c7: further chemistry
DESCRIPTION
C7: Further Chemistry. C7.2 Alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters. Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is a sub-discipline in chemistry that involves the scientific study of the structure, properties and reactions of organic materials and compounds. Meeting the Alkanes. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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C7: Further Chemistry
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C7.2 Alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters
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Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is a sub-discipline in chemistry that involves the scientific study of the structure, properties and reactions of organic materials and compounds.
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Meeting the Alkanes
The alkanes are hydrocarbons, containing only hydrogen and carbon
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The Alkanes
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10
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Why do we use alkanes?
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Burning alkanes
If there is plenty of air, ie enough oxygen:
Methane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H20
Did you remember state symbols?
(g) (g) (g) (g)Can you write the balanced symbol
equation?
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Alkanes and Aqueous Reagents
Alkanes are unreactive towards aqueous reagents because they contain only C—C and C—H bonds, which are difficult to break and therefore unreactive
C C CH
H
H
H
H
H
HH
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Functional Groups
C CH
H
H
H
H HHO H
EthaneEthanol
All of the characteristic properties of alcohols are due to the presence of this functional group.
Can you give the molecular formula, structural formula, stick diagram for methanol and
ethanol?
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Why do we need methanol and
ethanol?
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Uses of alcoholsMethanol Ethanol
Chemical feedstock Fuel
Manufacture of cosmetics Solvent
CH3OH C2H5OH
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Burning Alcohols in Air1. Can you write out the word equation for the combustion of
ethanol in air.2. Write out the balanced symbol equation
3. Don’t forget state symbols
Ethanol + Oxygen Water + Carbon dioxideC2H5OH + 3O2 3H20 + 2CO2(l) (g)(g) (g)
Alcohols burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water because of the presence of a hydrocarbon chain
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Why have I been using methanol
and ethanol for the demonstrations?
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CCH
H
H
HH
O H
CCH
H
H
H
CCH
H
H
H
CCH
H
H
H
C
H
H
H O HMethanol
Octanol
The longer the hydrocarbon the stronger the intermolecular forces and therefore the higher the boiling point.Longer hydrocarbons are also less soluble in water as they behave more like an alkane and so float on top of water due to their low density
Physical Properties
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Reactions with Sodium
Remember this? Sodium with water
Alcohols- Sodium sinks in alcohol and doesn’t melt, it will steadily give off hydrogen
Alkanes- Do not react with Sodium
Sodium with alcohol
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Quick Quiz so far
1. Draw the structural formula for butanol2. Write the molecular formula for butanol3. Draw the structural formula for hexane4. Write the molecular formula for hexane5. Write the molecular formula for an alkane with 25
carbon atoms.6. How many bonds does oxygen make in methanol?7. Give an example of a use for ethanol8. Give an example of a use for methanol
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1. Butanol2. C4H10O3. Hexane4. C6H14
5. C25H52
6. 27. Fuel/feedstock for synthesis/solvent/used in
perfume8. Solvent, antifreeze, feedstock for adhesives
and plastics
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How do we make ethanol?
• What process do we use? It will be used in home brewing
• Fermentation is a key process for obtaining ethanol. It is relatively cheap and requires wheat or beet sugar.
• The process involves the anaerobic respiration of yeast at temperatures between 20 and 40°C and at pH 7.
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Why is there a limit on the strength of alcohol that can be
made?
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Key
Sugar
Ethanol
XMaking Alcohol
When the ethanol concentration gets too high it kills off the yeast cells
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So how do we make stronger alcohol?
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How do we obtain a concentrated solution?
• Ethanol has a different boiling point to water. We can therefore separate water and ethanol using distillation.
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Give it a thoughtCan you balance this equation?
C6H12O6 → CH3CH2OH+ CO2
C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CH2OH+ 2 CO2
Can you name the
chemicals?
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Other ways to make ethanol
Genetically modified E. coli bacteria can be used to convert waste biomass from a range of sources into ethanol
Optimum conditions:
Temperature remain between 25-37oC
Optimum pH level needs to remain constant
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Other ways to make ethanol
They introduce new genes into the E.coli bacteria allowing it to digest all the sugars in the biomass and covert them into ethanol. Therefore we can use a wide range of biomass to make ethanol rather than staying as waste eg corn stalks.
Feedstock
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Linking alkanes and alcohol
It is also possible to convert ethane into ethanol
Crude Oil undergoes fractional distillation
Long chain hydrocarbons (alkanes) are vaporised then cracked using a catalyst and heat
The molecules are purified using fractional distillation producing ethene
Ethene is then reacted with steam, at a high temperature and with a catalyst to produce ethanol An
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gain
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Write out the Symbol Equation
Ethene + Steam EthanolC2H4 + H20 C2H5OH
(g) (g) (g)
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The UK is the world's largest producer of synthetic ethanol
Why is this not a good
fact?
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4. Make a table listing the advantages and disadvantages of each method of producing ethanol.
Advantage Disadvantage
Fermentation renewable feedstocks, which include waste materials
maximum concentration of ethanol 15%
Biotechnology uses feedstocks that cannot be used in traditional fermentation, reducing waste; produces higher concentrations of ethanol
new technology still in development
Chemical synthesis
production of high concentrations of ethanol; 100% atom economy and high yields
feedstock non-renewable
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Tackling the 6 marker
Which method do you think has the largest impact on the environment? Give reasons for your answer.
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The Alkanes
C
H
HH H
C CH
H
H
H
H H C C C CH H H
H H H
H
HH H
C C CH
H
H
H
H
H
HH
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• Make models with molymods
C CH
H
H
H
H O H
C
H
HH O H
C CH
H
H
H
H O HC CH
H
H
H
C CH
H
H
H
C CH
H
H
H