c1b topic 7 internal assessment: fuels. what makes a good fuel? energy value: e.g. kj of heat energy...

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C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment: Fuels

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Page 1: C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment: Fuels. What makes a good fuel? Energy value: e.g. kJ of heat energy released per kg; Availability: Geographical convenience,

C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment:

Fuels

Page 2: C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment: Fuels. What makes a good fuel? Energy value: e.g. kJ of heat energy released per kg; Availability: Geographical convenience,

What makes a good fuel?• Energy value: e.g. kJ of heat energy released per kg; • Availability: Geographical convenience, oil production

levels; • Storage: Health and safety issues e.g. coal very safe,

natural gas more dangerous • Cost: Extraction, transport, market price • Toxicity and Pollution: Greenhouse effect (which produces

the least or most CO2/energy released?); sulphur content of fuel (most removed before fuel used to minimise sulphur dioxide and acid rain formation); efficiency of combustion e.g. minimum carbon monoxide and soot levels

• Ease of use: Transferred easily

Page 3: C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment: Fuels. What makes a good fuel? Energy value: e.g. kJ of heat energy released per kg; Availability: Geographical convenience,

Combustion

• Combustion can be either complete or incomplete

– Complete combustion = plenty of oxygen available; carbon dioxide and water produced; blue flame

– Incomplete combustion = not much oxygen present; carbon monoxide (toxic), carbon (black soot), carbon dioxide and water produced; yellow flame

Page 4: C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment: Fuels. What makes a good fuel? Energy value: e.g. kJ of heat energy released per kg; Availability: Geographical convenience,

Word Equations – when done, convert to balanced symbol equations

a) Methane + oxygen →

Methane = CH4

b) Ethane + oxygen →

Ethane = C2H6

c) Ethanol + oxygen →

Ethanol = C2H5OH

d) Butanol + limited oxygen →

Butanol = C4H9OH

Page 5: C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment: Fuels. What makes a good fuel? Energy value: e.g. kJ of heat energy released per kg; Availability: Geographical convenience,

Alternative Fuels

• Most of our fuel used today comes from crude oil– Examples: petrol, diesel, kerosine etc.

• Are these fuels renewable or non-renewable?– What is meant by these terms?

• What are some alternative fuels that could be used?

Page 6: C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment: Fuels. What makes a good fuel? Energy value: e.g. kJ of heat energy released per kg; Availability: Geographical convenience,

Some Alternative Fuels

Biodiesel and Bioethanol: liquid fuels made fromplant material and recycled elements of the food chain. Toa large extent, they are renewable and sustainable.Biodiesel is a diesel alternative. Bioethanol is a petroladditive/substitute. They are produced from crops such ascereals, oilseeds, and sugar beet.• What advantages/disadvantages do biofuels have over

oil?

Page 7: C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment: Fuels. What makes a good fuel? Energy value: e.g. kJ of heat energy released per kg; Availability: Geographical convenience,

Hydrogen: can be obtained by the

electrolysis of water (so a bountiful supply!).

Also, when hydrogen burns a lot of energy is

released and is completely pollution-free

(the only product is water).

• Hydrogen powered buses produce no pollution from their exhausts, but using hydrogen is not a completely pollution-free option at the moment. Explain why.

Page 8: C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment: Fuels. What makes a good fuel? Energy value: e.g. kJ of heat energy released per kg; Availability: Geographical convenience,

How Science Works

• Reliable – data can be reproduced by others (in same conditions)

• Accurate – precise or correct in all details• Valid – data is reliable AND answers the

original questions• Fair Testing – controlling as many

variables as possible• Bias – opinion that strongly favours one

side in preference to another

Page 9: C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment: Fuels. What makes a good fuel? Energy value: e.g. kJ of heat energy released per kg; Availability: Geographical convenience,

• Think about why things might be biased– People who want to make a point can

sometimes present data in a biased way to suit their own purposes

– Example: companies may want to ‘big up’ their products (especially more expensive ones) to make a quick profit

Page 10: C1b Topic 7 Internal Assessment: Fuels. What makes a good fuel? Energy value: e.g. kJ of heat energy released per kg; Availability: Geographical convenience,

Example: Do power lines cause cancer?

• Scientists desire to study the link between the presence of power lines and incidence of cancer in children

• Design a study that the scientists could perform. Use ideas of validity, fair testing, accuracy, and reliability when designing your study.

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