNamibia Council of Town and Regional PlannersUnable to locate an institute

UnknownUnknownBahamas Association of Quantity SurveyorsUnknownUnknownUnknownBotswana Institute of Development ProfessionsUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownFiji Institute of SurveorsGhana Institution of SurveyorsUnknownUnknownUnknownJamaican Institute of Quantity SurveyorInstitution of Quantity Surveyors of KenyaUnknownUnknownSurveyors Institute of MalawiRoyal Institution of Surveyors MalaysiaLand Surveyors of MaltaUnknown

New Zealand Instituite of SurveyorsNigerian Institution of Quantity SurveyorsUnknownUnknownUnknownInstitute of Surveyors of Saint LuciaUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownInstitution of Quantity Surveyors Sri LankaUnknownUnknownUnknownInstitution of Survyors TanzaniaUnknownInstitution of Surveyors of Trinidad and TobagoUnknownInstitution of Surveyors of UgandaThe Royal Institution of Chartered SurveyorsUnknownInstitution of Surveyors ZambiaReal Estate Institute of Zimbabwe

UnknownUnknownUnknown

Town Planning Institute Surveying Institute

29 Planning Institutes 19 Quantity Surveying Institutes 46


Region Country

Africa Botswana YCameroon Ghana YKenyaLesothoMalawiMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigeriaRwandaSeychellesSierra LeoneSouth Africa YSwazilandTanzaniaUganda Y

Asia

ZambiaZimbabwe

Bangladesh YBrunei DarussalamIndiaMalaysia YPakistan YSingaporeSri Lanka Y

Y

Y

YY

Caribbean and

Americas

YY

Europe

Y

Pacific

Antigua and BarbudaBahamas

BelizeCanadaDominicaGrenadaGuyanaJamaicaSaint LuciaSt Kitts and NevisSt Vincent and The Grenadines

CyprusMaltaUnited Kingdom

AustraliaFijiKiribatiNauruNew ZealandPapua New GuineaSamoaSoloman IslandsTongaTuvaluVanuatuHong Kong

113 58.3130 52.4109 59.9125 54.9128 53.0147 48.0103 62.1143 49.2111 59.3145 48.6123 55.0

149 47.1108 61.2124 55.0131 52.1129 52.9134 51.1121 56.1

120 56.2

116 58.154 69.7127 55.661 69.081 65.9

76 66.017 78.0

91 64.774 66.6

50 70.622 77.016 78.3

26 75.9

20 77.6

Barbados 78 66.0

Trinidad and Tobago 59 69.1

SDG

Inde

x, R

ank

SDG

Inde

x, S

core

Goa

l 1, N

o Po

vert

y

Goa

l 2, Z

ero

Hun

ger

Goa

l 3, G

ood

heal

th a

nd w

ell-b

eing

Goa

l 4, Q

ualit

y Ed

ucat

ion

Goa

l 5, G

ende

r Eq

ualit

y

Goa

l 6, C

lean

wat

er a

nd S

anit

atio

n

Goa

l 7, A

ffor

dabl

e an

d Cl

ean

Ener

gy

Goa

l 8, D

ecen

t w

ork

and

Econ

omic

Gro

wth

Goa

l 9, I

ndus

try,

Inno

vati

on a

nd In

fras

truc

ture

Goa

l 10,

Red

uced

ineq

ualit

ies

Goa

l 11,

Sus

tain

able

Cit

ies

and

Com

mun

itie

s

Goa

l 12,

Res

pons

ible

Con

sum

ptio

n an

d Pr

oduc

tion

Goa

l 13,

Clim

ate

Act

ion

Goa

l 14,

Life

Bel

ow W

ater

Goa

l 15,

Life

on

Land

Goa

l 16,

Pea

ce, J

usti

ce a

nd S

tron

g In

stit

utio

ns

Goa

l 17,

Par

tner

ship

s fo

r th

e G

oals

CCA

sur

vey

resp

onde

nt?

Highest distance from SDG achievement

Some distance from SDG achievement

Approaching SDG achievement

SDG achievement

APPENDIX III, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS INDEX FOR THE COUNTRIES OF THE COMMONWELATH PRODUCED BY THE UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SOLUTIONS NETWORK (UNSDSN)47

http://www.sdgindex.org/47


INDEX

Introduction

Executive Summary

Commonwealth Context

Principal Findings

Next Steps

Survey Method

Survey Results

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

04

07

12

18

27

28

29

Appendix

The Association/Chamber/Institute7.1

Details of the National Association/Chamber/Institute

Organisation of the National

Association/Chamber/Institute

Membership numbers and growth rates

Membership numbers by category of membership

Membership fees by category of membership

Membership of international and regional associations

Use of Student Competitions

7.1.1

7.1.2

7.1.3

7.1.4

7.1.5

7.1.6

7.1.7

The Profession7.2

Regulation of the profession

Regulation governing supplanting and advertising

Number of registered architects and graduates in each country

Legal forms of association permitted in each country

Average annual salaries

Licensing requirements

Building permit requirements

Use of mandatory fee scales

Types of fee agreements permitted

Professional indemnity insurance requirements

7.2.1

7.2.2

7.2.3

7.2.4

7.2.5

7.2.6

7.2.7

7.2.8

7.2.9

7.2.10

Educating and Training7.3

Number and types of schools of architecture

Reciprocal education agreements

National validation authority

Requirements for Continuing Professional Development

7.3.1

7.3.2

7.3.3

7.3.4

The Market7.4

Construction market size

Change in the demand for architectural services

Recent events affecting the local market for architectural services

7.4.1

7.4.2

7.4.3

Architecture and Government Context7.5

Government engagement with the profession

Public sector procurement

Public sector design competitions

Planning legislation

Building code

Health and safety legislation

Sustainable development goals

Renewable energy and energy efficiency policies

Other government policies

Climate change legislation

Embracing the New Urban Agenda

7.5.1

7.5.2

7.5.3

7.5.4

7.5.5

7.5.6

7.5.7

7.5.8

7.5.9

7.5.10

7.5.11

Challenges and Opportunities7.6

Summary responses

Associated comments

7.6.1

7.6.2

30

29

30

30

31

31

32

34

34

36

36

36

37

40

42

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

47

48

48

49

49

50

50

51

51

51

52

52

53

53

54

54

55

55

56

57

57

61

66

Commonwealth facts and figures

Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth

UN Sustainable Development Goals Index

66

68

70

I

II

III


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