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Ms. Adilen @ Lucia Suil

adilen@polikk.edu.my

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Topic 1. Site Investigation &

Preparation

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1.1. Site Survey

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Definition:

Site Survey is the first stage to be carried

out before constructing the building. It willinvolve site visit and gathering informationregarding the site location, such aslocation area, climate, lighting, public

facilities, type of soil and previous locationactivities.

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1.1.1. Information needed before

construction are:-

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a. Site Location gather information regardingwhere the sunrise is and this is important toprovide a better space for lighting.

b. Overview a better overview of a buildingcan give better price & get more costumer topurchase the building.

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1.1.1. Information needed before

construction are:-a. Ground condition not easily flooding during

raining season and not attached directlynear to the rivers

b. Public facilities supply with electricity,water & telephone. Attach with roadways,transportation, school, recreation center, &

etcc. Ground composition - make sure the origin

soil type (not clay type or embankmentarea)

d. Away from mining area and airport area 20/02/09

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1.2.1. Soil Investigations

Objectives1. To gather information regarding the soils

types in different locations

2. To get the soil structure, thickness andstrength for every strata of the soil

3. To get information on how deep is the bed-rock, location, situation, layer, thickness and

its hardness & the explanation regardingevery type of rock that it has in every strata.

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1.2.1. Soil Investigations

Objectives1. To get the water level in the soil and the

water pressure for every location

2. To know the soil characteristics from everytests that had been carried out

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1.2.2. Things to be prepared

before doing soil investigationSoil must be tested before carry out soil

investigation . Other information needed incarrying out soil investigation are:-

b.Geology map

c.Mining records

d.Dam system or water drainage system

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1.2.2. Things to be prepared

before doing soil investigationa. Climate and weather reports

b. Water level

c. Previous map locationd. Arial map

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1.2.3. Soil Investigation

Methoda. Digging equipment/machinery to excavate

shallow burrow

b. Trial pitc. Mackintosh probe equipment

d. Hand auger and bore holes

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1.2.4. SoilSoil divided into TWO(2) types:

Top soil soil that at the earth surface area.

Soil that good for agriculture in within 100 300 mm

-Types of topsoil: loose soil, healthy three &fertile ground soil, soft ground and not

suitable for foundation ground.Ground soil soil which is at below thesurface earth. This soil will be collecteddepend on its sizes and shape of particles

and its soils density.20/02/09

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1. Coarse grain and non-stick soil.Example: sand, fine gravel (easily settleduring construction)

4. Fine grain and stick soil

Example: clay soil (settlement are slow &continous)

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1.2.4.1. Soil Classification

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1.2.4.2. Factors causes Settlement

a. Soil compaction caused from buildings load

b. Changes of soil volume follow season

c. Soil improvement because of site clearance

(three cutting)d. Unstable soil movement such as

embankment area & mining area.

e. Unstable soil causes of excavation and

releasing water (drying area) such as soilcutting for road construction

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1.3. SITE PREPARATION

Definition:

The main purpose of site clearance is

to remove existing buildings,waste, vegetation and, mostimportantly, the surface layer ofsoil referred to as topsoil

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1.3.1.SITE CLEARANCE

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1.3. SITE PREPARATION

Why Topsoil NEED TO BE REMOVED?

It is necessary to remove this layer of soil, asit is unsuitable to build on.

This surface layer of soil is difficult tocompact down due to the high content ofvegetable matter, which makes the

composition of the soil soft and loose.The topsoil also contains various chemicals

that encourage plant growth, which mayadversely affect some structures over time

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1.3.1.SITE CLEARANCE

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1.3.2. SOIL CLEARANCE PROCESS

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Removing top

soils usingexcavationmethod

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Excavation method

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60

40

Cut

Fill

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Excavation for drain & FoundationExcavation for drain and foundation trenches

are one of the most dangerous areas wheresite operatives are employed

The safety legislation is defined in theconstruction.

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Excavation for drain & FoundationEmphasis are:-

2. If the trench depth is less than 1.2 m and the

sides are self supporting3. Where the sides of the excavation are sloped

below the subsoil angle of repose (selfsupporting angle)

- Exmples of angles are:dry clay 46 wet sand 22

wet clay 16

dry sand 4020/02/09